Indonesia

AME EDUCATION

SECTOR PROFILE

Education Structure

Source: World Bank EdStats, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Indonesia

Education System Structure and Gross Enrollments 2007

Education Structure

Source: World Bank EdStats, UNESCO Institute for Statistics

• Compulsory education in Indonesia consists of grades 1-9. • 25% of children at primary level are over-age as indicated by the large gross enrollment percentage.

Education Configuration and Enrollments 2007% Net

Enrollments% Gross Enrollments

Classification Level/Grade Ages 2007 2007

Pre-primary Pre-school 4-5 31% 44%

Pre-university

Primary, grades 1-6 7-12 95% 117%Junior Secondary, grades 7-9 13-15

62%* 91%

Senior secondary, grades 10-12 16-18

42%* 57%

  TVET Secondary 16-18 N/A 13%

TertiaryPost secondary TVET 19-22

N/A 18%**2 year degree 19-20

4 year degree 18-22

*2005 data. ** Includes all degree levels of Tertiary. .

Indonesia

Population Structure

• 54% of the population is less than 30 years old. •Indonesia’s total population is the fourth largest in the world at 240,271,522.

Source: International Labor Organization

Indonesia

Relevant Policies:

• National Education Strategic Plan 2005-2009 (RENSTRA)http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Indonesia/Indonesia%20EducationPlan2005-2009.pdf

• National EFA Action Plan 2003/2015http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Indonesia/Indonesia_EFA_MDA.pdf

• Inclusive Education: The Way of the Future 2008http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/indonesia_NR08.pdf

Education Policy

Indonesia

Education Access: Pre-university

• Primary enrollments have declined incrementally• Secondary enrollments are growing strongly, more than 28% since 1990.

Source: World Bank EdStats, Indonesia Ministry of National Education

Indonesia

Education Access: Tertiary

Source: World Development Indicators, UNESCO 2006

• Every year, 450,000 students take the national university entrance exam to compete for 75,000 seats at public universities. • Private universities enroll more than double the number of students who enroll in public universities.

Indonesia

Education Access: Gender

Source: World Bank EdStats

•At the secondary level, the gender gap has closed as a result of girls and boys enrolling in equal numbers. • The Gender Parity Index for combined primary and secondary levels (gross enrollment) is .98.

Indonesia

Education Quality: Teachers

Source: Indonesia Ministry of National Education 2008

Indonesia

• 63% of teachers have less than a four-year post-secondary education the government stipulates as a minimum teaching qualification.• 81% of teachers with the lowest levels of education themselves teach at the primary level of education.

Education Quality: Teachers

Indonesia

Source: Employment and Deployment Survey 2005

• 66% of remote primary schools do not have enough teachers. • 68% of urban primary schools have too many teachers.

Education Quality: Completion

Source: World Bank EdStats

• Indonesian children are very successful at completing primary education, in the past girls more so than boys.

Indonesia

Education Quality: Testing

Source: TIMSS 2007 International Math Report

• Indonesia grade 8 students placed 34 out of 45 participating countries on the 2003 TIMSS and 36 out of 49 on the 2007 TIMSS. • On the 2007math test, 29% of students did not attain the lowest benchmark score of 400 and 48% achieved the low benchmark score.

Indonesia

Education Equity: Geographic Disparities

Indonesia

• The diverse and wide variation in geographic and population distribution patterns of Indonesia challenge national education reform planning and implementation.

• For example, in 2004, net enrollment rates in primary education ranged from approximately 80% in the province of Papua to about 95% in Kalimantan Tengah.

• At the junior secondary level, net enrollment rates varied from about 41% in Papua to approximately 77% in D.I Yogyakarta, and at the senior secondary level, from around 20% in Sulawesi Barat to approximately 62% in D.I. Yogyakarta.

• The system must also be responsive to the religious and cultural diversity in the country, acknowledging many faiths and ethnicities of the population.

Source: EFA Mid Decade Assessment Indonesia 2007

Education Equity: Income Disparities

Indonesia

Source: Triaswati and Roesian 2003

• Primary enrollment is almost universal across wealth quintiles. • The poorest students have little access to university education.

Education Equity: Academic Disparities

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Indonesia

• Pre-primary education is largely provided by private entities.• A large proportion of technical-vocational education is offered privately but recent research questions quality of education offered at these institutions.

Education Efficiency: Expenditure

• Education share of GDP has increased from 2.5% to 3.9% and share of public expenditure has risen from 12% to 16.8% since 2000.

Source: World Bank Education at a Glance, Global Monitoring Report 2008

Indonesia

Education Efficiency: Expenditure

Source: World Bank 2007 Investing in Indonesia’ s Education

Indonesia

• The large expenditures on primary education have paid off in almost universal enrollments at that level.

Education Efficiency: Repetition

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Indonesia

• Apparently, primary repetition rates have been a target of the government in the past and are now quite low. • Repetition appears to be no issue at the secondary level.

Education Efficiency: Repetition

Source: World Bank Education at a Glance

• Indonesia compares favorably with other ASEAN countries with similar spending rates to address repetition at the primary level.

Indonesia

Education: Conclusion

Successes:• Access: Near universal primary enrollments. Strong secondary growth.

• Quality: High primary completion rates.

• Equity: Approaching gender parity across pre-university levels.

• Efficiency: Increasing public education expenditures. Low/falling repetition rates.

Challenges:• Access: Limited public tertiary growth.

• Quality: Low teacher academic qualifications. Poor student academic achievement as measured by international testing. • Equity: Geographic and wealth disparities in school enrollments especially at upper education levels. Private provision of education at all levels but quality and cost issues. • Efficiency:

Indonesia