Grammar Workshop PPT

8/12/2019 Grammar Workshop PPT

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Grammar &Vocabulary


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Important rules for nouns

1) Subject-Verb Agreement rule2) Parallelism (For every sentence)

3) Some nouns have the same formwhether they are singular or plural

swine, series, deer, sheep, moose,

species, aircraft, etc.4) Use of the collective noun.

5) Correct use of apostrophes.


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Important rules for pronouns

Case conundrum resolved


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Important pointers for pronouns

1) N-P-N-G Agreement rule

2) Ambiguous pronoun

3) Relative pronoun

4) Distributive pronoun


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Important pointers for verbs

1) Uses of tenses

2) Auxiliaries

3) Modal auxiliaries

4) S-V concord


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Important pointers for adjectives

1) Degrees of comparison

2) Comparing 2 like things

3) Order of Adjectives : size, followed by

general description of personality or

emotion, followed by age, shape,colour, origin, material and purpose in

the same order.


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Important pointers for adverbs

1) Types of adverbs

2) Location, location, location!

1) A preposition should be followed by anoon.2) Pray!


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Important pointers for conjunctions

1) Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS).

2) Subordinating Conjunctions : clause

defining (who, whom, what, which,that, when, where, why, how).

3) Reason : as, for, because, since.


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The perils of punctuation

We had one problem

only Janet knew wefaced bankruptcy


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We had one problem:

only Janet knew wefaced bankruptcy.


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We had one problem

only: Janet knew wefaced bankruptcy.


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We had one problem

only, Janet knew: wefaced bankruptcy.


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We had one problem

only Janet knew wefaced: bankruptcy.


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The full stop. Period!

The full stop (.), also called the period, is

chiefly used to mark the end of a

sentence expressing a statement.

Most common error : Connecting 2statements with a comma, instead of the

period.


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Ex : The British are notoriously bad at

learning foreign languages, the Dutch arefamously good at it.

To sum up :

Put a full stop at the end of a complete

statement.

Do not connect two statements with a

comma.


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The question mark

A question mark (?) is placed at the endof a sentence which is a direct question.

Ex : Does anyone have a pen I can

borrow?

Who told you that?


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If the question is a direct quotation,repeating the speaker's exact words, a

question mark is still used.

Ex : 'Have you a pen I can borrow?' she

asked.


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A question mark is not used in anindirect question, in which the speaker's

exact words are not repeated.

Ex : She asked if I had a pen she could

borrow.


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The question mark also has one minoruse : it may be inserted into the middleof something, inside parentheses, to

show that something is uncertain.

Ex : The famous allegorical poem PiersPlowman is attributed to WilliamLangland (?1332-?14oo).


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To sum up :

Use a question mark at the end of a

direct question. Do not use a question mark at the end

of an indirect question.

Use an internal question mark to show

that something is uncertain.


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The exclamation mark

The exclamation mark (!), known informally asa bang or a shriek, is used at the end of a

sentence or a short phrase which expresses

very strong feeling.

Ex :

That's fantastic!Good heavens!

Aaarrgh!


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An exclamation mark is also usual afteran exclamation beginning with what or

how.

Ex : What fools people can be!

How well Jadeja bowled yesterday!


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You can also use an exclamation mark toshow that a statement is very surprising.

Ex : After months of careful work, the

scientists finally opened the tomb.

It was empty!


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It is also permissible to use anexclamation mark to draw attention to

an interruption.

Ex :

On the (rare!) occasion when you use a

Latin abbreviation, be sure to punctuate

it properly.


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Don't use an exclamation mark unlessyou're certain it's necessary and never

use two or three of them in a row.

Ex : This is a sensational result!!!


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To sum up :

Don't use an exclamation mark unless it'sabsolutely necessary.

Use an exclamation mark after anexclamation, especially after onebeginning with what or how.


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A final point!

Note that a full stop, a question mark oran exclamation mark is never preceded

by a space.

Ex : How well has Darwin's theory stood

up ?

A sentence-final punctuation mark is

always written next to the last word of

the sentence.


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The comma

The comma (,) is very frequently usedand very frequently used wrongly.

Please note that a comma is never

preceded by a space and is always

followed by a space.


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The listing comma

The listing comma is used as a kind ofsubstitute for the word and, or

sometimes foror.

It is used in a list when three or more

words, phrases or even complete

sentences are joined by the word and

oror.


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Ex :

The Three Musketeers were Athos,

Porthos and Aramis.You can fly to Bombay via Moscow, via

Athens or via Cairo.

Lisa speaks French, Juliet speaks Italian

and I speak Spanish.


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Note also that it is not usual in Britishusage to put a listing comma before the

word and oror itself (though American

usage regularly puts one there). So, in

British usage, it is notusual to write like

this -The Three Musketeers were Athos,

Porthos, and Aramis.


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However, you should put a comma inthis position if doing so would make your

meaning clearer:

My favourite opera composers are Verdi,

Puccini, Mozart, and Gilbert and Sullivan.


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A listing comma is also used in a list of

modifiers which all modify the same

thing.

Ex : Her long, dark, glossy hair fascinated

me.

She gave me an antique ivory box.


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To sum up :

Use a listing comma in a list wherever

you could conceivably use the word and(or or) instead. Do not use a listing

comma anywhere else.

Put a listing comma before and or or only

if this is necessary to make your meaning

clear.


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The joining comma

The joining comma is used to join twocomplete sentences into a singlesentence, and it must be followed by a

suitable connecting word.

The connecting words which can be usedin this way are and, or, but, while andyet.


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Ex :

Ram has applied to join the army, and

Laxman is expected to do the same.You must hand in your essay by Friday, or

you will receive a mark of zero.

France has long been isolated in Europe,

but now she is beginning to find allies.


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Please note that most other connectingwords cannot be preceded by a joiningcomma.

For example, the connecting words

however, therefore, hence, consequently,nevertheless and thus cannot be usedafter a joining comma.


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Ex :

Saturn was long thought to be the onlyringed planet, however, this is now

known not to be the case.

Two members of the expedition were

too ill to continue, nevertheless theothers decided to press on.


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The gapping comma

The gapping comma is used to show thatone or more words have been left out

when the missing words would simply

repeat the words already used earlier inthe same sentence.

Ex : Some Norwegians wanted to basetheir national language on the speech of

the capital city; others, on the speech of

the rural countryside.


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The actual statement :

Some Norwegians wanted to base theirnational language on the speech of the

capital city; others wanted to base it on

the speech of the rural countryside.


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Bracketing commas

Bracketing commas (also called isolatingcommas) do a very different job from the

other three types.

These are the most frequently used type

of comma, and they cause moreproblems than the other types put

together.


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The rule :A pair of bracketing commas is used to

mark off a weak interruption of the

sentence - that is, an interruption which

does not disturb the smooth flow of the

sentence.Dash?


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Ex :

These findings, we would suggest, cast

doubt upon his hypothesis.

Darwin's Origin of Species, published in

1859, revolutionized biological thinking.We have been forced to conclude, after

careful study of the data, that the

proposed correlations, in spite of their

obvious appeal, do not stand up.


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Correct the following :Yet, outside that door, lay a whole new

world.

She groped for her cigarettes, and

finding them, hastily lit one.

Stanley was a determined, even ruthlessfigure.


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The Third Partition of Poland was thelast, and undoubtedly the most

humiliating act in the sorry decline of the

once-powerful kingdom.

The people of Cornwall, who dependupon fishing for their livelihood, are up

in arms over the new EC quotas.


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A restrictive (or defining )clause is

required to identify what is being talkedabout, and it never receives bracketing

commas.

A nonrestrictive (or non-defining)

relative clause is not required for

identification, but only adds furtherinformation, and it always receives

bracketing commas.


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Nonrestrictive clause :Margaret Thatcher, who hated trains,

refused to consider privatizing the

railways.

Noam Chomsky is the originator of the

innateness hypothesis, according towhich we are born already knowing what

human languages are like.


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Restrictive clause :

Anybody who still believes that Uri Geller

has strange powers should read James

Randi's book.

Because of problems with the test, all

the people who were told they were HIV-

negative are being recalled.


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To sum up :

Use a listing comma in a list where and

oror would be possible instead.

Use a joining comma before and, or, but,

yet orwhile followed by a complete

sentence.


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Use a gapping comma to show thatwords have been omitted instead of

repeated.

Use a pair of bracketing commas to set

off a weak interruption.

Th l


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The colon

The colon (:) is never preceded by awhite space; it always followed by a

single space in normal use, and it is

never, never, never followed by a hyphenor a dash.

The colon is used to indicate that whatfollows it is an explanation or elaboration

of what precedes it.


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Ex :Africa is facing a terrifying problem:

perpetual drought.

[Explains what the problem is.]

We found the place easily: yourdirections were perfect.

[Explains why we found it easily.]

Other uses


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Other uses :

when you cite the name of a book which

has both a title and a subtitle, you should

separate the two with a colon:

I recommend Chinnery's book OakFurniture: The British Tradition.

You should do this even though no colon

may appear on the cover or the title

page of the book itself.


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The colon is used in citing passages fromthe Bible:

The story of Menahem is found in II Kings

15:14-22.

The colon may be used in writing ratios:

Among students of French, womenoutnumber men by more than 4:1.

The semicolon


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The semicolon

The semicolon (;) is used to join two

complete sentences into a single written

sentence when all of the following conditions

are met:1. The two sentences are felt to be too closely

related to be separated by a full stop; 2.

There is no connecting word which wouldrequire a comma, such as and or but; 3. The

special conditions requiring a colon are

absent.


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Ex:It was the best of times. It was the worst

of times

It was the best of times, and it was the

worst of times.

It was the best of times; it was the worstof times.


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Summary of colons and semicolons: Use a colon to separate a general

statement from following specifics.

Use a semicolon to connect two

complete sentences not joined by and,or. but, yet or while.

Other oddities


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Other oddities

He gave him a good night kiss.This is a well thought out essay.

Her face turned an ugly brick red.

The earliest known hominid was Homo

habilis.

She recovered the sofa.

Error identification process


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Error identification process

1) S-V-N-P-N-G agreement.2) Correct use of the tense.

3) Correct use of adjective.

4) Position of adverb.

5) Preposition

6) Article

7) Usage

Vocabulary


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Vocabulary

You know what to do


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All the very

best of luck to

all of you!

Grammar Workshop PPT

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