Hotel Shuttle Consolidation at SFO
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Hotel Shuttle Consolidation at SFO
Alice Sgourakis
Ground Transportation Manager, SFO
AGTA Conference
April 20, 2007
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SFO-Area Hotels• Most hotels within 5 miles of Airport terminals have
courtesy shuttle links
• The 51 hotels served have a combined 10,000 rooms; the median-size hotel has 169 rooms
• Since hotel consolidation took hold, some smaller hotels have courtesy shuttle service for the first time
• The hotels are located in small San Mateo County cities, under separate jurisdiction from the Airport
• The San Mateo County Convention and Visitors Bureau occasionally serves as a cooperative liaison
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1990s Congestion
• 33 hotels provided their own shuttle service to their own hotel only, while adjacent hotels under the same ownership ran 2 shuttle services serving 2 hotels each
• Severe curbside congestion often led vehicles to park two deep and be hemmed in
• The typical courtesy shuttle was a cramped minibus or van
• Vehicles sometimes broke down on the roadside
• Hotels often diverted bell staff from other duties to drive shuttles
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1990s Pollutant Emissions
• Hotels operated diesel and gasoline vehicles
• Visible exhaust trails reflected spotty maintenance
• Passengers endured toxic odors
• Drivers and curbside personnel suffered health impacts
• Fuel residue marked loading areas
• Airport ground vehicles affected regional air emissions
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SFO Clean Vehicle Policy
Implemented in 2000 100% of vehicles in applicable fleets to be clean-
powered by 2012 Trip fee differentials and other economic incentives
encourage compliance Airport applies for and manages grant funding Over 500 grant-funded vehicles to date, 98% privately-
owned
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SFO’s Hotel Clean Vehicle Policy
• Effective July 1, 2000, a dual tier trip fee structure was established for hotel courtesy shuttles
• The existing rate became the base rate in the two-tier structure
• The new tier was set at triple the base rate
• Vehicle emissions and trip limits apply to the base rate
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Vehicle Emissions Requirements
• For a hotel operator to qualify for the base fee, all their newly-permitted shuttle vehicles must be dedicated Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or equivalent emissions
• Continued placement in the base fee tier requires retirement of pre-2000 diesel and gasoline vehicles by July 1, 2007
• A single non-compliant vehicle causes the operator to pay the high fee for all trips
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Trip Limits
• To be placed in the base fee tier, hotels in business as of April 1, 1999 had to reduce their average monthly trip total by one third (using April 1999-March 2000 as baseline)
• Newer hotels have a ceiling of 2.25 trips per room per month, frequently lower than the adjusted ceiling for established hotels
• Hotels with 67 to 133 rooms have a minimum allowance of 300 trips per month
• Hotels with 66 or fewer rooms have a minimum allowance of 150 trips per month
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2007 Results• 44 out of 51 hotels are in consolidated groupings. Most
trips service multiple hotels, avoiding significant loss of service at a given hotel.
• There are only 15 full-time courtesy shuttle operators, down from 35 before consolidation:
- 5 contractors, most active in other services such as parking shuttles and charter operations (68% of
trips)- 3 hotels providing service for other hotels (20% of trips)- 7 hotels providing solo service (12% of trips)
• Only one full-time operator (a solo hotel) pays the high fee. This operator’s trip total is below its limit, but the operator prefers to run gasoline-powered vans.
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Consolidated Route Design• No Airport involvement • Two to 5 hotels are grouped in a single trip• Most contractors use multiple routes to service the 4 to 10
hotels each that they are responsible for • Lead hotel operators service between 2 and 4 nearby hotels
each with a single route • During peak periods, vehicles normally return to the Airport
every 30 minutes or less• During off-peak periods, some routes operate only on
demand• During late evenings and overnight, some hotels operate
solo service under a separate Airport permit to reduce contractor cost
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Current Vehicle Fleet
• About 50 vehicles in full time fleet
• 38 minibuses and 12 vans
• By July 1, 2007, all regularly-operated minibuses are expected to be CNG-powered, along with about 7 vans
• The remaining gasoline-powered vans will be replaced with CNG when a new van product is available and grant-funded by Fall 2007, or will be operated by hotels paying the high fee
• Effective July 1, 2007, there will be no diesels in the full time fleet
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CNG Vehicle Refueling• Offering no subsidy or guarantees, SFO attracted two CNG
fueling companies to lease property and build 2 large public access CNG stations, together worth $3M
• The first station opened in 1999, the second in 2004
• The stations provide a combined 15 fast-fill hoses with fill pressures of 3,000 and 3,600 psi
• Annual CNG demand is currently 1,150,000 equivalent gallons
• Hotel shuttles account for 22% of demand
• Other large demand categories are taxis (25%) and parking shuttles (24%)
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CNG Emissions
• Model Year 2007 CNG minibuses and vans have at least 75% less nitrous oxide (NOx) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions than MY 2007 gasoline minibuses and vans.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are at least 25% less than gasoline vehicles.
• Natural gas is lighter than air, and can’t contaminate land or water.
• CNG refueling nozzles are double-sealed. There is virtually no vapor leakage in the refueling process.
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Current CNG Vehicle Market
• Ford Motor Co., traditional supplier of most CNG minibuses and vans, exited the market after Model Year 2004
• BAF Technologies started converting E450 Ford minibuses to CNG in MY 2005
• BAF’s converted E350 van is available in MY 2007
• Converted GM products may soon be available through BAF or others
• The converted product is more expensive than the former Ford OEM product
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CNG Incentives and Grants• A full Federal tax credit of up to $20,000 per vehicle is available for
CNG minibuses
• Some air quality districts, such as the Bay Area District and the CA South Coast District, offer grants of $4,000 (for CNG vans) up to $20,000 (for CNG minibuses), in addition to the Federal tax credit
• The Bay Area’s minibus grants require 1:1 diesel vehicle scrappage
• CNG refueling station operators offer fuel price discounts for high volume use
• The non-discounted price of CNG averages 20% to 35% less than gasoline or diesel
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An Assessment of SFO’s Hotel Vehicle Initiative
• 16% increase in hotel rooms served by courtesy shuttle service since 1999-2000, mostly due to the opening of new hotels
• 27% reduction in courtesy shuttle trips
• 37% reduction in trips per room served
• No significant reduction in service to and from most individual hotels
• Adequate Airport curb space
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An Assessment of SFO’s Hotel Vehicle Initiative (cont.)
• No staff scheduling and vehicle maintenance headaches for hotels contracting for service
• A few hotels gain income from transporting customers of nearby hotels
• Over 80% reduction in nitrous oxide and hydrocarbon emissions, and more than 30% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions over the “do-nothing” alternative, holding vehicle model year constant