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-A potential for future fuel

Presented by

DEVESH KUMAR BAGHEL

FINAL YEAR

ELECTRICAL BRANCH

Guided by

GAURAV ANKODIA

ELECTRICAL DEPTT.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Importance of hydrogen fuel

Production of hydrogen

Storage of hydrogen

Application of hydrogen as fuel

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ENERGY RESOURCES

3Hydrogen Energy ofFuture

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4

HYDROGEN - TODAY

Production

Steam Reforming

Of Petroleum

Use

Space Program

Storage

Cryogenic Liquid

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INTRODUCTION

Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the

universe.

Hydrogen has the highest combustion energy release per unit

of weight of any commonly occurring material. . This propertymakes it the fuel of choice for upper stages of multi-stage

rockets.

On combustion of hydrogen the only by-product is heat andwater.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l) + 572 kJ (286 kJ/mol)

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IMPORTANCEOF HYDROGENFUEL

The Goal of Hydrogen Fuel is to reduce petroleum use, reducegreenhouse gas emissions, and reduce air pollution.

Hydrogen has significant potential as a clean energy source for

broad range of applications including power production andtransportation.

Large areas in the country do not have access to electricitywhich can be provided decentralized power based on hydrogen

energy.

Hydrogen and fuel cells vehicles can progressively replacepetroleum based vehicles.

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IMPORTANCEOF HYDROGENFUEL

Hydrogen fuel cycle

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IMPORTANCEOF HYDROGENFUEL

(CONT.)

Engines using hydrogen will last much longer and start faster in

any weather.

Hydrogen is the only fuel whose production and end use can

both contribute directly to eliminating many of our

environmental, economic, and health problems.

Clean engine exhaust is probably the best of all the advantages

. .

Advantages H2- vs. - fossil fuels :

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HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

There are three general categories of

Hydrogen production

Electrolyte Processes

Thermal Processes

Photolytic Processes

Method of production:

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THERMAL PROCESSES

Natural Gas Reforming

Gasification

Renewable Liquid Reforming

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NATURAL GAS REFORMING

Steam Methane Reforming

Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural gas using

high-temperature steam

Methane reacts with the steam in presence of a catalystto produce hydrogen

Partial oxidation

Produces hydrogen by burning methane in air

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GASIFICATION

Process in which coal or biomass is converted into

gaseous components by applying heat under

pressure and in the presence of steam

A subsequent series of chemical reactions

produces a synthesis gas which reacts with steam

to produce more hydrogen that can be separated

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RENEWABLE LIQUID REFORMING

Biomass is processed to make renewable liquid

fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, that are then

reacted with high-temperature steam to produce

hydrogen

This process is very similar to reforming natural gas

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ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES

Electrolytic processes use an electric current to

split water into hydrogen and oxygen

The electricity required can be generated by using

renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar,

geothermal and hydroelectric power

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Electrolysis of water ship Hydrogen Challenger

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PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES

Uses light energy to split water into hydrogen and

oxygen

These processes are in the very early stages of

research but offer the possibility of hydrogen

production which is cost effective and has a low

environmental impact

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STORAGEOF HYDROGEN

Hydrogen has a very low volumetric energy density at ambient

conditions, equal to about one-third that of methane.

A nonreactive noble gas called xenon combined with hydrogenand other massive pressure gives rise to a solid that can be later

used to store hydrogen fuel.

Hydrogen can be stored in the form of Hydrides

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STORAGEOF HYDROGEN

If the hydrogen is compressed and

cryogenically frozen it will take up a very small

amount of space requiring a smaller tank, but it

must be kept super cold around -120 to -196

degrees Celsius.

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APPLICATIONOF HYDROGENAS

FUEL

A fuel cell is simply a device that takes in oxygen from the air

and hydrogen from a tank, and reacts them in a controlled way

to produce water vapour and electric power. In a vehicle, that

power can then be directed through an ordinary electric motorto turn the wheels.

A fuel cell works like a battery but does not run down or need

recharging. It will produce electricity and heat as long as fuel(hydrogen) is supplied.

Fuel cell is 99.9% efficient as automotive fuel.

Fuel cell

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FUEL CELL

TYPESFuel Celltype Electrolyte Anode gas Cathode gas Temp

o

C Efficiency%

Proton ExMembrane

(PEM)

Solid polymermembrane

Hydrogen Pure or AtmOxygen

75 35 60

Alkaline(AFC)

PotassiumHydroxide

Hydrogen Pure Oxygen < 80 50 - 70

PhosphoricAcid (PAFC)

Phosphorus Hydrogen Atm Oxygen 210 35 - 50

MoltenCarbonate(MCFC)

AlkaliCarbonate Hydrogen /Methane Atm Oxygen 650 40 - 55

Solid Oxide( SOFC)

CeramicOxides

Hydrogen /Methane

Atm Oxygen 800 - 1000 45 - 60

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PROTONEXCHANGEMEMBRANE (PEM)

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This is the leading cell typeforpassenger car application

Uses a polymer membraneas the electrolyte

Operates at a relatively lowtemperature, about 175degrees

Has a highpower density, canvary its output quickly and is

suited for applications wherequick startup is required makingit popular for automobiles

Sensitive to fuel impurities

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ALKALINE

Used mainly by military and space

programs

Can reach 70% power generating

efficiency, but considered to costly for

transportation applications

Used on the Apollo spacecraft toprovide electricity and drinking water

Uses a solution of potassium

hydroxide in water as the electrolyte

and operates at 75 -160 degrees

Can use a variety of non-preciousmetals as catalyst at the anode and

cathode

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ALKALINEFUEL CELL

Requires pure hydrogen and

oxygen because it is very

susceptible to carbon

contamination

Purification process of thehydrogen and oxygen is costly

Susceptibility to poisoning

affects cells lifetime which also

affects the cost

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PHOSPHORICACID

This is the most commerciallydeveloped fuel cell

It generates electricity at morethan 40% efficiency

Nearly 85% of the steamproduced can be used forcogeneration

Uses liquid phosphoric acid as theelectrolyte and operates at about450 degrees F

One main advantage is that it canuse impure hydrogen as fuel

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MOLTENCARBONATE

Promises high fuel-to-electricityefficiency and the ability to utilize coalbased fuels

Uses an electrolyte composed of a

molten carbonate salt mixture Require carbon dioxide and oxygen to

be delivered to the cathode

Operates at extremely hightemperatures 1200 degrees

Primarily targeted for use as electricutility applications

Have been operated on hydrogen,

carbon monoxide, natural gas,propane, landfill gas, marine dieseland simulated coal gasificationproducts 26

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SOLIDOXIDE

Uses a hard, non-porousceramic compound as theelectrolyte

Can reach 60% power-generating efficiency

Operates at extremely hightemperatures 1800 degrees

Used mainly for large, highpowered applications such asindustrial generating stations,

mainly because it requiressuch high temperatures

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ANY QUERIES

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