IMP Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

8/8/2019 IMP Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

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Hydrog en Fu elydrog en Fu elCell Technologyell Technology

Will it contribute to energy independence?Will it contribute to energy independence?

Stephen Cohen and Nathan BonnettStephen Cohen and Nathan Bonnett

[email protected], [email protected]@gmail.com, [email protected]

May 18, 2007May 18, 2007


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FUEL CEL LUEL CEL LTECH NOL OGYECH NOL OGY

Technology overviewTechnology overview

Hydrogen fuel developmentHydrogen fuel development

Law, legislation, and administrativeLaw, legislation, and administrativeagency treatmentagency treatment


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What is a Fuel Ce ll?hat is a Fuel Ce ll? A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical deviceA Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device

that combines hydrogen and oxygen tothat combines hydrogen and oxygen to

produce electricity, with water and heatproduce electricity, with water and heatas its by-product.as its by-product.


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Why is Fuel Cellhy is Fuel CellTe chnolo gy Im portant?e chnolo gy Im portant? Since conversion of the fuel to energySince conversion of the fuel to energy

takes place via an electrochemicaltakes place via an electrochemical

process, not combustionprocess, not combustion It is a clean, quiet and highly efficientIt is a clean, quiet and highly efficient

process- two to three times more efficientprocess- two to three times more efficient

than fuel burning.than fuel burning.


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Ho w d oes a Fuel Cello w d oes a Fuel Cellwork?ork? It operates similarly to a battery, but itIt operates similarly to a battery, but it

does not run down nor does it requiredoes not run down nor does it require

rechargingrecharging As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel CellAs long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell

will produce both energy and heatwill produce both energy and heat


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Ho w d oes a Fuel Cello w d oes a Fuel Cellwork?ork? A Fuel Cell consists of two catalystA Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst

coated electrodes surrounding ancoated electrodes surrounding an

electrolyteelectrolyte One electrode is an anode and the otherOne electrode is an anode and the other

is a cathodeis a cathode


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Ho w d oes a Fuel Cello w d oes a Fuel Cellwork?ork? The process begins when HydrogenThe process begins when Hydrogen

molecules enter the anodemolecules enter the anode

The catalyst coating separatesThe catalyst coating separateshydrogens negatively charged electronshydrogens negatively charged electronsfrom the positively charged protonsfrom the positively charged protons


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Ho w d oes a Fuel Cello w d oes a Fuel Cellwork?ork? The electrolyte allows the protons toThe electrolyte allows the protons to

pass through to the cathode, but not thepass through to the cathode, but not the

electronselectrons Instead the electrons are directedInstead the electrons are directed

through an external circuit which createsthrough an external circuit which creates

electrical currentelectrical current


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Ho w d oes a Fuel Cello w d oes a Fuel Cellwork?ork?

While the electrons pass through the externalWhile the electrons pass through the external

circuit, oxygen molecules pass through thecircuit, oxygen molecules pass through the

cathodecathode There the oxygen and the protons combineThere the oxygen and the protons combine

with the electrons after they have passedwith the electrons after they have passedthrough the external circuitthrough the external circuit

When the oxygen and the protons combineWhen the oxygen and the protons combinewith the electrons it produces water and heatwith the electrons it produces water and heat


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Ho w d oes a Fuel Cello w d oes a Fuel Cellwork?ork?


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Ho w d oes a Fuel Cello w d oes a Fuel Cellwork?ork? Individual fuel cells can then be placed inIndividual fuel cells can then be placed in

a series to form a fuel cell stacka series to form a fuel cell stack

The stack can be used in a system toThe stack can be used in a system topower a vehicle or to provide stationarypower a vehicle or to provide stationarypower to a buildingpower to a building


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Ma jo r Typ es o f Fuela jo r Typ es o f F uelCe llsells In general all fuel cells have the sameIn general all fuel cells have the same

basic configuration - an electrolyte andbasic configuration - an electrolyte and

two electrodestwo electrodes Different types of fuel cells are classifiedDifferent types of fuel cells are classified

by the kind of electrolyte usedby the kind of electrolyte used The type of electrolyte used determinesThe type of electrolyte used determines

the kind of chemical reactions that takethe kind of chemical reactions that takeplace and the temperature range ofplace and the temperature range ofoperationoperation


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Ma jo r Typ es o f Fuela jo r Typ es o f F uelCe llsells

Proton Exchange MembraneProton Exchange Membrane(PEM)(PEM) This is the leading cell type forThis is the leading cell type for

passenger car applicationpassenger car application

Uses a polymer membrane asUses a polymer membrane asthe electrolytethe electrolyte

Operates at a relatively lowOperates at a relatively lowtemperature, about 175 degreestemperature, about 175 degrees

Has a high power density, canHas a high power density, canvary its output quickly and isvary its output quickly and issuited for applications wheresuited for applications wherequick startup is required makingquick startup is required makingit popular for automobilesit popular for automobiles

Sensitive to fuel impuritiesSensitive to fuel impurities


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Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM) Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operatingExpected efficiencies of 40% plus low operating

temperatures between 120-190 degreestemperatures between 120-190 degrees

Also uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyteAlso uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte Different from PEM because the anode catalyst isDifferent from PEM because the anode catalyst is

able to draw hydrogen from methanol without aable to draw hydrogen from methanol without areformerreformer

Used more for small portable power applications,Used more for small portable power applications,possibly cell phones and laptopspossibly cell phones and laptops


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Phosphoric AcidPhosphoric Acid This is the most commerciallyThis is the most commercially

developed fuel celldeveloped fuel cell

It generates electricity at moreIt generates electricity at morethan 40% efficiencythan 40% efficiency

Nearly 85% of the steamNearly 85% of the steamproduced can be used forproduced can be used forcogenerationcogeneration

Uses liquid phosphoric acidUses liquid phosphoric acid

as the electrolyte andas the electrolyte andoperates at about 450operates at about 450degrees Fdegrees F

One main advantage is that itOne main advantage is that itcan use impure hydrogen ascan use impure hydrogen as

fuelfuel


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Molten CarbonateMolten Carbonate Promises high fuel-to-electricity efficiency and the abilityPromises high fuel-to-electricity efficiency and the ability

to utilize coal based fuelsto utilize coal based fuels

Uses an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate saltUses an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate saltmixturemixture

Require carbon dioxide and oxygen to be delivered to theRequire carbon dioxide and oxygen to be delivered to thecathodecathode

Operates at extremely high temperatures 1200 degreesOperates at extremely high temperatures 1200 degrees Primarily targeted for use as electric utility applicationsPrimarily targeted for use as electric utility applications Have been operated on hydrogen, carbon monoxide,Have been operated on hydrogen, carbon monoxide,

natural gas, propane, landfill gas, marine diesel andnatural gas, propane, landfill gas, marine diesel andsimulated coal gasification productssimulated coal gasification products


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Molten Carbonate FuelMolten Carbonate FuelCellCell Because of the extremeBecause of the extreme

high temperatures, non-high temperatures, non-precious metals can beprecious metals can beused as catalysts at theused as catalysts at theanode and cathode whichanode and cathode whichhelps reduces costhelps reduces cost

Disadvantage is durabilityDisadvantage is durability

The high temperatureThe high temperaturerequired and the corrosiverequired and the corrosiveelectrolyte accelerateelectrolyte acceleratebreakdown and corrosionbreakdown and corrosioninside the fuel cellinside the fuel cell


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Solid OxideSolid Oxide Uses a hard, non-porousUses a hard, non-porous

ceramic compound as theceramic compound as theelectrolyteelectrolyte

Can reach 60% power-Can reach 60% power-generating efficiencygenerating efficiency

Operates at extremely highOperates at extremely hightemperatures 1800 degreestemperatures 1800 degrees

Used mainly for large, highUsed mainly for large, high

powered applications such aspowered applications such asindustrial generating stations,industrial generating stations,mainly because it requiresmainly because it requiressuch high temperaturessuch high temperatures


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AlkalineAlkaline Used mainly by military and space programsUsed mainly by military and space programs

Can reach 70% power generating efficiency, butCan reach 70% power generating efficiency, butconsidered to costly for transportation applicationsconsidered to costly for transportation applications

Used on the Apollo spacecraft to provide electricityUsed on the Apollo spacecraft to provide electricityand drinking waterand drinking water

Uses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water asUses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water asthe electrolyte and operates at 75 -160 degreesthe electrolyte and operates at 75 -160 degrees

Can use a variety of non-precious metals as catalystCan use a variety of non-precious metals as catalystat the anode and cathodeat the anode and cathode


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Alkaline Fuel CellAlkaline Fuel Cell Requires pure hydrogenRequires pure hydrogen

and oxygen because it isand oxygen because it is

very susceptible to carbonvery susceptible to carboncontaminationcontamination

Purification process of thePurification process of thehydrogen and oxygen ishydrogen and oxygen iscostlycostly

Susceptibility to poisoningSusceptibility to poisoningaffects cells lifetime whichaffects cells lifetime whichalso affects the costalso affects the cost


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Regenerative Fuel CellsRegenerative Fuel Cells Currently researched by NASACurrently researched by NASA This type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form ofThis type of fuel cell involves a closed loop form of

power generationpower generation Uses solar energy to separate water into hydrogenUses solar energy to separate water into hydrogen

and oxygenand oxygen Hydrogen and oxygen are fed into the fuel cellHydrogen and oxygen are fed into the fuel cell

generating electricity, heat and watergenerating electricity, heat and water The water byproduct is then recirculated back to theThe water byproduct is then recirculated back to the

solar-powered electrolyser beginning the processsolar-powered electrolyser beginning the processagainagain


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Imp orta nce o fmp orta nce o fHyd ro genyd ro gen Fuel Cells require highly purifiedFuel Cells require highly purified

hydrogen as a fuelhydrogen as a fuel

Researchers are developing a wideResearchers are developing a widerange of technologies to producerange of technologies to producehydrogen economically from a variety ofhydrogen economically from a variety of

resources in environmentally friendlyresources in environmentally friendlywaysways


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Imp orta nce o fmp orta nce o fHyd ro genyd ro gen Hydrogen is a secondary energyHydrogen is a secondary energy

resource, meaning it must be made fromresource, meaning it must be made from

another fuelanother fuel Hydrogen can be produced from a wideHydrogen can be produced from a wide

variety of energy resources including:variety of energy resources including: Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coalFossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal Nuclear energyNuclear energy Renewable resources, such as solar,water,Renewable resources, such as solar,water,

wind and biomasswind and biomass


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n The biggest challenge regardingThe biggest challenge regarding

hydrogen production is the costhydrogen production is the cost

Reducing the cost of hydrogenReducing the cost of hydrogenproduction so as to compete in theproduction so as to compete in thetransportation sector with conventionaltransportation sector with conventional

fuels on a per-mile basis is a significantfuels on a per-mile basis is a significanthurdle to Fuel Cells success in thehurdle to Fuel Cells success in thecommercial marketplacecommercial marketplace


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n There are three general categories ofThere are three general categories of

Hydrogen productionHydrogen production

Thermal ProcessesThermal Processes Electrolyte ProcessesElectrolyte Processes

Photolytic ProcessesPhotolytic Processes


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n Thermal ProcessesThermal Processes

Natural Gas ReformingNatural Gas Reforming

GasificationGasification Renewable Liquid ReformingRenewable Liquid Reforming


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n Natural Gas ReformingNatural Gas Reforming

Steam Methane ReformingSteam Methane Reforming

Hydrogen is produced from methane in naturalHydrogen is produced from methane in naturalgas using high-temperature steamgas using high-temperature steam Methane reacts with the steam in presence of aMethane reacts with the steam in presence of a

catalyst to produce hydrogencatalyst to produce hydrogen This process accounts for about 95% of theThis process accounts for about 95% of the

hydrogen used today in the U.S.hydrogen used today in the U.S. Partial oxidationPartial oxidation

Produces hydrogen by burning methane in airProduces hydrogen by burning methane in air


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n GasificationGasification

Process in which coal or biomass isProcess in which coal or biomass is

converted into gaseous components byconverted into gaseous components byapplying heat under pressure and in theapplying heat under pressure and in the

presence of steampresence of steam

A subsequent series of chemical reactionsA subsequent series of chemical reactions

produces a synthesis gas which reacts withproduces a synthesis gas which reacts withsteam to produce more hydrogen that cansteam to produce more hydrogen that canbe separatedbe separated


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n Renewable Liquid ReformingRenewable Liquid Reforming

Biomass is processed to make renewableBiomass is processed to make renewable

liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, thatliquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, thatare then reacted with high-temperatureare then reacted with high-temperature

steam to produce hydrogensteam to produce hydrogen

This process is very similar to reformingThis process is very similar to reforming

natural gasnatural gas


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n Electrolytic ProcessesElectrolytic Processes

Electrolytic processes use an electric currentElectrolytic processes use an electric current

to split water into hydrogen and oxygento split water into hydrogen and oxygen The electricity required can be generated byThe electricity required can be generated by

using renewable energy technologies suchusing renewable energy technologies such

as wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectricas wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric

powerpower


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n Photolytic ProcessesPhotolytic Processes

Uses light energy to split water intoUses light energy to split water into

hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen and oxygen These processes are in the very earlyThese processes are in the very early

stages of research but offer the possibility ofstages of research but offer the possibility of

hydrogen production which is cost effectivehydrogen production which is cost effective

and has a low environmental impactand has a low environmental impact


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Hyd ro gen Pr oductio nyd ro gen Pr oductio n Auto manufacturers have worked onAuto manufacturers have worked on

developing technology that would allowdeveloping technology that would allow

fuel cell cars to continue using gasolinefuel cell cars to continue using gasoline A reformer on the fuel cell car wouldA reformer on the fuel cell car would

convert the gasoline to hydrogenconvert the gasoline to hydrogen

onboard the automobileonboard the automobile Funding for this technology has beenFunding for this technology has been

pulled due to unsatisfactory efficiencypulled due to unsatisfactory efficiency


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? Developing safe, reliable, compact andDeveloping safe, reliable, compact and

cost-effective hydrogen storage is one ofcost-effective hydrogen storage is one of

the biggest challenges to widespread usethe biggest challenges to widespread useof fuel cell technologyof fuel cell technology

Hydrogen has physical characteristicsHydrogen has physical characteristics

that make it difficult to store largethat make it difficult to store largequantities without taking up a great dealquantities without taking up a great dealof spaceof space


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? Hydrogen will need to be stored onboardHydrogen will need to be stored onboard

vehicles, at hydrogen production sites,vehicles, at hydrogen production sites,

refueling stations and stationary powerrefueling stations and stationary powersitessites

Hydrogen has a very high energy contentHydrogen has a very high energy content

by weight (3x more than gasoline) and aby weight (3x more than gasoline) and avery low energy content by volume (4xvery low energy content by volume (4xless than gasoline)less than gasoline)


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? If the hydrogen is compressed andIf the hydrogen is compressed and

stored at room temperature understored at room temperature under

moderate pressure, too large a fuel tankmoderate pressure, too large a fuel tankwould be requiredwould be required

Researchers are trying to find light-Researchers are trying to find light-

weight, safe, composite materials thatweight, safe, composite materials thatcan help reduce the weight and volumecan help reduce the weight and volumeof compressed gas storage systemsof compressed gas storage systems


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tankLiquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank

than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefyingthan gaseous hydrogen, but liquefying

hydrogen is complicated and not energyhydrogen is complicated and not energy

efficientefficient

Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive toLiquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive toheat and expands significantly when warmedheat and expands significantly when warmed

by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulationby even a few degrees, thus the tank insulationrequired affects the weight and volume thatrequired affects the weight and volume that

can be storedcan be stored


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? If the hydrogen is compressed andIf the hydrogen is compressed and

cryogenically frozen it will take up a verycryogenically frozen it will take up a very

small amount of space requiring asmall amount of space requiring asmaller tank, but it must be keptsmaller tank, but it must be keptsupercold- around -120 to -196 degreessupercold- around -120 to -196 degrees

CelsiusCelsius


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? Scientists are researching Materials-basedScientists are researching Materials-based

storagestorage This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms orThis involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms or

molecules with other elements in a compound tomolecules with other elements in a compound tostore larger quantities of hydrogen in smallerstore larger quantities of hydrogen in smaller

volumes at low pressure near room temperaturevolumes at low pressure near room temperature

This technology is considered very promising butThis technology is considered very promising but

additional research is needed to overcome problemsadditional research is needed to overcome problemsdealing with capacity, cost, life cycle impacts anddealing with capacity, cost, life cycle impacts andthe uptake and release of hydrogenthe uptake and release of hydrogen


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? Because hydrogen is thought to be anBecause hydrogen is thought to be an

alternative fuel for automobiles, much ofalternative fuel for automobiles, much of

the research for hydrogen storage isthe research for hydrogen storage isfocused on onboard vehiclesfocused on onboard vehicles

Scientists are attempting to developScientists are attempting to develop

technology that can rival the performancetechnology that can rival the performanceand cost of gasoline fuel storage systemsand cost of gasoline fuel storage systems


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Ho w wi ll the hyd ro geno w wi ll the hyd ro genbe st ored?e st ored? Using current storage technology, inUsing current storage technology, in

order to place a sufficient amount oforder to place a sufficient amount of

hydrogen onboard a vehicle to providehydrogen onboard a vehicle to provide300-mile driving range the tank would be300-mile driving range the tank would belarger that the trunk of a typicallarger that the trunk of a typicalautomobileautomobile

This large of a tank would add to theThis large of a tank would add to theoverall weight of the car and reduce fueloverall weight of the car and reduce fueleconomyeconomy


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Ho w c an F uel Cello w c an F uel Celltechnology be used?echnology be used? TransportationTransportation

Stationary Power StationsStationary Power Stations

TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Micro PowerMicro Power


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How c an F uel Cellow c an Fuel Celltechnology be used?echnology be used? TransportationTransportation

All major automakers areAll major automakers areworking to commercialize a fuelworking to commercialize a fuelcell carcell car

Automakers and expertsAutomakers and expertsspeculate that a fuel cell vehiclespeculate that a fuel cell vehiclewill be commercialized by 2010will be commercialized by 2010

50 fuel cell buses are currently in50 fuel cell buses are currently inuse in North and South America,use in North and South America,

Europe, Asia and AustraliaEurope, Asia and Australia Trains, planes, boats, scooters,Trains, planes, boats, scooters,

forklifts and even bicycles areforklifts and even bicycles areutilizing fuel cell technology asutilizing fuel cell technology aswellwell


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How c an F uel Cellow c an Fuel Celltechnology be used?echnology be used? Stationary Power StationsStationary Power Stations

Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have beenOver 2,500 fuel cell systems have beeninstalled all over the world in hospitals,installed all over the world in hospitals,

nursing homes, hotels, office buildings,nursing homes, hotels, office buildings,schools and utility power plantsschools and utility power plants

Most of these systems are either connectedMost of these systems are either connectedto the electric grid to provide supplementalto the electric grid to provide supplementalpower and backup assurance or as a grid-power and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator for locations that areindependent generator for locations that areinaccessible by power linesinaccessible by power lines


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How c an F uel Cellow c an Fuel Celltechnology be used?echnology be used? TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Due to computers, the Internet andDue to computers, the Internet and

sophisticated communication networks theresophisticated communication networks thereis a need for an incredibly reliable poweris a need for an incredibly reliable power

sourcesource

Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999%Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999%

reliablereliable


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How c an F uel Cellow c an Fuel Celltechnology be used?echnology be used? Micro PowerMicro Power

Consumer electronicsConsumer electronicscould gain drasticallycould gain drastically

longer battery power withlonger battery power withFuel Cell technologyFuel Cell technology

Cell phones can beCell phones can bepowered for 30 dayspowered for 30 dayswithout rechargingwithout recharging

Laptops can be poweredLaptops can be poweredfor 20 hours withoutfor 20 hours withoutrechargingrecharging


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? Physical SecurityPhysical Security

ReliabilityReliability

EfficiencyEfficiency Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

Battery Replacement/AlternativeBattery Replacement/Alternative

Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? Physical SecurityPhysical Security

Both central station power generation andBoth central station power generation and

long distance, high voltage power grids canlong distance, high voltage power grids canbe terrorist targets in an attempt to cripplebe terrorist targets in an attempt to cripple

our energy infrastructureour energy infrastructure

Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinueFuel Cells allow the country to discontinue

reliance on these potential targetsreliance on these potential targets


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? ReliabilityReliability

U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year fromU.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from

computer failures due to power outagescomputer failures due to power outages More reliable power from fuel cells wouldMore reliable power from fuel cells would

prevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businessesprevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businesses

Properly configured fuel cells would result inProperly configured fuel cells would result inless than one minute of down time in a sixless than one minute of down time in a sixyear periodyear period


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? EfficiencyEfficiency

Because no fuel is burned to make energy,Because no fuel is burned to make energy,

fuel cells are fundamentally more efficientfuel cells are fundamentally more efficientthan combustion systemsthan combustion systems

Additionally when the heat comes off of theAdditionally when the heat comes off of the

fuel cell system it can be captured forfuel cell system it can be captured for

beneficial purposesbeneficial purposes This is called CogenerationThis is called Cogeneration


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The gasoline engine in a conventional car is lessThe gasoline engine in a conventional car is lessthan 20% efficient in converting the chemical energythan 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy

in gasoline into powerin gasoline into power Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and useFuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use

40-60% of the hydrogens energy40-60% of the hydrogens energy

Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuelFuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel

consumptionconsumption Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times moreFuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more

efficient than internal combustion enginesefficient than internal combustion engines


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Fuel Cell power generation systems inFuel Cell power generation systems in

operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-electricity efficiencyelectricity efficiency

In combination with a turbine, electricalIn combination with a turbine, electrical

efficiencies can exceed 60%efficiencies can exceed 60%

When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilizationWhen Cogeneration is used, fuel utilizationcan exceed 85%can exceed 85%


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

Fuels cells can reduce air pollution todayFuels cells can reduce air pollution today

and offer the possibility of eliminatingand offer the possibility of eliminatingpollution in the futurepollution in the future


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? Environmental Benefits of Fuel CellEnvironmental Benefits of Fuel Cell

Power GenerationPower Generation

A fuel cell power plant may create less thanA fuel cell power plant may create less thanone ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-one ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-

hours of electricity producedhours of electricity produced

Conventional combustion generatingConventional combustion generating

systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants forsystems produce 25 pounds of pollutants forthe same electricitythe same electricity


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VehiclesVehicles

Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-board produce ZERO POLLUTION in theboard produce ZERO POLLUTION in the

conventional senseconventional sense

The only byproducts of these Fuel CellThe only byproducts of these Fuel Cell

vehicles are water and heatvehicles are water and heat


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VehiclesVehicles

Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on boardFuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on boardto convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen wouldto convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen would

produce a small amount of pollutants, but itproduce a small amount of pollutants, but itwould be 90% less than the pollutantswould be 90% less than the pollutants

produced from combustion enginesproduced from combustion engines


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? Battery replacement/alternativeBattery replacement/alternative

Fuel Cell replacements for batteries wouldFuel Cell replacements for batteries would

offer much longer operating life in aoffer much longer operating life in apackaged of lighter or equal weightpackaged of lighter or equal weight

Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements wouldAdditionally, Fuel Cell replacements would

have an environmental advantage overhave an environmental advantage over

batteries, since certain kinds of batteriesbatteries, since certain kinds of batteriesrequire special disposal treatmentrequire special disposal treatment


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What a re the benefits ofhat a re the benefits ofFuel C ell technology?uel C ell technology? Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications

Fuel Cell technology in the military can helpFuel Cell technology in the military can help

save lives because it reduces telltale heatsave lives because it reduces telltale heatand noise in combatand noise in combat

Handheld battlefield computers can beHandheld battlefield computers can be

powered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cellpowered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell

power meaning soldiers could rely on theirpower meaning soldiers could rely on theircomputers in the field for longer periods ofcomputers in the field for longer periods oftimetime


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Ch alle nges to Fuel Ce llh alle nges t o Fuel Ce llTechnologyechnology CostCost

The cost of fuel cells must be reduced toThe cost of fuel cells must be reduced to

compete with conventional technologiescompete with conventional technologies Conventional internal combustion enginesConventional internal combustion engines

cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system wouldcost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system would

need to cost $30/kW to be competitiveneed to cost $30/kW to be competitive


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Ch alle nges to Fuel Ce llh alle nges t o Fuel Ce llTechnologyechnology Durability and ReliabilityDurability and Reliability

Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet beenDurability of fuel cell systems have not yet beenadequately establishedadequately established

The durability standard for automobiles isThe durability standard for automobiles is

approximately 150,000 miles and the ability toapproximately 150,000 miles and the ability tofunction under normal vehicle operating conditionsfunction under normal vehicle operating conditions

For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliableFor stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable

operation in a temperature range of -35 degreeoperation in a temperature range of -35 degreeCelsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required forCelsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for

market acceptancemarket acceptance


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Ch alle nges to Fuel Ce llh alle nges t o Fuel Ce llTechnologyechnology System SizeSystem Size

The size and weight of current fuel cellThe size and weight of current fuel cell

systems must be reduced to attain marketsystems must be reduced to attain marketacceptance, especially with automobilesacceptance, especially with automobiles


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Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment


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Current LawCurrent Law Federal and StateFederal and State

IncentivesIncentives Federal and StateFederal and State

Proposed LegislationProposed Legislation FederalFederal

Codes and StandardsCodes and Standards Administrative Agency TreatmentAdministrative Agency Treatment


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NormsNorms

Architecture Technology LawArchitecture Technology Law

MarketMarket

CURRENT LAWCURRENT LAW


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CURRENT LAWCURRENT LAW

FederalFederal Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005

Things to keep in mind:Things to keep in mind:

In many cases, the provisions require further rulemaking by theIn many cases, the provisions require further rulemaking by theappropriate agencies (IRS, DOE, EPA, DOT, etc.)appropriate agencies (IRS, DOE, EPA, DOT, etc.)

In some instances, the funds must still be appropriated through aIn some instances, the funds must still be appropriated through aseparate federal budgeting processseparate federal budgeting process

The authorized funding listed indicates ceiling amounts thatThe authorized funding listed indicates ceiling amounts thatfederal agencies may request for the defined activityfederal agencies may request for the defined activity

$1.3 billion tax reductions for alternative motor vehicles and fuels$1.3 billion tax reductions for alternative motor vehicles and fuels

(hydrogen, ethanol, methane, liquified natural gas, propane)(hydrogen, ethanol, methane, liquified natural gas, propane)


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EPAct 703: Alternative Compliance for StateEPAct 703: Alternative Compliance for State

and Alternative Fuel Provider Fleetsand Alternative Fuel Provider Fleets

Requires certain fleets to acquire a percentage of AFVsRequires certain fleets to acquire a percentage of AFVseach yeareach year

New section provides for waiver of AFV acquisition if aNew section provides for waiver of AFV acquisition if a

petroleum reduction plan is implemented; fuel cell vehiclespetroleum reduction plan is implemented; fuel cell vehicles

could helpcould help Fleet must demonstrate an annual petroleum reduction equal to

the amount of petroleum it would have reduced if the fleetsrequired AFVs acquired in earlier years and other AFVs for which awaiver is requested operated on alternative fuel 100% of the time

Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005Programs Connected with Fuel CellsPrograms Connected with Fuel Cells


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EPAct 721-723: Advanced VehiclesEPAct 721-723: Advanced Vehicles

Demonstration and Pilot ProgramDemonstration and Pilot Program

Establishes a competitive grant program,Establishes a competitive grant program,administered by Clean Cities, to fund up to 30administered by Clean Cities, to fund up to 30

geographically dispersed advanced vehiclegeographically dispersed advanced vehicledemonstration projects.demonstration projects.

EPAct 2005 authorizes $200 million (untilEPAct 2005 authorizes $200 million (until

expended) for this program.expended) for this program.


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EPAct 743: Fuel Cell School BusesEPAct 743: Fuel Cell School Buses

Establishes a DOE demonstration program involvingEstablishes a DOE demonstration program involving

fuel cell school bus manufacturers and at least twofuel cell school bus manufacturers and at least twounits of local government currently using natural gasunits of local government currently using natural gas

school buses.school buses.

The non-federal cost share will be at least 20% ofThe non-federal cost share will be at least 20% ofinfrastructure and 50% of vehicles. EPAct 2005infrastructure and 50% of vehicles. EPAct 2005authorizes $25 million for fiscal years 2006-2009.authorizes $25 million for fiscal years 2006-2009.


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EPAct 773: Study of Reducing Use of FuelEPAct 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel

for Automobilesfor Automobiles

Directs NHTSA to study feasibility and effects ofDirects NHTSA to study feasibility and effects of

significantly reducing petroleum consumed bysignificantly reducing petroleum consumed byautomobiles by model year 2014automobiles by model year 2014

Potential impacts fuel cell vehicles can make towardsPotential impacts fuel cell vehicles can make towardspetroleum reductionpetroleum reduction


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EPAct 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel forEPAct 773: Study of Reducing Use of Fuel for

AutomobilesAutomobiles

Regarding hydrogen fuel cell technologies, NAS notedRegarding hydrogen fuel cell technologies, NAS notedtheir steady stream of progress and their promise fortheir steady stream of progress and their promise for

providing improved fuel economy and reducedproviding improved fuel economy and reducedemissions. However, such vehicles continue to faceemissions. However, such vehicles continue to facesignificant technological, economic, and fuelingsignificant technological, economic, and fuelinginfrastructure barriersinfrastructure barriers

Viewed as long-range breakthrough technologyViewed as long-range breakthrough technology



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EPAct 782: Federal and State Procurement ofEPAct 782: Federal and State Procurement ofFuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Energy SystemsFuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Energy Systems

Requires federal fleets to begin leasing or purchasing fuelRequires federal fleets to begin leasing or purchasing fuel

cell vehicles and hydrogen energy systems no later thancell vehicles and hydrogen energy systems no later thanJanuary 1, 2010January 1, 2010

DOE shall provide incremental cost funding andDOE shall provide incremental cost funding andexemptions if the vehicles are not available or appropriateexemptions if the vehicles are not available or appropriate

for fleet needsfor fleet needs

EPAct 2005 authorizes $15 million 2008, $25 million inEPAct 2005 authorizes $15 million 2008, $25 million in2009, $65 million in 2010, and such sums as are2009, $65 million in 2010, and such sums as arenecessary each year in 2011-2015necessary each year in 2011-2015



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f 200


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EPAct 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle CreditEPAct 1341: Alternative Motor Vehicle Creditand Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Creditand Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Credit

FCMV credit provides a base tax credit of $8,000 for theFCMV credit provides a base tax credit of $8,000 for thepurchase of light-duty fuel cell vehicles (< 8,501 lbpurchase of light-duty fuel cell vehicles (< 8,501 lbGVWR). The $8,000 credit is valid until December 31,GVWR). The $8,000 credit is valid until December 31,2009. After that, the credit is $4,0002009. After that, the credit is $4,000

Also available for medium and heavy-duty fuel cellAlso available for medium and heavy-duty fuel cellvehiclesvehicles

For tax-exempt purchasers, credit can be passed back toFor tax-exempt purchasers, credit can be passed back tosellerseller


E P li A t f 2005


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EPAct 1342: Alternative Fuel InfrastructureEPAct 1342: Alternative Fuel Infrastructure

Tax CreditTax Credit

Provides a tax credit equal to 30% of the cost ofProvides a tax credit equal to 30% of the cost of

alternative refueling property, up to $30,000 for businessalternative refueling property, up to $30,000 for businessproperty; includes hydrogen and credit can be passedproperty; includes hydrogen and credit can be passedback to sellerback to seller

Buyers of residential refueling equipment can receiveBuyers of residential refueling equipment can receive$1,000 credit$1,000 credit

Expires in 2009, except for hydrogen (2014)Expires in 2009, except for hydrogen (2014)

E P li A t f 2005


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EPAct 1825: Fuel Cell and HydrogenEPAct 1825: Fuel Cell and Hydrogen

Technology StudyTechnology Study

Directs DOE to enter into contract with the NAS andDirects DOE to enter into contract with the NAS andNational Research Council to carry out a study thatNational Research Council to carry out a study that

provides a budget roadmap for fuel cell technologiesprovides a budget roadmap for fuel cell technologies

and the transition from petroleum to hydrogen in aand the transition from petroleum to hydrogen in asignificant percentage of vehicles sold by 2020significant percentage of vehicles sold by 2020

f 200E P li A t f 2005


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783 Federal Procurement of Stationary, 783 Federal Procurement of Stationary,

Portable, and Micro Fuel CellsPortable, and Micro Fuel Cells

to stimulate acceptance by the market of stationary,to stimulate acceptance by the market of stationary,portable, and micro fuel cells; andportable, and micro fuel cells; and

to support development of technologies relating toto support development of technologies relating to

stationary, portable, and micro fuel cells.stationary, portable, and micro fuel cells.


E P li A t f 2005E P li A t f 2005


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There are also more programs in EPAct 2005There are also more programs in EPAct 2005

that directly or indirectly implicate fuel cellthat directly or indirectly implicate fuel cell

technologytechnology

Title VIII is all about hydrogen, includingTitle VIII is all about hydrogen, including appropriationsappropriations

codes and standardscodes and standards

task forcetask force

Title XVI is about climate changeTitle XVI is about climate change

Cl Ai A tClean Air Act


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Clean Air ActClean Air Act

Programs Connected with Fuel CellsPrograms Connected with Fuel Cells

Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C 7401 to 7671q)Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C 7401 to 7671q) 1990 Amendments include provisions to encourage or1990 Amendments include provisions to encourage or

mandate the use of alternative fuels and clean fuelmandate the use of alternative fuels and clean fuelvehicles.vehicles.

CAA 211 (42 U.S.C. 7545) Emission Standards forCAA 211 (42 U.S.C. 7545) Emission Standards formoving Sourcesmoving Sources

CAA 241-250 (42 U.S.C 7581-7590) Clean FuelCAA 241-250 (42 U.S.C 7581-7590) Clean Fuel

VehiclesVehicles clean alternative fuels include hydrogenclean alternative fuels include hydrogen

clean-fuel vehicles in light-duty, heavy duty, fleet, federal agencyclean-fuel vehicles in light-duty, heavy duty, fleet, federal agencyfleetfleet


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Select State LawSelect State Law

State law covers fuel cells indirectlyState law covers fuel cells indirectly

through:through: Acquisition requirementsAcquisition requirements

Fuel taxesFuel taxes

Fuel production standardsFuel production standards

Energy-based economic development plansEnergy-based economic development plans


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II. IncentivesII. Incentives

Federal IncentivesFederal Incentives

Renewable Energy Systems and EnergyRenewable Energy Systems and Energy

Efficiency Improvement GrantsEfficiency Improvement Grants USDA made $22.8 million available for the purchaseUSDA made $22.8 million available for the purchase

of renewable energy systems and energyof renewable energy systems and energyimprovements for agricultural producers and smallimprovements for agricultural producers and small

rural businessesrural businesses

Eligible projects include biofuels, hydrogen, andEligible projects include biofuels, hydrogen, andenergy efficiency improvements, as well as solar,energy efficiency improvements, as well as solar,

geothermal, and windgeothermal, and wind


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Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax CreditAlternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit

05/06: IRS established a form which provides the05/06: IRS established a form which provides themechanism to claim the credit on as many propertiesmechanism to claim the credit on as many properties

as developedas developed

Alternative Motor Vehicle CreditAlternative Motor Vehicle Credit

01/06: IRS established procedures for manufacturers01/06: IRS established procedures for manufacturersto certify to the IRS that a vehicle meets requirementsto certify to the IRS that a vehicle meets requirementsto claim the credit and the amount of the credit forto claim the credit and the amount of the credit for

which the vehicle is eligiblewhich the vehicle is eligible

II. IncentivesII. Incentives


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Federal IncentivesFederal Incentives

Qualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle CreditQualified Alternative Fuel Motor Vehicle Credit

06/06: IRS extends credit to converted vehicles when06/06: IRS extends credit to converted vehicles when

the conversion system manufacturer has received athe conversion system manufacturer has received acertificate of conformity from the EPA or California Aircertificate of conformity from the EPA or California Air

Resources Board.Resources Board.

Also establishes that manufacturers (conversion systemAlso establishes that manufacturers (conversion systeminstallers) must provide certification to the IRS that ainstallers) must provide certification to the IRS that a

vehicle is eligible for a tax credit.vehicle is eligible for a tax credit.


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Select State IncentivesSelect State Incentives

Last year: 25 incentives from 15Last year: 25 incentives from 15states and D.C.states and D.C.

Many relate to low or zero emissionMany relate to low or zero emissionvehicle tax credits and alternative fuelvehicle tax credits and alternative fueltax exemptionstax exemptions

Today: 222 incentives from 47 statesToday: 222 incentives from 47 statesand D.C.and D.C.

Same focusSame focus



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CaliforniaCalifornia

AFV Parking Incentives in L.A. (pilot program)AFV Parking Incentives in L.A. (pilot program) Free meter parking for select AFVsFree meter parking for select AFVs

Display stickerDisplay sticker

Must obey all other parking lawsMust obey all other parking laws



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Alternative Fuel IncentiveAlternative Fuel Incentive

DevelopmentDevelopment Allocating $25 million in incentives for:Allocating $25 million in incentives for:

Projects that promote high-Projects that promote high-efficiency alternative fuel fleetefficiency alternative fuel fleetvehiclesvehicles

the construction of both publiclythe construction of both publiclyaccessible alternative fuel retailaccessible alternative fuel retail

refueling stations and fleetrefueling stations and fleetrefueling facilitiesrefueling facilities

production incentives forproduction incentives foralternative fuel production inalternative fuel production inCaliforniaCalifornia





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Hydrogen Energy PlanHydrogen Energy Plan California Hydrogen Highway NetworkCalifornia Hydrogen Highway Network

Commitment by 2010 toCommitment by 2010 to Build a network of hydrogen refueling stationsBuild a network of hydrogen refueling stations

Ensure that hydrogen vehicles areEnsure that hydrogen vehicles arecommercially available for purchasecommercially available for purchase

Incorporate hydrogen vehicles into the stateIncorporate hydrogen vehicles into the statefleetfleet

Develop safety standards for hydrogenDevelop safety standards for hydrogen

refueling stations and vehicles, andrefueling stations and vehicles, and

Establish incentives to encourage the use ofEstablish incentives to encourage the use ofhydrogen vehicles and development ofhydrogen vehicles and development ofrenewable sources of energy for hydrogenrenewable sources of energy for hydrogen

productionproduction



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Hydrogen SpecificationsHydrogen Specifications

By January 1, 2008, the Department of Food andBy January 1, 2008, the Department of Food and

Agriculture and State Air Resources Board, are requiredAgriculture and State Air Resources Board, are requiredto establish specifications for hydrogen fuels for use into establish specifications for hydrogen fuels for use ininternal combustion engines and fuel cells in motorinternal combustion engines and fuel cells in motorvehiclesvehicles

Until ANSI formally adopts standards for hydrogen fuelsUntil ANSI formally adopts standards for hydrogen fuels



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Carl Moyer Memorial AirCarl Moyer Memorial Air

Quality Standards AttainmentQuality Standards Attainment

funding for the incremental cost offunding for the incremental cost ofpurchasing cleaner than requiredpurchasing cleaner than requiredon-road, off-road, marine,on-road, off-road, marine,locomotive and agriculturallocomotive and agricultural

engines, as well as forklifts, airportengines, as well as forklifts, airportground support equipment, andground support equipment, andauxiliary power unitsauxiliary power units




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IllinoisIllinois

Alternate Fuels Rebate ProgramAlternate Fuels Rebate Program

Provides a rebate for 80% of the incremental costProvides a rebate for 80% of the incremental costof purchasing an AFV (up to $4,000),of purchasing an AFV (up to $4,000),

80% of the cost of federally certified alternative80% of the cost of federally certified alternativefuel vehicle conversions (up to $4,000), andfuel vehicle conversions (up to $4,000), and

the incremental cost of purchasing alternativethe incremental cost of purchasing alternativefuelsfuels

Includes hydrogen, but the focus is clearly onIncludes hydrogen, but the focus is clearly onE85 and biodieselE85 and biodiesel


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North DakotaNorth Dakota Hydrogen to power a fuel cell is exempt from sales taxHydrogen to power a fuel cell is exempt from sales tax

through 06/10through 06/10

OklahomaOklahoma Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technician TrainingAlternative Fuel Vehicle Technician Training

Regulates the training, testing, and certification of techniciansRegulates the training, testing, and certification of technicianswho install, modify, repair, or renovate equipment used in thewho install, modify, repair, or renovate equipment used in thefueling of AFVs and the conversion of any engines to alternativefueling of AFVs and the conversion of any engines to alternative

fueled enginesfueled engines

ArkansasArkansas Fuel Cell Income Tax CreditFuel Cell Income Tax Credit

Credit for 50% of the amount spent on a facility that producesCredit for 50% of the amount spent on a facility that produces

fuel cellsfuel cells


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Federal House and Senate proposalsFederal House and Senate proposals Currently 26 bills containing reference to fuelCurrently 26 bills containing reference to fuel

cellscells

Many tax incentives and incentive extendersMany tax incentives and incentive extenders

Focus largely on petroleum dependenceFocus largely on petroleum dependence

National securityNational security

III. Proposed LegislationIII. Proposed Legislation


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American Automobile Industry Promotion Act (S. 1055,American Automobile Industry Promotion Act (S. 1055,H.R. 1915H.R. 1915) 3/29/07, 4/18/07) 3/29/07, 4/18/07

comprehensive development and commercialization of diverse electriccomprehensive development and commercialization of diverse electricdrive transportation technologies;drive transportation technologies;

public investments to help expand innovation, industrial growth, andpublic investments to help expand innovation, industrial growth, andjobs in the United States;jobs in the United States;

expand existing electric infrastructure to accelerate the widespreadexpand existing electric infrastructure to accelerate the widespreadcommercialization of plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles;commercialization of plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles;

to improve the energy efficiency of and reduce the petroleum use into improve the energy efficiency of and reduce the petroleum use intransportationtransportation

Federal House & Senate ProposalsFederal House & Senate Proposals


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Securing America's Energy Independence Act of 2007Securing America's Energy Independence Act of 2007(H.R. 550, S. 590) 1/18/07, 2/14/07(H.R. 550, S. 590) 1/18/07, 2/14/07

Amends tax code to extend the investment tax credit with respect toAmends tax code to extend the investment tax credit with respect toqualified fuel cell property. Same as Senate billqualified fuel cell property. Same as Senate bill

Extends from 2008 to 2016 for qualified fuel cell properties:Extends from 2008 to 2016 for qualified fuel cell properties:

Investment tax credit, residential credit up to $500, 3-yearInvestment tax credit, residential credit up to $500, 3-yearaccelerated depreciation periodaccelerated depreciation period

Clean and Green Renewable Energy Tax Credit (H.R.Clean and Green Renewable Energy Tax Credit (H.R.1596) 3/20/071596) 3/20/07

Would extend the investment tax credit to 2030Would extend the investment tax credit to 2030


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DRIVE ACT (Dependence Reduction throughDRIVE ACT (Dependence Reduction throughInnovation in Vehicles and Energy Act) (S. 339, H.R.Innovation in Vehicles and Energy Act) (S. 339, H.R.

670) 1/18/07, 1/24/07670) 1/18/07, 1/24/07

Accelerated market penetration of advanced technology vehiclesAccelerated market penetration of advanced technology vehicles

and other oil saving technologies, efficient transportation and cleanand other oil saving technologies, efficient transportation and cleanalternative fuelsalternative fuels

maintains a policy of fuel neutralitymaintains a policy of fuel neutrality

Financial incentives to encourage production and consumerFinancial incentives to encourage production and consumerpurchase of oil saving technologies and fuelspurchase of oil saving technologies and fuels

Promote a nationwide diversity of clean alternative motor vehiclePromote a nationwide diversity of clean alternative motor vehiclefuels and advanced motor vehicle technologyfuels and advanced motor vehicle technology


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H-Prize Act of 2007 (S. 365, H.R. 632) 1/23/07H-Prize Act of 2007 (S. 365, H.R. 632) 1/23/07 Authorizes the Secretary of Energy to establish monetary prizesAuthorizes the Secretary of Energy to establish monetary prizes

for achievements in overcoming scientific and technical barriersfor achievements in overcoming scientific and technical barriersassociated with hydrogen energyassociated with hydrogen energy

Hydrogen production, distribution, storage, and utilization:Hydrogen production, distribution, storage, and utilization:$1,000,000$1,000,000

Prototypes of hydrogen-powered vehicles or other hydrogen-Prototypes of hydrogen-powered vehicles or other hydrogen-

based products: $4,000,000based products: $4,000,000

Transformational changes in technologies for the distribution orTransformational changes in technologies for the distribution orproduction of hydrogen that meet or exceed far-reaching objectiveproduction of hydrogen that meet or exceed far-reaching objectivecriteria: $10,000,000criteria: $10,000,000


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Global Warming Reduction Act of 2007 (S. 485) 2/1/07Global Warming Reduction Act of 2007 (S. 485) 2/1/07

Takes a global warming focus, rather than petroleum reduction orTakes a global warming focus, rather than petroleum reduction ornational securitynational security

Comprehensive global warming pollution reductionsComprehensive global warming pollution reductions

Tax incentives for advanced technology vehiclesTax incentives for advanced technology vehicles International and corporate obligationsInternational and corporate obligations

National Climate Change Vulnerability and Resilience ProgramNational Climate Change Vulnerability and Resilience Program

Energy efficiency performance standards for stationary fuel cells-Energy efficiency performance standards for stationary fuel cells-

electricity savingselectricity savings Fuel cell vehicles included in tax incentivesFuel cell vehicles included in tax incentives

Vulnerability scorecardVulnerability scorecard

IV C d & St d d


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IV. Codes & StandardsIV. Codes & Standards

Multitude of fuel cell infrastructure codes andMultitude of fuel cell infrastructure codes and

standards in United States and Internationallystandards in United States and Internationally

from:from: ISO, SAE, UL, CSA, and othersISO, SAE, UL, CSA, and others

System design and power systemsSystem design and power systems

VehiclesVehicles

Fuels, fuel tanks, and dispensingFuels, fuel tanks, and dispensing

Operating instructions and safetyOperating instructions and safety

Testing and evaluationTesting and evaluation

Will ANSI develop?Will ANSI develop?

Ad i i t ti A P


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Administrative Agency ProgramsAdministrative Agency Programs

Department of TransportationDepartment of Transportation

Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy

Environmental Protection AgencyEnvironmental Protection Agency

Department ofepartment of


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Transpor tationranspor tationFederal Transit AgencyFederal Transit Agency

FTA Fuel Cell Transit BusFTA Fuel Cell Transit Bus Georgetown Fuel Cell Transit Bus ProgramGeorgetown Fuel Cell Transit Bus Program

Began the logical transit connection in 1994Began the logical transit connection in 1994

Generation II buses in 1998 and 2001Generation II buses in 1998 and 2001

Generation III bus program development began in 2006Generation III bus program development began in 2006

Demonstrate 3 hydrogen fuel cell buses in ChicagoDemonstrate 3 hydrogen fuel cell buses in Chicago

Demonstrate 3 different types of fuel cell buses at SunLine TransitDemonstrate 3 different types of fuel cell buses at SunLine Transit

Department ofepartment of


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Transpor tationranspor tationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Conduct fuel cell vehicle testing to identify potentialConduct fuel cell vehicle testing to identify potentialfailure modes of a high pressure compressed hydrogenfailure modes of a high pressure compressed hydrogen

storage systemstorage system

Develop a fuel cell vehicle and electrical isolation testDevelop a fuel cell vehicle and electrical isolation testprocedureprocedure

Conduct container integrity testingConduct container integrity testing

Conduct a comparative analysis/evaluation of existingConduct a comparative analysis/evaluation of existingand proposed regulations and standards on hydrogenand proposed regulations and standards on hydrogen

container integrity, general fuel cell vehicle safety, andcontainer integrity, general fuel cell vehicle safety, andvehicle crash safetyvehicle crash safety


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De partm ent o f En ergye partm ent o f En ergy Fuel Cells and Infrastructure TechnologiesFuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies

ProgramProgram

Development of next generation technologies,Development of next generation technologies,

Establishment of an education campaign thatEstablishment of an education campaign thatcommunicates potential benefits, andcommunicates potential benefits, and

Better integration of subprograms in hydrogen, fuel cells,Better integration of subprograms in hydrogen, fuel cells,and distributed energyand distributed energy

Lead Federal agency for directing and integrating activitiesLead Federal agency for directing and integrating activitiesin hydrogen and fuel cell R&D, and is responsible forin hydrogen and fuel cell R&D, and is responsible for

coordinating the R&D activities for DOE's Hydrogencoordinating the R&D activities for DOE's HydrogenProgramProgram


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De partm ent o f En ergye partm ent o f En ergy FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies ProgramFreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program

The long-term aim is to develop "leap frog" technologiesThe long-term aim is to develop "leap frog" technologiesthat will provide Americans with greater freedom ofthat will provide Americans with greater freedom of

mobility and energy security, while lowering costs andmobility and energy security, while lowering costs andreducing impacts on the environmentreducing impacts on the environment

Examines need and risk of research in Hydrogen FuelExamines need and risk of research in Hydrogen Fuel

Development in the automotive industryDevelopment in the automotive industry

Wants consumers to have variety/choice what, where,Wants consumers to have variety/choice what, where,

how they drivehow they drive


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George W. Busheorge W. Bush Presidents Hydrogen FuelPresidents Hydrogen Fuel

Initiative collaborates withInitiative collaborates withDOEs FreedomCAR, the BigDOEs FreedomCAR, the BigThree, and the US Counsel forThree, and the US Counsel forAutomotive Research boastsAutomotive Research boasts

that it will speed up broadthat it will speed up broadcommercialization from 2030 tocommercialization from 2030 to2015.2015.

Tonight I am proposing 1.2Tonight I am proposing 1.2

Billion in research fundingsoBillion in research fundingsothat the first car driven by a childthat the first car driven by a childborn today could be powered byborn today could be powered byhydrogen -State of the Unionhydrogen -State of the UnionAddress, January 2003Address, January 2003
http://fr3der1ck.com/uploaded_images/george_w_bush-732501.jpg


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De partm ent o f En ergye partm ent o f En ergy Clean Cities programClean Cities program

Works with volunteer, public, and private organizationsWorks with volunteer, public, and private organizations

to support localities that decrease petroleum useto support localities that decrease petroleum use

Collaborate on public policy issuesCollaborate on public policy issues

Network of more than 80 volunteer coalitionsNetwork of more than 80 volunteer coalitions

Transportation corridorsTransportation corridors North Central E85 Transportation Corridor (NCETC) - (I-90, I-North Central E85 Transportation Corridor (NCETC) - (I-90, I-

94, I-90/94, I-39, I-55, I-80/94, and Michigan Highway 96)94, I-90/94, I-39, I-55, I-80/94, and Michigan Highway 96)

Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental Protection


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AgencyAgency

National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions LaboratoryNational Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory The only federal facility capable of running officialThe only federal facility capable of running official

tests on fuel cell vehiclestests on fuel cell vehicles

Contains hydrogen station for fuel cell vehiclesContains hydrogen station for fuel cell vehicles

Environmental ProtectionEnvironmental Protection


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Environmental Protection

AgencyAgency

EPA, Chrysler, and UPS collaborated to createEPA, Chrysler, and UPS collaborated to create

emission-free delivery trucksemission-free delivery trucks Joint paper in 2006 detailing the results of the programJoint paper in 2006 detailing the results of the program

Despite frequent failures in the fueling station systemDespite frequent failures in the fueling station systemand cold weather, the program was a successand cold weather, the program was a success

imitati ons I mposed by Law


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and R egul ation?nd R egul ation? Few Limitations Lawmakers andFew Limitations Lawmakers and

agencies are more concerned withagencies are more concerned with

growth of the technologygrowth of the technology Environmentally - cleanerEnvironmentally - cleaner

Economically potentially cheaper,Economically potentially cheaper,renewablerenewable

National Security curb AmericasNational Security curb Americasdependence on petroleumdependence on petroleum


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Co nclu sio no nclu sio n Promising technologyPromising technology

Most viable for niche market use in theMost viable for niche market use in the

near futurenear future Widespread marketplace acceptanceWidespread marketplace acceptance

and use is still many years awayand use is still many years away

IMP Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology

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