Hinterland connections and intermodal...

Hinterland connections Hinterland connections and intermodal and intermodal

transporttransport

C. Bert C. Bert KrukKrukSenior Port SpecialistSenior Port SpecialistTUDTRTUDTRThe World BankThe World BankApril 2006April 2006

Hinterland TransportHinterland Transport 22

StatementStatement

This presentation is based on the This presentation is based on the presentation prepared by the Technical and presentation prepared by the Technical and Managerial Port Assistance Office (TEMPO) Managerial Port Assistance Office (TEMPO) of the Port of Rotterdam, and has been of the Port of Rotterdam, and has been updated and supplemented with additional updated and supplemented with additional and recent information.and recent information.Useful information was also received from Useful information was also received from the Dutch Inland Water Transport Promotion the Dutch Inland Water Transport Promotion Office (DIWTPO). Office (DIWTPO).


TopicsTopics

DefinitionsDefinitionsDevelopments Developments Hinterland connectionsHinterland connectionsPerformance indicatorsPerformance indicatorsRoad transportRoad transportRail transportRail transportInland Water Transport Inland Water Transport Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusions and Recommendations

DefinitionsDefinitions


Hinterland is the area to be reached from Hinterland is the area to be reached from

the port to transport goods for import and the port to transport goods for import and

exportexport

Types of hinterlandTypes of hinterland

–– Direct (or captive) HinterlandDirect (or captive) Hinterland

–– Potential hinterlandPotential hinterland

–– Commodity Hinterland Commodity Hinterland

DefinitionsDefinitions


Hinterland and destination by mode Hinterland and destination by mode of transportof transport

Inland shippingRoadRailFeeder


Definitions (contd.)Definitions (contd.)Intermodal transportIntermodal transport

The movement of goods stowed in one and The movement of goods stowed in one and

the same intermodal transport unit the same intermodal transport unit

Which uses several carriers or modes of Which uses several carriers or modes of

transporttransport

Without handling the goods themselves when Without handling the goods themselves when

changing modeschanging modes

DevelopmentsDevelopments


Comparison Inland Transport in Comparison Inland Transport in selected countries (2000)selected countries (2000)(billion ton kilometers)(billion ton kilometers)(Source: DIWTPO)(Source: DIWTPO)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

EU USA Japan China Russia

RoadIWTRail


Comparison Inland Transport in Comparison Inland Transport in selected countries (2000)selected countries (2000)(percentages)(percentages)(Source: DIWTPO)(Source: DIWTPO)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

EU USA Japan China Russia

RailIWTRoad


Throughput Port of RotterdamThroughput Port of Rotterdam

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Million tons


Modal split all cargo Rotterdam Modal split all cargo Rotterdam (2002)(2002)

9.6 9.9

80.5

0102030405060708090

100

Percentage

Road Rail Barge


Container throughput Rotterdam Container throughput Rotterdam 19731973--20052005

0123456789

10

TEU

(mill

ions

)

1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003


Modal split containers RotterdamModal split containers Rotterdam

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

containers (1,000)

2001 2002 2003 2004Year

BargeRailRoad

Selection Criteria and Performance Selection Criteria and Performance IndicatorsIndicators


Selection criteria for mode of Selection criteria for mode of transporttransport

Quality = Reliability, Regularity and ServiceQuality = Reliability, Regularity and ServiceAvailabilityAvailabilityCostsCostsTransit time (frequency, transport time)Transit time (frequency, transport time)

Other criteriaOther criteriaValue of goodsValue of goodsRegulationsRegulations

PRICE QUALITY RATIOPRICE QUALITY RATIO


Performance indicators for modes Performance indicators for modes of transportof transport

SpeedSpeed Time required to reach the Time required to reach the destination destination (transit time)(transit time)

Costs Costs Cost of the movementCost of the movementPenetrationPenetration Possibility to reach destinationsPossibility to reach destinationsControlControl Possibility to intervene once Possibility to intervene once

a movement has starteda movement has startedReliabilityReliability Chance to reach the destination Chance to reach the destination

on time (as agreed)on time (as agreed)

Road TransportRoad Transport


Performance TruckPerformance Truck

Speed x

Costs x

Control x

Penetration x

Reliability x

Indicator Plus Neutral Minus


Characteristics road transportCharacteristics road transport

IntermodalIntermodal: : •• Especially for pickEspecially for pick--up and delivery of up and delivery of

containerscontainers•• Containers with a continental origin / Containers with a continental origin /

destination destination Causes of problems in Europe: environment, Causes of problems in Europe: environment, congestion, safetycongestion, safety


RestrictionsRestrictions

Transit cargo restricted in several transit Transit cargo restricted in several transit countries countries Examples of restrictions:Examples of restrictions:•• Restricted weekend transportRestricted weekend transport•• Germany: Germany: EurovignetEurovignet / toll Brenner Autobahn/ toll Brenner Autobahn•• Switzerland: low tonnage 28 ton (EU 40 ton) / Switzerland: low tonnage 28 ton (EU 40 ton) /

transit embargo from 2004transit embargo from 2004Alternative: Intermodal transportAlternative: Intermodal transport


Alternatives for road?Alternatives for road?

In generalIn generalRail transport less than 500 km more Rail transport less than 500 km more expensive than road transportexpensive than road transportBarge transport less than 100 km more Barge transport less than 100 km more expensive than road transportexpensive than road transport


Organisation intermodal road Organisation intermodal road transporttransport

Intermodal maritime transport:Intermodal maritime transport:•• Carrier haulage: shipping lines organise Carrier haulage: shipping lines organise

inland transportinland transport•• Merchant haulage: receiver organises inland Merchant haulage: receiver organises inland

transporttransportIntermodal continental transportIntermodal continental transport•• Trucking company arranges pickTrucking company arranges pick--up / up /

delivery with other delivery with other mode(smode(s) of transport) of transport

Rail TransportRail Transport


Composite (or mixed) trainComposite (or mixed) train

Train made up of cargo (loading units) for Train made up of cargo (loading units) for

different destinationsdifferent destinations

No fixed combinationNo fixed combination

No fixed frequencyNo fixed frequency

Time consuming shunting operationsTime consuming shunting operations


Performance Composite TrainPerformance Composite Train

Speed x

Costs x

Control x

Penetration x

Reliability x



Block train or shuttle trainBlock train or shuttle train

Fixed combinationFixed combination

Fixed frequencyFixed frequency

Fixed destinationFixed destination

VisaVisa--versaversa


Performance Block TrainPerformance Block Train

Speed x

Costs x

Control x

Penetration x

Reliability x



Rail Service CentreRail Service Centre


USA : leader in rail transportUSA : leader in rail transport

After 1980 deregulation of rail sector with the After 1980 deregulation of rail sector with the objective to achieve higher efficiencyobjective to achieve higher efficiencyRail connection WestRail connection West-- East as alternative for East as alternative for Panama CanalPanama CanalMiddle 80Middle 80--s introduction of double stack trains: s introduction of double stack trains: reduction of 40% of transport costsreduction of 40% of transport costsRail operators are responsible for their own Rail operators are responsible for their own infrastructure and equipmentinfrastructure and equipment


Double stack rail transport in USADouble stack rail transport in USA

3 locomotives3 locomotives400 TEU capacity400 TEU capacityMaximum length 1,640 metresMaximum length 1,640 metresDistance carDistance car--rail 0.25 metresrail 0.25 metresAlso transport of 45 ft boxesAlso transport of 45 ft boxes


Double stackingDouble stacking

Inland Water TransportInland Water Transport


Performance BargePerformance Barge

Speed x

Costs x

Control x

Penetration x

Reliability x



Barge container (million boxes) Barge container (million boxes) movement to / from hinterland Port movement to / from hinterland Port of Rotterdamof Rotterdam

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1986 1989 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002


Location Location terminalsterminals


Reasons for increased share of Reasons for increased share of container transport by bargecontainer transport by barge

Economy of scale resulting in competitive pricesEconomy of scale resulting in competitive prices

Scheduled sailings: applicable for JIT transportScheduled sailings: applicable for JIT transport

Inland container terminalsInland container terminals

Increase in container trafficIncrease in container traffic

Infrastructure available and maintainedInfrastructure available and maintained

Safe and environmental friendlySafe and environmental friendly

Road congestionRoad congestion


DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Low level of penetrationLow level of penetrationRelatively high additional costsRelatively high additional costs•• PickPick--up / delivery containers (by truck)up / delivery containers (by truck)•• StevedoringStevedoring•• Turnaround time in portTurnaround time in port


Cross section barge terminalCross section barge terminal


Dedicated barge terminalDedicated barge terminal


Container bargeContainer barge


Container barge Container barge JowiJowi


MotorshipMotorship / push barge combination/ push barge combination


Container bargeLength: 110 mWidth: 11.40 mDraft: 3.20 m / 3.70 mMax. TEU Capacity: 208

Motorship / push barge combinationLength: 186 mWidth: 11.40 mDraft: 3.00 m / 3.40 mMax. TEU Capacity: 368

Push unit Length: 125 mWidth: 22.80 mDraft: 3.50 m / 4.00 mMax. TEU Capacity: 512


Bulk cargoesBulk cargoes

Push convoysPush convoysBiggest barge: 3,000 DWTBiggest barge: 3,000 DWTBiggest convoy: 6 barges or 18,000 tonsBiggest convoy: 6 barges or 18,000 tonsDimensions barge:Dimensions barge: L = 70L = 70--75 m75 m

W = 9.5W = 9.5--11.40 m11.40 mD = 3.2D = 3.2--4.0 m4.0 mDWT = 1,700DWT = 1,700--3,0003,000


PushPushconvoyconvoy


Push convoyPush convoy


push barge 76.5 x 11.4 mpush tug

270 m

23 m

Upstream configuration

push barge 76.5 x 11.4 m

push tug

195 m

35 m

Downstream configuration

Bulk cargoesBulk cargoes


Bulk transport USABulk transport USA


Developments in bulk transportDevelopments in bulk transport

In the pastIn the past10 Conventional barges each 1,500 tons and in 10 Conventional barges each 1,500 tons and in total 3,000 HP and 30 man crewtotal 3,000 HP and 30 man crew

TodayTodayOne push barge convoy transports 15,000 tons One push barge convoy transports 15,000 tons with 6,000 HP and 3 men crewwith 6,000 HP and 3 men crew


Ro / Ro bargeRo / Ro barge


Barge Barge transporttransportof liquid of liquid bulk bulk cargoescargoes


Suggestions: How to make best use Suggestions: How to make best use of inland water transport?of inland water transport?

Development of inland terminalsDevelopment of inland terminalsProvision of infrastructureProvision of infrastructureRegular sailings: Regularity and ReliabilityRegular sailings: Regularity and ReliabilityAdequate bargesAdequate bargesICT / application of EDIICT / application of EDIStimulation by the AuthoritiesStimulation by the Authorities•• Less road congestionLess road congestion•• Less impact on environmentLess impact on environment


Performance hinterland transport Performance hinterland transport modes (European context)modes (European context)+ : good+ : good0 : average0 : average-- : poor: poor

Speed + + -

Costs - + +

Control/flexibility + - -

Penetration + - -

Reliability - 0 +

Environm. Impact - + +

Indicator Road Rail Shuttle Barge


NO2 emission per ton kmNO2 emission per ton km(grams NO2 per ton km)(grams NO2 per ton km)

0.01 0.01

1.29

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

Rail Barge Road


CO2 emission per ton kmCO2 emission per ton km(grams CO2 per ton km)(grams CO2 per ton km)

25 33

130

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Rail Barge Road

Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusions and Recommendations


Preferred boundary conditionsPreferred boundary conditionsfor for intermodalintermodal transporttransport

DoorDoor--toto--door conceptdoor conceptOne priceOne priceOne transport documentOne transport documentOne responsible partyOne responsible party


Impediments of intermodal transportImpediments of intermodal transport

Fragmentation of initiatives and activitiesFragmentation of initiatives and activitiesPower struggle for chain managementPower struggle for chain managementHardware problemsHardware problemsLack of organizational innovationLack of organizational innovation

Following problem categories may constitute an impediment to the development of intermodal transport


RecommendationsRecommendations

Concentrate volumesConcentrate volumesStrengthen knowStrengthen know--how and awarenesshow and awarenessHarmonize tasks and responsibilitiesHarmonize tasks and responsibilitiesImprove connectionsImprove connectionsBreak down barriers for useBreak down barriers for useUpgrade equipment and infrastructureUpgrade equipment and infrastructure


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