Introduction to OrganicCompounds Carbohydrates

Lipids Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

• Four major classes of molecules are essential to life:– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic acids

• Each of these molecules is made up of varying combinations of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

• Small organic molecules can covalently bond to other organic molecules to form macromolecules

• Macromolecules are made up of building blocks called polymers, which contain small, repeating organic molecules known as monomers

Figure 3.1A

Structuralformula

Ball-and-stickmodel

Space-fillingmodel

The four single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.

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Figure 3.1B_1

Length. Carbon skeletons vary in length.

Ethane Propane

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Figure 3.1B_2

Butane Isobutane

Branching. Skeletons may be unbranchedor branched.

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Figure 3.1B_3

Double bonds.

1-Butene 2-Butene

Skeletons may have double bonds.

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Figure 3.1B_4

Cyclohexane Benzene

Rings. Skeletons may be arranged in rings.

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The properties of organic polymers depend on the clusters of atoms covalently bonded together, called functional groups

• The functional groups are– hydroxyl group—consists of a hydrogen bonded to

an oxygen,– carbonyl group—a carbon linked by a double bond

to an oxygen atom,– carboxyl group—consists of a carbon double-

bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group,– amino group—composed of a nitrogen bonded to

two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton, and– phosphate group—consists of a phosphorus atom

bonded to four oxygen atoms.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 3.2_1

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Table 3.2_2

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Figure 3.2

Testosterone Estradiol

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• Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water.

• Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water.

• All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions in cells.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3.3A_s1

Short polymer Unlinkedmonomer

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Figure 3.3A_s2

Short polymer Unlinkedmonomer

Dehydration reactionforms a new bond

Longer polymer

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Figure 3.3B_s1

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Figure 3.3B_s2

Hydrolysisbreaks a bond

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Figure 3.UN01

Short polymer Monomer

Dehydration

HydrolysisLonger polymer

Carbohydrates

• Sugars are a source of stored energy and are called carbohydrates

• Glucose is a type of simple sugar called a monosaccharide

• Glucose is found in almost every cell and is involved in every chemical reaction that produces energy in living organisms

Carbohydrates

• Table sugar is an example of a disaccharide, which is formed when two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, are covalently bonded

• Disaccharides are broken down via hydrolytic reactions, which use water to break the covalent bonds between monomers

• Polysaccharides are large polymers built by linking many monosaccharides together

Figure 3.4B

Glucose(an aldose)

Fructose(a ketose)

Figure 3.4C

Structuralformula

Abbreviatedstructure

Simplifiedstructure

6

5

4

3 2

1

http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=423

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http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=59

Figure 3.5_s1

Glucose Glucose

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Figure 3.5_s2

Glucose Glucose

Maltosep. 38