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Sustainable Energy Engineering Queen’s University Labs
SEEQUL
Hydrogen, Fuel Cells
and Backup Power
Brant A. Peppley
Queen’s University
Sustainable Energy Engineering
Queen’s University Labs
(SEEQUL)
Sustainable Energy Engineering Queen’s University Labs
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Status of Backup Power
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http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/01/f28/fcto_2015_business_case_fuel_cells.pdf
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen
Energy Association 2015
Review.
Highlights (US Perspective)- Ballard Power Systems, has installed
more than 100 of its methanol-fueled fuel
cell systems on rooftops in major cities
around the world to provide backup power
to critical telecom sites.
- Sprint has installed several hundred
backup power fuel cell systems at cellular
towers and sites around the U.S. with
ARRA funding, as well as on its own.
- SouthernLINC Wireless anticipates
deploying as many as 500 new LTE sites
utilizing the Plug Power ReliOn integrated
solution, which includes fuel cell systems
and bulk refillable hydrogen storage
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Companies in Top 50
of the Fortune 500
Operating or
Developing Fuel Cells
… but there is good
news closer to home!
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The Hydrogen Economy Is Here The Future of
Power (Melbourne, October 2014)4
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Backup Power Case StudyOntario Government Emergency Call Centre
Backup Power Load 100kW
Required Run Time 48 hours
Outage time per year 48 hours
Project Life 20 years
Diesel Escal. Rate 3%
Hydrogen Escal Rate 1.9%
Inflation Rate 2%
Discount Rate 2.5%
Backup Power Systems
• Diesel Generator
• Battery Bank
• PEM Fuel Cell
(HyPM R 100)
• Battery + Diesel
Generator
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Backup Power Business Case Study:
Specs and Inputs
Battery Bank Diesel Generator PEFC
Maximum Power
Output (Backup power
output)
100 kW 265 kW (100kW) 120 kW (100kW)
Unit Life 4-10 years 20 years 20 years,
General equipment
cost
$480/kWh $112,000 $395,000
Fuel storage cost - $100,000 $250,000
Installation cost $3,000 ($30/kW) (existing) $39,500
Battery ride-through
cost
- - $15,000
Annual O&M $75/kWh $5,000 $140
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Backup Power Case Study
Backup battery runtime (hours)
Battery
Life
(Years) 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2
4 -$360,000 -$260,000 -$80,000 $110,000 $300,000
6 -$370,000 -$290,000 -$130,000 $40,000 $200,000
8 -$380,000 -$310,000 -$170,000 -$30,000 $110,000
10 -$400,000 -$340,000 -$220,000 -$100,000 $10,000
Cost effective to replace diesel/battery system with a fuel
cell if the battery bank run time is greater than 1 hr
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Turn the Picture Around
• The grid is the backup system
• The fuel cell is the steady power
• Why? Because natural gas keeps flowing
when power goes down!
• How often does the power go down?
• Aside: Natural gas is a handy place to
store hydrogen (reference Alex’s talk
coming up next).
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Green Hydrogen Research Center
Commercialization of Japanese 1 kW class fuel cell CHP system
http://www.ace.or.jp/web/works/works_0090.html
Large scale
demonstrationPilot Commercial
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Green Hydrogen Research Center
Japanese 1 kW class fuel cell CHP system
http://home.tokyo-gas.co.jp/enefarm_special/
http://www.osakagas.co.jp/en/rd/fuelcell/pefc/index.html
http://panasonic.co.jp/ap/FC/about_01.html
http://panasonic.co.jp/ap/FC/index.htm
https://www.toshiba.co.jp/product/fc/english/index.htm
Pictures and Specifications from following web-site
Toshiba has an English site.
Thanks to Shigenori Matsushima
Yokohama National University
For providing these two visuals. 1.8m/6 ft
Reformer/Fuel Cell
750 W
200 L Hot Water
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Overview• Eight Ontario Government properties were identified for
business case studies and given a RETScreen basic
cost analysis and an extended cost analysis using a
custom designed spreadsheet.
• Six of the properties where the baseload was greater
than 200 kW and Combined Heat and Power or
Combined Cooling Heat and Power could be
implemented were shown to have positive NPV and
reasonable payback.
• For an emergency call centre both a 100 kW SOFC
generator and a PEM fuel cell backup power system
were evaluated.
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Near Term (1-3 years)
Basic Requirements and Assumptions
• Natural gas fuelled combined heat and
power preferable that is financially feasible
(NPV>0)
• Products with proven record of reliability
and maintainability
• Condition of study was that there was no
access to sell power back to the grid.
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Currently Viable NG-Fuelled CHP
Fuel Cell Systems for Near Term
• DFC 300 (discontinued)
• Output: 300kW
• Fuel: Natural Gas
• Project Cost:≈ $3.35 million
• O&M Cost:≈ $44,000/year
• PureCell 400
• Output: 400kW
• Fuel: Natural Gas
• Project Cost:≈$3.94 million
• O&M Cost:≈$100,000/year
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Case Study Inputs:
Base Case and Sensitivity StudiesOptimistic Likely Conservative
Project Life (yrs) 20 20 20
Electricity Price $0.128/kWh $0.128/kWh $0.128/kWh
Natural Gas Price $0.261/m3 $0.261/m3 $0.261/m3
Steam Price $0.015/lbs $0.015/lbs $0.015/lbs
Debt Ret. Charge $7/MWhgen $7/MWhgen $7/MWhgen
Inflation Rate 2% 2% 2%
Discount Rate 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%
Natural Gas Escal Rate 2% 2.3% 3%
Electricity Escal Rate LTEP rate
plus 0.5%
LTEP rate
(see note)
LTEP less
0.5%
Painful
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RETScreen Results
Net Present Value
CCHPDFC 300
CHPPC 400
PC 400
PC 400
DFC 300
DFC 300
PC 5 × 4
Bloom ES5400
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
Power
CCHP – combined cooling heat and power,
CHP – combined heat and power
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RETScreen Results
Net Present Value with SensitivityCCHPDFC 300
CHPPC 400
PC 400
PC 400
DFC 300
DFC 300
PC 5 × 4
Bloom ES5400
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
CHP
Power
OL
C
O – Optimistic, L – Likely, C - Conservative
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RETScreen Results
Equity Payback
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RETScreen Results
Equity Payback with Sensitivity
OL
C
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RETScreen Results
Simple Payback
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RETScreen Results – Carbon Intensity
Note the double negative negative reduction is an increase.
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Business Case Summary• Six of the eight buildings resulted in a positive NPV
given a continuous fuel cell power system on natural
gas.
• The Distributed Energy Site at the London
Courthouse was the closest to optimal.
– combined cooling heating and power with existing
absorption chiller.
• The 911 Call Centre (Thunder Bay) had the most
negative NPV with the SOFC solution but could have
a positive NPV for a backup power system operating
on hydrogen replacing the batteries.
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Looking Forward (3-5 years)
Basic Assumptions
• Hydrogen infrastructure becomes more developed in
Ontario
• Newer fuel cell products based on pure hydrogen
become available and are more cost effective
• New fuel cell products using SOFC-CHP become
available
• More technologies for energy storage for peak
shaving and time of use shifting become available.
• Carbon emissions reduction becomes a more
significant priority (Carbon pricing???)
• Selling to the grid where possible should be an
option. (Without debt retirement penalty!)
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Chicken and Egg• Clean transportation has always been the driver of the hydrogen
vision, requiring a large infrastructure that would in turn make
hydrogen widely available for all applications
• Enter the ‘chicken and egg’ conundrum which persists today
• Problem: Commercial FC vehicles are being launched but H2
station profitability is not predicted until 2025 (using NG reforming
hydrogen and later using other ‘greener’ technologies)
• Solution: Well-resourced public-private partnerships in leading
jurisdictions are committing to infrastructure build-up, in sync with
FC vehicle launches and deeper research into user needs
– E.U./Germany – H2 Mobility, CHIC
– U.S.A./California – H2USA
– Asia/Japan - HySUT
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H2 Infrastructure Offers
Variety of Solutions
Hydrogen Supply Pathways – HyFLEET:CUTE
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Government Buildings
Mid-Term Options Summary
(3-5 years)
• Hydrogen distribution already is available and utilized
successfully. (e.g., Walmart Forklifts, glass
manufacturers, backup power systems). This will
increase dramatically in the next 5 yrs.
• Hydrogen costs can be quantified. A typical refueling
system is $1 to 2 million to install.
• Business case analyses of mid-term power system
options, however, is virtually impossible or at least
would involve wild guesses as there are materials,
codes and standards, and logistics issues that have
huge uncertainties.
• These products will, however, be better in terms of
cost, GHG reduction, and reliability.
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Government Buildings
Long-Term Options Summary
(6+ years)
• Mass market Fuel Cell Vehicles will be available for
fleet applications.
• Ballard ClearGenTM products will have proven track
record from deployments in US and China
• Hydrogenics will have extensive experience with
backup power.
• Hydrogenics will have fully proven their renewable
energy storage by electrolysis systems
– Power to gas
– Renewable hydrogen
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ConclusionsNear Term (1-3 years)
• Pilot trial natural gas fuelled systems.
• …but, projects result in increases in CO2
emissions. Carbon pricing???
• Pure hydrogen backup power systems
represent a good investment because of
positive NPV compared to batteries and also
because it is Ontario-grown technology and
eliminates problems of diesel fuel storage
associate with diesel backup.
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ConclusionsMid Term (3-5 years)
• The current phosphoric acid and molten
carbonate technologies may be replaced by
SOFC systems that use cheap(?) natural gas
as a fuel or PEM systems using hydrogen
fuel.
• Backup power systems could be deployed on
a much wider scale (Ontario-grown
technology).
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ConclusionsLong Term (>6 years up to 20 years out)
• Fuel cell vehicle deployments will change the
landscape for hydrogen infrastructure.
• Hydrogen-fuelled CHP products will offer path to
reducing carbon footprint. (Carbon pricing??)
• The potential for production of hydrogen for
vehicle refueling and onsite power will be
available.
• These could be quantifiable in 2 years but not
likely deployable for 5 years.
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Brant A Peppley, Queen’s University
31
Nicol Hall
SEEQUL