Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids)

By – Nevin VargheseVictor Veras

Dapo Adegbile

Carbohydrates

Purpose – used by cells to provide energy

Structure – Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom

LipidsPurpose – Cells use lipids for energy storage, insulation,

and protective coverings

Structure – Made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, a small amount of oxygen and fatty acids. Also are attached with single bonds and double bonds depending on the lipidLipids usually have 2 hydrophilic heads and 2 hydrophobic tails

ProteinsPurpose – Proteins provide

structure for tissues and organs. They also carry out metabolism

Structure – Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. They are built from amino acids connected from peptide bonds.

Nucleic AcidsPurpose – DNA and RNA are both

nucleic acids that are necessary for life

Structure – Made up of subunits named Nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Nucleic acids are mainly made up of 3 groups called the Phosphate, Sugar and Nitrogenous base.

Elements Found in Each Macromolecule

Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates- Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) &

Oxygen (O)

Lipids

• Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), & Oxygen (O)

Proteins

• Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), & Hydrogen (H).

Nucleic Acids

• Carbon (C) , Hydrogen (H) , Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), & Phosphorus (P)

Macromolecules• Carbohydrates

– Monomers• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen

– Ratio of about 2 hydrogen atoms & 1 oxygen atom for every carbon atom

– Types• Monosaccharide: simple sugar• Disaccharide: two-sugar

carbohydrate• Polysaccharides: polymers

composed of many monosaccharide subunits

• Lipids• Carbon• Hydrogen• Small amounts of oxygen

– Types• Fats• Oils• Waxes• Steroids

• Proteins– Monomers• Amino acids• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen • Sometimes Sulfur

– Types• Enzymes

• Nucleic Acids– Monomers• Nucleotides

– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen– Phosphorous

• Arranged in 3 groups– Nitrogenous base– Simple sugar– Phosphate group

• Types– DNA

» Deoxyribonucleic acid

Enzymes

• Protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction– Purpose

• Enzymes are involved in nearly all metabolic processes• They speed the reactions in digestion of food

– Function• Has area called active site that fits the shape of the substrate• When they bind, the enzyme alters its shape• When they react, the enzyme changes the rate of a reaction but does

not change the amount of the end product.

• http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/26766.php

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/science/18obmouse.html?scp=2&sq=proteins&st=cse

What foods each are found inLipids – found in foods that have fats –

Carbohydrates – 2 types of carbohydrates – sugars and starches. Foods with sugars and starches –

Nucleic Acids – fruits, vegetables and meatscontain nucleic acids

Proteins – meats –