OnlineQuestionBankInformation

YourpurchaseofGMAT®OfficialGuide2018VerbalReviewofferstheoriginalpurchaseraccesstotheonlinequestionbankforaperiodof12monthsfromthedateofactivation.

Toobtainanaccesscode,gotowww.wiley.com/go/officialgmatbooktoverifyyourpurchase.Onceyouverifyyourpurchase,youwillbeemailedanaccesscodeandinstructionsforsettingupapersonallogin.

Note:GMACandWileyarenotresponsibleforprovidingaccesstotheonlinecompanionforcustomerswhopurchaseorborrowusedcopiesofthisbook.Thiscodewillonlyprovideyouwithaccesstothequestionbank.ItwillnotworkforotherWileyorGMACpassword-protectedwebsites.

Forcustomersupport,pleasevisithttp://wileyactual.com/gmat/help

GMAT®OFFICIALGUIDE2018VERBALREVIEW

Copyright©2017bytheGraduateManagementAdmissionCouncil®.Allrightsreserved.

PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey.

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)646-8600,orontheWebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationwarrantiesoffitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesorpromotionalmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforeverysituation.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderinglegal,accounting,orotherprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionalassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalpersonshouldbesought.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orapotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinformationtheorganizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further,readersshouldbeawarethatInternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.

Trademarks:Wiley,theWileyPublishinglogo,andrelatedtrademarksaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.and/oritsaffiliates.TheGMACandGMATlogos,GMAC®,GMASS®,GMAT®,GMATCAT®,GraduateManagementAdmissionCouncil®,andGraduateManagementAdmissionTest®areregisteredtrademarksoftheGraduateManagementAdmissionCouncil®(GMAC®)intheUnitedStatesandothercountries.Allothertrademarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.WileyPublishing,Inc.isnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.

ForgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesortoobtaintechnicalsupportpleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at(877)762-2974,outsidetheU.S.at(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.

Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,pleasevisitourWebsiteatwww.wiley.com.

ISBN978-1-119-38744-2(pbk);ISBN978-1-119-40236-7(ePDF);ISBN978-1-119-40240-4(ePUB)

Contents1.0WhatIstheGMAT®Exam?

1.0WhatIstheGMAT®Exam?1.1WhyTaketheGMAT®Exam?1.2GMAT®ExamFormat1.3WhatIstheContentoftheExamLike?1.4IntegratedReasoning1.5QuantitativeSection1.6VerbalSection1.7AnalyticalWritingAssessment1.8WhatComputerSkillsWillINeed?1.9WhatAretheTestCentersLike?1.10HowAreScoresCalculated?1.11TestDevelopmentProcess

2.0HowtoPrepare2.0HowtoPrepare2.1HowCanIBestPreparetoTaketheTest?2.2WhatAboutPracticeTests?2.3WhereCanIGetAdditionalPractice?2.4GeneralTest-TakingSuggestions

3.0ReadingComprehension3.0ReadingComprehension3.1WhatIsMeasured3.2Test-TakingStrategies3.3TheDirections3.4SampleQuestions3.5AnswerKey3.6AnswerExplanations

4.0CriticalReasoning4.0CriticalReasoning4.1WhatIsMeasured4.2Test-TakingStrategies4.3TheDirections4.4SampleQuestions4.5AnswerKey4.6AnswerExplanations

5.0SentenceCorrection5.0SentenceCorrection5.1BasicEnglishGrammarRules5.2StudySuggestions5.3WhatIsMeasured5.4Test-TakingStrategies5.5TheDirections5.6SampleQuestions5.7AnswerKey5.8AnswerExplanations

AppendixAAnswerSheetsReadingComprehensionAnswerSheetCriticalReasoningAnswerSheetSentenceCorrectionAnswerSheet

AdvertEULA

DearGMATTest-Taker,

Thankyouforyourinterestingraduatemanagementeducation.TakingtheGMAT®examletsschoolsknowthatyou’reseriousaboutyourgraduatebusinesseducation.ByusingtheOfficialGuidetopreparefortheGMAT,you’retakingaveryimportantsteptowardachievingyourgoalsandpursuingadmissiontoahigh-qualitybusinessschoolormaster’sprogram.

Thisbook,GMAT®OfficialGuide2018VerbalReview,isdesignedtohelpyouprepareforandbuildconfidencetodoyourbestontheGMATexam.It’stheonlyguideofitskindonthemarketthatincludesrealGMATexamquestionspublishedbytheGraduateManagementAdmissionCouncil(GMAC),themakersoftheexam.

GMACwasfoundedbytheworld’sleadingbusinessschoolsin1953.TheGMATexamwasdevelopedtohelppeoplewhoaspiretocareersinmanagementdemonstratetheircommandoftheskillsneededforsuccessintheclassroom.SchoolsuseandtrusttheGMATexamaspartoftheiradmissionsprocessbecauseit’sanexcellentpredictorofclassroomsuccessandyourabilitytoexcelinyourchosenprogram.

Todaymorethan6,500graduateprogramsaroundtheworldusetheGMATexamtoestablishtheirMBA,graduate-levelmanagementdegreesandspecializedprogramsashallmarksofexcellence.Nineoutof10newMBAenrollmentsatTop50USfull-timeMBAprogramsaremadeusingaGMATscore.

ThesefactsmakeusproudanddriveustokeepimprovingtheGMATaswellasplayaroleinhelpingyoufindandgainadmissiontothebestschoolorprogramforyou.We’recommittedtoensuringthatnotalentgoesundiscovered,andthatmorepeoplearoundtheworldcanpursueopportunitiesingraduatemanagementeducation.

Iapplaudyourcommitmenttoeducationalsuccess,andIknowthatthisbookandtheotherOfficialGMATpreparationmaterialsavailableatmba.comwillgiveyoutheconfidencetoachieveyourpersonalbestontheGMATexamandlaunchorreinvigoratearewardingcareer.

Iwishyouthebestsuccessonallyoureducationalandprofessionalendeavorsinthefuture.

Sincerely,

SangeetChowfla

CEOoftheGraduateManagementAdmissionCouncil

1.0WhatIstheGMAT®Exam?

1.0WhatIstheGMAT®Exam?TheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest®(GMAT®)examisastandardizedexamusedinadmissionsdecisionsbymorethan6,500graduatemanagementprogramsworldwide.Ithelpsyougauge,anddemonstratetoschools,youracademicpotentialforsuccessingraduate-levelmanagementstudies.

Thefour-partexammeasuresyourAnalyticalWriting,Verbal,Quantitative,andIntegratedReasoningskills—higher-orderreasoningskillsthatmanagementfacultyworldwidehaveidentifiedasimportantforincomingstudentstohave.“Higher-order”reasoningskillsinvolvecomplexjudgments,andincludecriticalthinking,analysis,andproblemsolving.Unlikeundergraduategradesandcurricula,whichvaryintheirmeaningacrossregionsandinstitutions,yourGMATscoresprovideastandardized,statisticallyvalidandreliablemeasureofhowyouarelikelytoperformacademicallyinthecorecurriculumofagraduatemanagementprogram.TheGMATexam’svalidity,fairness,andvalueinadmissionshavebeenwell-establishedthroughnumerousacademicstudies.

TheGMATexamisdeliveredentirelyinEnglishandsolelyoncomputer.Itisnotatestofbusinessknowledge,subjectmattermastery,Englishvocabulary,oradvancedcomputationalskills.TheGMATexamalsodoesnotmeasureotherfactorsrelatedtosuccessingraduatemanagementstudy,suchasjobexperience,leadershipability,motivation,andinterpersonalskills.YourGMATscoreisintendedtobeusedasoneadmissionscriterionamongother,moresubjective,criteria,suchasadmissionsessaysandinterviews.

1.1WhyTaketheGMAT®Exam?Launchedin1954byagroupofninebusinessschoolstoprovideauniformmeasureoftheacademicskillsneededtosucceedintheirprograms,theGMATexamisnowusedbymorethan6,500graduatemanagementprogramsatapproximately2,100institutionsworldwide.

TakingtheGMATexamhelpsyoustandoutintheadmissionsprocessanddemonstrateyourreadinessandcommitmenttopursuinggraduatemanagementeducation.SchoolsuseGMATscorestohelpthemselectthemostqualified

education.SchoolsuseGMATscorestohelpthemselectthemostqualifiedapplicants—becausetheyknowthatcandidateswhotaketheGMATexamareseriousaboutearningagraduatebusinessdegree,andit’saprovenpredictorofastudent’sabilitytosucceedinhisorherchosenprogram.Whenyouconsiderwhichprogramstoapplyto,youcanlookataschool’suseoftheGMATexamasoneindicatorofquality.SchoolsthatusetheGMATexamtypicallylistscorerangesoraveragescoresintheirclassprofiles,soyoumayalsofindtheseprofileshelpfulingaugingtheacademiccompetitivenessofaprogramyouareconsideringandhowwellyourperformanceontheexamcompareswiththatofthestudentsenrolledintheprogram.

Myth-vs-FACT

M–IfIdon’tachieveahighscoreontheGMAT,Iwon’tgetintomytopchoiceschools.

F–TherearegreatschoolsavailableforcandidatesatanyGMATscorerange.

Fewerthan50ofthemorethan250,000peopletakingtheGMATexameachyeargetaperfectscoreof800;andmanymoregetintotopbusinessschoolprogramsaroundtheworldeachyear.AdmissionsofficersuseGMATscoresasonecomponentintheiradmissionsdecisions,inconjunctionwithundergraduaterecords,applicationessays,interviews,lettersofrecommendation,andotherinformationwhendecidingwhomtoacceptintotheirprograms.VisitSchoolFinderonmba.comtolearnaboutschoolsthatarethebestfitforyou.

NomatterhowyouperformontheGMATexam,youshouldcontacttheschoolsthatinterestyoutolearnmoreandtoaskhowtheyuseGMATscoresandothercriteria(suchasyourundergraduategrades,essays,andlettersofrecommendation)intheiradmissionsprocesses.Schooladmissionsoffices,websites,andmaterialspublishedbyschoolsarethekeysourcesofinformationwhenyouaredoingresearchaboutwhereyoumightwanttogotobusinessschool.

FormoreinformationontheGMAT,testpreparationmaterials,registration,howtouseandsendyourGMATscorestoschools,andapplyingtobusinessschool,pleasevisitmba.com.

1.2GMAT®ExamFormatTheGMATexamconsistsoffourseparatelytimedsections(seethetableonthenextpage).FortheAnalyticalWritingAssessment(AWA)essayprompt,youwillhave30minutestotypeyouressayonacomputerkeyboard.The30-minuteIntegratedReasoningsectionfeatures12questionpromptsinfourdifferentformats.Therearetwo75-minute,multiple-choicesections:theQuantitativesection,with37questions,andtheVerbalsection,with41questions.

TheVerbalandQuantitativesectionsoftheGMATexamarecomputeradaptive,whichmeansthatthetestdrawsfromalargebankofquestionstotailoritselftoyourabilitylevel,andyouwon’tgetmanyquestionsthataretoohardortooeasyforyou.Thefirstquestionwillbeofmediumdifficulty.Asyouanswereachquestion,thecomputerscoresyouranswerandusesit—aswellasyourresponsestoanyprecedingquestions—toselectthenextquestion.

Myth-vs-FACT

M–GettinganeasierquestionmeansIansweredthelastonewrong.

F–Youshouldnotbecomedistractedbythedifficultylevelofaquestion.

Mostpeoplearenotskilledatestimatingquestiondifficulty,sodon’tworrywhentakingthetestorwastevaluabletimetryingtodeterminethedifficultyofthequestionyouareanswering.

Toensurethateveryonereceivesthesamecontent,thetestselectsaspecificnumberofquestionsofeachtype.Thetestmaycallforyournextproblemtobearelativelyharddatasufficiencyquestioninvolvingarithmeticoperations.But,iftherearenomorerelativelydifficultdatasufficiencyquestionsinvolvingarithmetic,youmightbegivenaneasierquestion.

Computer-adaptivetestsbecomemoredifficultthemorequestionsyouanswercorrectly,butifyougetaquestionthatseemseasierthanthelastone,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanyouansweredthelastquestionincorrectly.Thetesthastocoverarangeofcontent,bothinthetypeofquestionaskedandthesubjectmatterpresented.

Becausethecomputerusesyouranswerstoselectyournextquestions,youmaynotskipquestionsorgobackandchangeyouranswertoapreviousquestion.Ifyoudon’tknowtheanswertoaquestion,trytoeliminateasmanychoicesas

youdon’tknowtheanswertoaquestion,trytoeliminateasmanychoicesaspossible,thenselecttheansweryouthinkisbest.

Thoughtheindividualquestionsaredifferent,thecontentmixtureisthesameforeveryGMATexam.Yourscoreisdeterminedbythedifficultyandstatisticalcharacteristicsofthequestionsyouansweraswellasthenumberofquestionsyouanswercorrectly.Byadaptingtoeachtest-taker,theGMATexamisabletoaccuratelyandefficientlygaugeskilllevelsoverafullrangeofabilities,fromveryhightoverylow.

ThetestincludesthetypesofquestionsfoundinthisbookandintheonlineIntegratedReasoningcomponent,buttheformatandpresentationofthequestionsaredifferentonthecomputer.Whenyoutakethetest:

Onlyonequestionorquestionpromptatatimeispresentedonthecomputerscreen.

Theanswerchoicesforthemultiple-choicequestionswillbeprecededbycircles,ratherthanbyletters.

Differentquestiontypesappearinrandomorderinthemultiple-choiceandIntegratedReasoningsections.

Youmustselectyouranswerusingthecomputer.

Youmustchooseananswerandconfirmyourchoicebeforemovingontothenextquestion.

Youmaynotgobacktopreviousscreenstochangeanswerstopreviousquestions.

FormatoftheGMAT®Exam Questions Timing

AnalyticalWriting

 AnalysisofanArgument

 1 30min.

IntegratedReasoning

 Multi-SourceReasoning

 TableAnalysis

 GraphicsInterpretation

12 30min.

 GraphicsInterpretation

 Two-PartAnalysis

Optionalbreak

upto8min.

Quantitative

 ProblemSolving

 DataSufficiency

37 75min.

Optionalbreak upto8min.

Verbal

 ReadingComprehension

 CriticalReasoning

 SentenceCorrection

41 75min.

TotalTime: 210min.

1.3WhatIstheContentoftheExamLike?TheGMATexammeasureshigher-orderanalyticalskillsencompassingseveraltypesofreasoning.TheAnalyticalWritingAssessmentasksyoutoanalyzethereasoningbehindanargumentandrespondinwriting;theIntegratedReasoningsectionasksyoutointerpretandsynthesizeinformationfrommultiplesourcesandindifferentformatstomakereasonedconclusions;theQuantitativesectionasksyoutoreasonquantitativelyusingbasicarithmetic,algebra,andgeometry;andtheVerbalsectionasksyoutoreadandcomprehendwrittenmaterialandtoreasonandevaluatearguments.

Testquestionsmayaddressavarietyofsubjects,butalloftheinformationyouneedtoanswerthequestionswillbeincludedontheexam,withnooutsideknowledgeofthesubjectmatternecessary.TheGMATexamisnotatestofbusinessknowledge,Englishvocabulary,oradvancedcomputationalskills.YouwillneedtoreadandwriteinEnglishandhavebasicmathandEnglishskillsto

performwellonthetest,butitsdifficultycomesfromtheEnglishanalyticalandcriticalthinkingabilities.

Thequestionsinthisbookareorganizedbyquestiontypeandfromeasiesttomostdifficult,butkeepinmindthatwhenyoutakethetest,youmayseedifferenttypesofquestionsinanyorderwithineachsection.

1.4IntegratedReasoningTheIntegratedReasoningsectionhighlightstherelevantskillsthatbusinessmanagersintoday’sdata-drivenworldneedinordertoanalyzesophisticatedstreamsofdataandsolvecomplexproblems.Itmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandandevaluatemultiplesourcesandtypesofinformation—graphic,numeric,andverbal—astheyrelatetooneanother;usebothquantitativeandverbalreasoningtosolvecomplexproblems;andsolvemultipleproblemsinrelationtooneanother.

FourtypesofquestionsareusedintheIntegratedReasoningsection:

Multi-SourceReasoning

TableAnalysis

GraphicsInterpretation

Two-PartAnalysis

IntegratedReasoningquestionsmaybequantitative,verbal,oracombinationofboth.Youwillhavetointerpretgraphicsandsorttablestoextractmeaningfromdata,butadvancedstatisticalknowledgeandspreadsheetmanipulationskillsarenotnecessary.YouwillhaveaccesstoanonlinecalculatorwithbasicfunctionsfortheIntegratedReasoningsection,butnotethatthecalculatorisnotavailableontheQuantitativesection.

1.5QuantitativeSectionTheGMATQuantitativesectionmeasuresyourabilitytoreasonquantitatively,solvequantitativeproblems,andinterpretgraphicdata.

Twotypesofmultiple-choicequestionsareusedintheQuantitativesection:

ProblemSolving

DataSufficiency

BothareintermingledthroughouttheQuantitativesection,andrequirebasicknowledgeofarithmetic,elementaryalgebra,andcommonlyknownconceptsofgeometry.

ToreviewthebasicmathematicalconceptsthatwillbetestedintheGMATQuantitativequestionsandfortest-takingtipsspecifictothequestiontypesintheQuantitativesectionoftheGMATexam,samplequestions,andanswerexplanations,seeGMAT®OfficialGuide2018orGMAT®OfficialGuide2018QuantitativeReview;bothareavailableforpurchaseatmba.com.

1.6VerbalSectionTheGMATVerbalsectionmeasuresyourabilitytoreadandcomprehendwrittenmaterial,toreasonandevaluatearguments,andtocorrectwrittenmaterialtoconformtostandardwrittenEnglish.BecausetheVerbalsectionincludesreadingsectionsfromseveraldifferentcontentareas,youmaybegenerallyfamiliarwithsomeofthematerial;however,neitherthereadingpassagesnorthequestionsassumedetailedknowledgeofthetopicsdiscussed.

Threetypesofmultiple-choicequestionsareusedintheVerbalsection:

ReadingComprehension

CriticalReasoning

SentenceCorrection

AllthreerequirebasicknowledgeoftheEnglishlanguage,buttheVerbalsectionisnotatestofadvancedvocabulary.

Fortest-takingtipsspecifictoeachquestiontypeintheVerbalsection,samplequestions,andanswerexplanations,seechapters3through5.

1.7AnalyticalWritingAssessmentTheAnalyticalWritingAssessment(AWA)consistsofone30-minutewritingtask:AnalysisofanArgument.TheAWAmeasuresyourabilitytothinkcritically,communicateyourideas,andformulateanappropriateandconstructivecritique.Youwilltypeyouressayonacomputerkeyboard.

1.8WhatComputerSkillsWillINeed?TheGMATexamrequiresonlycomputerskills.YouwilltypeyourAWAessay

TheGMATexamrequiresonlycomputerskills.YouwilltypeyourAWAessayonthecomputerkeyboardusingstandardword-processingkeystrokes.IntheIntegratedReasoningandmultiple-choicesections,youwillselectyourresponsesusingeitheryourcomputermouseorthekeyboard.TheIntegratedReasoningsectionincludesbasiccomputernavigationandfunctions,suchasclickingontabsandusingdrop-downmenustosorttablesandselectanswers.

1.9WhatAretheTestCentersLike?TheGMATexamisadministeredunderstandardizedconditionsattestcentersworldwide.Eachtestcenterhasaproctoredtestingroomwithindividualcomputerworkstationsthatallowyoutositfortheexamunderquietconditionsandwithsomeprivacy.Youwillbeabletotaketwooptional8-minutebreaksduringthecourseoftheexam.Youmaynottakenotesorscratchpaperwithyouintothetestingroom,butanerasablenotepadandmarkerwillbeprovidedforyoutouseduringthetest.

1.10HowAreScoresCalculated?VerbalandQuantitativesectionsarescoredonascaleof0to60,withscoresbelow6orabove51extremelyrare.TheTotalGMATscorerangesfrom200to800andisbasedonyourperformanceinthesetwosections.Yourscoreisdeterminedby:

Thenumberofquestionsyouanswer

Thenumberofquestionsyouanswercorrectlyorincorrectly

Thelevelofdifficultyandotherstatisticalcharacteristicsofeachquestion

YourVerbal,Quantitative,andTotalGMATscoresaredeterminedbyacomplexmathematicalprocedurethattakesintoaccountthedifficultyofthequestionsthatwerepresentedtoyouandhowyouansweredthem.Whenyouanswertheeasierquestionscorrectly,yougetachancetoanswerharderquestions,makingitpossibletoearnahigherscore.Afteryouhavecompletedallthequestionsonthetest,orwhenyourtimeisexpired,thecomputerwillcalculateyourscores.YourscoresontheVerbalandQuantitativesectionsarecombinedtoproduceyourTotalscorewhichrangesfrom200to800in10pointincrements.

TheAnalyticalWritingAssessmentconsistsofonewritingtask,Analysisofan

Argument,andyouressaywillbescoredtwotimesindependently.Essaysareevaluatedbycollegeanduniversityfacultymembersfromavarietyofdisciplines,includingmanagementeducation,whoratetheoverallqualityofyourcriticalthinkingandwriting.(Fordetailsonhowreadersarequalified,visitmba.com.)Inaddition,yourresponsemaybescoredbyanautomatedscoringprogramdesignedtoreflectthejudgmentofexpertreaders.

Youressayisscoredonascaleof0to6,inhalfpointincrements,with6beingthehighestscoreand0thelowest.Ascoreofzeroisgivenforresponsesthatareofftopic,areinaforeignlanguage,merelyattempttocopythetopic,consistonlyofkeystrokecharacters,orareblank.YourAWAscoreistypicallytheaverageoftwoindependentratings.Iftheindependentscoresvarybymorethanonepoint,athirdreaderadjudicates,butbecauseofongoingtrainingandmonitoring,discrepanciesarerare.

YourIntegratedReasoningscoreiscalculatedonascaleof1to8,inone-pointincrements.Youmustanswerallpartsofasinglequestioncorrectlyinordertoreceivecredit.Nopartialcreditisgiven.LikeyourAWAscore,yourIntegratedReasoningscorewillnotcounttowardyourTotalscore.

YourAnalyticalWritingAssessmentandIntegratedReasoningscoresarecomputedandreportedseparatelyfromtheothersectionsofthetestandhavenoeffectonyourVerbal,Quantitative,orTotalscores.TheschoolsthatyouhavedesignatedtoreceiveyourscoresmayreceiveacopyofyourAnalyticalWritingAssessmentessaywithyourscorereport.Yourowncopyofyourscorereportwillnotincludeyouressay.

YourGMATscoreincludesapercentilerankingthatcomparesyourskilllevelwithothertest-takersfromthepastthreeyears.Thepercentilerankofyourscoreshowsthepercentageofteststakenwithscoreslowerthanyourscore.EveryJuly,percentilerankingtablesareupdated.Visitmba.comtoviewthemostrecentpercentilerankingstables.

1.11TestDevelopmentProcessTheGMATexamisdevelopedbyexpertswhousestandardizedprocedurestoensurehigh-quality,widely-appropriatetestmaterial.Allquestionsaresubjectedtoindependentreviewsandarerevisedordiscardedasnecessary.Multiple-choicequestionsaretestedduringGMATtestadministrations.AnalyticalWritingAssessmenttasksaretestedonmba.comregistrantsandthenassessedfortheirfairnessandreliability.Formoreinformationontestdevelopment,visit

mba.com.

2.0HowtoPrepare

2.0HowtoPrepare

2.1HowCanIBestPreparetoTaketheTest?TheGMAT®examisdesignedspecificallytomeasurereasoningskillsneededformanagementeducation,andthetestcontainsseveralquestionformatsuniquetotheGMATexam.Ataminimum,youshouldbefamiliarwiththetestformatandthequestionformatsbeforeyousitforthetest.BecausetheGMATexamisatimedexam,youshouldpracticeansweringtestquestionsnotonlytobetterunderstandthequestionformatsandtheskillstheyrequire,butalsotohelpyoulearntopaceyourselfsoyoucanfinisheachsectionwhenyousitfortheexam.

Becausetheexammeasuresreasoningratherthansubjectmatterknowledge,youmostlikelywillnotfindithelpfultomemorizefacts.Youdonotneedtostudyadvancedmathematicalconcepts,butyoushouldbesureyourgraspofbasicarithmetic,algebra,andgeometryissoundenoughthatyoucanusetheseskillsinquantitativeproblemsolving.Likewise,youdonotneedtostudyadvancedvocabularywords,butyoushouldhaveafirmunderstandingofbasicEnglishvocabularyandgrammarforreading,writing,andreasoning.

Myth-vs-FACT

M–YouneedveryadvancedmathskillstogetahighGMATscore.

F–TheGMATmeasuresyourreasoningandcriticalthinkingabilities,ratherthanyouradvancedmathskills.

TheGMATexamonlyrequiresbasicquantitativeanalyticskills.Youshouldreviewthemathskills(algebra,geometry,basicarithmetic)presentedintheGMAT®OfficialGuide2018andtheGMAT®OfficialGuideQuantitativeReview2018,buttherequiredskilllevelislow.ThedifficultyofGMATQuantitativequestionsstemsfromthelogicandanalysisusedtosolvetheproblemsandnottheunderlyingmathskills.

ThisbookandotherstudymaterialsreleasedbytheGraduateManagementAdmissionCouncil(GMAC)aretheONLYsourceofquestionsthathavebeen

AdmissionCouncil(GMAC)aretheONLYsourceofquestionsthathavebeenretiredfromtheGMATexam.AllquestionsthatappearorhaveappearedontheGMATexamarecopyrightedandownedbyGMAC,whichdoesnotlicensethemtobereprintedelsewhere.AccessingliveIntegratedReasoning,Quantitative,orVerbaltestquestionsinadvanceorsharingtestcontentduringorafteryoutakethetestisaseriousviolation,whichcouldcauseyourscorestobecanceledandschoolstobenotified.Incasesofaseriousviolation,youmaybebannedfromfuturetestingandotherlegalremediesmaybepursued.

2.2WhatAboutPracticeTests?TheQuantitativeandVerbalsectionsoftheGMATexamarecomputer-adaptive,andtheIntegratedReasoningsectionincludesquestionsthatrequireyoutousethecomputertosorttablesandnavigatetodifferentsourcesofinformation.Ourofficialpracticematerialswillhelpyougetcomfortablewiththeformatofthetestandbetterprepareforexamday.Twofull-lengthGMATpracticeexamsareavailableatnochargeforthosewhohavecreatedanaccountonmba.com.Thepracticeexamsincludecomputer-adaptiveQuantitativeandVerbalsections,plusadditionalpracticequestions,informationaboutthetest,andtutorialstohelpyoubecomefamiliarwithhowtheGMATexamwillappearonthecomputerscreenatthetestcenter.

Tomaximizeyourstudyingeffortswiththefreepracticeexams,youshouldleverageofficialpracticematerialsasyoustarttoprepareforthetest.Takeonepracticetesttofamiliarizeyourselfwiththeexamandtogetabaselinescore.Afteryouhavestudiedusingthisbookandotherstudymaterials,takethesecondpracticetesttodeterminewhetheryouneedtoshiftyourfocustootherareasyouneedtostrengthen.Notethatthefreepracticetestsmayincludequestionsthatarealsopublishedinthisbook.Asyourtestdayapproaches,considertakingmoreofficialpracticeteststohelpmeasureyourprogressandgiveyouabetterideaofhowyoumightscoreonexamday.

2.3WhereCanIGetAdditionalPractice?Ifyoucompleteallthequestionsinthisguideandthinkyouwouldlikeadditionalpractice,youmaywanttopurchasetheGMAT®OfficialGuide2018and/orGMAT®OfficialGuide2018QuantitativeReview.YoucanfindtheseguidesaswellasevenmoreQuantitative,Verbal,andIntegratedReasoningpracticequestions,full-length,computer-adaptivepracticeexams,andother

helpfulstudymaterialsatmba.com.

2.4GeneralTest-TakingSuggestionsSpecifictest-takingstrategiesforindividualquestiontypesarepresentedlaterinthisbook.Thefollowingaregeneralsuggestionstohelpyouperformyourbestonthetest.

1.UseyourtimewiselyAlthoughtheGMATexamstressesaccuracymorethanspeed,itisimportanttouseyourtimewisely.Onaverage,youwillhaveabout1¾minutesforeachVerbalquestion,about2minutesforeachQuantitativequestion,andabout2½minutesforeachIntegratedReasoningquestion,someofwhichhavemultiplequestions.Onceyoustartthetest,anonscreenclockwillcontinuouslycountthetimeyouhaveleft.Youcanhidethisdisplayifyouwant,butitisagoodideatochecktheclockperiodicallytomonitoryourprogress.Theclockwillautomaticallyalertyouwhen5minutesremainintheallottedtimeforthesectionyouareworkingon.

2.AnswerpracticequestionsaheadoftimeAfteryoubecomegenerallyfamiliarwithallquestiontypes,usethesamplequestionsinthisbooktopreparefortheactualtest.ItmaybeusefultotimeyourselfasyouanswerthepracticequestionstogetanideaofhowlongyouwillhaveforeachquestionduringtheactualGMATexamaswellastodeterminewhetheryouareansweringquicklyenoughtocompletethetestinthetimeallotted.

3.ReadalltestdirectionscarefullyThedirectionsexplainexactlywhatisrequiredtoanswereachquestiontype.Ifyoureadhastily,youmaymissimportantinstructionsandimpactyourabilitytoanswercorrectly.Toreviewdirectionsduringthetest,clickontheHelpicon.Butbeawarethatthetimeyouspendreviewingdirectionswillcountagainstthetimeallottedforthatsectionofthetest.

4.ReadeachquestioncarefullyandthoroughlyBeforeyouansweramultiple-choicequestion,determineexactlywhatisbeingasked,theneliminatethewronganswersandselectthebestchoice.Neverskima

asked,theneliminatethewronganswersandselectthebestchoice.Neverskimaquestionorthepossibleanswers;skimmingmaycauseyoutomissimportantinformationornuances.

5.DonotspendtoomuchtimeonanyonequestionIfyoudonotknowthecorrectanswer,orifthequestionistootimeconsuming,trytoeliminatechoicesyouknowarewrong,selectthebestoftheremaininganswerchoices,andmoveontothenextquestion.Notcompletingsectionsandrandomlyguessinganswerstoquestionsattheendofeachtestsectioncansignificantlyloweryourscore.Aslongasyouhaveworkedoneachsection,youwillreceiveascoreevenifyoudonotfinishoneormoresectionsintheallottedtime.Butyouwillnotearnpointsforquestionsyounevergettosee.

6.ConfirmyouranswersONLYwhenyouarereadytomoveonOntheQuantitativeandVerbalsections,onceyouhaveselectedyouranswertoamultiple-choicequestion,youwillbeaskedtoconfirmit.Onceyouconfirmyourresponse,youcannotgobackandchangeit.Youmaynotskipquestions.IntheIntegratedReasoningsection,theremaybeseveralquestionsbasedoninformationprovidedinthesamequestionprompt.Whenthereismorethanoneresponseonasinglescreen,youcanchangeyourresponsetoanyofthequestionsonthescreenbeforemovingontothenextscreen.However,youmaynotnavigatebacktoapreviousscreentochangeanyresponses.

Myth-vs-FACT

M–Itismoreimportanttorespondcorrectlytothetestquestionsthanitistofinishthetest.

F–ThereisasignificantpenaltyfornotcompletingtheGMATexam.

Pacingisimportant.Ifyouarestumpedbyaquestion,giveityourbestguessandmoveon.Ifyouguessincorrectly,thecomputerprogramwilllikelygiveyouaneasierquestion,whichyouarelikelytoanswercorrectly,andthecomputerwillrapidlyreturntogivingyouquestionsmatchedtoyourability.Ifyoudon’tfinishthetest,yourscorewillbereduced.Failingtoanswerfiveverbalquestions,forexample,couldreduceyourscorefromthe91stpercentiletothe77thpercentile.

Myth-vs-FACT

M–Thefirst10questionsarecriticalandyoushouldinvestthemosttimeonthose.

F–Allquestionscount.

Thecomputer-adaptivetestingalgorithmuseseachansweredquestiontoobtainaninitialestimate.However,asyoucontinuetoanswerquestions,thealgorithmself-correctsbycomputinganupdatedestimateonthebasisofallthequestionsyouhaveanswered,andthenadministersitemsthatarecloselymatchedtothisnewestimateofyourability.Yourfinalscoreisbasedonallyourresponsesandconsidersthedifficultyofallthequestionsyouanswered.Takingadditionaltimeonthefirst10questionswillnotgamethesystemandcanhurtyourabilitytofinishthetest.

7.PlanyouressayanswersbeforeyoubegintowriteThebestwaytoapproachtheAnalysisofanArgumentsectionistoreadthedirectionscarefully,takeafewminutestothinkaboutthequestion,andplanaresponsebeforeyoubeginwriting.Taketimetoorganizeyourideasanddevelopthemfully,butleavetimetorereadyourresponseandmakeanyrevisionsthatyouthinkwouldimproveit.

3.0ReadingComprehension

3.0ReadingComprehensionReadingcomprehensionquestionsappearintheVerbalsectionoftheGMAT®exam.TheVerbalsectionusesmultiple-choicequestionstomeasureyourabilitytoreadandcomprehendwrittenmaterial,toreasonandevaluatearguments,andtocorrectwrittenmaterialtoconformtostandardwrittenEnglish.BecausetheVerbalsectionincludescontentfromavarietyoftopics,youmaybegenerallyfamiliarwithsomeofthematerial;however,neitherthepassagesnorthequestionsassumeknowledgeofthetopicsdiscussed.ReadingcomprehensionquestionsareintermingledwithcriticalreasoningandsentencecorrectionquestionsthroughouttheVerbalsectionofthetest.

Youwillhave75minutestocompletetheVerbalsection,oranaverageofabout1¾minutestoanswereachquestion.Keepinmindyouwillneedtimetoreadthewrittenpassages—andthattimeisnotfactoredintothe1¾minuteaverage.Therefore,youshouldplantoproceedmorequicklythroughthereadingcomprehensionquestionsinordertogiveyourselfenoughtimetoreadthepassagesthoroughly.

Readingcomprehensionquestionsbeginwithwrittenpassagesupto350wordslong.Thepassagesdiscusstopicsfromthesocialsciences,humanities,thephysicalorbiologicalsciences,andsuchbusiness-relatedfieldsasmarketing,economics,andhumanresourcemanagement.Thepassagesareaccompaniedbyquestionsthatwillaskyoutointerpretthepassage,applytheinformationyougatherfromthereading,andmakeinferences(orinformedassumptions)basedonthereading.Forthesequestions,youwillseeasplitcomputerscreen.Thewrittenpassagewillremainvisibleontheleftsideaseachquestionassociatedwiththatpassageappears,inturn,ontherightside.Youwillseeonlyonequestionatatime.However,thenumberofquestionsassociatedwitheachpassagemayvary.

Asyoumovethroughthereadingcomprehensionsamplequestions,trytodetermineaprocessthatworksbestforyou.Youmightbeginbyreadingapassagecarefullyandthoroughly.Sometest-takersprefertoskimthepassagesthefirsttimethrough,oreventoreadthefirstquestionbeforereadingthepassage.Youmaywanttorereadanysentencesthatpresentcomplicatedideasorintroducetermsthatarenewtoyou.Readeachquestionandseriesofanswerscarefully.Makesureyouunderstandexactlywhatthequestionisaskingand

carefully.Makesureyouunderstandexactlywhatthequestionisaskingandwhattheanswerchoicesare.

Ifyouneedto,youmaygobacktothepassageandreadanypartsthatarerelevanttoansweringthequestion.Specificportionsofthepassagesmaybeindicatedintherelatedquestions.

Thefollowingpagesdescribewhatreadingcomprehensionquestionsaredesignedtomeasure,presentthedirectionsthatwillprecedequestionsofthistype,anddescribethevariousquestiontypes.Thischapteralsoprovidestest-takingstrategies,samplequestions,anddetailedexplanationsofallthequestions.Theexplanationsfurtherillustratethewaysinwhichreadingcomprehensionquestionsevaluatebasicreadingskills.

3.1WhatIsMeasuredReadingcomprehensionquestionsmeasureyourabilitytounderstand,analyze,andapplyinformationandconceptspresentedinwrittenform.Allquestionsaretobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthereadingmaterial,andnospecificpriorknowledgeofthematerialisrequired.

TheGMATreadingcomprehensionquestionsevaluateyourabilitytodothefollowing:

Understandwordsandstatements.

Althoughthequestionsdonottestyourvocabulary(theywillnotaskyoutodefineterms),theydotestyourabilitytointerpretspecialmeaningsoftermsastheyareusedinthereadingpassages.ThequestionswillalsotestyourunderstandingoftheEnglishlanguage.Thesequestionsmayaskabouttheoverallmeaningofapassage.

Understandlogicalrelationshipsbetweenpointsandconcepts.

Thistypeofquestionmayaskyoutodeterminethestrongandweakpointsofanargumentorevaluatetherelativeimportanceofargumentsandideasinapassage.

Drawinferencesfromfactsandstatements.

Theinferencequestionswillaskyoutoconsiderfactualstatementsorinformationpresentedinareadingpassageandreachconclusionsonthebasisofthatinformation.

Understandandfollowthedevelopmentofquantitativeconceptsastheyarepresentedinwrittenmaterial.

Thismayinvolvetheinterpretationofnumericaldataortheuseofsimplearithmetictoreachconclusionsaboutmaterialinapassage.

Therearesixkindsofreadingcomprehensionquestions,eachofwhichtestsadifferentskill.Thereadingcomprehensionquestionsaskaboutthefollowingareas:

MainideaEachpassageisaunifiedwhole—thatis,theindividualsentencesandparagraphssupportanddeveloponemainideaorcentralpoint.Sometimesyouwillbetoldthecentralpointinthepassageitself,andsometimesitwillbenecessaryforyoutodeterminethecentralpointfromtheoverallorganizationordevelopmentofthepassage.Youmaybeaskedinthiskindofquestionto

recognizeacorrectrestatement,orparaphrasing,ofthemainideaofapassage

identifytheauthor’sprimarypurposeorobjectiveinwritingthepassage

assignatitlethatsummarizes,brieflyandpointedly,themainideadevelopedinthepassage

SupportingideasThesequestionsmeasureyourabilitytocomprehendthesupportingideasinapassageanddifferentiatethemfromthemainidea.Thequestionsalsomeasureyourabilitytodifferentiateideasthatareexplicitlystatedinapassagefromideasthatareimpliedbytheauthorbutarenotexplicitlystated.Youmaybeaskedabout

factscitedinapassage

thespecificcontentofargumentspresentedbytheauthorinsupportofhisorherviews

descriptivedetailsusedtosupportorelaborateonthemainidea

Whereasquestionsaboutthemainideaaskyoutodeterminethemeaningofapassageasawhole,questionsaboutsupportingideasaskyoutodeterminethemeaningsofindividualsentencesandparagraphsthatcontributetothemeaningofthepassageasawhole.Inotherwords,thesequestionsaskforthemainpoint

ofonesmallpartofthepassage.

InferencesThesequestionsaskaboutideasthatarenotexplicitlystatedinapassagebutareimpliedbytheauthor.Unlikequestionsaboutsupportingdetails,whichaskaboutinformationthatisdirectlystatedinapassage,inferencequestionsaskaboutideasormeaningsthatmustbeinferredfrominformationthatisdirectlystated.Authorscanmaketheirpointsinindirectways,suggestingideaswithoutactuallystatingthem.Inferencequestionsmeasureyourabilitytounderstandanauthor’sintendedmeaninginpartsofapassagewherethemeaningisonlysuggested.Thesequestionsdonotaskaboutmeaningsorimplicationsthatareremotefromthepassage;rather,theyaskaboutmeaningsthataredevelopedindirectlyorimplicationsthatarespecificallysuggestedbytheauthor.

Toanswerthesequestions,youmayhaveto

logicallytakestatementsmadebytheauthoronestepbeyondtheirliteralmeanings

recognizeanalternativeinterpretationofastatementmadebytheauthor

identifytheintendedmeaningofawordusedfigurativelyinapassage

Ifapassageexplicitlystatesaneffect,forexample,youmaybeaskedtoinferitscause.Iftheauthorcomparestwophenomena,youmaybeaskedtoinferthebasisforthecomparison.Youmaybeaskedtoinferthecharacteristicsofanoldpolicyfromanexplicitdescriptionofanewone.Whenyoureadapassage,youshouldconcentratenotonlyontheexplicitmeaningoftheauthor’swords,butalsoonthemoresubtlemeaningimpliedbythosewords.

ApplyinginformationtoacontextoutsidethepassageitselfThesequestionsmeasureyourabilitytodiscerntherelationshipsbetweensituationsorideaspresentedbytheauthorandothersituationsorideasthatmightparallelthoseinthepassage.Inthiskindofquestion,youmaybeaskedto

identifyahypotheticalsituationthatiscomparabletoasituationpresentedinthepassage

selectanexamplethatissimilartoanexampleprovidedinthepassage

applyideasgiveninthepassagetoasituationnotmentionedbytheauthor

recognizeideasthattheauthorwouldprobablyagreeordisagreewithonthebasisofstatementsmadeinthepassage

Unlikeinferencequestions,applicationquestionsuseideasorsituationsnottakenfromthepassage.Ideasandsituationsgiveninaquestionarelikethosegiveninthepassage,andtheyparallelideasandsituationsinthepassage;therefore,toanswerthequestion,youmustdomorethanrecallwhatyouread.Youmustrecognizetheessentialattributesofideasandsituationspresentedinthepassagewhentheyappearindifferentwordsandinanentirelynewcontext.

LogicalstructureThesequestionsrequireyoutoanalyzeandevaluatetheorganizationandlogicofapassage.Theymayaskyou

howapassageisconstructed—forinstance,doesitdefine,compareorcontrast,presentanewidea,orrefuteanidea?

howtheauthorpersuadesreaderstoaccepthisorherassertions

thereasonbehindtheauthor’suseofanyparticularsupportingdetail

toidentifyassumptionsthattheauthorismaking

toassessthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheauthor’sarguments

torecognizeappropriatecounterarguments

Thesequestionsmeasureyourabilitynotonlytocomprehendapassagebutalsotoevaluateitcritically.However,itisimportantforyoutorealizethatlogicalstructurequestionsdonotrelyonanykindofformallogic,nordotheyrequireyoutobefamiliarwithspecifictermsoflogicorargumentation.Youcananswerthesequestionsusingonlytheinformationinthepassageandcarefulreasoning.

AboutthestyleandtoneStyleandtonequestionsaskabouttheexpressionofapassageandabouttheideasinapassagethatmaybeexpressedthroughitsdiction—theauthor’schoiceofwords.Youmaybeaskedtodeducetheauthor’sattitudetoanidea,afact,orasituationfromthewordsthatheorsheusestodescribeit.Youmayalsobeaskedtoselectawordthataccuratelydescribesthetoneofapassage—forinstance,“critical,”“questioning,”“objective,”or“enthusiastic.”

Toanswerthistypeofquestion,youwillhavetoconsiderthelanguageofthepassageasawhole.Ittakesmorethanonepointed,criticalwordtomakethetoneofanentirepassage“critical.”Sometimes,styleandtonequestionsask

toneofanentirepassage“critical.”Sometimes,styleandtonequestionsaskwhataudiencethepassagewasprobablyintendedfororwhattypeofpublicationitprobablyappearedin.Styleandtonequestionsmayapplytoonesmallpartofthepassageortothepassageasawhole.Toanswerthem,youmustaskyourselfwhatmeaningsarecontainedinthewordsofapassagebeyondtheliteralmeanings.Didtheauthorusecertainwordsbecauseoftheiremotionalcontent,orbecauseaparticularaudiencewouldexpecttohearthem?Remember,thesequestionsmeasureyourabilitytodiscernmeaningexpressedbytheauthorthroughhisorherchoiceofwords.

3.2Test-TakingStrategies1. Donotexpecttobecompletelyfamiliarwithanyofthematerial

presentedinreadingcomprehensionpassages.

Youmayfindsomepassageseasiertounderstandthanothers,butallpassagesaredesignedtopresentachallenge.Ifyouhavesomefamiliaritywiththematerialpresentedinapassage,donotletthisknowledgeinfluenceyourchoiceofanswerstothequestions.Answerallquestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageitself.

2. Analyzeeachpassagecarefully,becausethequestionsrequireyoutohaveaspecificanddetailedunderstandingofthematerial.

Youmayfinditeasiertodotheanalysisfirstbeforemovingtothequestions.Youmayfindthatyouprefertoskimthepassagethefirsttimeandreadmorecarefullyonceyouunderstandwhataquestionasks.Youmayevenwanttoreadthequestionbeforereadingthepassage.Youshouldchoosethemethodmostsuitableforyou.

3. Focusonkeywordsandphrases,andmakeeveryefforttoavoidlosingthesenseofwhatisdiscussedinthepassage.

Keepthefollowinginmind:

Notehoweachfactrelatestoanideaoranargument.

Notewherethepassagemovesfromoneideatothenext.

Separatemainideasfromsupportingideas.

Determinewhatconclusionsarereachedandwhy.

4. Readthequestionscarefully,makingcertainthatyouunderstandwhat

Line

isasked.

Ananswerchoicethataccuratelyrestatesinformationinthepassagemaybeincorrectifitdoesnotanswerthequestion.Ifyouneedto,referbacktothepassageforclarification.

5. Readallthechoicescarefully.

Neverassumethatyouhaveselectedthebestanswerwithoutfirstreadingallthechoices.

6. Selectthechoicethatanswersthequestionbestintermsoftheinformationgiveninthepassage.

Donotrelyonoutsideknowledgeofthematerialtohelpyouanswerthequestions.

7. Rememberthatcomprehension—notspeed—isthecriticalsuccessfactorwhenitcomestoreadingcomprehensionquestions.

3.3TheDirectionsThesearethedirectionsthatyouwillseeforreadingcomprehensionquestionswhenyoutaketheGMATexam.Ifyoureadthemcarefullyandunderstandthemclearlybeforegoingtositforthetest,youwillnotneedtospendtoomuchtimereviewingthemonceyouareatthetestcenterandthetestisunderway.

Thequestionsinthisgrouparebasedonthecontentofapassage.Afterreadingthepassage,choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Answerallquestionsfollowingthepassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.

3.4SampleQuestionsEachofthereadingcomprehensionquestionsisbasedonthecontentofapassage.Afterreadingthepassage,answerallquestionspertainingtoitonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Foreachquestion,selectthebestanswerofthechoicesgiven.

Humanbeings,bornwithadrivetoexploreandexperiment,thriveonlearning.Unfortunately,corporationsareorientedpredominantlytoward

(5) 

(10) 

 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

controllingemployees,notfosteringtheirlearning.Ironically,thisorientationcreatestheveryconditionsthatpredestineemployeestomediocreperformances.Overtime,superiorperformancerequiressuperiorlearning,becauselong-termcorporatesurvivaldependsoncontinuallyexploringnewbusinessandorganizationalopportunitiesthatcancreatenewsourcesofgrowth. Tosurviveinthefuture,corporationsmustbecome“learningorganizations,”enterprisesthatareconstantlyabletoadaptandexpandtheircapabilities.Toaccomplishthis,corporationsmustchangehowtheyviewemployees.Thetraditionalviewthatasinglecharismaticleadershouldsetthecorporation’sdirectionandmakekeydecisionsisrootedinanindividualisticworldview.Inanincreasinglyinterdependentworld,suchaviewisnolongerviable.Inlearningorganizations,thinkingandactingareintegratedatalljoblevels.Corporateleadershipisshared,andleadersbecomedesigners,teachers,andstewards,rolesrequiringnewskills:theabilitytobuildsharedvision,torevealandchallengeprevailingmentalmodels,andtofosterbroader,moreintegratedpatternsofthinking.Inshort,leadersinlearningorganizationsareresponsibleforbuildingorganizationsinwhichemployeesarecontinuallylearningnewskillsandexpandingtheircapabilitiestoshapetheirfuture.

Questions1–4refertothepassage.

1. Accordingtothepassage,traditionalcorporateleadersdifferfromleadersinlearningorganizationsinthattheformer

A. encourageemployeestoconcentrateondevelopingawiderangeofskills

B. enableemployeestorecognizeandconfrontdominantcorporatemodelsandtodevelopalternativemodels

C. makeimportantpolicydecisionsaloneandthenrequireemployeesin

thecorporationtoabidebythosedecisions

D. instillconfidenceinemployeesbecauseoftheirwillingnesstomakeriskydecisionsandaccepttheirconsequences

E. areconcernedwithofferingemployeesfrequentadviceandcareerguidance

2. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesemployeebehaviorencouragedwithinlearningorganizations,assuchorganizationsaredescribedinthepassage?

A. Carefullydefiningone’sjobdescriptionandtakingcaretoavoiddeviationsfromit

B. Designingmentoringprogramsthattrainnewemployeestofollowproceduresthathavebeenusedformanyyears

C. Concentratingone’seffortsonmasteringoneaspectofacomplicatedtask

D. Studyinganorganizationalproblem,preparingareport,andsubmittingittoacorporateleaderforapproval

E. Analyzingaproblemrelatedtoproductivity,makingadecisionaboutasolution,andimplementingthatsolution

3. Accordingtotheauthorofthepassage,corporateleadersofthefutureshoulddowhichofthefollowing?

A. Theyshouldencourageemployeestoputlong-termgoalsaheadofshort-termprofits.

B. Theyshouldexercisemorecontroloveremployeesinordertoconstrainproductioncosts.

C. Theyshouldredefineincentivesforemployees’performanceimprovement.

D. Theyshouldprovideemployeeswithopportunitiestogainnewskillsandexpandtheircapabilities.

E. Theyshouldpromoteindividualmanagerswhoarecommittedtoestablishedcompanypolicies.

4. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. endorseatraditionalcorporatestructure

Line

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

B. introduceanewapproachtocorporateleadershipandevaluatecriticismsofit

C. explaincompetingtheoriesaboutmanagementpracticesandreconcilethem

D. contrasttwotypicalcorporateorganizationalstructures

E. proposeanalternativetoacommoncorporateapproach

Structuralunemployment—theunemploymentthatremainsevenatthepeakoftheeconomy’supswings—iscausedbyanimbalancebetweenthetypesandlocationsofavailableemploymentontheonehandandthequalificationsandlocationsofworkersontheotherhand.Whensuchanimbalanceexists,bothlaborshortagesandunemploymentmayoccur,despiteabalancebetweensupplyanddemandforlaborintheeconomyasawhole. Becausetechnologicalchangeislikelytodisplacesomeworkers,itisamajorfactorinproducingstructuralunemployment.Whiletechnologicaladvancealmostinvariablyresultsinshiftsindemandsfordifferenttypesofworkers,itdoesnotnecessarilyresultinunemployment.Relativelysmallorgradualchangesindemandarelikelytocauselittleunemployment.Intheindividualfirmoreveninthelabormarketasawhole,normalattritionmaybesufficienttoreducethesizeoftheworkforceintheaffectedoccupations.Relativelylargeorrapidchanges,however,cancauseseriousproblems.Workersmaylosetheirjobsandfindthemselveswithouttheskillsnecessarytoobtainnewjobs.Whetherthisdisplacementleadstostructuralunemploymentdependsontheamountofpublicandprivatesectorresourcesdevotedtoretrainingandplacingthoseworkers.Workerscanbeencouragedtomovewheretherearejobs,toreeducateorretrainthemselves,ortoretire.Inaddition,otherfactorsaffectingstructuralunemployment,suchascapitalmovement,canbecontrolled.

 

(35) 

(40) 

 Increasedstructuralunemployment,shoulditoccur,makesitdifficultfortheeconomytoachievedesiredlowratesofunemploymentalongwithlowratesofinflation.Ifthereisagrowingpoolofworkerswholackthenecessaryskillsfortheavailablejobs,increasesintotallabordemandwillrapidlygenerateshortagesofqualifiedworkers.Asthewagesofthoseworkersarebidup,laborcosts,andthusprices,rise.Thisphenomenonmaybeanimportantfactorintherisingtrend,observedforthepasttwodecades,ofunemploymentcombinedwithinflation.Governmentpolicyhasplacedapriorityonreducinginflation,buttheseeffortshaveneverthelesscausedunemploymenttoincrease.

Questions5–10refertothepassage.

5. AllofthefollowingarementionedaswaysofcontrollingthemagnitudeofstructuralunemploymentEXCEPT

A. usingpublicfundstocreatejobs

B. teachingnewskillstodisplacedworkers

C. allowingdisplacedworkerstoretire

D. controllingthemovementofcapital

E. encouragingworkerstomovetowherejobsareavailable

6. Thepassagesuggeststhatapotentialoutcomeofhigherstructuralunemploymentis

A. increasedpublicspendingforsocialservices

B. placementofworkersinjobsforwhichtheyarenotqualified

C. higherwagesforthoseworkerswhohaveskillsthatareindemand

D. anincreaseinthelengthoftimejobsremainunfilled

E. ashiftinthegovernment’seconomicpolicypriorities

7. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatevenwhenthereareunemployedworkers,laborshortagesarestilllikelytooccurif

A. theinflationrateisunusuallyhigh

B. thereisinsufficienttechnologicalinnovation

C. thelevelofstructuralunemploymentisexceptionallylow

D. thejobsavailableincertainplacesrequireskillsthatthelaborforceinthoseareaslacks

E. theworkersinsomeindustriesaredissatisfiedwiththepayofferedinthoseindustries

8. Thepassagesuggeststhatthephenomenonofcombinedunemploymentandinflationis

A. asocioeconomicproblemthatcanonlybeaddressedbygovernmentintervention

B. asocioeconomicproblemthatcanbecharacteristicofperiodsofstructuralunemployment

C. aneconomicproblemthatresultsfromgovernmentinterventioninmanagement-laborrelations

D. aneconomicproblemthatresultsfromimperfectapplicationsoftechnology

E. aneconomicproblemthatcanbeeliminatedbyrelativelysmallchangesinthelaborforce

9. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. clarifyingthedefinitionofaconcept

B. proposingawaytoeliminateanundesirablecondition

C. discussingthesourcesandconsequencesofaproblem

D. suggestingwaystoalleviatetheeffectsofaparticularsocialpolicy

E. evaluatingthestepsthathavebeentakentocorrectanimbalance

10. Accordingtothepassage,smalldownwardshiftsinthedemandforlaborwillnotusuallycauseunemploymentbecause

A. suchshiftsarefrequentlyaccompaniedbyupswingsintheeconomy

B. suchshiftsusuallyoccurslowly

C. workerscanbeencouragedtomovetowheretherearejobs

D. normalattritionisoftensufficienttoreducethesizeoftheworkforce

Line

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

E. workersareusuallyflexibleenoughtolearnnewskillsandswitchtonewjobs

TheGrossDomesticProduct(GDP),whichmeasuresthedollarvalueoffinishedgoodsandservicesproducedbyaneconomyduringagivenperiod,servesasthechiefindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates.TheGDPassumesthattheeconomicsignificanceofgoodsandservicesliessolelyintheirprice,andthatthesegoodsandservicesaddtothenationalwell-being,notbecauseofanyintrinsicvaluetheymaypossess,butsimplybecausetheywereproducedandbought.Additionally,onlythosegoodsandservicesinvolvedinmonetarytransactionsareincludedintheGDP.Thus,theGDPignorestheeconomicutilityofsuchthingsasacleanenvironmentandcohesivefamiliesandcommunities.Itisthereforenotmerelycoincidental,sincenationalpoliciesincapitalistandnoncapitalistcountriesalikearedependentonindicatorssuchastheGDP,thatboththeenvironmentandthesocialstructurehavebeenerodedinrecentdecades.NotonlydoestheGDPmaskthiserosion,itcanactuallyportrayitasaneconomicgain:anoilspilloffacoastalregion“adds”totheGDPbecauseitgeneratescommercialactivity.Inshort,thenation’scentralmeasureofeconomicwell-beingworkslikeacalculatingmachinethataddsbutcannotsubtract.

Questions11–16refertothepassage.

11. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. identifywaysinwhichtheGDPcouldbemodifiedsothatitwouldserveasamoreaccurateindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

B. suggestthattheGDP,inspiteofcertainshortcomings,isstillthemostreliableindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

C. examinecrucialshortcomingsoftheGDPasanindicatorofthe

economicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

D. arguethatthegrowthoftheUnitedStateseconomyinrecentdecadeshasdiminishedtheeffectivenessoftheGDPasanindicatorofthenation’seconomicwell-being

E. discusshowtheGDPcametobeusedastheprimaryindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

12. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesecondsentenceofthepassageinthecontextofthepassageasawhole?

A. ItdescribesanassumptionabouttheGDPthatisdefendedinthecourseofthepassage.

B. ItcontributestoadiscussionoftheoriginsoftheGDP.

C. ItclarifiesacommonmisconceptionabouttheuseoftheGDP.

D. ItidentifiesamajorflawintheGDP.

E. ItsuggestsarevisiontothemethodofcalculatingtheGDP.

13. Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingaboutthe“economicsignificance”ofthosegoodsandservicesthatareincludedintheGDP?

A. Itisacomprehensiveindicatorofanation’seconomicwell-being.

B. Itisnotaccuratelycapturedbythepriceofthosegoodsandservices.

C. Itisusuallylessthantheintrinsicvalueofthosegoodsandservices.

D. ItismoredifficulttocalculatethantheeconomicsignificanceofthosegoodsandservicesthatarenotincludedintheGDP.

E. Itiscalculateddifferentlyincapitalistcountriesthaninnoncapitalistcountries.

14. ThecomparisonoftheGDPtoacalculatingmachineservestodowhichofthefollowing?

A. RefuteanassertionthatthecalculationsinvolvedintheGDParerelativelycomplexinnature

B. IndicatethattheGDPisbettersuitedtorecordcertaintypesofmonetarytransactionsthanothers

C. SuggestthatitislikelythattheGDPwillbesupplantedbyother,more

Line

sophisticatedeconomicindicators

D. IllustratethepointthattheGDPhasnowayofmeasuringthedestructiveimpactofsuchthingsasoilspillsonthenation’seconomicwell-being

E. ExemplifyanassertionthattheGDPtendstoexaggeratetheamountofcommercialactivitygeneratedbysuchthingsasoilspills

15. ThepassageimpliesthatnationalpoliciesthatrelyheavilyoneconomicindicatorssuchastheGDPtendto

A. becomeincreasinglycapitalisticinnature

B. disregardtheeconomicimportanceofenvironmentalandsocialfactorsthatdonotinvolvemonetarytransactions

C. overestimatetheamountofcommercialactivitygeneratedbyenvironmentaldisasters

D. overestimatetheeconomicsignificanceofcohesivefamiliesandcommunities

E. assumethattheeconomicsignificanceofgoodsandservicesdoesnotliesolelyinthepriceofthosegoodsandservices

16. ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingassessmentsoftheGDPasanindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates?

A. Itmaskssocialandenvironmentalerosionmorefullythanthechiefeconomicindicatorsofothernations.

B. Itisbasedoninaccurateestimationsofthepricesofmanygoodsandservices.

C. ItoverestimatestheamountofcommercialactivitythatisgeneratedintheUnitedStates.

D. Itisconducivetoerrorbecauseitconflatesdistincttypesofeconomicactivity.

E. Itdoesnottakeintoaccounttheeconomicutilityofcertainenvironmentalandsocialconditions.

In1971researchershopingtopredictearthquakesintheshorttermbyidentifyingprecursoryphenomena

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

 

(20) 

(25) 

 

(30) 

(35) 

(40) 

(thosethatoccurafewdaysbeforelargequakesbutnototherwise)turnedtheirattentiontochangesinseismicwavesthathadbeendetectedpriortoearthquakes.Anexplanationforsuchchangeswasofferedby“dilatancytheory,”basedonawell-knownphenomenonobservedinrocksinthelaboratory:asstressbuilds,microfracturesinrockclose,decreasingtherock’svolume.Butasstresscontinuestoincrease,therockbeginstocrackandexpandinvolume,allowinggroundwatertoseepin,weakeningtherock.Accordingtothistheory,sucheffectscouldleadtoseveralprecursoryphenomenainthefield,includingachangeinthevelocityofseismicwaves,andanincreaseinsmall,nearbytremors. Researchersinitiallyreportedsuccessinidentifyingthesepossibleprecursors,butsubsequentanalysesoftheirdataproveddisheartening.Seismicwaveswithunusualvelocitieswererecordedbeforesomeearthquakes,butwhilethehistoricalrecordconfirmsthatmostlargeearthquakesareprecededbyminortremors,theseforeshocksindicatenothingaboutthemagnitudeofanimpendingquakeandareindistinguishablefromotherminortremorsthatoccurwithoutlargeearthquakes. Inthe1980s,someresearchersturnedtheireffortsfromshort-termtolong-termprediction.Notingthatearthquakestendtooccurrepeatedlyincertainregions,LindhandBakerattemptedtoidentifypatternsofrecurrence,orearthquakecycles,onwhichtobasepredictions.Inastudyofearthquake-pronesitesalongtheSanAndreasFault,theydeterminedthatquakesoccurredatintervalsofapproximately22yearsnearonesiteandconcludedthattherewasa95percentprobabilityofanearthquakeinthatareaby1992.Theearthquakedidnotoccurwithinthetimeframepredicted,however.EvidenceagainstthekindofregularearthquakecyclesthatLindhandBakertriedtoestablishhascomefromarelativelynew

(45) 

(50) 

field,paleoseismology.Paleoseismologistshaveunearthedanddatedgeologicalfeaturessuchasfaultscarpsthatwerecausedbyearthquakesthousandsofyearsago.TheyhavedeterminedthattheaverageintervalbetweentenearthquakesthattookplaceatonesitealongtheSanAndreasFaultinthepasttwomillenniawas132years,butindividualintervalsrangedgreatly,from44to332years.

Questions17–22refertothepassage.

17. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. explainingwhyonemethodofearthquakepredictionhasprovenmorepracticablethananalternativemethod

B. suggestingthataccurateearthquakeforecastingmustcombineelementsoflong-termandshort-termprediction

C. challengingtheusefulnessofdilatancytheoryforexplainingtheoccurrenceofprecursoryphenomena

D. discussingthedeficiencyoftwomethodsbywhichresearchershaveattemptedtopredicttheoccurrenceofearthquakes

E. describingthedevelopmentofmethodsforestablishingpatternsintheoccurrenceofpastearthquakes

18. Accordingtothepassage,laboratoryevidenceconcerningtheeffectsofstressonrocksmighthelpaccountfor

A. differencesinmagnitudeamongearthquakes

B. certainphenomenathatoccurpriortoearthquakes

C. variationsintheintervalsbetweenearthquakesinaparticulararea

D. differencesinthefrequencywithwhichearthquakesoccurinvariousareas

E. theunreliabilityofshort-termearthquakepredictions

19. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatoneproblemwithusingprecursoryphenomenatopredictearthquakesisthatminortremors

A. typicallyoccursomedistancefromthesitesofthelargeearthquakes

thatfollowthem

B. aredirectlylinkedtothemechanismsthatcauseearthquakes

C. aredifficulttodistinguishfrommajortremors

D. haveprovendifficulttomeasureaccurately

E. arenotalwaysfollowedbylargeearthquakes

20. Accordingtothepassage,someresearchersbasedtheirresearchaboutlong-termearthquakepredictiononwhichofthefollowingfacts?

A. Thehistoricalrecordconfirmsthatmostearthquakeshavebeenprecededbyminortremors.

B. TheaverageintervalbetweenearthquakesinoneregionoftheSanAndreasFaultis132years.

C. Someregionstendtobethesiteofnumerousearthquakesoverthecourseofmanyyears.

D. Changesinthevolumeofrockcanoccurasaresultofbuildingstressandcanleadtotheweakeningofrock.

E. Paleoseismologistshavebeenabletounearthanddategeologicalfeaturescausedbypastearthquakes.

21. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthepaleoseismologists’findingsdescribedinlines42–50?

A. Theysuggestthatthefrequencywithwhichearthquakesoccurredataparticularsitedecreasedsignificantlyoverthepasttwomillennia.

B. Theysuggestthatpaleoseismologistsmaysomedaybeabletomakereasonablyaccuratelong-termearthquakepredictions.

C. Theysuggestthatresearchersmaysomedaybeabletodeterminewhichpastoccurrencesofminortremorswereactuallyfollowedbylargeearthquakes.

D. Theysuggestthattherecurrenceofearthquakesinearthquake-pronesitesistooirregulartoserveasabasisforearthquakeprediction.

E. Theyindicatethatresearchersattemptingtodeveloplong-termmethodsofearthquakepredictionhaveoverlookedimportantevidenceconcerningthecausesofearthquakes.

Line

(5) 

 (10) 

(15) 

(20) 

22. Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttheabilityoftheresearchersmentionedinline18topredictearthquakes?

A. Theycanidentifywhenanearthquakeislikelytooccurbutnothowlargeitwillbe.

B. Theycanidentifytheregionswhereearthquakesarelikelytooccurbutnotwhentheywilloccur.

C. Theyareunabletodetermineeitherthetimeortheplacethatearthquakesarelikelytooccur.

D. Theyarelikelytobemoreaccurateatshort-termearthquakepredictionthanatlong-termearthquakeprediction.

E. Theycandeterminetheregionswhereearthquakeshaveoccurredinthepastbutnottheregionswheretheyarelikelytooccurinthefuture.

Akeydecisionrequiredofadvertisingmanagersiswhethera“hard-sell”or“soft-sell”strategyisappropriateforaspecifictargetmarket.Thehard-sellapproachinvolvestheuseofdirect,forcefulclaimsregardingthebenefitsoftheadvertisedbrandovercompetitors’offerings.Incontrast,thesoft-sellapproachinvolvestheuseofadvertisingclaimsthatimplysuperioritymoresubtly. Onepositiveaspectofthehard-sellapproachisitsuseofverysimpleandstraightforwardproductclaimspresentedasexplicitconclusions,withlittleroomforconfusionregardingtheadvertiser’smessage.However,someconsumersmayresentbeingtoldwhattobelieveandsomemaydistrustthemessage.Resentmentanddistrustoftenleadtocounterargumentationandtoboomerangeffectswhereconsumerscometobelieveconclusionsdiametricallyopposedtoconclusionsendorsedinadvertisingclaims.Bycontrast,theriskofboomerangeffectsisgreatlyreducedwithsoft-sellapproaches.Onewaytoimplementthesoft-sellapproachistoprovideinformationthatimpliesthemainconclusionstheadvertiserwantstheconsumertodraw,butleavetheconclusions

(25) 

 (30) 

(35) 

(40) 

(45) 

(50) 

themselvesunstated.Becauseconsumersareinvitedtomakeuptheirownminds,implicitconclusionsreducetheriskofresentment,distrust,andcounterargumentation. Recentresearchonconsumermemoryandjudgmentsuggestsanotheradvantageofimplicitconclusions.Beliefsorconclusionsthatareself-generatedaremoreaccessiblefrommemorythanbeliefsfromconclusionsprovidedexplicitlybyotherindividuals,andthushaveagreaterimpactonjudgmentanddecisionmaking.Moreover,self-generatedbeliefsareoftenperceivedasmoreaccurateandvalidthanthebeliefsofothers,becauseotherindividualsmaybeperceivedaslessknowledgeable,ormaybeperceivedasmanipulativeordeliberatelymisleading. Despitetheseadvantages,implicitconclusionsmaynotalwaysbemoreeffectivethanexplicitconclusions.Oneriskisthatsomeconsumersmayfailtodrawtheirownconclusionsandthusmissthepointofthemessage.Inferentialactivityislikelyonlywhenconsumersaremotivatedandabletoengageineffortfulcognitiveprocesses.Anotherriskisthatsomeconsumersmaydrawconclusionsotherthantheoneintended.Evenifinferentialactivityislikelythereisnoguaranteethatconsumerswillfollowthepathprovidedbytheadvertiser.Finally,athirdriskisthatconsumersmayinfertheintendedconclusionbutquestionthevalidityoftheirinference.

Questions23–29refertothepassage.

23. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonereasonanadvertisermightpreferahard-sellapproachtoasoft-sellapproachisthat

A. therisksofboomerangeffectsareminimizedwhentheconclusionsanadvertiserwantstheconsumertodrawarethemselvesleftunstated

B. counterargumentationislikelyfromconsumerswhofailtodrawtheir

ownconclusionsregardinganadvertisingclaim

C. inferentialactivityislikelytooccurevenifconsumersperceivethemselvestobemoreknowledgeablethantheindividualspresentingproductclaims

D. researchonconsumermemorysuggeststhattheexplicitconclusionsprovidedbyanadvertiserusingthehard-sellapproachhaveasignificantimpactondecisionmaking

E. theinformationpresentedbyanadvertiserusingthesoft-sellapproachmayimplydifferentconclusionstodifferentconsumers

24. Eachofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasacharacteristicofthehard-sellapproachEXCEPT:

A. Itsoverallmessageisreadilygrasped.

B. Itappealstoconsumers’knowledgeabouttheproduct.

C. Itmakesexplicitclaimsthattheadvertisedbrandissuperiortootherbrands.

D. Itusesstatementsthatareexpressedveryclearly.

E. Itmakesclaimsintheformofdirectconclusions.

25. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatadvertiserscouldreduceoneoftherisksdiscussedinthelastparagraphiftheywereabletoprovide

A. motivationforconsumerstothinkabouttheadvertisement’smessage

B. informationthatimpliestheadvertiser’sintendedconclusionbutleavesthatconclusionunstated

C. subtleevidencethattheadvertisedproductissuperiortothatofcompetitors

D. informationcomparingtheadvertisedproductwithitscompetitors

E. opportunityforconsumerstogeneratetheirownbeliefsorconclusions

26. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. pointouttherisksinvolvedintheuseofaparticularadvertisingstrategy

B. makeacaseforthesuperiorityofoneadvertisingstrategyoveranother

C. illustratethewaysinwhichtwoadvertisingstrategiesmaybeimplemented

D. presenttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftwoadvertisingstrategies

E. contrastthetypesoftargetmarketsforwhichtwoadvertisingstrategiesareappropriate

27. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesentenceinlines25–28inthecontextofthepassageasawhole?

A. Itreiteratesadistinctionbetweentwoadvertisingstrategiesthatismadeinthefirstparagraph.

B. Itexplainshowaparticularstrategyavoidsadrawbackdescribedearlierintheparagraph.

C. Itsuggeststhatariskdescribedearlierintheparagraphislessseriousthansomeresearchersbelieveittobe.

D. Itoutlineswhythestrategydescribedintheprevioussentenceinvolvescertainrisksforanadvertiser.

E. Itintroducesanargumentthatwillberefutedinthefollowingparagraph.

28. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonesituationinwhichtheboomerangeffectoftenoccursiswhenconsumers

A. havebeenexposedtoforcefulclaimsthatarediametricallyopposedtothoseinanadvertiser’smessage

B. havepreviousself-generatedbeliefsorconclusionsthatarereadilyaccessiblefrommemory

C. aresubjectedtoadvertisingmessagesthataretargetedatspecificmarketstowhichthoseconsumersdonotbelong

D. areconfusedregardingthepointoftheadvertiser’smessage

E. cometoviewtheadvertiser’smessagewithsuspicion

29. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheresearchmentionedinline29supportswhichofthefollowingstatements?

A. Implicitconclusionsaremorelikelytocaptureaccuratelythepointoftheadvertiser’smessagethanareexplicitconclusions.

Line

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

B. Counterargumentationislesslikelytooccurifanindividual’sbeliefsorconclusionsarereadilyaccessiblefrommemory.

C. Thehard-sellapproachresultsinconclusionsthataremoredifficultfortheconsumertorecallthanareconclusionsresultingfromthesoft-sellapproach.

D. Whenthebeliefsofothersarepresentedasdefiniteandforcefulclaims,theyareperceivedtobeasaccurateasself-generatedbeliefs.

E. Despitetheadvantagesofimplicitconclusions,thehard-sellapproachinvolvesfewerrisksfortheadvertiserthandoesthesoft-sellapproach.

Coralreefsareoneofthemostfragile,biologicallycomplex,anddiversemarineecosystemsonEarth.Thisecosystemisoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiosphere:howdoclear,andthusnutrient-poor,waterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?Partoftheanswerlieswithinthetissuesofthecoralsthemselves.Symbioticcellsofalgaeknownaszooxanthellaecarryoutphotosynthesisusingthemetabolicwastesofthecorals,therebyproducingfoodforthemselves,fortheircoralhosts,andevenforothermembersofthereefcommunity.Thissymbioticprocessallowsorganismsinthereefcommunitytousesparsenutrientresourcesefficiently. Unfortunatelyforcoralreefs,however,avarietyofhumanactivitiesarecausingworldwidedegradationofshallowmarinehabitatsbyaddingnutrientstothewater.Agriculture,slash-and-burnlandclearing,sewagedisposal,andmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheir

waters.

Questions30–34refertothepassage.

30. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefs

B. explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunities

C. discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwaters

D. explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves

E. describingtheabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimalsincoralreefareas

31. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?

A. Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.

B. Thenutrientsonwhichcoralreefcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.

C. Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.

D. Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.

E. Coralreefcommunitiesaremorecomplexanddiversethanmostecosystemslocatedondryland.

32. Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(lines23–24)inorderto

A. provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeterioration

B. explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvival

C. identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthrive

D. indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit

E. identifymembersofcoralreefcommunitiesthatrelyoncoralreefsfornutrients

Line

(5) 

33. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?

A. Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.

B. Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.

C. Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.

D. Theyaretoobiologicallycomplextosurviveinhabitatswithminimalnutrientinput.

E. Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.

34. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

A. Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.

B. Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanoverabundanceofalgaeinhabitingtheirwaters.

C. Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.

D. Theirmetabolicwastescontributetothedegradationofthewatersthattheyinhabit.

E. Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.

Supposewewereinaspaceshipinfreefall,whereobjectsareweightless,andwantedtoknowasmallsolidobject’smass.Wecouldnotsimplybalancethatobjectagainstanotherofknownweight,aswewouldonEarth.Theunknownmasscouldbedetermined,however,byplacingtheobjectonaspringscaleandswingingthescaleinacircleattheendofastring.Thescalewouldmeasurethetensioninthestring,whichwoulddependonboth

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

thespeedofrevolutionandthemassoftheobject.Thetensionwouldbegreater,thegreaterthemassorthegreaterthespeedofrevolution.Fromthemeasuredtensionandspeedofwhirling,wecoulddeterminetheobject’smass. Astronomersuseananalogousprocedureto“weigh”double-starsystems.Thespeedwithwhichthetwostarsinadouble-starsystemcircleoneanotherdependsonthegravitationalforcebetweenthem,whichholdsthesystemtogether.Thisattractiveforce,analogoustothetensioninthestring,isproportionaltothestars’combinedmass,accordingtoNewton’slawofgravitation.Byobservingthetimerequiredforthestarstocircleeachother(theperiod)andmeasuringthedistancebetweenthem,wecandeducetherestrainingforce,andhencethemasses.

Questions35–38refertothepassage.

35. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthetwoproceduresdescribedinthepassagehavewhichofthefollowingincommon?

A. Theyhavebeenappliedinpractice.

B. Theyrelyontheuseofadevicethatmeasurestension.

C. Theirpurposeistodetermineanunknownmass.

D. Theycanonlybeappliedtosmallsolidobjects.

E. Theyinvolveattractionbetweenobjectsofsimilarmass.

36. Accordingtothepassage,thetensioninthestringmentionedinlines8–9isanalogoustowhichofthefollowingaspectsofadouble-starsystem?

A. Thespeedwithwhichonestarorbitstheother

B. Thegravitationalattractionbetweenthestars

C. Theamountoftimeittakesforthestarstocircleoneanother

D. Thedistancebetweenthetwostars

E. Thecombinedmassofthetwostars

Line

(5) 

(10) 

37. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthefirstandthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

A. Thefirstparagraphprovidesanillustrationusefulforunderstandingaproceduredescribedinthesecondparagraph.

B. Thefirstparagraphdescribesahypotheticalsituationwhoseplausibilityistestedinthesecondparagraph.

C. Thefirstparagraphevaluatestheusefulnessofaprocedurewhoseapplicationisdescribedfurtherinthesecondparagraph.

D. Thesecondparagraphprovidesevidencetosupportaclaimmadeinthefirstparagraph.

E. Thesecondparagraphanalyzesthepracticalimplicationsofamethodologyproposedinthefirstparagraph.

38. Theauthorofthepassagementionsobservationsregardingtheperiodofadouble-starsystemasbeingusefulfordetermining

A. thedistancebetweenthetwostarsinthesystem

B. thetimeittakesforeachstartorotateonitsaxis

C. thesizeoftheorbitthesystem’stwostarsoccupy

D. thedegreeofgravitationalattractionbetweenthesystem’sstars

E. thespeedatwhichthestarsystemmovesthroughspace

In1994,ateamofscientistsledbyDavidMcKaybeganstudyingthemeteoriteALH84001,whichhadbeendiscoveredinAntarcticain1984.Twoyearslater,theMcKayteamannouncedthatALH84001,whichscientistsgenerallyagreeoriginatedonMars,containedcompellingevidencethatlifeonceexistedonMars.ThisevidenceincludesthediscoveryoforganicmoleculesinALH84001,thefirsteverfoundinMartianrock.Organicmolecules—complex,carbon-basedcompounds—formthebasisforterrestriallife.TheorganicmoleculesfoundinALH84001arepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons,orPAHs.Whenmicrobesdie,theirorganicmaterialoftendecaysintoPAHs.

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

 SkepticismabouttheMcKayteam’sclaimremains,however.Forexample,ALH84001hasbeenonEarthfor13,000years,suggestingtosomescientiststhatitsPAHsmighthaveresultedfromterrestrialcontamination.However,McKay’steamhasdemonstratedthattheconcentrationofPAHsincreasesasonelooksdeeperintoALH84001,contrarytowhatonewouldexpectfromterrestrialcontamination.Theskeptics’strongestargument,however,isthatprocessesunrelatedtoorganiclifecaneasilyproducealltheevidencefoundbyMcKay’steam,includingPAHs.Forexample,starformationproducesPAHs.Moreover,PAHsfrequentlyappearinothermeteorites,andnooneattributestheirpresencetolifeprocesses.YetMcKay’steamnotesthattheparticularcombinationofPAHsinALH84001ismoresimilartothecombinationsproducedbydecayingorganismsthantothoseoriginatingfromnonbiologicalprocesses.

Questions39–44refertothepassage.

39. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. describenewwaysofstudyingthepossibilitythatlifeonceexistedonMars

B. reviseatheoryregardingtheexistenceoflifeonMarsinlightofnewevidence

C. reconcileconflictingviewpointsregardingthepossibilitythatlifeonceexistedonMars

D. evaluatearecentlyproposedargumentconcerningtheoriginofALH84001

E. describeacontroversyconcerningthesignificanceofevidencefromALH84001

40. ThepassageassertswhichofthefollowingabouttheclaimthatALH84001originatedonMars?

A. ItwasinitiallyproposedbytheMcKayteamofscientists.

B. Itisnotamatterofwidespreadscientificdispute.

C. IthasbeenquestionedbysomeskepticsoftheMcKayteam’swork.

D. IthasbeenunderminedbyrecentworkonPAHs.

E. ItisincompatiblewiththefactthatALH84001hasbeenonEarthfor13,000years.

41. ThepassagesuggeststhatthefactthatALH84001hasbeenonEarthfor13,000yearshasbeenusedbysomescientiststosupportwhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutALH84001?

A. ALH84001maynothaveoriginatedonMars.

B. ALH84001containsPAHsthataretheresultofnonbiologicalprocesses.

C. ALH84001maynothavecontainedPAHswhenitlandedonEarth.

D. TheorganicmoleculesfoundinALH84001arenotPAHs.

E. TheorganicmoleculesfoundinALH84001couldnotbetheresultofterrestrialcontamination.

42. ThepassagesuggeststhatifameteoritecontainedPAHsthatweretheresultofterrestrialcontamination,thenonewouldexpectwhichofthefollowingtobetrue?

A. ThemeteoritewouldhavebeenonEarthformorethan13,000years.

B. ThemeteoritewouldhaveoriginatedfromasourceotherthanMars.

C. ThePAHscontainedinthemeteoritewouldhaveoriginatedfromnonbiologicalprocesses.

D. ThemeteoritewouldcontainfewerPAHsthanmostothermeteoritescontain.

E. ThePAHscontainedinthemeteoritewouldbeconcentratedtowardthemeteorite’ssurface.

43. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph?

A. ItidentifiesapossibleorganicsourceforthePAHsfoundinALH84001.

B. ItdescribesafeatureofPAHsthatisnotsharedbyothertypesof

Line

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

 

organicmolecules.

C. Itexplainshowacharacteristiccommontomostmeteoritesoriginates.

D. ItsuggestshowtheterrestrialcontaminationofALH84001mighthavetakenplace.

E. ItpresentsevidencethatunderminestheclaimthatlifeonceexistedonMars.

44. ThepassagesuggeststhatMcKay’steamwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingregardingthePAHsproducedbynonorganicprocesses?

A. ThesePAHsarenotlikelytobefoundinanymeteoritethathasbeenonEarthfor13,000yearsormore.

B. ThesePAHsarenotlikelytobefoundinanymeteoritethatoriginatedfromMars.

C. ThesePAHsarenotlikelytobeproducedbystarformation.

D. ThesePAHsarelikelytobefoundincombinationsthatdistinguishthemfromthePAHsproducedbyorganicprocesses.

E. ThesePAHsarelikelytobefoundinfewermeteoritesthanthePAHsproducedbyorganicprocesses.

ExactlywhenintheearlymoderneraNativeAmericansbeganexchanginganimalfurswithEuropeansforEuropean-madegoodsisuncertain.Whatisfairlycertain,eventhoughtheyleftnowrittenevidenceofhavingdoneso,isthatthefirstEuropeanstoconductsuchtradeduringthemodernperiodwerefishingcrewsworkingthewatersaroundNewfoundland.Archaeologistshadnoticedthatsixteenth-centuryNativeAmericansiteswerestrewnwithironboltsandmetalpins.Onlylater,uponreadingNicolasDenys’s1672accountofseventeenth-centuryEuropeansettlementsinNorthAmerica,didarchaeologistsrealizethatsixteenth-centuryEuropeanfishingcrewshaddismantledandexchangedpartsoftheirshipsforfurs. BythetimeEuropeanssailingtheAtlanticcoast

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

ofNorthAmericafirstdocumentedthefurtrade,itwasapparentlywellunderway.Thefirsttorecordsuchtrade—thecaptainofaPortuguesevesselsailingfromNewfoundlandin1501—observedthataNativeAmericanaboardtheshipworeVenetiansilverearrings.Anotherearlychroniclernotedin1524thatNativeAmericanslivingalongthecoastofwhatisnowNewEnglandhadbecomeselectiveaboutEuropeantradegoods:theyacceptedonlyknives,fishhooks,andsharpmetal.BythetimeCartiersailedtheSaintLawrenceRivertenyearslater,NativeAmericanshadtradedwithEuropeansformorethanthirtyyears,perhapshalfacentury.

Questions45–53refertothepassage.

45. TheauthorofthepassagedrawsconclusionsaboutthefurtradeinNorthAmericafromallofthefollowingsourcesEXCEPT

A. Cartier’saccountsoftradingwithNativeAmericans

B. aseventeenth-centuryaccountofEuropeansettlements

C. asixteenth-centuryaccountwrittenbyasailingvesselcaptain

D. archaeologicalobservationsofsixteenth-centuryNativeAmericansites

E. asixteenth-centuryaccountofNativeAmericansinwhatisnowNewEngland

46. ThepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingispartiallyresponsibleforthedifficultyinestablishingtheprecisedatewhenthefurtradeinNorthAmericabegan?

A. AlackofwrittenaccountsbeforethatofNicolasDenysin1672

B. Alackofwrittendocumentationbefore1501

C. AmbiguitiesintheevidencefromNativeAmericansources

D. UncertaintyaboutNativeAmericantradenetworks

E. UncertaintyabouttheoriginofartifactssupposedlytradedbyEuropeanfishingcrewsforfurs

47. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheauthor’sassertioninthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph?

A. WhenEuropeansretracedCartier’svoyageinthefirstyearsoftheseventeenthcentury,theyfrequentlytradedwithNativeAmericans.

B. Fursfrombeavers,whichwereplentifulinNorthAmericabutnearlyextinctinEurope,becameextremelyfashionableinEuropeinthefinaldecadesofthesixteenthcentury.

C. Firingarmswererarelyfoundonsixteenth-centuryNativeAmericansitesoronEuropeanlistsoftradinggoodssincesucharmsrequiredfrequentmaintenanceandrepair.

D. EuropeansandNativeAmericanshadestablishedtradeprotocols,suchasbodylanguageassuringoneanotheroftheirpeacefulintentions,thatantedatetheearliestrecordsoftrade.

E. Duringthefirstquarterofthesixteenthcentury,anItalianexplorerrecordedseeingmanyNativeAmericanswithwhatappearedtobecopperbeads,thoughtheymayhavebeenmadeofindigenouscopper.

48. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheprimaryfunctionoflines11–16?

A. Itoffersareconsiderationofaclaimmadeintheprecedingsentence.

B. Itrevealshowarchaeologistsarrivedataninterpretationoftheevidencementionedintheprecedingsentence.

C. Itshowshowscholarsmisinterpretedthesignificanceofcertainevidencementionedintheprecedingsentence.

D. Itidentifiesoneofthefirstsignificantaccountsofseventeenth-centuryEuropeansettlementsinNorthAmerica.

E. ItexplainswhyDenys’saccountofseventeenth-centuryEuropeansettlementsisthoughttobesignificant.

49. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefurtradebetweenNativeAmericansandEuropeansintheearlymodernera?

A. Thistrademayhavebegunasearlyasthe1480s.

B. Thistradeprobablydidnotcontinuemuchbeyondthe1530s.

C. Thistradewasmostlikelyatitspeakinthemid-1520s.

D. Thistradeprobablydidnotbeginpriorto1500.

E. Thereisnowrittenevidenceofthistradepriortotheseventeenthcentury.

50. WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheNativeAmericansmentionedinline24?

A. Theyhadlittleusefordecorativeobjectssuchasearrings.

B. Theybecameincreasinglydependentonfishingbetween1501and1524.

C. By1524,onlycertaingroupsofEuropeanswerewillingtotradewiththem.

D. TheselectivityoftheirtradingchoicesmadeitdifficultforthemtoengageinwidespreadtradewithEuropeans.

E. TheselectivityoftheirtradingchoicesindicatesthattheyhadbeentradingwithEuropeansforasignificantperiodoftimepriorto1524.

51. Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsixteenth-centuryEuropeanfishingcrewsworkingthewatersoffNewfoundland?

A. Theywrotenoaccountsoftheirfishingvoyages.

B. TheyprimarilysailedundertheflagofPortugal.

C. TheyexchangedshippartswithNativeAmericansforfurs.

D. TheycommonlytradedjewelrywithNativeAmericansforfurs.

E. TheycarriedsurplusmetalimplementstotradewithNativeAmericansforfurs.

52. WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutevidencepertainingtothefurtradebetweenNativeAmericansandEuropeansintheearlymodernera?

A. AlackofwrittenevidencehasmadeitdifficulttoestablishwhichEuropeansfirstparticipatedinthistrade.

B. Ingeneral,thephysicalevidencepertainingtothistradehasbeenmoreusefulthanthewrittenevidencehasbeen.

C. Thereismorewrittenevidencepertainingtothistradefromtheearly

Line

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

partofthesixteenthcenturythanfromlaterinthatcentury.

D. Theearliestwrittenevidencepertainingtothistradedatesfromatimewhenthetradewasalreadywellestablished.

E. Someimportantpiecesofevidencepertainingtothistrade,suchasDenys’s1672account,werelongoverlookedbyarchaeologists.

53. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthesixteenth-centuryNativeAmericanswhotradedwithEuropeansonthecoastofwhatisnowcalledNewEngland?

A. By1524theyhadbecomeaccustomedtoexchanginggoodswithEuropeans.

B. TheywereunfamiliarwithmetalsbeforeencounteringEuropeans.

C. TheyhadnopracticalusesforEuropeangoodsotherthanmetalsandmetalimplements.

D. By1524theyhadbecomedisdainfulofEuropeantradersbecausesuchtradershadtreatedthemunfairlyinthepast.

E. By1524theydemandedonlythemostprizedEuropeangoodsbecausetheyhadcometorealizehowvaluablefurswereonEuropeanmarkets.

Determiningwhetheragivenpopulationofanimalsconstitutesadistinctspeciescanbedifficultbecausenosingleaccepteddefinitionofthetermexists.Oneapproach,calledthebiologicalspeciesconcept,basesthedefinitiononreproductivecompatibility.Accordingtothisview,aspeciesisagroupofanimalsthatcanmatewithoneanothertoproducefertileoffspringbutcannotmatesuccessfullywithmembersofadifferentgroup.Yetthisideacanbetoorestrictive.First,matingbetweengroupslabeledasdifferentspecies(hybridization),asoftenoccursinthecaninefamily,isquitecommoninnature.Second,sometimesthedifferencesbetweentwopopulationsmightnotpreventthemfrominterbreeding,eventhoughtheyaredissimilarintraitsunrelatedtoreproduction;somebiologistsquestionwhethersuchdisparategroupsshouldbeconsideredasinglespecies.A

(20) 

 

(25) 

(30) 

thirdproblemwiththebiologicalspeciesconceptisthatinvestigatorscannotalwaysdeterminewhethertwogroupsthatliveindifferentplacesarecapableofinterbreeding. Whenthebiologicalspeciesconceptisdifficulttoapply,someinvestigatorsusephenotype,anorganism’sobservablecharacteristics,instead.Twogroupsthathaveevolvedseparatelyarelikelytodisplaymeasurabledifferencesinmanyoftheirtraits,suchasskullsizeorwidthofteeth.Ifthedistributionofmeasurementsfromonegroupdoesnotoverlapwiththoseofanother,thetwogroupsmightreasonablybeconsidereddistinctspecies.

Questions54–57refertothepassage.

54. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. describingthedevelopmentofthebiologicalspeciesconcept

B. respondingtoacritiqueofreproductivecompatibilityasacriterionfordefiningaspecies

C. consideringtwodifferentapproachestoidentifyingbiologicalspecies

D. pointingouttheadvantageofonemethodofdistinguishingrelatedspecies

E. identifyinganobstacletotheclassificationofbiologicalspecies

55. Theauthorofthepassagementions“groupsthatliveindifferentplaces”(line21)mostprobablyinorderto

A. pointoutatheoreticalinconsistencyinthebiologicalspeciesconcept

B. offerevidenceinsupportofthebiologicalspeciesconcept

C. identifyanobstacletotheapplicationofthebiologicalspeciesconcept

D. noteaninstanceinwhichphenotypeclassificationiscustomarilyused

E. describeanalternativetothebiologicalspeciesconcept

56. Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingtheclassificationofindividualspecieswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?

A. Phenotypecomparisonmayhelptoclassifyspecieswhenapplication

Line

(5) 

(10) 

 

ofthebiologicalspeciesconceptprovesinconclusive.

B. Becausenostandarddefinitionexistsforwhatconstitutesaspecies,theclassificationofanimalpopulationsisinevitablyanarbitraryprocess.

C. Thecriteriausedbybiologiststoclassifyspecieshavenotbeenbasedonadequateresearch.

D. Theexistenceofhybridsinwildanimalspeciesisthechieffactorcastingdoubtontheusefulnessofresearchintoreproductivecompatibilityasawayofclassifyingspecies.

E. Phenotypeoverlapshouldbeusedasthebasiccriterionforstandardizingspeciesclassification.

57. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionoflines10–13?

A. Itelaboratesthedefinitionofthebiologicalspeciesconceptgiveninaprevioussentence.

B. Itdevelopsapointaboutthebiologicalspeciesconceptmadeintheprevioussentence.

C. Itstatestheauthor’scentralpointaboutthebiologicalspeciesconcept.

D. Itidentifiesacentralassumptionunderlyingthebiologicalspeciesconcept.

E. Itdemonstrateswhythebiologicalspeciesconceptisinvalid.

Thenewschoolofpoliticalhistorythatemergedinthe1960’sand1970’ssoughttogobeyondthetraditionalfocusofpoliticalhistoriansonleadersandgovernmentinstitutionsbyexaminingdirectlythepoliticalpracticesofordinarycitizens.Liketheoldapproach,however,thisnewapproachexcludedwomen.TheverytechniquesthesehistoriansusedtouncovermasspoliticalbehaviorinthenineteenthcenturyUnitedStates—quantitativeanalysesofelectionreturns,forexample—wereuselessinanalyzingthepoliticalactivitiesofwomen,whoweredeniedthevoteuntil1920. Byredefining“politicalactivity,”historianPaulaBakerhasdevelopedapoliticalhistorythatincludes

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

women.Sheconcludesthatamongordinarycitizens,politicalactivismbywomeninthenineteenthcenturyprefiguredtrendsintwentiethcenturypolitics.Defining“politics”as“anyactiontakentoaffectthecourseofbehaviorofgovernmentorofthecommunity,”Bakerconcludesthat,whilevotingandholdingofficewererestrictedtomen,womeninthenineteenthcenturyorganizedthemselvesintosocietiescommittedtosocialissuessuchastemperanceandpoverty.Inotherwords,Bakercontends,womenactivistswereearlypractitionersofnonpartisan,issue-orientedpoliticsandthusweremoreinterestedinenlistinglawmakers,regardlessoftheirpartyaffiliation,onbehalfofcertainissuesthaninensuringthatonepartyoranotherwonanelection.Inthetwentiethcentury,moremendrewclosertowomen’sideasaboutpoliticsandtookupmodesofissue-orientedpoliticsthatBakerseeswomenashavingpioneered.

Questions58–63refertothepassage

58. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. enumeratereasonswhybothtraditionalscholarlymethodsandnewerscholarlymethodshavelimitations

B. identifyashortcominginascholarlyapproachanddescribeanalternativeapproach

C. provideempiricaldatatosupportalong-heldscholarlyassumption

D. comparetwoscholarlypublicationsonthebasisoftheirauthors’backgrounds

E. attempttoprovideapartialanswertoalong-standingscholarlydilemma

59. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingconcerningthetechniquesusedbythenewpoliticalhistoriansdescribedinthefirstparagraphofthepassage?

A. Theyinvolvedtheextensiveuseofthebiographiesofpoliticalpartyleadersandpoliticaltheoreticians.

B. Theywereconceivedbypoliticalhistorianswhowerereactingagainstthepoliticalclimatesofthe1960’sand1970’s.

C. TheywereofmoreuseinanalyzingthepositionsofUnitedStatespoliticalpartiesinthenineteenthcenturythaninanalyzingthepositionsofthoseinthetwentiethcentury.

D. Theywereofmoreuseinanalyzingthepoliticalbehaviorofnineteenth-centuryvotersthaninanalyzingthepoliticalactivitiesofthosewhocouldnotvoteduringthatperiod.

E. Theyweredevisedasameansoftracingtheinfluenceofnineteenth-centurypoliticaltrendsontwentieth-centurypoliticaltrends.

60. ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagequotesBakerdirectlyinthesecondparagraphprimarilyinorderto

A. clarifyapositionbeforeprovidinganalternativetothatposition

B. differentiatebetweenanoveldefinitionandtraditionaldefinitions

C. provideanexampleofapointagreedonbydifferentgenerationsofscholars

D. provideanexampleoftheprosestyleofanimportanthistorian

E. amplifyadefinitiongiveninthefirstparagraph

61. Accordingtothepassage,PaulaBakerandthenewpoliticalhistoriansofthe1960’sand1970’ssharedwhichofthefollowing?

A. Acommitmenttointerestgrouppolitics

B. Adisregardforpoliticaltheoryandideology

C. Aninterestinthewaysinwhichnineteenth-centurypoliticsprefiguredcontemporarypolitics

D. Arelianceonsuchquantitativetechniquesastheanalysisofelectionreturns

E. Anemphasisonthepoliticalinvolvementofordinarycitizens

62. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthestructureofthefirstparagraphofthepassage?

Line

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

A. Twoscholarlyapproachesarecompared,andashortcomingcommontobothisidentified.

B. Tworivalschoolsofthoughtarecontrasted,andathirdisalludedto.

C. Anoutmodedscholarlyapproachisdescribed,andacorrectiveapproachiscalledfor.

D. Anargumentisoutlined,andcounterargumentsarementioned.

E. Ahistoricaleraisdescribedintermsofitspoliticaltrends.

63. Theinformationinthepassagesuggeststhatapre-1960spoliticalhistorianwouldhavebeenmostlikelytoundertakewhichofthefollowingstudies?

A. Ananalysisofvotingtrendsamongwomenvotersofthe1920’s

B. Astudyofmalevoters’gradualideologicalshiftfrompartypoliticstoissue-orientedpolitics

C. Abiographyofaninfluentialnineteenth-centuryministerofforeignaffairs

D. Ananalysisofnarrativeswrittenbypreviouslyunrecognizedwomenactivists

E. Astudyofvotingtrendsamongnaturalizedimmigrantlaborersinanineteenth-centuryloggingcamp

Ina1918editorial,W.E.B.DuBoisadvisedAfricanAmericanstostopagitatingforequalityandtoproclaimtheirsolidaritywithWhiteAmericansforthedurationoftheFirstWorldWar.TheeditorialsurprisedmanyAfricanAmericanswhoviewedDuBoisasanuncompromisingAfricanAmericanleaderandachiefopponentoftheaccommodationisttacticsurgedbyBookerT.Washington.Infact,however,DuBoisoftenshiftedpositionsalongthecontinuumbetweenWashingtonandconfrontationistssuchasWilliamTrotter.In1895,whenWashingtoncalledonAfricanAmericanstoconcentrateonimprovingtheircommunitiesinsteadofopposingdiscriminationandagitatingforpoliticalrights,DuBoispraisedWashington’sspeech.In1903,however,DuBoisalignedhimselfwithTrotter,

(20) 

 

(25) 

(30) 

Washington’smilitantopponent,lessforideologicalreasonsthanbecauseTrotterhaddescribedtohimWashington’seffortstosilencethoseintheAfricanAmericanpresswhoopposedWashington’spositions. DuBois’swartimepositionthusreflectednotachangeinhislong-termgoalsbutratherapragmaticresponseinthefaceofsocialpressures:governmentofficialshadthreatenedAfricanAmericanjournalistswithcensorshipiftheycontinuedtovoicegrievances.Furthermore,DuBoisbelievedthatAfricanAmericans’contributionstopastwareffortshadbroughtthemsomelegalandpoliticaladvances.DuBois’saccommodationismdidnotlast,however.UponlearningofsystematicdiscriminationexperiencedbyAfricanAmericansinthemilitary,hecalledonthemto“returnfighting”fromthewar.

Questions64–68refertothepassage

64. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. identifyinghistoricalcircumstancesthatledDuBoistoalterhislong-termgoals

B. defining“accommodationism”andshowinghowDuBoisusedthisstrategytoachievecertaingoals

C. accountingforaparticularpositionadoptedbyDuBoisduringtheFirstWorldWar

D. contestingtheviewthatDuBoiswassignificantlyinfluencedbyeitherWashingtonorTrotter

E. assessingtheeffectivenessofastrategythatDuBoisurgedAfricanAmericanstoadopt

65. ThepassageindicateswhichofthefollowingaboutDuBois’sattitudetowardWashington?

A. ItunderwentashiftduringtheFirstWorldWarasDuBoisbecamemoresympatheticwithTrotter’sviews.

B. Itunderwentashiftin1903forreasonsotherthanDuBois’sdisagreementwithWashington’saccommodationistviews.

C. ItunderwentashiftasDuBoismadealong-termcommitmenttothestrategyofaccommodation.

D. ItremainedconsistentlypositiveeventhoughDuBoisdisagreedwithWashington’seffortstocontroltheAfricanAmericanpress.

E. ItwasshapedprimarilybyDuBois’sappreciationofWashington’spragmaticapproachtotheadvancementoftheinterestsofAfricanAmericans.

66. ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthecontributionsofAfricanAmericanstotheUnitedStateswareffortduringtheFirstWorldWar?

A. ThecontributionsweremadelargelyinresponsetoDuBois’s1918editorial.

B. ThecontributionshadmuchthesameeffectasAfricanAmericans’contributionstopreviouswars.

C. ThecontributionsdidnotenddiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansinthemilitary.

D. ThecontributionsweremadeinprotestagainstTrotter’sconfrontationisttactics.

E. Thecontributionsweremadeprimarilybycivilrightsactivistswhoreturnedtoactivismafterthewar.

67. TheauthorofthepassagereferstoWashington’scalltoAfricanAmericansin1895primarilyinorderto

A. identifyDuBois’scharacteristicpositiononthecontinuumbetweenaccommodationismandconfrontationism

B. explainwhyDuBoiswassympatheticwithWashington’sviewsin1895

C. clarifyhowTrotter’sviewsdifferedfromthoseofWashingtonin1895

D. supportanassertionaboutDuBois’stendencytoshifthispoliticalpositions

E. dismisstheclaimthatDuBois’spositioninhis1918editorialwas

Line

(5) 

(10) 

(15)  

(20) 

consistentwithhispreviousviews

68. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofthestrategythatDuBois’s1918editorialurgedAfricanAmericanstoadoptduringtheFirstWorldWar?

A. ItwasastrategythatDuBoishadconsistentlyrejectedinthepast.

B. ItrepresentedacompromisebetweenDuBois’sownviewsandthoseofTrotter.

C. Itrepresentedasignificantredefinitionofthelong-termgoalsDuBoisheldpriortothewar.

D. ItwasadvocatedbyDuBoisinresponsetohisrecognitionofthediscriminationfacedbyAfricanAmericansduringthewar.

E. ItwasadvocatedbyDuBoisinpartbecauseofhishistoricalknowledgeofgainsAfricanAmericanshadmadeduringpastwars.

Thefactthatsuperiorservicecangenerateacompetitiveadvantageforacompanydoesnotmeanthateveryattemptatimprovingservicewillcreatesuchanadvantage.Investmentsinservice,likethoseinproductionanddistribution,mustbebalancedagainstothertypesofinvestmentsonthebasisofdirect,tangiblebenefitssuchascostreductionandincreasedrevenues.Ifacompanyisalreadyeffectivelyonaparwithitscompetitorsbecauseitprovidesservicethatavoidsadamagingreputationandkeepscustomersfromleavingatanunacceptablerate,theninvestmentinhigherservicelevelsmaybewasted,sinceserviceisadecidingfactorforcustomersonlyinextremesituations. Thistruthwasnotapparenttomanagersofoneregionalbank,whichfailedtoimproveitscompetitivepositiondespiteitsinvestmentinreducingthetimeacustomerhadtowaitforateller.Thebankmanagersdidnotrecognizethelevelofcustomerinertiaintheconsumerbankingindustrythatarisesfromtheinconvenienceofswitchingbanks.Nordidtheyanalyzetheirservice

(25) improvementtodeterminewhetheritwouldattractnewcustomersbyproducinganewstandardofservicethatwouldexcitecustomersorbyprovingdifficultforcompetitorstocopy.Theonlymeritoftheimprovementwasthatitcouldeasilybedescribedtocustomers.

Questions69–74refertothepassage.

69. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. contrastpossibleoutcomesofatypeofbusinessinvestment

B. suggestmorecarefulevaluationofatypeofbusinessinvestment

C. illustratevariouswaysinwhichatypeofbusinessinvestmentcouldfailtoenhancerevenues

D. tracethegeneralproblemsofacompanytoacertaintypeofbusinessinvestment

E. criticizethewayinwhichmanagerstendtoanalyzethecostsandbenefitsofbusinessinvestments

70. Accordingtothepassage,investmentsinservicearecomparabletoinvestmentsinproductionanddistributionintermsofthe

A. tangibilityofthebenefitsthattheytendtoconfer

B. increasedrevenuesthattheyultimatelyproduce

C. basisonwhichtheyneedtobeweighed

D. insufficientanalysisthatmanagersdevotetothem

E. degreeofcompetitiveadvantagethattheyarelikelytoprovide

71. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutserviceprovidedbytheregionalbankpriortoitsinvestmentinenhancingthatservice?

A. Itenabledthebanktoretaincustomersatanacceptablerate.

B. Itthreatenedtoweakenthebank’scompetitivepositionwithrespecttootherregionalbanks.

C. Ithadalreadybeenimprovedafterhavingcauseddamagetothebank’sreputationinthepast.

D. Itwasslightlysuperiortothatofthebank’sregionalcompetitors.

E. Itneededtobeimprovedtoattainparitywiththeserviceprovidedbycompetingbanks.

72. Thepassagesuggeststhatbankmanagersfailedtoconsiderwhetherornottheserviceimprovementmentionedinlines18–20

A. wastoocomplicatedtobeeasilydescribedtoprospectivecustomers

B. madeameasurablechangeintheexperiencesofcustomersinthebank’soffices

C. couldbesustainedifthenumberofcustomersincreasedsignificantly

D. wasaninnovationthatcompetingbankscouldhaveimitated

E. wasadequatetobringthebank’sgenerallevelofservicetoalevelthatwascomparablewiththatofitscompetitors

73. Thediscussionoftheregionalbankinthesecondparagraphserveswhichofthefollowingfunctionswithinthepassageasawhole?

A. Itdescribesanexceptionalcaseinwhichinvestmentinserviceactuallyfailedtoproduceacompetitiveadvantage.

B. Itillustratesthepitfallsofchoosingtoinvestinserviceatatimewheninvestmentisneededmoreurgentlyinanotherarea.

C. Itdemonstratesthekindofanalysisthatmanagersapplywhentheychooseonekindofserviceinvestmentoveranother.

D. Itsupportstheargumentthatinvestmentsincertainaspectsofservicearemoreadvantageousthaninvestmentsinotheraspectsofservice.

E. Itprovidesanexampleofthepointaboutinvestmentinservicemadeinthefirstparagraph.

74. Theauthorusestheword“only”inline27mostlikelyinorderto

A. highlighttheoddityoftheserviceimprovement

B. emphasizetherelativelylowvalueoftheinvestmentinserviceimprovement

C. distinguishtheprimaryattributeoftheserviceimprovementfromsecondaryattributes

D. singleoutacertainmeritoftheserviceimprovementfromothermerits

Line 

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

E. pointoutthelimiteddurationoftheactualserviceimprovement

Findingsfromseveralstudiesoncorporatemergersandacquisitionsduringthe1970’sand1980’sraisequestionsaboutwhyfirmsinitiateandconsummatesuchtransactions.Onestudyshowed,forexample,thatacquiringfirmswereonaverageunabletomaintainacquiredfirms’pre-mergerlevelsofprofitability.Asecondstudyconcludedthatpost-acquisitiongainstomostacquiringfirmswerenotadequatetocoverthepremiumspaidtoobtainacquiredfirms.Athirddemonstratedthat,followingtheannouncementofaprospectivemerger,thestockoftheprospectiveacquiringfirmtendstoincreaseinvaluemuchlessthandoesthatofthefirmforwhichitbids.Yetmergersandacquisitionsremaincommon,andbidderscontinuetoassertthattheirobjectivesareeconomicones.Acquisitionsmaywellhavethedesirableeffectofchannelinganation’sresourcesefficientlyfromlesstomoreefficientsectorsofitseconomy,buttheindividualacquisitionsexecutivesarrangingthesedealsmustseethemasadvancingeithertheirownortheircompanies’privateeconomicinterests.Itseemsthatfactorshavinglittletodowithcorporateeconomicinterestsexplainacquisitions.Thesefactorsmayincludetheincentivecompensationofexecutives,lackofmonitoringbyboardsofdirectors,andmanagerialerrorinestimatingthevalueoffirmstargetedforacquisition.Alternatively,theacquisitionactsofbiddersmayderivefrommodeling:amanagerdoeswhatothermanagersdo.

Questions75–81refertothepassage.

75. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. reviewresearchdemonstratingthebenefitsofcorporatemergersandacquisitionsandexaminesomeofthedrawbacksthatacquisitionbehaviorentails

B. contrasttheeffectsofcorporatemergersandacquisitionsonacquiringfirmsandonfirmsthatareacquired

C. reportfindingsthatraisequestionsaboutareasonforcorporatemergersandacquisitionsandsuggestpossiblealternativereasons

D. explainchangesinattitudeonthepartofacquiringfirmstowardcorporatemergersandacquisitions

E. accountforarecentdeclineintherateofcorporatemergersandacquisitions

76. Thefindingscitedinthepassagesuggestwhichofthefollowingabouttheoutcomesofcorporatemergersandacquisitionswithrespecttoacquiringfirms?

A. Theyincludeadecreaseinvalueofmanyacquiringfirms’stocks.

B. Theytendtobemorebeneficialforsmallfirmsthanforlargefirms.

C. Theydonotfulfilltheprofessedgoalsofmostacquiringfirms.

D. Theytendtobebeneficialtosuchfirmsinthelongtermeventhoughapparentlydetrimentalintheshortterm.

E. Theydiscouragemanysuchfirmsfromattemptingtomakesubsequentbidsandacquisitions.

77. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateacquisitions?

A. Theirknownbenefitstonationaleconomiesexplaintheirappealtoindividualfirmsduringthe1970’sand1980’s.

B. Despitetheiradverseimpactonsomefirms,theyarethebestwaytochannelresourcesfromlesstomoreproductivesectorsofanation’seconomy.

C. Theyareaslikelytooccurbecauseofpoormonitoringbyboardsofdirectorsastobecausedbyincentivecompensationformanagers.

D. Theywillbelessprevalentinthefuture,sincetheiractualeffectswillgainwiderrecognition.

E. Factorsotherthaneconomicbenefittotheacquiringfirmhelptoexplainthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccur.

78. Theauthorofthepassagementionstheeffectofacquisitionsonnationaleconomiesmostprobablyinorderto

A. provideanexplanationforthemergersandacquisitionsofthe1970’sand1980’soverlookedbythefindingsdiscussedinthepassage

B. suggestthatnationaleconomicinterestsplayedanimportantroleinthemergersandacquisitionsofthe1970’sand1980’s

C. supportanoneconomicexplanationforthemergersandacquisitionsofthe1970’sand1980’sthatwascitedearlierinthepassage

D. citeandpointouttheinadequacyofonepossibleexplanationfortheprevalenceofmergersandacquisitionsduringthe1970’sand1980’s

E. explainhowmodelingaffectedthedecisionsmadebymanagersinvolvedinmergersandacquisitionsduringthe1970’sand1980’s

79. Accordingtothepassage,duringthe1970’sand1980’sbiddingfirmsdifferedfromthefirmsforwhichtheybidinthatbiddingfirms

A. tendedtobemoreprofitablebeforeamergerthanafteramerger

B. weremoreoftenconcernedabouttheimpactofacquisitionsonnationaleconomies

C. wererunbymanagerswhoseactionsweremodeledonthoseofothermanagers

D. anticipatedgreatereconomicadvantagesfromprospectivemergers

E. experiencedlessofanincreaseinstockvaluewhenaprospectivemergerwasannounced

80. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwastrueofcorporateacquisitionsthatoccurredduringthe1970’sand1980’s?

A. Fewoftheacquisitionsthatfirmsmadeweresubsequentlydivested.

B. Mostsuchacquisitionsproducedonlysmallincreasesinacquiredfirms’levelsofprofitability.

C. Mostsuchacquisitionswerebasedonanoverestimationofthevalueoftargetfirms.

D. Thegainsrealizedbymostacquiringfirmsdidnotequaltheamountsexpendedinacquiringtargetfirms.

Line 

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

E. Abouthalfofsuchacquisitionsledtolong-termincreasesinthevalueofacquiringfirms’stocks.

81. Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisapossiblepartialexplanationforacquisitionbehaviorduringthe1970’sand1980’s?

A. Managerswishedtoimitateothermanagersprimarilybecausetheysawhowfinanciallybeneficialotherfirms’acquisitionswere.

B. Managersmiscalculatedthevalueoffirmsthatweretobeacquired.

C. Lackofconsensuswithinboardsofdirectorsresultedintheirimposingconflictinggoalsonmanagers.

D. Totalcompensationpackagesformanagersincreasedduringthatperiod.

E. Thevalueofbiddingfirms’stockincreasedsignificantlywhenprospectivemergerswereannounced.

Inadditiontoconventionalgalaxies,theuniversecontainsverydimgalaxiesthatuntilrecentlywentunnoticedbyastronomers.Possiblyasnumerousasconventionalgalaxies,thesegalaxieshavethesamegeneralshapeandeventhesameapproximatenumberofstarsasacommontypeofconventionalgalaxy,thespiral,buttendtobemuchlarger.Becausethesegalaxies’massisspreadoutoverlargerareas,theyhavefarfewerstarsperunitvolumethandoconventionalgalaxies.Apparentlytheselow-surface-brightnessgalaxies,astheyarecalled,takemuchlongerthanconventionalgalaxiestocondensetheirprimordialgasandconvertittostars—thatis,theyevolvemuchmoreslowly. Thesegalaxiesmayconstituteananswertothelong-standingpuzzleofthemissingbaryonicmassintheuniverse.Baryons—subatomicparticlesthataregenerallyprotonsorneutrons—arethesourceofstellar,andthereforegalactic,luminosity,andsotheirnumberscanbeestimatedbasedonhowluminousgalaxiesare.However,theamountofheliumintheuniverse,asmeasuredbyspectroscopy,suggeststhattherearefarmore

(25) baryonsintheuniversethanestimatesbasedongalacticluminosityindicate.Astronomershavelongspeculatedthatthemissingbaryonicmassmighteventuallybediscoveredinintergalacticspaceorassomelargepopulationofgalaxiesthataredifficulttodetect.

Questions82–88refertothepassage.

82. Accordingtothepassage,conventionalspiralgalaxiesdifferfromlow-surface-brightnessgalaxiesinwhichofthefollowingways?

A. Theyhavefewerstarsthandolow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

B. Theyevolvemorequicklythanlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

C. Theyaremorediffusethanlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

D. Theycontainlessheliumthandolow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

E. Theyarelargerthanlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

83. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingisanaccuratephysicaldescriptionoftypicallow-surface-brightnessgalaxies?

A. Theyarelargespiralgalaxiescontainingfewerstarsthanconventionalgalaxies.

B. Theyarecompactbutverydimspiralgalaxies.

C. Theyarediffusespiralgalaxiesthatoccupyalargevolumeofspace.

D. Theyaresmall,youngspiralgalaxiesthatcontainahighproportionofprimordialgas.

E. Theyarelarge,densespiralswithlowluminosity.

84. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“long-standingpuzzle”referstowhichofthefollowing?

A. Thedifferencebetweentherateatwhichconventionalgalaxiesevolveandtherateatwhichlow-surface-brightnessgalaxiesevolve

B. Thediscrepancybetweenestimatesoftotalbaryonicmassderivedfrommeasuringheliumandestimatesbasedonmeasuringgalacticluminosity

C. Theinconsistencybetweentheobservedamountofheliuminthe

universeandthenumberofstarsintypicallow-surface-brightnessgalaxies

D. Uncertaintiesregardingwhatproportionofbaryonicmassiscontainedinintergalacticspaceandwhatproportioninconventionalgalaxies

E. Difficultiesinvolvedindetectingverydistantgalaxiesandininvestigatingtheirluminosity

85. Theauthorimpliesthatlow-surface-brightnessgalaxiescouldconstituteananswertothepuzzlediscussedinthesecondparagraphprimarilybecause

A. theycontainbaryonicmassthatwasnottakenintoaccountbyresearchersusinggalacticluminositytoestimatethenumberofbaryonsintheuniverse

B. they,likeconventionalgalaxiesthatcontainmanybaryons,haveevolvedfrommassive,primordialgasclouds

C. theymaycontainrelativelymorehelium,andhencemorebaryons,thandogalaxieswhoseheliumcontenthasbeenstudiedusingspectroscopy

D. theyhaverecentlybeendiscoveredtocontainmorebaryonicmassthanscientistshadthoughtwhenlow-surface-brightnessgalaxieswerefirstobserved

E. theycontainstarsthataresignificantlymoreluminousthanwouldhavebeenpredictedonthebasisofinitialstudiesofluminosityinlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies

86. Theauthormentionsthefactthatbaryonsarethesourceofstars’luminosityprimarilyinordertoexplain

A. howastronomersdeterminethatsomegalaxiescontainfewerstarsperunitvolumethandoothers

B. howastronomersareabletocalculatethetotalluminosityofagalaxy

C. whyastronomerscanusegalacticluminositytoestimatebaryonicmass

D. whyastronomers’estimatesofbaryonicmassbasedongalacticluminosityaremorereliablethanthosebasedonspectroscopicstudiesofhelium

Line 

(5) 

(10) 

E. howastronomersknowbrightgalaxiescontainmorebaryonsthandodimgalaxies

87. Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytodisagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

A. Low-surface-brightnessgalaxiesaremoredifficulttodetectthanareconventionalgalaxies.

B. Low-surface-brightnessgalaxiesareoftenspiralinshape.

C. Astronomershaveadvancedplausibleideasaboutwheremissingbaryonicmassmightbefound.

D. Astronomershavedevisedausefulwayofestimatingthetotalbaryonicmassintheuniverse.

E. Astronomershavediscoveredasubstantialamountofbaryonicmassinintergalacticspace.

88. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. describeaphenomenonandconsideritsscientificsignificance

B. contrasttwophenomenaanddiscussapuzzlingdifferencebetweenthem

C. identifyanewlydiscoveredphenomenonandexplainitsorigins

D. comparetwoclassesofobjectsanddiscussthephysicalpropertiesofeach

E. discussadiscoveryandpointoutitsinconsistencywithexistingtheory

AntoniaCastañedahasutilizedscholarshipfromwomen’sstudiesandMexican-Americanhistorytoexaminenineteenth-centuryliteraryportrayalsofMexicanwomen.AsCastañedanotes,scholarsofwomen’shistoryobservethatintheUnitedStates,malenovelistsoftheperiod—duringwhich,accordingtothesescholars,women’straditionaleconomicroleinhome-basedagriculturewasthreatenedbythetransitiontoafactory-basedindustrialeconomy—definewomensolelyintheirdomesticrolesofwifeandmother.Castañedafindsthatduringthesameperiodthatsawnon-Hispanicwomenbeingeconomically

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

displacedbyindustrialization,HispaniclawinterritorialCaliforniaprotectedtheeconomicpositionof“Californianas”(theMexicanwomenoftheterritory)byensuringthempropertyrightsandinheritancerightsequaltothoseofmales. ForCastañeda,thelawsexplainastereotypicalplotcreatedprimarilybymale,non-Hispanicnovelists:thestoryofanambitiousnon-HispanicmerchantortraderdesirousofmarryinganeliteCaliforniana.Thesenovels’favorableportrayalofsuchwomenisnoteworthy,sinceMexican-AmericanhistorianshaveconcludedthatunflatteringliterarydepictionsofMexicanswerevitalinrallyingtheUnitedStatespublic’ssupportfortheMexican-AmericanWar(1846–1848).TheimportanceofeconomicalliancesforgedthroughmarriageswithCalifornianasexplainsthisapparentcontradiction.Becauseoftheirreal-lifeeconomicsignificance,theCalifornianaswereportrayedmorefavorablythanwereothersofthesamenationality.

Questions89–91refertothepassage.

89. The“apparentcontradiction”mentionedinline29referstothediscrepancybetweenthe

A. legalstatusofMexicanwomeninterritorialCaliforniaandtheirstatusintheUnitedStates

B. unflatteringdepictionofMexicansinnovelsandtheactualpublicsentimentabouttheMexican-AmericanWar

C. existenceofmanymarriagesbetweenCalifornianasandnon-Hispanicmerchantsandthestricturesagainstthemexpressedinnovels

D. literarydepictionofeliteCalifornianasandtheliterarydepictionofotherMexicanindividuals

E. novelisticportrayalsofeliteCalifornianas’privilegedlivesandtheactualcircumstancesofthoselives

90. WhichofthefollowingcouldbestserveasanexampleofthekindoffictionalplotdiscussedbyAntoniaCastañeda?

Line 

(5) 

A. AlandspeculatorofEnglishancestrywedsthedaughterofaMexicanvineyardownerafterthespeculatorhasmigratedtoCaliforniatoseekhisfortune.

B. ACalifornianwomanofHispanicancestryfindsthatheragriculturallivelihoodisthreatenedwhenherhusbandisforcedtoseekworkinatextilemill.

C. AMexicanrancherwholoseshislandasaresultoftheMexican-AmericanWarmigratestothenorthernUnitedStatesandmarriesanimmigrantschoolteacher.

D. AwealthyCalifornianawhosefatherhasbequeathedherallhispropertycontendswithavariciousrelativesforherinheritance.

E. ApoormarriedcoupleemigratefromFrenchCanadaandgraduallybecomewealthyasmerchantsinterritorialCalifornia.

91. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldprovidethemostsupportforCastañeda’sexplanationofthe“stereotypicalplot”mentionedinthelines18–19?

A. Non-HispanictradersfoundbusinessmoreprofitableinCaliforniawhileitwasaterritorythanwhenitbecameastate.

B. VeryfewmarriagesbetweenHispanicwomenandnon-Hispanicmeninnineteenth-centuryterritorialCaliforniahaveactuallybeendocumented.

C. RecordsfromthenineteenthcenturyindicatethatsomelargeandvaluablepropertieswereownedbyeliteCalifornianasintheirownright.

D. Unmarriednon-Hispanicwomeninthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStatesweresometimesabletocontrolpropertyintheirownright.

E. Mostofthepropertyinnineteenth-centuryterritorialCaliforniawascontrolledbyHispanicmen.

Thispassageisexcerptedfrommaterialpublishedin1997. Scientistshavebeenpuzzledbytheseemingdisparitybetweenmodelsofglobalwarmingbasedongreenhousegasemissionsandactualclimatologicaldata.Inshort,theworldisnotwarmingupasmuchas

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

thesemodelshavepredicted.Intheearly1990s,PatMichaelssoughttoexplainthisdisparity,suggestingthatsulfateemissionsinindustrialareashadacoolingeffect,thustemporarilyretardingglobalwarming.Michaelslatercametodoubtthisidea,however,pointingoutthatsincemostsulfateisemittedintheNorthernHemisphere,itscoolinginfluenceshouldbelargelylimitedtothathemisphere.Yet,since1987,warmingintheSouthernHemisphere,whichhadbeenrelativelyintense,hasvirtuallyceased,whilewarminginthenorthhasaccelerated.Thus,Michaelsnotonlydoubtedtheideaofsulfatecooling,butcametofeelthatglobalwarmingmodelsthemselvesmaybeflawed. BenSanterdisagrees.Santercontendsthat,ingeneral,globalwarmingoccursmoreslowlyinthesouthbecausethishemisphereisdominatedbyoceans,whichwarmmoreslowlythanthelandmassesthatdominatetheNorthernHemisphere.But,accordingtoSanter,thesituationremainscomplicatedbysulfatecooling,whichpeakedinthenorthinthemid-twentiethcentury.ItdrasticallyslowedwarmingintheNorthernHemisphere,andwarmingintheSouthernHemisphereracedahead.Since1987,Santerargues,thegreenhouseeffecthasreasserteditself,andthenorthhastakenthelead.Thus,SanterdisputesMichaels’sclaimthatmodelpredictionsandobserveddatadifferfundamentally.

Questions92–94refertothepassage.

92. Thepassagesuggeststhat,intheearly1990s,Michaelswouldhavebeenmostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedisparitymentionedinthelines3–4?

A. ThisdisparityisrelativelylessextremeintheNorthernHemispherebecauseofsulfatecooling.

B. Thisdisparityisonlyashort-termphenomenonbroughtaboutbysulfatecooling.

Line 

C. Thisdisparityismostsignificantinthosepartsoftheworlddominatedbyoceans.

D. Theextentofthisdisparityisbeingmaskedbythetemporaryeffectofsulfatecooling.

E. Thedisparityconfirmsthatcurrentmodelsofglobalwarmingarecorrect.

93. Accordingtothepassage,Santerassertswhichofthefollowingaboutglobalwarming?

A. ItwillbecomeamoreseriousproblemintheSouthernHemispherethanintheNorthernHemisphereinspiteofthecoolinginfluenceofoceansinthesouth.

B. Itisunlikelytobeaseriousprobleminthefuturebecauseofthepervasiveeffectofsulfatecooling.

C. ItwillproceedatthesamegeneralrateintheNorthernandSouthernHemispheresoncethetemporaryinfluenceofsulfatecoolingcomestoanend.

D. Untilthelate1980s,itwasmoderatedintheNorthernHemispherebytheeffectofsulfatecooling.

E. Largelybecauseofthecoolinginfluenceofoceans,ithashadnodiscernibleimpactontheSouthernHemisphere.

94. ThepassagesuggeststhatSanterandMichaelswouldbemostlikelytoDISAGREEoverwhichofthefollowingissues?

A. Whetherclimatologicaldatainvalidatesglobalwarmingmodels

B. WhetherwarmingintheNorthernHemispherehasintensifiedsince1987

C. Whetherdisparitiesbetweenglobalwarmingmodelsandclimatologicaldatacanbedetected

D. Whetherlandmasseswarmmorerapidlythanoceans

E. Whetheroceanshaveasignificanteffectonglobalclimatepatterns

Micro-wearpatternsfoundontheteethoflong-extinctspecimensoftheprimatespeciesaustralopithecinemayprovideevidenceabouttheir

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

diets.Forexample,onthebasisoftoothmicro-wearpatterns,WalkerdismissesJolly’shypothesisthataustralopithecinesatehardseeds.HealsodisputesSzalay’ssuggestionthattheheavyenamelofaustralopithecineteethisanadaptationtobonecrunching,sincebothseedcrackingandbonecrunchingproducedistinctivemicro-wearcharacteristicsonteeth.Hisconclusionthataustralopithecineswerefrugivores(fruiteaters)isbaseduponhisobservationthatthetoothmicro-wearcharacteristicsofeastAfricanaustralopithecinespecimensareindistinguishablefromthoseofchimpanzeesandorangutans,whicharecommonlyassumedtobefrugivorousprimates. However,researchonthedietsofcontemporaryprimatessuggeststhatmicro-wearstudiesmayhavelimitedutilityindeterminingthefoodsthatareactuallyeaten.Forexample,insecteating,whichcancausedistinctmicro-wearpatterns,wouldnotcausemuchtoothabrasioninmodernbaboons,whoeatonlysoft-bodiedinsectsratherthanhard-bodiedinsects.Inaddition,thedietsofcurrentomnivorousprimatesvaryconsiderablydependingontheenvironmentsthatdifferentgroupswithinaprimatespeciesinhabit;ifaustralopithecineswereomnivorestoo,wemightexpecttofindconsiderablepopulationvariationintheirtoothmicro-wearpatterns.Thus,Walker’sdescriptionofpossibleaustralopithecinedietsmayneedtobeexpandedtoincludeamuchmorediversediet.

Questions95–101refertothepassage.

95. Accordingtothepassage,WalkerandSzalaydisagreeonwhichofthefollowingpoints?

A. Thestructureandcompositionofaustralopithecineteeth

B. Thekindsofconclusionsthatcanbedrawnfromthemicro-wear

patternsonaustralopithecineteeth

C. Theideathatfruitwasapartoftheaustralopithecinediet

D. Theextenttowhichseedcrackingandbonecrunchingproducesimilarmicro-wearpatternsonteeth

E. Thefunctionoftheheavyenamelonaustralopithecineteeth

96. ThepassagesuggeststhatWalker’sresearchindicatedwhichofthefollowingaboutaustralopithecineteeth?

A. Theyhadmicro-wearcharacteristicsindicatingthatfruitconstitutedonlyasmallpartoftheirdiet.

B. Theylackedmicro-wearcharacteristicsassociatedwithseedeatingandbonecrunching.

C. Theyhadmicro-wearcharacteristicsthatdifferedincertainwaysfromthemicro-wearpatternsofchimpanzeesandorangutans.

D. Theyhadmicro-wearcharacteristicssuggestingthatthedietofaustralopithecinesvariedfromoneregiontoanother.

E. Theylackedthemicro-wearcharacteristicsdistinctiveofmodernfrugivores.

97. Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueofstudiesoftoothmicro-wearpatternsconductedonmodernbaboons?

A. Theywouldinaccuratelysuggestthatsomebaboonseatmoresoft-bodiedthanhard-bodiedinsects.

B. Theywouldsuggestthatinsectsconstitutethelargestpartofsomebaboons’diets.

C. Theywouldrevealthattherearenosignificantdifferencesintoothmicro-wearpatternsamongbaboonpopulations.

D. Theywouldinadequatelyreflecttheextenttowhichsomebaboonsconsumecertaintypesofinsects.

E. Theywouldindicatethatbaboonsincertainregionseatonlysoft-bodiedinsects,whereasbaboonsinotherregionseathard-bodiedinsects.

98. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthemicro-wearpatternsfoundontheteethofomnivorousprimates?

A. Thepatternsprovideinformationaboutwhatkindsoffoodsarenoteatenbytheparticularspeciesofprimate,butnotaboutthefoodsactuallyeaten.

B. Thepatternsofvariousprimatespecieslivinginthesameenvironmentresembleoneanother.

C. Thepatternsmaynotprovideinformationabouttheextenttowhichaparticularspecies’dietincludesseeds.

D. Thepatternsprovidemoreinformationabouttheseprimates’dietthandothetoothmicro-wearpatternsofprimateswhoarefrugivores.

E. Thepatternsmaydifferamonggroupswithinaspeciesdependingontheenvironmentwithinwhichaparticulargrouplives.

99. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatifstudiesoftoothmicro-wearpatternswereconductedonmodernbaboons,whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelybetrueoftheresultsobtained?

A. Therewouldbeenoughabrasiontoallowadeterminationofwhetherbaboonsarefrugivorousorinsectivorous.

B. Theresultswouldsuggestthatinsectsconstitutethelargestpartofthebaboons’diet.

C. Theresultswouldrevealthattherearenosignificantdifferencesintoothmicro-wearpatternsfromoneregionalbaboonpopulationtoanother.

D. Theresultswouldprovideanaccurateindicationoftheabsenceofsomekindsofinsectsfromthebaboons’diet.

E. Theresultswouldbeunlikelytoprovideanyindicationofwhatinferencesabouttheaustralopithecinedietcanorcannotbedrawnfrommicro-wearstudies.

100. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatWalker’sconclusionabouttheaustralopithecinedietwouldbecalledintoquestionunderwhichofthefollowingcircumstances?

A. Thetoothenamelofaustralopithecinesisfoundtobemuchheavierthanthatofmodernfrugivorousprimates.

B. Themicro-wearpatternsofaustralopithecineteethfromregionsotherthaneastAfricaareanalyzed.

Line 

(5) 

(10) 

(15) 

C. Orangutansarefoundtohaveamuchbroaderdietthaniscurrentlyrecognized.

D. TheenvironmentofeastAfricaatthetimeaustralopithecineslivedthereisfoundtohavebeenfarmorevariedthaniscurrentlythought.

E. Theareainwhichtheaustralopithecinespecimenswerefoundisdiscoveredtohavebeenveryrichinsoft-bodiedinsectsduringtheperiodwhenaustralopithecineslivedthere.

101. Theauthorofthepassagementionsthedietsofbaboonsandotherlivingprimatesmostlikelyinorderto

A. provideevidencethatrefutesWalker’sconclusionsaboutthefoodsmakingupthedietsofaustralopithecines

B. suggestthatstudiesoftoothmicro-wearpatternsareprimarilyusefulfordeterminingthedietsoflivingprimates

C. suggestthataustralopithecineswereprobablyomnivoresratherthanfrugivores

D. illustratesomeofthelimitationsofusingtoothmicro-wearpatternstodrawdefinitiveconclusionsaboutagroup’sdiet

E. suggestthattoothmicro-wearpatternsarecausedbypersistent,asopposedtooccasional,consumptionofparticularfoods

Incurrenthistoriography,thepictureofaconsistent,unequivocaldeclineinwomen’sstatuswiththeadventofcapitalismandindustrializationisgivingwaytoananalysisthatnotonlyemphasizesbothchange(whetherimprovementordecline)andcontinuitybutalsoaccountsforgeographicalandoccupationalvariation.Thehistoryofwomen’sworkinEnglishfarmhousecheesemakingbetween1800and1930isacaseinpoint.InherinfluentialWomenWorkersandtheIndustrialRevolution(1930),Pinchbeckarguedthattheagriculturalrevolutionoftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies,withitsattendantspecializationandenlargedscaleofoperation,curtailedwomen’sparticipationinthebusinessofcheeseproduction.Earlier,shemaintained,womenhadconcernedthemselveswithfeedingcows,rearingcalves,andevensellingthe

(20) 

(25) 

(30) 

(35) 

 

(40) 

(45) 

(50) 

cheeseinlocalmarketsandfairs.Pinchbeckthoughtthattheadventofspecializationmeantthatwomen’sworkincheesedairyingwasreducedsimplytoprocessingthemilk.“Dairymen”(anewsocialcategory)raisedandfedcowsandsoldthecheesethroughfactors,whowerealsomen.Withthisnarrowingofthescopeofwork,Pinchbeckbelieved,womenlostbusinessability,independence,andinitiative. ThoughPinchbeckportrayedprecapitalist,preindustrialconditionsassuperiortowhatfollowed,recentscholarshiphasseriouslyquestionedthenotionofagoldenageforwomeninprecapitalistsociety.Forexample,scholarsnotethatwomen’scontrolseldomextendedtothedisposaloftheproceedsoftheirwork.Inthecaseofcheese,theriseoffactorsmayhavecompromisedwomen’sabilitytomarketcheeseatfairs.Butmerelysellingthecheesedidnotnecessarilyimplyaccesstothemoney:DavidoffcitesthecaseofanEssexmanwhoappropriatedallbutafractionofthemoneyfromhiswife’scheesesales. Byfocusingonsomewhatperipheraloperations,moreover,Pinchbeckmissedasubstantialelementofcontinuityinwomen’sparticipation:throughouttheperiodwomendidthecentralworkofactuallymakingcheese.TheirpersistenceinEnglishcheesedairyingcontrastswithwomen’searlydisappearancefromarableagricultureinsoutheastEnglandandfromAmericancheesedairying.Comparingthesethreedivergentdevelopmentsyieldssomereasonsforthedifferencesamongthem.Englishcheese-makingwomenworkedinasettinginwhichculturalvalues,agriculturalconditions,andthenatureoftheirworkcombinedtosupporttheircontinuedparticipation.Intheothercases,oneormoreoftheseelementswaslacking.

Questions102–105refertothepassage.

102. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. presentrecentlydiscoveredevidencethatsupportsaconventionalinterpretationofahistoricalperiod

B. describehowreinterpretationsofavailableevidencehavereinvigoratedaonce-discreditedscholarlyposition

C. explainwhysomehistorianshavetendedtoemphasizechangeratherthancontinuityindiscussingaparticularperiod

D. explorehowchangesinaparticularoccupationservetocountertheprevailingviewofahistoricalperiod

E. examineaparticularareaofhistoricalresearchinordertoexemplifyageneralscholarlytrend

103. RegardingEnglishlocalmarketsandfairs,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A. Bothbeforeandaftertheagriculturalrevolution,thesellersofagriculturalproductsatthesevenuesweremen.

B. Knowingwhotheactivesellerswereatthesevenuesmaynotgiveareliableindicationofwhocontrolledtherevenuefromthesales.

C. TherewerenoparallelinstitutionsatwhichAmericancheesemakerscouldselltheirownproducts.

D. Priortotheagriculturalrevolution,thesellersofagriculturalproductsatthesevenuesweregenerallytheproducersthemselves.

E. Priortotheagriculturalrevolution,womensoldnotonlycheesebutalsoproductsofarableagricultureatthesevenues.

104. ThepassagedescribestheworkofPinchbeckprimarilyinorderto

A. demonstratethatsomeoftheconclusionsreachedbyrecenthistorianswereanticipatedinearlierscholarship

B. provideaninstanceoftheviewpointthat,accordingtothepassage’sauthor,isbeingsuperseded

C. illustratethewaysinwhichrecenthistorianshavebuiltontheworkoftheirpredecessors

D. provideapointofreferenceforsubsequentscholarshiponwomen’sworkduringtheagriculturalrevolution

E. showtheeffectthatthespecializationintroducedintheagricultural

andindustrialrevolutionshadonwomen’swork

105. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomendidworkin

A. Americancheesemakingatsomepointpriortoindustrialization

B. arableagricultureinnorthernEnglandbothbeforeandaftertheagriculturalrevolution

C. arableagricultureinsoutheastEnglandaftertheagriculturalrevolution,inthoselocalesinwhichculturalvaluessupportedtheirparticipation

D. thesaleofcheeseatlocalmarketsinEnglandevenaftertheagriculturalrevolution

E. someareasofAmericancheesedairyingafterindustrialization

3.5AnswerKey1. C

2. E

3. D

4. E

5. A

6. C

7. D

8. B

9. C

10. D

11. C

12. D

13. B

14. D

15. B

16. E

17. D

18. B

19. E

20. C

21. D

22. C

23. E

24. B

25. A

26. D

27. B

28. E

29. C

30. B

31. A

32. A

33. E

34. C

35. C

36. B

37. A

38. D

39. E

40. B

41. C

42. E

43. A

44. D

45. A

46. B

47. D

48. B

49. A

50. E

51. C

52. D

53. A

54. C

55. C

56. A

57. B

58. B

59. D

60. B

61. E

62. A

63. C

64. C

65. B

66. C

67. D

68. E

69. B

70. C

71. A

72. D

73. E

74. B

75. C

76. C

77. E

78. D

79. E

80. D

81. B

82. B

83. C

84. B

85. A

86. C

87. E

88. A

89. D

90. A

91. C

92. B

93. D

94. A

95. E

96. B

97. D

98. E

99. D

100. C

101. D

102. E

103. B

104. B

105. A

3.6AnswerExplanationsThefollowingdiscussionofreadingcomprehensionisintendedtofamiliarizeyouwiththemostefficientandeffectiveapproachestothekindsofproblemscommontoreadingcomprehension.TheparticularquestionsinthischapteraregenerallyrepresentativeofthekindsofreadingcomprehensionquestionsyouwillencounterontheGMAT.Rememberthatitistheproblemsolvingstrategythatisimportant,notthespecificdetailsofaparticularquestion.

Questions1–4refertothepassageonpage20.

1. Accordingtothepassage,traditionalcorporateleadersdifferfromleadersinlearningorganizationsinthattheformer

A. encourageemployeestoconcentrateondevelopingawiderangeofskills

B. enableemployeestorecognizeandconfrontdominantcorporatemodelsandtodevelopalternativemodels

C. makeimportantpolicydecisionsaloneandthenrequireemployeesinthecorporationtoabidebythosedecisions

D. instillconfidenceinemployeesbecauseoftheirwillingnesstomakeriskydecisionsandaccepttheirconsequences

E. areconcernedwithofferingemployeesfrequentadviceandcareerguidance

Supportingidea

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingofthecontrastthepassagedrawsbetweenleadersoftraditionalcorporationsandleadersoflearningorganizations.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,theformeraretraditionallycharismaticleaderswhosetpolicyandmakedecisions,whilethelatterfosterintegratedthinkingatalllevelsoftheorganization.

A. Accordingtothepassage,itisleadersinlearningorganizations,nottraditionalcorporateleaders,whoencouragethedevelopmentofawiderangeofskills.

B. Leadersinlearningorganizationsarethosewhowanttheiremployeestochallengedominantmodels.

C. Correct.Thesecondparagraphstatesthattraditionalcorporateleadersareindividualistic;theyalonesetthecorporation’sdirectionandmakekeydecisions.

D. Thepassagedoesnotaddressthequestionofwhethertraditionalcorporateleadersinstillconfidenceinemployees.Infact,thefirstparagraphsuggeststhattheymaynot;rather,theymightcomeacrossasobjectionablycontrolling.

E. Thepassagesuggeststhatadviceandguidancearemorelikelytobeofferedbyleadersoflearningorganizationsthanbyleadersoftraditionalcorporations.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

2. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesemployeebehaviorencouragedwithinlearningorganizations,assuchorganizationsaredescribedinthepassage?

A. Carefullydefiningone’sjobdescriptionandtakingcaretoavoiddeviationsfromit

B. Designingmentoringprogramsthattrainnewemployeestofollowproceduresthathavebeenusedformanyyears

C. Concentratingone’seffortsonmasteringoneaspectofacomplicatedtask

D. Studyinganorganizationalproblem,preparingareport,andsubmittingittoacorporateleaderforapproval

E. Analyzingaproblemrelatedtoproductivity,makingadecisionaboutasolution,andimplementingthatsolution

Application

Thesecondparagraphofthepassageindicatesthatemployeesoflearningorganizationsareencouragedtothinkandactforthemselves;theylearnnewskillsandexpandtheircapabilities.

A. Avoidingdeviationsfromone’scarefullydefinedjobdescriptionwouldmorelikelybeencouragedinatraditionalcorporation,asdescribedinthefirstparagraph,thaninalearningorganization.

B. Anyemployeetrainingthatinvolvesfollowinglong-standingprocedureswouldmorelikelybeencouragedinatraditionalcorporationthanalearningorganization.

C. Accordingtothepassage,masteringonlyoneaspectofatask,nomatterhowcomplicated,wouldbeinsufficientinalearningorganization,inwhichbroadpatternsofthinkingareencouraged.

D. Asdescribedinthepassage,theroleofcorporateleadersinlearningorganizationsisnot,characteristically,toapproveemployees’solutionstoproblems,butrathertoenableandempoweremployeestoimplementsolutionsontheirown.

E. Correct.Employeesinlearningorganizationsareexpectedtoactontheirowninitiative;thus,theywouldbeencouragedtoanalyzeandsolveproblemsontheirown,implementingwhateversolutionstheydevised.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

3. Accordingtotheauthorofthepassage,corporateleadersofthefutureshoulddowhichofthefollowing?

A. Theyshouldencourageemployeestoputlong-termgoalsaheadofshort-termprofits.

B. Theyshouldexercisemorecontroloveremployeesinordertoconstrainproductioncosts.

C. Theyshouldredefineincentivesforemployees’performanceimprovement.

D. Theyshouldprovideemployeeswithopportunitiestogainnewskills

andexpandtheircapabilities.

E. Theyshouldpromoteindividualmanagerswhoarecommittedtoestablishedcompanypolicies.

Supportingidea

Thisquestionfocusesonwhattheauthorrecommendsinthepassageforfuturecorporateleaders.Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorstatesthat,amongotherthings,corporateleadersneedtobeteacherstoprovidechallengestotheiremployeesandcreateanatmospherewhereemployeesarecontinuallylearningnewskillsandexpandingtheircapabilitiestoshapetheirfuture.

A. Thepassagedoesnotdirectlydiscusstheissueofcorporategoalsandprofitabilityinthelongorshortterm.

B. Thepassagedoesnotaddressthetopicofproductioncosts,anditsuggeststhatitsauthorwouldfavorreducing,ratherthanincreasing,corporateleaders’controloveremployees.Thefirstparagraphstatesthatleaderswhoattempttocontrolemployeesleadthoseemployeestoperforminmediocrefashion.

C. Thepassagedoesnotdiscussincentivizingemployees’performance;rather,employees’performancewillimprove,thepassagesuggests,underdifferentcorporateleadership.

D. Correct.Thefinalsentenceofthepassagestatesdirectlythatleadersmustbuildorganizationsinwhichemployeescanlearnnewskillsandexpandtheircapabilities.

E. Thefirstparagraphindicatesthatclingingtoestablishedcompanypoliciesisastrategyforthefuturethatislikelytobeunproductive.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

4. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. endorseatraditionalcorporatestructure

B. introduceanewapproachtocorporateleadershipandevaluatecriticismsofit

C. explaincompetingtheoriesaboutmanagementpracticesandreconcilethem

D. contrasttwotypicalcorporateorganizationalstructures

E. proposeanalternativetoacommoncorporateapproach

Mainidea

Thisquestiondependsonunderstandingthepassageasawhole.Thefirstparagraphexplainsthewayinwhichcorporationsfailtofacilitatehowhumanslearn.Thesecondparagraphsuggeststhatcorporationsshouldchangethewaytheyviewemployeesinordertopromotelearning,anditexplainsthepositiveoutcomesthatwouldresultfromthatshiftinthinking.

A. Thefirstparagraphexplainsthatthetraditionalcorporatestructureleadstomediocreperformance;itdoesnotendorsethatstructure.

B. Thesecondparagraphintroducestheconceptofalearningorganizationanditsattendantapproachtocorporateleadership.Ratherthanidentifyinganycriticismsofthatapproach,thepassageendorsesitwholeheartedly.

C. Thepassagediscussesthedifferencebetweentheideaofasinglecharismaticleaderandthatofasharedcorporateleadership,butitdoesnotattempttoreconcilethesetwoideas.

D. Thepassage’smainfocusisonadvocatingaparticularapproach,notonmerelycontrastingitwithanother.Furthermore,itportraysonlyoneoftheapproachesastypical.Itsuggeststhattheorganizationalstructurethatreliesonasinglecharismaticleaderistypicalbutthatanotherapproach,thatinwhichleadershipisshared,shouldinsteadbecometypical.

E. Correct.Thepassageidentifiesacommoncorporateapproach,onebasedoncontrollingemployees,andproposesthatcorporationsshouldinsteadbecomelearningorganizations.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

Questions5–10refertothepassageonpage22.

5. AllofthefollowingarementionedaswaysofcontrollingthemagnitudeofstructuralunemploymentEXCEPT

A. usingpublicfundstocreatejobs

B. teachingnewskillstodisplacedworkers

C. allowingdisplacedworkerstoretire

D. controllingthemovementofcapital

E. encouragingworkerstomovetowherejobsareavailable

Supportingidea

Thisquestionaddresseswhatthepassagestatesdirectlyabouthowthemagnitudeofstructuralunemploymentcanbecontrolled.Thelastfewsentencesofthesecondparagraphstateseveralwaysinwhichthiscontrolmaybeexerted.

A. Correct.Thepassagementionsusingpublicsectorresources,butitdoesnotsaythatthoseresourcescouldbeusedtocreatejobs.

B. Thepassagestatesthatworkerscanbereeducatedorretrainedasawayofaddressingstructuralunemployment.

C. Encouragingworkerstoretireisoneoftheoptionsmentionedinthepassageforcontrollingstructuralunemployment.

D. Capitalmovementisoneofthefactorsaffectingstructuralunemployment,andthepassagestatesthatcontrollingthismovementcanbeusedasawayofcontrollingstructuralunemployment.

E. Thepassageindicatesthatencouragingdisplacedworkerstomovewheretherearejobsisawaytohelpcontrolstructuralunemployment.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

6. Thepassagesuggeststhatapotentialoutcomeofhigherstructuralunemploymentis

A. increasedpublicspendingforsocialservices

B. placementofworkersinjobsforwhichtheyarenotqualified

C. higherwagesforthoseworkerswhohaveskillsthatareindemand

D. anincreaseinthelengthoftimejobsremainunfilled

E. ashiftinthegovernment’seconomicpolicypriorities

Supportingidea

Thethirdparagraphdiscussesapotentialresultofhigherstructuralunemployment:ifmoreworkerslackskillsthatareindemand,therewillbeshortagesofqualifiedworkers.Thewagesofworkerswhodohavethedesiredskillswillthusrise.

A. Whilehigherstructuralunemploymentmightresultinanincreaseddemandforsocialservices,suchasjobtrainingandthelike,thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatthegovernmentwouldinfactrespondbyspendingmoreonsuchservices.

B. Nothinginthepassageindicatesthatemployerswouldhireworkerswholacknecessaryskills—indeed,thelackofqualifiedworkersisitselfacauseofincreasedstructuralunemployment.

C. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatwhengrowthindemandforworkerswithcertainskillsoutpacesthegrowthinthenumberofworkerswhopossessthoseskills,thewagesofthoseworkersarebidup,resultinginincreasedpayfortheskilledworkers.

D. Thepassagedoesnotdiscussthelengthoftimethatjobsarelikelytoremainunfilledasstructuralunemploymentincreases.Theamountoftimejobsremainunfilledcouldremainthesame,butthenumberortypeofjobsthatgounfilledmaychange.

E. Thepassagesuggeststhatcertaintypesofpublicsectorspending(presumablyspendingasaresultofgovernmentpolicy)canhelpcontrolthemagnitudeofstructuralunemployment,butthepassagedoesnotindicatewhetherthegovernmentisinfactlikelytochangepolicysoastotrytocontrolthismagnitude.Furthermore,thepassagestatesthatgovernmentpolicyhasplacedapriorityonreducinginflation.Yetthereisnosuggestionthatthegovernmentislikelytoshiftawayfromthispriorityinthefaceofhigherstructuralunemployment.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

7. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatevenwhenthereareunemployedworkers,laborshortagesarestilllikelytooccurif

A. theinflationrateisunusuallyhigh

B. thereisinsufficienttechnologicalinnovation

C. thelevelofstructuralunemploymentisexceptionallylow

D. thejobsavailableincertainplacesrequireskillsthatthelaborforceinthoseareaslacks

E. theworkersinsomeindustriesaredissatisfiedwiththepayofferedinthoseindustries

Inference

Thisquestionreliesonthepassage’scharacterizationofstructuralunemployment—thatthereisamismatchbetweenthenumberofjobsavailableinacertainlocationandthenumberofworkersinthatlocationwhopossesstheskillsrequiredforthosejobs.Evenifthereisasufficientnumberofworkersintheareatofillthepositions,ifthoseworkershadtherequisiteskills,laborshortageswilloccurifaninsufficientnumberofthoseworkerslacktherequiredskills.

A. Thepassageinthethirdparagraphexplainsthatstructuralunemploymentandinflationcancoexist,butitdoesnotsuggestthatahighrateofinflationwillmakelaborshortageslikely;rather,thepassageindicatesthatstructuralunemploymentmayleadtoinflationbypushingwages,andthusprices,higher.

B. Thepassageindicatesthatgreatertechnologicalinnovationcanproducestructuralunemployment,notthatinsufficienttechnologicalinnovationcan.

C. Whenthereareunemployedworkers,laborshortageswouldbeunlikelytooccurifthelevelofstructuralunemploymentislow,becauselowstructuralunemploymentwouldmeanthatnoimbalanceexistsbetweenavailableemploymentandworkerswithrequisiteskills.Thus,unemployedworkerswouldlikelybeabletofindjobs.

D. Correct.Thelaborshortagesassociatedwithstructuralunemploymentcan,accordingtothepassage,becausedbyamismatchinacertainlocationbetweenavailablejobsrequiringparticularskillsandthenumberofworkerspossessingthoseskills.

E. Thepassagedoesnotdiscusswhatwouldhappenifsomeindustries’workersaredissatisfiedwiththeirpay.Presumably,though,evenifthoseworkersweretoquittheirjobsduetothatdissatisfaction,unemployedworkersmayverywellbehappytotakethosejobs(assumingtheyarenotlackingtherequisiteskills).Sothepassagegivesusnoreasontothinkthatlaborshortageswouldbelikelytooccur—atleastwithoutasituationlikethatdescribedinanswerchoiceD.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

8. Thepassagesuggeststhatthephenomenonofcombinedunemployment

andinflationis

A. asocioeconomicproblemthatcanonlybeaddressedbygovernmentintervention

B. asocioeconomicproblemthatcanbecharacteristicofperiodsofstructuralunemployment

C. aneconomicproblemthatresultsfromgovernmentinterventioninmanagement-laborrelations

D. aneconomicproblemthatresultsfromimperfectapplicationsoftechnology

E. aneconomicproblemthatcanbeeliminatedbyrelativelysmallchangesinthelaborforce

Supportingidea

Thisquestiondependsonunderstandingthephenomenonofcombinedunemploymentandinflation,whichisaddressedinthethirdparagraph.Thatparagraphstatesthatatrendassociatedwithstructuralunemployment—thatofrisinglaborcostsandprices—isresponsibleforthephenomenon.

A. Thethirdparagraphindicatesthatgovernmentpolicyhasbeenunable,thusfar,toremedytheproblemofcombinedunemploymentandinflation,anditgivesnoindicationwhetheranongovernmentalsolutionisavailable.

B. Correct.Periodsofstructuralunemploymenthave,accordingtothepassage,featuredbothinflationandunemployment.

C. Thepassagedoesnotdiscussgovernmentinterventionintomanagement-laborrelations.

D. Certainapplicationsoftechnologymayberesponsibleforincreasingstructuralunemployment,butthepassageprovidesnowaytodistinguishbetweenimperfectandothersuchapplications.

E. Thepassagediscussesthephenomenonofcombinedunemploymentandinflationonlyinrelationtostructuralunemployment,whichthepassagesuggestsislikelytoariseonlyinrelationtolargeorrapidchangesindemandforlabor.Therefore,itseemsunlikelythatrelativelysmallchangesinthelaborforcecaneliminatethe

phenomenonofcombinedunemploymentandinflation.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

9. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. clarifyingthedefinitionofaconcept

B. proposingawaytoeliminateanundesirablecondition

C. discussingthesourcesandconsequencesofaproblem

D. suggestingwaystoalleviatetheeffectsofaparticularsocialpolicy

E. evaluatingthestepsthathavebeentakentocorrectanimbalance

Mainidea

Thisquestiondependsonunderstandingthepassageasawholeinordertoidentifyitsprimaryconcern.Thefirstparagraphdefinesstructuralunemployment(whichthepassage,initssecondparagraph,indicatesisaseriousproblem).Thesecondparagraphdescribesamajorfactorthatcancausestructuralunemployment,aswellassomestepsthatmightbetakentoalleviateit.Finally,thethirdparagraphidentifiespossibleeffectsofstructuralunemployment,includingwageandpriceinflation.

A. Thefirstparagraphclarifiesthedefinitionofstructuralunemployment,butthisdefinitionisnotthepassage’sprimaryconcern.

B. Thepassage’ssecondparagraphindicatessomewaysthatanincreaseinstructuralunemploymentcanbemitigated,butnowheredoesthepassagesuggestthattheconditioncanbeeliminatedentirely.

C. Correct.Thepassagediscussestheproblemofstructuralunemployment,explaininghowitcanariseandwhatsomeofitsconsequencesmaybe.

D. Thepassagedoessuggestsomewaysinwhichstructuralunemploymentmightbealleviated,butthiskindofunemploymentisnotcharacterizedasaneffectofasocialpolicy.Rather,itisastateofeconomicaffairs.

E. Thesecondparagraphidentifiessomestepsthatcouldbetakentocorrectaparticularsituationofworkerdisplacement.Itdoesnot,however,evaluatethosesteps.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

10. Accordingtothepassage,smalldownwardshiftsinthedemandforlaborwillnotusuallycauseunemploymentbecause

A. suchshiftsarefrequentlyaccompaniedbyupswingsintheeconomy

B. suchshiftsusuallyoccurslowly

C. workerscanbeencouragedtomovetowheretherearejobs

D. normalattritionisoftensufficienttoreducethesizeoftheworkforce

E. workersareusuallyflexibleenoughtolearnnewskillsandswitchtonewjobs

Supportingidea

Thisquestionrequiresnotingthatthesecondparagraphofthepassagediscussessmallchangesindemandforlabor:theireffectonunemploymentislikelytobesmallbecausenormalattritioncanreducethesizeoftheworkforceaccordingly.

A. Thepassagedoesnotmentionupswingsintheeconomyinrelationtosmallshiftsindemandforlabor.Furthermore,thepassageindicatesthatstructuralunemploymentcanoccurevenatpeaksofeconomicupswings,sopresumablyevenifsmalldownwardshiftsinthedemandforlaborarefrequentlyaccompaniedbyeconomicupswings,structuralunemploymentcouldstillresult.

B. Thepassagesuggeststhatshiftsindemandforworkersthatdonotresultinunemploymentmaybesmallorgradual.Nothingindicatesthatsmallchangesarealsonecessarilygradual.

C. Thesecondparagraphindicatesthatworkersbeingencouragedtomovetowheretherearejobswouldbeareasonableresponsetolargeorrapidchangesindemandforworkers;itdoesnotdiscusssuchencouragementinrelationtosmallshiftsindemand.

D. Correct.Thepassageidentifiesnormalattritionasafactorthatcanreducetheworkforcesufficientlytoaccommodatesmallreductionsinthedemandforlaborinparticularoccupations.

E. Workers’abilitytolearnnewskillsisidentifiedinthepassageasafactoraffectingwhetherstructuralunemploymentwillgrowinresponsetolargeorrapidchanges,notsmallchanges,inthedemandforworkersinparticularoccupations.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

Questions11–16refertothepassageonpage24.

11. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. identifywaysinwhichtheGDPcouldbemodifiedsothatitwouldserveasamoreaccurateindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

B. suggestthattheGDP,inspiteofcertainshortcomings,isstillthemostreliableindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

C. examinecrucialshortcomingsoftheGDPasanindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

D. arguethatthegrowthoftheUnitedStateseconomyinrecentdecadeshasdiminishedtheeffectivenessoftheGDPasanindicatorofthenation’seconomicwell-being

E. discusshowtheGDPcametobeusedastheprimaryindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates

Mainidea

Thisquestionrequiresdeterminingthemainpurposeofthepassageasawhole.ThepassagebeginsbybroadlydefiningGDPanddescribinghowitisusedasanindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates.ThepassagethendescribesinmoredetailwhatisandisnottakenintoaccountbytheGDPandthendrawsacausalconnectionbetweenthelimitationsofwhattheGDPmeasuresanddisturbingtrendswithintheU.S.inrecentdecades.

A. ThereisnodiscussioninthepassageaboutmodifyinghowtheGDPiscalculated.

B. ThepassagemakesnojudgmentaboutthemeritsofusingtheGDPinrelationtoothereconomicindicators.

C. Correct.ThepassageportraystheGDPashavinglimitationsthatmakeitaproblematicindicatorofrealeconomicwell-being.

D. ThepassagedoesnotportraytheGDPasbeinganylessusefulasaneconomicindicatorthaniteverwas.

E. ThereisnodiscussioninthepassageofthehistoryofhowtheGDPcametobeusedasaneconomicindicator.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

12. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesecondsentenceofthepassageinthecontextofthepassageasawhole?

A. ItdescribesanassumptionabouttheGDPthatisdefendedinthecourseofthepassage.

B. ItcontributestoadiscussionoftheoriginsoftheGDP.

C. ItclarifiesacommonmisconceptionabouttheuseoftheGDP.

D. ItidentifiesamajorflawintheGDP.

E. ItsuggestsarevisiontothemethodofcalculatingtheGDP.

Evaluation

Answeringthisquestionrequiresunderstandinghowaparticularpartofthepassagefunctionsinthepassageasawhole.ThesecondsentencedescribestheGDPasbeingsolelyconcernedwiththepricesofgoodsandservicesproducedintheUnitedStates,asidefromanyotherkindofvalue.Thepassagethengoesontoimplythatbyignoringvalueotherthanprice,theGDPmayactuallymaskproblemspresentinthenation’soveralleconomy.

A. ThepassageisconcernedwithcallingintoquestiontheuseoftheGDP,notdefendingit.

B. ThepassagedoesnotmentionhowtheGDPcametobeusedasaprimaryeconomicindicator.

C. ThepassagedoesnotdescribethefunctionoftheGDPasbeingcommonlymisunderstood.

D. Correct.ThelimitationsoftheGDPasdescribedinthesecondsentencearethen,intherestofthepassage,tiedtoproblemsintheUnitedStates.

E. ThepassagemakesnoexplicitrecommendationsaboutrevisinghowtheGDPismeasured.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

13. Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingaboutthe“economicsignificance”ofthosegoodsandservicesthatareincludedintheGDP?

A. Itisacomprehensiveindicatorofanation’seconomicwell-being.

B. Itisnotaccuratelycapturedbythepriceofthosegoodsandservices.

C. Itisusuallylessthantheintrinsicvalueofthosegoodsandservices.

D. ItismoredifficulttocalculatethantheeconomicsignificanceofthosegoodsandservicesthatarenotincludedintheGDP.

E. Itiscalculateddifferentlyincapitalistcountriesthaninnoncapitalistcountries.

Inference

Thisquestionaskswhattheauthorimpliesaboutapieceofinformationgiveninthepassage.ThepassagestatesthattheGDPassumesthattheeconomicsignificanceofgoodsandservicesliessolelyintheirprice(lines5–7)andthattheGDPignorestheeconomicutility(lines13–14)ofthingssuchasahealthyenvironmentandacohesivesocialstructure.ThepassagethenimpliesthattheworseningproblemswiththeenvironmentandsocialstructureinrecentdecadesareduetothewaytheGDPiscalculated.

A. IndescribingtheGDPaslimitedinwhatitmeasures,theauthorwouldnotagreethattheGDPisacomprehensiveindicator.

B. Correct.TheauthorimpliesthatbecausetheGDPignorestheeconomicutilityofcertainthings,itisaninaccurateindicatorofeconomicwell-being.

C. Theauthormakesnocomparisonbetweentheeconomicvalueandtheintrinsicvalueofgoodsandservices.

D. TheauthormakesnojudgmentaboutthedifficultyofmeasuringthevalueofgoodsandservicesnotmeasuredbytheGDP.

E. TheauthordoesnotindicatehownoncapitalistcountriescalculateGDP.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

14. ThecomparisonoftheGDPtoacalculatingmachineservestodowhichofthefollowing?

A. RefuteanassertionthatthecalculationsinvolvedintheGDParerelativelycomplexinnature

B. IndicatethattheGDPisbettersuitedtorecordcertaintypesof

monetarytransactionsthanothers

C. SuggestthatitislikelythattheGDPwillbesupplantedbyother,moresophisticatedeconomicindicators

D. IllustratethepointthattheGDPhasnowayofmeasuringthedestructiveimpactofsuchthingsasoilspillsonthenation’seconomicwell-being

E. ExemplifyanassertionthattheGDPtendstoexaggeratetheamountofcommercialactivitygeneratedbysuchthingsasoilspills

Evaluation

Thisquestionaskshowacertainstatementinthepassagefunctionsinthepassageasawhole.Inlines13–16and20–24,respectively,thepassageindicatesthattheGDPnotonlyignoresproblemsaffectinganation’seconomybutthatitactuallycanportraytheseproblemsaseconomicgains,anditsubsequentlyusestheexampleofanoilspilladdingtotheGDPtoillustratethis.ThepassagethenclosesbydescribingtheGDPasacalculatingmachinethatcanaddbutnotsubtract.

A. ThepassagedoesnotdiscussthecomplexitiesofcalculatingtheGDP.

B. ThepassagemakesnojudgmentabouttherelativesuccessesoftheGDPinrecordingdifferenttypesofmonetarytransactions.

C. ThepassagemakesnomentionofothereconomicindicatorsasidefromtheGDP.

D. Correct.BycharacterizingtheGDPasacalculatingmachinethatcannotsubtract,thepassagehelpsillustratewhysomethinglikeanoilspillismisrepresentedbytheGDP.

E. WhilethepassagedoesmentionthattheGDPmeasurescommercialactivitygeneratedbyanoilspill,itdoesnotsuggestthattheGDPexaggeratestheamountofthatactivity.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

15. ThepassageimpliesthatnationalpoliciesthatrelyheavilyoneconomicindicatorssuchastheGDPtendto

A. becomeincreasinglycapitalisticinnature

B. disregardtheeconomicimportanceofenvironmentalandsocialfactorsthatdonotinvolvemonetarytransactions

C. overestimatetheamountofcommercialactivitygeneratedbyenvironmentaldisasters

D. overestimatetheeconomicsignificanceofcohesivefamiliesandcommunities

E. assumethattheeconomicsignificanceofgoodsandservicesdoesnotliesolelyinthepriceofthosegoodsandservices

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingwhatthepassageimpliesaboutthemainissueitdiscusses.Inlines13–14,thepassagestatesthattheGDPignorestheeconomicutilityofthingssuchasacleanenvironmentandsocialcohesiveness.ItthenindicatesthatincountriesthataredependentoneconomicindicatorssuchastheGDP,theenvironmentandthesocialstructurehavebeenerodedinrecentdecades(lines19–20).

A. ThepassagedoesnotmentionhoworiftheGDPaffectsthecapitalistnatureofnationalpolicies.

B. Correct.InindicatingthattheGDPignoresenvironmentalandsocialfactors,thepassageimpliesthatpoliciesdependentontheGDPwillalsoignoretheseissues.

C. ThepassageindicatesthattheGDPtakesintoaccountthecommercialactivitygeneratedbyenvironmentaldisastersbutdoesnotsuggestthattheamountofthatactivityisoverestimated.

D. ThepassageindicatesthattheGDPignoresthevalueofsocialcohesion.

E. ThepassageindicatesthattheGDPassumesthattheeconomicsignificanceofgoodsandservicesliessolelyintheirprice(lines5–7).

ThecorrectanswerisB.

16. ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingassessmentsoftheGDPasanindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates?

A. Itmaskssocialandenvironmentalerosionmorefullythanthechiefeconomicindicatorsofothernations.

B. Itisbasedoninaccurateestimationsofthepricesofmanygoodsandservices.

C. ItoverestimatestheamountofcommercialactivitythatisgeneratedintheUnitedStates.

D. Itisconducivetoerrorbecauseitconflatesdistincttypesofeconomicactivity.

E. Itdoesnottakeintoaccounttheeconomicutilityofcertainenvironmentalandsocialconditions.

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingwhattheauthorimpliesaboutinformationinthepassage.ThepassagestatesthattheGDPisthechiefindicatoroftheeconomicwell-beingoftheUnitedStates(lines4–5).ItalsostatesthattheGDPignorestheeconomicutility(lines13–16)ofthingssuchasacleanenvironmentandsocialcohesiveness.Therefore,theGDPdoesnottakeintoaccounttheeconomicutilityofcertainenvironmentalandsocialconditions.

A. Thepassagemakesnocomparisonsamongdifferentnations’economicindicators.

B. ThepassagedoesnotdescribetheGDPasbeinginaccurateinitsestimatesofthepricesofgoodsandservices.

C. ThepassagedoesnotdescribetheGDPasoverestimatingamountsofcommercialactivity.

D. ThepassagedoesnotdescribetheGDPasconfusingdifferenttypesofeconomicactivity.

E. Correct.ThepassagestatesthattheGDPignorestheeconomicutilityofacleanenvironmentandsocialcohesiveness.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

Questions17–22refertothepassageonpage26.

17. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. explainingwhyonemethodofearthquakepredictionhasprovenmorepracticablethananalternativemethod

B. suggestingthataccurateearthquakeforecastingmustcombineelementsoflong-termandshort-termprediction

C. challengingtheusefulnessofdilatancytheoryforexplainingthe

occurrenceofprecursoryphenomena

D. discussingthedeficiencyoftwomethodsbywhichresearchershaveattemptedtopredicttheoccurrenceofearthquakes

E. describingthedevelopmentofmethodsforestablishingpatternsintheoccurrenceofpastearthquakes

Mainidea

Toanswerthisquestion,focusonwhatthepassageasawholeistryingtodo.Thefirstparagraphdescribesamethodforpredictingtheoccurrenceofearthquakes,andthesecondparagraphexplainsproblemswiththatmethod.Thethirdparagraphdescribesasecondmethodforpredictingtheoccurrenceofearthquakes,andthefourthparagraphexplainsproblemswiththatmethod.Thus,thepassageasawholeisprimarilyconcernedwithexplainingthedeficienciesoftwomethodsforpredictingtheoccurrenceofearthquakes.

A. Thepassagedoesnotcomparethepracticabilityofthetwomethods.

B. Thepassagedoesnotdiscusscombininglong-termandshort-termmethods.

C. Onlythefirsthalfofthepassagediscussesdilatancytheory;thesecondhalfdiscussesadifferentmethodforpredictingtheoccurrenceofearthquakes.

D. Correct.Thepassagedescribestwomethodsforpredictingtheoccurrenceofearthquakesandexplainstheshortcomingsofeachmethod.

E. Onlythesecondhalfofthepassagediscussespatternsintheoccurrenceofpastearthquakes;thefirsthalfdiscussesadifferentmethodforpredictingtheoccurrenceofearthquakes.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

18. Accordingtothepassage,laboratoryevidenceconcerningtheeffectsofstressonrocksmighthelpaccountfor

A. differencesinmagnitudeamongearthquakes

B. certainphenomenathatoccurpriortoearthquakes

C. variationsintheintervalsbetweenearthquakesinaparticulararea

D. differencesinthefrequencywithwhichearthquakesoccurinvariousareas

E. theunreliabilityofshort-termearthquakepredictions

Supportingideas

Thisquestionasksforinformationexplicitlystatedinthepassage.Thefirstparagraphexplainsthatrockssubjectedtostressinthelaboratoryundergomultiplechanges.Accordingtodilatancytheory,suchchangeshappeningtorocksinthefieldcouldleadtoearthquakeprecursors—phenomenathatoccurbeforelargeearthquakes.

A. Thepassageexplainshowlaboratoryevidencemightbeusedtopredicttheoccurrenceoflargeearthquakes,nottodifferentiatebetweenearthquakes’magnitudes.

B. Correct.Accordingtodilatancytheory,thesortofchangesthathavebeenobservedinlaboratoriestooccurinrocksmightleadtoearthquakeprecursorsinthefield.

C. Althoughthepassagediscussesvariationinearthquakeintervals,thatevidenceisbasedonhistoricalrecords,notlaboratoryevidence.

D. Thepassagedoesnotreferinanywaytodifferencesinthefrequencyofearthquakesinvariousregions.

E. Theunreliabilityofonemethodformakingshort-termearthquakepredictionsisimpliedbyinformationgatheredinthefield,notbylaboratoryevidence.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

19. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatoneproblemwithusingprecursoryphenomenatopredictearthquakesisthatminortremors

A. typicallyoccursomedistancefromthesitesofthelargeearthquakesthatfollowthem

B. aredirectlylinkedtothemechanismsthatcauseearthquakes

C. aredifficulttodistinguishfrommajortremors

D. haveprovendifficulttomeasureaccurately

E. arenotalwaysfollowedbylargeearthquakes

Inference

Thisquestionaskswhatcanbeinferredfromcertaininformationinthepassage.Thesecondparagraphexplainstwoproblemswithusingminortremorstopredictearthquakes.First,minortremorsprovidenoinformationabouthowlargeanimpendingearthquakewillbe.Second,theminortremorsthatoccurpriortoalargeearthquakeareindistinguishablefromotherminortremors.Thus,itcanbeinferredthatminortremorssometimesoccurwhennolargeearthquakefollows.

A. Thepassagedoesnotmentionthedistancebetweenminortremorsandensuingearthquakes.

B. Thepassageimpliesthatminortremorssometimesoccurwithoutanensuingearthquake,sothephenomenaaremostlikelynotdirectlylinked.

C. Thepassagesuggestsnodifficultyindistinguishingbetweenminortremorsandmajortremors.

D. Thepassagedoesnotmentionanydifficultiesinthemeasurementofminortremors.

E. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatminortremorsoccurringpriortoalargeearthquakeareindistinguishablefromminortremorsthatarenotfollowedbylargeearthquakes.Sothefactthatminortremorsarenotalwaysfollowedbylargeearthquakes,togetherwiththeinabilitytodistinguishbetweenthosethatareandthosethatarenot,posesaproblemforanyattempttopredictlargeearthquakesonthebasisofthistypeofprecursoryphenomena.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

20. Accordingtothepassage,someresearchersbasedtheirresearchaboutlong-termearthquakepredictiononwhichofthefollowingfacts?

A. Thehistoricalrecordconfirmsthatmostearthquakeshavebeenprecededbyminortremors.

B. TheaverageintervalbetweenearthquakesinoneregionoftheSanAndreasFaultis132years.

C. Someregionstendtobethesiteofnumerousearthquakesoverthecourseofmanyyears.

D. Changesinthevolumeofrockcanoccurasaresultofbuildingstressandcanleadtotheweakeningofrock.

E. Paleoseismologistshavebeenabletounearthanddategeologicalfeaturescausedbypastearthquakes.

Supportingidea

Thisquestionasksforinformationexplicitlyprovidedinthepassage.Thequestionaskswhatthebasisisfortheresearchintolong-termearthquakepredictiondescribedinthethirdparagraph.Basedonthefactthatnumerousearthquakesoccurinsomeregionsoverthecourseofmanyyears,theresearcherstriedtoidentifyregularearthquakeintervalsthatwouldassistinmakinglong-termpredictions.Thus,thebasisoftheirresearchistheoccurrenceofnumerousearthquakesatparticularsites.

A. Thepassageindicatesthatminortremorsareusedbysomescientiststomakeshort-termearthquakepredictions,notthattheywerethebasisforresearchaboutlong-termpredictions.

B. ThisfactabouttheSanAndreasFaultwasusedbypaleoseismologiststoshowtheinadequacyofthelong-termpredictionresearch,sinceactualearthquakeintervalsvariedgreatlyfromtheaverage.

C. Correct.Sinceearthquakesoccurrepeatedlyincertainregions,researcherstriedtoidentifyregularcyclesinearthquakeintervals.

D. Thepassageindicatesthatchangesinrockvolumehavebeenusedbysomescientiststomakeshort-termearthquakepredictions,notthattheywerethebasisforresearchaboutlong-termpredictions.

E. Paleoseismologists’researchprovidedevidenceagainsttheexistenceofregularearthquakecyclesusedinmakinglong-termpredictions.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

21. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthepaleoseismologists’findingsdescribedinlines42–50?

A. Theysuggestthatthefrequencywithwhichearthquakesoccurredataparticularsitedecreasedsignificantlyoverthepasttwomillennia.

B. Theysuggestthatpaleoseismologistsmaysomedaybeabletomakereasonablyaccuratelong-termearthquakepredictions.

C. Theysuggestthatresearchersmaysomedaybeabletodeterminewhichpastoccurrencesofminortremorswereactuallyfollowedbylargeearthquakes.

D. Theysuggestthattherecurrenceofearthquakesinearthquake-pronesitesistooirregulartoserveasabasisforearthquakeprediction.

E. Theyindicatethatresearchersattemptingtodeveloplong-termmethodsofearthquakepredictionhaveoverlookedimportantevidenceconcerningthecausesofearthquakes.

Inference

Thisquestionasksaboutwhatcanbeinferredfromaparticularportionofthepassage(lines42–50).Thethirdparagraphdescribesresearchthatattemptedtoidentifyregularpatternsofrecurrenceinearthquake-proneregions,toaidinlong-termearthquakeprediction.Thefourthparagraphdescribesevidencediscoveredbypaleoseismologiststhatunderminesthisideathatregularearthquakecyclesexist.TheparagraphindicatesthatinoneregionalongtheSanAndreasFault,theaverageintervalbetweenearthquakeswas132years,butindividualintervalsvariedwidely—from44to332years.Thisinformationimpliesthatearthquakeintervalsaretooirregulartobeusedforaccuratelong-termearthquakeprediction.

A. Theevidencesuggeststhattheearthquakeintervalsareirregular,notthattheyhavebecomeshorterovertime.

B. Thefindingsprovideevidenceagainsttheuseofregularearthquakecyclesinlong-termearthquakeprediction.

C. Thefindingsdonotclearlypertaintominortremors.

D. Correct.Thegreatvariationinintervalsbetweenearthquakessuggeststhatrecurrenceistooirregulartoserveasthebasisforlong-termearthquakeprediction.

E. Thepaleoseismologistsstudiedevidenceshowingwhenearthquakesoccurred.Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthattheevidencehasanyimplicationsregardingthecausesofearthquakes.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

22. Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttheabilityoftheresearchersmentionedinline18topredictearthquakes?

A. Theycanidentifywhenanearthquakeislikelytooccurbutnothowlargeitwillbe.

B. Theycanidentifytheregionswhereearthquakesarelikelytooccurbut

notwhentheywilloccur.

C. Theyareunabletodetermineeitherthetimeortheplacethatearthquakesarelikelytooccur.

A. Theyarelikelytobemoreaccurateatshort-termearthquakepredictionthanatlong-termearthquakeprediction.

B. Theycandeterminetheregionswhereearthquakeshaveoccurredinthepastbutnottheregionswheretheyarelikelytooccurinthefuture.

Supportingidea

Thequestionasksforinformationexplicitlyprovidedinthepassage.Thesecondparagraphindicatesthatresearchersatfirstreportedsuccessinidentifyingearthquakeprecursors,butfurtheranalysisofthedataunderminedtheirtheory.Thepassagethenexplainsthatatypicalseismicwaveswererecordedbeforesomeearthquakes;thisevidenceatfirstseemedtosupporttheresearchers’theory,beforefurtheranalysisprovedtheevidenceinadequate.

A. Althoughearthquakesarecausedbystressonrock,thepassagedoesnotindicatethatthisfactencouragedresearcherstobelievethatprecursorscouldbeusedtopredictearthquakes.

B. Thisfactwouldunderminethetheorythatchangesinseismicwavesareprecursoryphenomenathatcanbeusedtopredictearthquakes.

C. Correct.Seismicwaveswithunusualvelocitiesoccurringbeforeearthquakesatfirstseemedtoprovidesupportforresearchers’theorythatearthquakescouldbepredictedbyprecursoryphenomena.

D. Thoughearthquakes’recurrenceincertainregionsismentionedasbeingimportanttoresearchersseekingtomakelong-termearthquakepredictions,itisnotmentionedasbeingrelevanttoresearchers’theorythatearthquakescanbepredictedbyprecursoryphenomena.

E. Thisisnotmentionedasbeingrelevanttoscientists’beliefthatearthquakescouldbepredictedonthebasisofprecursoryphenomena.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

Questions23–29refertothepassageonpage28.

23. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonereasonanadvertisermightpreferahard-sellapproachtoasoft-sellapproachisthat

A. therisksofboomerangeffectsareminimizedwhentheconclusionsanadvertiserwantstheconsumertodrawarethemselvesleftunstated

B. counterargumentationislikelyfromconsumerswhofailtodrawtheirownconclusionsregardinganadvertisingclaim

C. inferentialactivityislikelytooccurevenifconsumersperceivethemselvestobemoreknowledgeablethantheindividualspresentingproductclaims

D. researchonconsumermemorysuggeststhattheexplicitconclusionsprovidedbyanadvertiserusingthehard-sellapproachhaveasignificantimpactondecisionmaking

E. theinformationpresentedbyanadvertiserusingthesoft-sellapproachmayimplydifferentconclusionstodifferentconsumers

Inference

Thisquestionreliesonwhatthepassagesuggestsaboutthedifferencebetweenthehard-sellandsoft-sellapproaches—andwhythehard-sellapproachmightbepreferred.Thehard-sellapproach,accordingtothesecondparagraph,presentsexplicitconclusions.Thesoft-sellapproach,ontheotherhand,doesnotexplicitlystateconclusionsaboutproducts;instead,consumersmakeuptheirownminds.

A. Whilethepassagemakesclearthatboomerangeffectsareminimizedwhenconclusionsareleftunstated,thisisanadvantageofthesoft-sellapproachoverthehard-sellapproach.

B. Accordingtothesecondparagraph,counterargumentationisadisadvantage,notanadvantage,ofthehard-sellapproach.Thisisareasonnottopreferthehardsell.

C. Thethirdparagraphsuggeststhatincasesinwhichconsumersmayperceivethemselvesasmoreknowledgeablethanindividualspresentingproductclaims,thesoft-sellapproachoffersanadvantageoverthehard-sellapproach.

D. Accordingtothethirdparagraph,self-generatedconclusionsthatareassociatedwiththesoft-sellapproachhaveagreaterimpactondecisionmakingthanexplicitconclusions.Thepassagedoesnotalludetoanyresearchonmemorythatwouldfavorthehard-sellapproach.

E. Correct.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhatoneproblemwiththe

soft-sellapproachisthatconsumerscouldmissthepoint;theymaynotcometotheconclusionsthattheadvertiserwouldprefer.Thusanadvertisermightpreferahard-sellapproach.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

24. Eachofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasacharacteristicofthehard-sellapproachEXCEPT:

A. Itsoverallmessageisreadilygrasped.

B. Itappealstoconsumers’knowledgeabouttheproduct.

C. Itmakesexplicitclaimsthattheadvertisedbrandissuperiortootherbrands.

D. Itusesstatementsthatareexpressedveryclearly.

E. Itmakesclaimsintheformofdirectconclusions.

Supportingidea

Thisquestionasksaboutwhatisdirectlystatedinthepassageaboutthehard-sellapproach.Thefirstandsecondparagraphsprovidethedetailsaboutthisapproach,includingthatitusesdirect,forcefulclaimsaboutbenefitsofabrandovercompetitors’brands;itsclaimsaresimpleandstraightforward,intheformofexplicitconclusions;andconsumersaregenerallyleftwithlittleroomforconfusionaboutthemessage.

A. Thesecondparagraphstatesthatthereislittleroomforconfusionaboutthemessage.

B. Correct.Theextentofconsumers’knowledgeabouttheproductisnotmentionedinthepassage.

C. Thefirstparagraphindicatesthatinthehard-sellapproachadvertisersmakedirectclaimsregardingthebenefitsoftheadvertisedbrandoverotherofferings.

D. Thefirstandsecondparagraphssaythathard-sellclaimsaredirect,simple,andstraightforward.

E. Thesecondparagraphemphasizesthatthehard-sellapproachpresentsitclaimsintheformofexplicitconclusions.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

25. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatadvertiserscouldreduceoneofthe

risksdiscussedinthelastparagraphiftheywereabletoprovide

A. motivationforconsumerstothinkabouttheadvertisement’smessage

B. informationthatimpliestheadvertiser’sintendedconclusionbutleavesthatconclusionunstated

C. subtleevidencethattheadvertisedproductissuperiortothatofcompetitors

D. informationcomparingtheadvertisedproductwithitscompetitors

E. opportunityforconsumerstogeneratetheirownbeliefsorconclusions

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingtherisksdiscussedinthelastparagraphofthepassage.Thoserisksare,first,thatconsumerswouldnotbemotivatedtothinkabouttheadvertisementandthuswouldmissthemessage’spoint;second,thatconsumersmaydrawconclusionsthattheadvertiserdidnotintend;andfinally,thatconsumerscouldquestionthevalidityoftheconclusionstheyreach,evenifthoseconclusionsarewhatadvertisersintend.

A. Correct.Providingmotivationforconsumerstothinkaboutanadvertisement’smessagewouldreducethefirstriskdiscussedinthelastparagraph:thatconsumerswouldfailtodrawanyconclusionsbecausetheywouldlackmotivationtoengagewithadvertisements.

B. Providinginformationthatimpliesaconclusionbutleavesitunstatedistheverydefinitionofthesoft-sellapproach,anditisthisapproachthatgivesrisetotherisksdiscussedinthelastparagraph.

C. Providingsubtleevidencethataproductissuperiorismostlikelytogiverisetoallthreeoftherisksidentifiedinthelastparagraph,inthatitssubtletywouldleaveconsumersfreetodrawtheirownconclusions,tofailtodrawthoseconclusions,ortoquestionthevalidityoftheirownconclusions.

D. Adirectcomparisonoftheadvertisedproductwithitscompetitorswouldrunalltherisksidentifiedinthelastparagraph:consumersmightnotfindthecomparisonmotivating;theycoulddrawconclusionsthattheadvertiserdidnotintend(e.g.,thatthecompetingproductsaresuperior);ortheycouldquestionwhateverconclusionstheydodraw.

E. Givingconsumerstheopportunitytogeneratetheirownbeliefsorconclusionsisanintrinsicpartofthesoft-sellapproach,whichproducestherisksdiscussedinthelastparagraph.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

26. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. pointouttherisksinvolvedintheuseofaparticularadvertisingstrategy

B. makeacaseforthesuperiorityofoneadvertisingstrategyoveranother

C. illustratethewaysinwhichtwoadvertisingstrategiesmaybeimplemented

D. presenttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftwoadvertisingstrategies

E. contrastthetypesoftargetmarketsforwhichtwoadvertisingstrategiesareappropriate

Inference

Overall,thepassageisconcernedwithtwoadvertisingstrategies.Thefirstparagraphintroducesthestrategies.Thesecondparagraphexplainshowaparticularaspectofoneapproachmaybebothpositiveandnegativeandhowthesecondapproachmitigatestheseproblems.Thethirdparagraphcontinuesthisdiscussionofmitigation,whilethefourthparagraphpointsoutthattherearedrawbackstothisapproach,too.Thus,accordingtothepassage,bothstrategieshavepositiveandnegativeaspects.

A. Thepassageisconcernednotwithoneparticularadvertisingstrategybutwithtwo,anditdiscussesbenefits,aswellasrisks,involvedwithbothstrategies.

B. Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatonestrategyissuperiortotheotherbutratherthateachhaspositiveandnegativeaspects.

C. Thepassagedoesnotdiscusshowtoimplementeitherofthestrategiesitisconcernedwith;instead,itdealswithhowconsumersarelikelytorespondoncetheimplementationhasalreadytakenplace.

D. Correct.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithshowingthatbothofthestrategiesdescribedhaveadvantagesanddisadvantages.

E. Thepassageprovidessomeindirectgroundsforinferringthetargetmarketsforwhicheachadvertisingstrategymightbeappropriate,but

itisnotprimarilyconcernedwithcontrastingthosemarkets.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

27. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesentenceinlines25–28inthecontextofthepassageasawhole?

A. Itreiteratesadistinctionbetweentwoadvertisingstrategiesthatismadeinthefirstparagraph.

B. Itexplainshowaparticularstrategyavoidsadrawbackdescribedearlierintheparagraph.

C. Itsuggeststhatariskdescribedearlierintheparagraphislessseriousthansomeresearchersbelieveittobe.

D. Itoutlineswhythestrategydescribedintheprevioussentenceinvolvescertainrisksforanadvertiser.

E. Itintroducesanargumentthatwillberefutedinthefollowingparagraph.

Evaluation

Thesentenceinlines25–28explainshowthekindsofconclusionsconsumersareinvitedtodrawbasedonthesoft-sellapproachreducetheriskthatconsumerswillrespondwithresentment,distrust,andcounterargumentation—thatis,thepossibleboomerangeffectidentifiedearlierintheparagraphasadrawbackofthehard-sellapproach.

A. Thesentencedoesnotreiteratethedistinctionbetweenthehard-andsoft-sellapproaches;rather,itexplainsanadvantageofthesoft-sellapproach.

B. Correct.Thesentenceexplainshowthesoft-sellapproachavoidstheproblemsthatcanarisefromthehard-sellapproach’sexplicitlystatedconclusions.

C. Thesentencesuggeststhattheriskofboomerangeffectsdescribedearlierintheparagraphisseriousbutthatadifferentapproachcanmitigateit.

D. Thesentenceoutlineswhythestrategydescribedintheprevioussentencereducesadvertisers’risks,notwhyitinvolvesrisks.

E. Atnopointdoesthepassagerefutetheideathatimplicitconclusionsreducetheriskofboomerangeffects.Itdoessaythattherecouldbe

drawbackstothesoft-sellapproach,butthosedrawbacksarerelatedtotheproblemwithimplicitconclusionsthemselvesandhowpeoplereachthem.Inaddition,thefollowingparagraphdoesnotmentionthedrawbacks,onlytheadvantagesofimplicitconclusions.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

28. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonesituationinwhichtheboomerangeffectoftenoccursiswhenconsumers

A. havebeenexposedtoforcefulclaimsthatarediametricallyopposedtothoseinanadvertiser’smessage

B. havepreviousself-generatedbeliefsorconclusionsthatarereadilyaccessiblefrommemory

C. aresubjectedtoadvertisingmessagesthataretargetedatspecificmarketstowhichthoseconsumersdonotbelong

D. areconfusedregardingthepointoftheadvertiser’smessage

E. cometoviewtheadvertiser’smessagewithsuspicion

Inference

Thepassagediscussestheboomerangeffectinthesecondparagraph.Thiseffectisdefinedasconsumersderivingconclusionsfromadvertisingthataretheoppositeofthosethatadvertisersintendedtopresent,anditoccurswhenconsumersresentand/ordistrustwhattheyarebeingtold.

A. Thepassageprovidesnogroundsforinferringthatconsumersneedtobeexposedtoopposingclaimsinordertobelievesuchclaims;theymayreachopposingclaimsontheirown.

B. Thepassageindicatesthattheboomerangeffectcanbereducedbyusingasoft-sellapproach,whichcanresultinself-generatedconclusions,butitprovidesnoevidenceaboutanypossibleeffectsofpreexistingself-generatedbeliefsorconclusionsontheboomerangeffect.

C. Thepassagedoesnotaddresshowconsumerswhoaresubjectedtoadvertisingmessagesnotintendedforthemmightrespond.

D. Confusionregardingthepointoftheadvertiser’smessageismorelikelytooccur,thepassagesuggests,whenadvertisersuseasoft-sellapproach—butitisthehard-sellapproach,notthesoft-sell,thatis

likelytoresultintheboomerangeffect.

E. Correct.Thesecondparagraphindicatesthatconsumerswhoresentbeingtoldwhattobelieveandcometodistrusttheadvertiser’smessage—thatis,thosewhoviewthemessagewithsuspicion—mayexperienceaboomerangeffect,believingtheoppositeoftheconclusionsoffered.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

29. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheresearchmentionedinline29supportswhichofthefollowingstatements?

A. Implicitconclusionsaremorelikelytocaptureaccuratelythepointoftheadvertiser’smessagethanareexplicitconclusions.

B. Counterargumentationislesslikelytooccurifanindividual’sbeliefsorconclusionsarereadilyaccessiblefrommemory.

C. Thehard-sellapproachresultsinconclusionsthataremoredifficultfortheconsumertorecallthanareconclusionsresultingfromthesoft-sellapproach.

D. Whenthebeliefsofothersarepresentedasdefiniteandforcefulclaims,theyareperceivedtobeasaccurateasself-generatedbeliefs.

E. Despitetheadvantagesofimplicitconclusions,thehard-sellapproachinvolvesfewerrisksfortheadvertiserthandoesthesoft-sellapproach.

Inference

Theresearchthisitemrefersto—researchonconsumermemoryandjudgment—indicatesthatbeliefsaremorememorablewhentheyareself-generatedandsomatterwhenmakingjudgmentsanddecisions.Further,self-generatedbeliefsseemmorebelievabletothosewhohavethemthanbeliefsthatcomefromelsewhere.

A. Thefourthparagraphindicatesthatimplicitconclusionsaremorelikelytofailtoreplicatetheadvertiser’smessagethanexplicitconclusionsare.

B. Theresearchdiscussedinthepassagedoesnotaddresswhencounterargumentationismoreorlesslikelytooccur.Eventhoughcounterargumentationisariskwhenconsumersdistrusttheadvertiser’smessage—astheymaydowhenharder-to-recallexplicit

conclusionsaregiven—itmaybeasmuchofariskwhenconsumersreachanimplicitconclusionthatisreadilyaccessiblefrommemory.

C. Correct.Theresearchindicatesthatitiseasierforconsumerstorecallconclusionstheyhavereachedontheirown—thatis,thesortsofconclusionsthatareencouragedbythesoft-sellapproach—thanconclusionsthathavebeenprovidedexplicitly,ashappensinthehard-sellapproach.

D. Theresearchdoesnotshowthattheforcefulnesswithwhichclaimsarepresentedincreasesperceptionsoftheaccuracyofthoseclaims.Indeed,itismostlikelytheopposite,astheforcefulnessofothers’claimsmaymakethemseemevenlessrelatedtoanyconclusionstheconsumermightgenerateforhim-orherself.

E. Theresearchsuggeststhatitisthesoft-sell,notthehard-sell,approachthathasfewerrisks.Thefourthparagraphindicatesthattherecouldbesomeriskstotheimplicitconclusionsthatconsumersdraw,butthisisnotpartoftheresearchinquestion.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

Questions30–34refertothepassageonpage30.

30. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefs

B. explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunities

C. discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwaters

D. explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves

E. describingtheabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimalsincoralreefareas

Mainidea

Thisquestionconcernstheauthor’smainpoint,thefocusofthepassageasawhole.Thefirstparagraphdescribesthesymbioticprocessofcoralreefssothatreaderswillunderstandhowhumanactivitiesaredegradingthisfragileecosystem,asexplainedinthesecondparagraph.Theauthorfocusesonhowharmfulthesehumanactivitiesaretocoralreefs.

A. Theincreasedabundanceofalgae(line23)isadetailsupportingthemainpoint.

B. Correct.Humanactivitiesarethreateningcomplexcoralreefcommunities.

C. Thefirstparagraphexplainshowcoralreefsthriveinnutrient-poorwaters.

D. Thezooxanthellaecellsofalgaefeedthecoralreefs(lines7–12);thispointisadetailthatsupportsthemainidea.

E. Thisabundanceisadetailsupportingthemainidea,notthemainideaitself.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

31. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?

A. Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.

B. Thenutrientsonwhichcoralreefcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.

C. Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.

D. Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.

E. Coralreefcommunitiesaremorecomplexanddiversethanmostecosystemslocatedondryland.

Inference

Thewordsuggestsinthequestionindicatesthattheanswerwillbeaninferencebasedonwhatthepassagesaysaboutcoralreefcommunities.Thebeginningofthepassagestatesthatnutrient-poorwaters(lines4–5)sustainthethrivinglifeofacoralreef.Lines25–27showthatnutrientinputisincreasingbecauseofhumanactivities,withconsequentdeclinesinreefcommunities(line24).Giventhisinformation,itisreasonabletoconcludethatcoralreefsthriveinnutrient-poor,ratherthannutrient-rich,waters.

A. Correct.Coralreefsflourishinclear,nutrient-poorwaters.

B. Shallowwatersarementionedonlyinthecontextofdeterioratingmarinehabitats(line17),notasasourceofnutrients;thepassagedoesnotindicatethatthenutrientsareuniquetoshallowwaters.

C. Oceantemperaturesarenotmentionedinthepassage.

D. Reefdecline,notreefgrowth,leadstodestabilizedherbivorepopulations(lines21–22).

E. Nocomparisonsaremadebetweenecosystemsinwaterandonland.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

32. Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(lines23–24)inorderto

A. provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeterioration

B. explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvival

C. identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthrive

D. indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit

E. identifymembersofcoralreefcommunitiesthatrelyoncoralreefsfornutrients

Logicalstructure

Thisquestionconcernswhytheauthorhasincludedaparticulardetail.Lookatthecontextforthephrasefilter-feedinganimals.Thecompletesentence(lines21–24)showsthatahigherpopulationoffilter-feedinganimalsisasymptomofreefdecline.

A. Correct.Anincreasingabundanceoftheseanimalsisatypicalsignofreefdecline.

B. Zooxanthellaecellsofalgae,notfilter-feedinganimals,providesustenanceforreefcommunities(lines7–12).

C. Anincreaseinfilter-feedinganimalsisassociatedwithdestabilized,notthriving,herbivorepopulations.

D. Anincreaseinnutrients,ratherthanadecrease,causesreefdecline,whenthepopulationoffilter-feedinganimalsthengrows.

E. Theauthorincludesfilter-feedinganimalsinthecontextofthedeclineofcoralreefs,notthesymbioticprocessofcoralreefs.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

33. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?

A. Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.

B. Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.

C. Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.

D. Theyaretoobiologicallycomplextosurviveinhabitatswithminimalnutrientinput.

E. Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.

Supportingideas

Thephraseaccordingtothepassageindicatesthatthenecessaryinformationisexplicitlystatedinthepassage.Lookatthethreatstocoralreefslistedinlines18–21andmatchthemagainstthepossibleanswers.Wasteby-productsincreasenutrientsinthewater,andreefsdeclineasnutrientsgrowmoreplentiful(lines21–24).

A. Coralreefsthriveinnutrient-poorwaters,asthefirstparagraphexplains.

B. Nutrientinputisincreasing,notdecreasing(lines20–21).

C. Thepassagedoesnotsaythatthedegradedwatersinhibitphotosynthesis.

D. Thecomplexecosystemofcoralreefsthrivesinnutrient-poorwaters.

E. Correct.Wasteby-productscontributetoincreasednutrientinput,whichcausesreefdecline.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

34. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

A. Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.

B. Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanoverabundanceofalgae

inhabitingtheirwaters.

C. Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.

D. Theirmetabolicwastescontributetothedegradationofthewatersthattheyinhabit.

E. Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.

Inference

Aparadoxisapuzzlingstatementthatseemstocontradictitself.Toanswerthisquestion,lookforinformationthatappearspuzzling.Theauthorcallscoralreefsoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiospherebecausethereefsareprolificandproductivedespiteinhabitingclearwaterswithfewnutrients.Theparadoxisthatthereefsseemtoflourishwithlittlefood.

A. Humanactivitieshaveharmedcoralreefsbyincreasingnutrientinput(lines24–29).

B. Anincreaseinalgaeisasignofreefdecline,notreefsurvival(lines21–23).

C. Correct.Coralreefsthriveinwatersthatprovidelittlefood.

D. Algaecellsusethemetabolicwastesofthecoralstocarryoutphotosynthesis;theresultissustenanceforthereefcommunity,notadegradationofwaters(lines9–12).

E. Coralreefsthriveinclear,nutrient-poorwateranddeclineinnutrient-richwater.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

Questions35–38refertothepassageonpage32.

35. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthetwoproceduresdescribedinthepassagehavewhichofthefollowingincommon?

A. Theyhavebeenappliedinpractice.

B. Theyrelyontheuseofadevicethatmeasurestension.

C. Theirpurposeistodetermineanunknownmass.

D. Theycanonlybeappliedtosmallsolidobjects.

E. Theyinvolveattractionbetweenobjectsofsimilarmass.

Inference

Theproceduresdescribedinthepassageareintroducedbythesuggestioninthefirstparagraphthatsomeoneinaspaceshipwhowantedtodetermineasolidobject’smasscoulddosoinaparticularway.Thesecondparagraphusesthewordweighinquotestorefertoasimilarprocedurefordeterminingthemassofadouble-starsystem.

A. Thelanguageofthefirstparagraphishypothetical:wecoulddoparticularthings.Thus,thereisnowaytodeterminefromthepassagewhetherthatprocedurehasbeenappliedinpractice.

B. Thefirstprocedurereliesonaspringscale,whichmeasurestension,butthesecondproceduremeasurestimeanddistancetodeterminerestrainingforce.

C. Correct.Bothproceduresdeterminemass:thefirstprocedurecandeterminethemassofasmallsolidobjectonaspaceshipinfreefall,andthesecondcandeterminethemassofadouble-starsystem.

D. Thefirstprocedurewould,accordingtothepassage,beappliedtoasmallsolidobject,butthesecondweighsdouble-starsystems,whichareclearlynotsmallobjects.

E. Thesecondprocedureinvolvesattractionbetweentwostars,whichcouldbeofsimilarmass,inthesamesystem,butthefirstprocedureinvolvesmeasuringtensioninastringandspeedofwhirling,notattractionbetweenobjects.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

36. Accordingtothepassage,thetensioninthestringmentionedinlines8–9isanalogoustowhichofthefollowingaspectsofadouble-starsystem?

A. Thespeedwithwhichonestarorbitstheother

B. Thegravitationalattractionbetweenthestars

C. Theamountoftimeittakesforthestarstocircleoneanother

D. Thedistancebetweenthetwostars

E. Thecombinedmassofthetwostars

Supportingidea

Thesecondparagraphstatesthatanattractiveforceisanalogoustothetensioninthestring.Thisattractiveforceisidentifiedintheprevioussentenceasthegravitationalforcebetweenthetwostarsinadouble-starsystem.

A. Thesecondparagraphstatesthatthespeedwithwhichthestarscircleeachotherdependsonthegravitationalforcebetweenthem,butitisthatforcethatisanalogoustothetensioninthestring.

B. Correct.Thesecondparagraphclearlyidentifiesthegravitationalforcebetweenthetwostarsastheattractiveforcethatisanalogoustothetensioninthespringscale’sstring.

C. Theamountoftimeittakesforthestarstocircleoneanotherisnecessaryforcalculatingtheforcethatholdsthemtogether,butitistheforceitselfthatisanalogoustothestring’stension.

D. Thedistancebetweenthestarsmustbemeasurediftheattractionbetweenthemistobedetermined,buttheattraction,notthedistance,isanalogoustothestring’stension.

E. Thecombinedmassofthetwostarsiswhattheprocedureisdesignedtodetermine;itisanalogoustothemassofthesmallsolidobject,asdescribedinthefirstparagraph.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

37. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthefirstandthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

A. Thefirstparagraphprovidesanillustrationusefulforunderstandingaproceduredescribedinthesecondparagraph.

B. Thefirstparagraphdescribesahypotheticalsituationwhoseplausibilityistestedinthesecondparagraph.

C. Thefirstparagraphevaluatestheusefulnessofaprocedurewhoseapplicationisdescribedfurtherinthesecondparagraph.

D. Thesecondparagraphprovidesevidencetosupportaclaimmadeinthefirstparagraph.

E. Thesecondparagraphanalyzesthepracticalimplicationsofamethodologyproposedinthefirstparagraph.

Evaluation

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingthatthesecondparagraphdescribesasomewhatdifficult-to-understandprocedurethatthefirstparagraphillustratesinsmaller,andsimpler,terms.

A. Correct.Thefirstparagraphillustrates,hypothetically,asimpleprocedurefordeterminingmass,andthisillustrationprovidesthegroundsonwhichthepassageexplainstheprocedureofthesecondparagraph.

B. Thefirstparagraphdescribesasituationinhypotheticalterms,butthesecondparagraphdoesnottestthatsituation’splausibility.Instead,thesecondparagraphdrawsananalogybetweentheinitialsituationandanotherprocedure.

C. Thefirstparagraphdoesnotevaluatetheusefulnessoftheprocedurefordeterminingasmallsolidobject’smasswhileinaspaceshipinfreefall;itsimplydescribeshowthatprocedurewouldwork.

D. Thesecondparagraphprovidesnoevidence;itdescribesaprocedureanalogoustowhatisdescribedinthefirstparagraph.

E. Thesecondparagraphdoesnotdiscussthepracticalimplicationsofthefirstparagraph’smethodologybutratheraprocedurethatisanalogoustothehypotheticalsituationofthefirstparagraph.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

38. Theauthorofthepassagementionsobservationsregardingtheperiodofadouble-starsystemasbeingusefulfordetermining

A. thedistancebetweenthetwostarsinthesystem

B. thetimeittakesforeachstartorotateonitsaxis

C. thesizeoftheorbitthesystem’stwostarsoccupy

D. thedegreeofgravitationalattractionbetweenthesystem’sstars

E. thespeedatwhichthestarsystemmovesthroughspace

Supportingidea

Theauthormentionstheperiodofadouble-starsysteminthefinalsentenceofthesecondparagraph,definingitasthetimerequiredforstarstocircleeachother.Knowingthistime,incombinationwiththedistancebetweenthestars,enablesthedeterminationoftherestrainingforce

betweenthestars,enablesthedeterminationoftherestrainingforcebetweenthestars.

A. Thefinalsentenceofthesecondparagraphindicatesthattheperiodofadouble-starsystemismeasuredindependentlyofthedistancebetweenthetwostarsinthesystem.

B. Thepassageisnotconcernedwithhowlongittakeseachstartorotateonitsaxis.

C. Thepassagedoesnotmentionanyone’stryingtodeterminethesizeoftheorbitofasystem’stwostars.Itdoesmentiontherelatedtopicofdistancebetweenthestarsbutindicatesthatknowingsuchdistanceisrequiredformeasuringthestars’mass,notthatitcanbeinferredfromtheperiodofthesystem.

D. Correct.Accordingtothepassage,therestrainingforce,orgravitationalattraction,betweenthetwostarscanbededucedbasedontheperiodandthedistancebetweenthem.

E. Thepassagedoesnotmentionthespeedatwhichthestarsystemmovesthroughspace.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

Questions39–44refertothepassageonpage34.

39. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. describenewwaysofstudyingthepossibilitythatlifeonceexistedonMars

B. reviseatheoryregardingtheexistenceoflifeonMarsinlightofnewevidence

C. reconcileconflictingviewpointsregardingthepossibilitythatlifeonceexistedonMars

D. evaluatearecentlyproposedargumentconcerningtheoriginofALH84001

E. describeacontroversyconcerningthesignificanceofevidencefromALH84001

Mainidea

Answeringthisquestionrequiresdeterminingthepurposeofthepassageasawhole.Inthefirstparagraph,thepassageindicatesthataresearch

asawhole.Inthefirstparagraph,thepassageindicatesthataresearchteamfoundthataMartianmeteoriteinAntarcticacontainscompellingevidencethatlifeexistedonMars.Therestofthepassagethendescribesargumentsbyskepticsagainsttheresearchteam’sconclusiontogetherwiththeresearchteam’srebuttalstotheskeptics’arguments.

A. WhilethepassagediscussesonetypeofevidencethatlifemighthaveexistedonMars,itdoesnotdescribemultiplewaysofstudyingthepossibilityofMartianlife,norcharacterizeanymethodofstudyasnew.

B. Thepassagemerelyreportsanddoesnotmakeanyattemptatrevisingexistingtheories.

C. ThepassagedescribesbutdoesnottrytoreconcileconflictingviewpointsconcerninglifeonMars.

D. TheoriginofALH84001isgenerallyagreedupon(line5),notarecentlyproposedhypothesisevaluatedbythepassage.

E. Correct.ThepassagedescribesopposingargumentsaboutwhetherALH84001suggestslifeeverexistedonMars.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

40. ThepassageassertswhichofthefollowingabouttheclaimthatALH84001originatedonMars?

A. ItwasinitiallyproposedbytheMcKayteamofscientists.

B. Itisnotamatterofwidespreadscientificdispute.

C. IthasbeenquestionedbysomeskepticsoftheMcKayteam’swork.

D. IthasbeenunderminedbyrecentworkonPAHs.

E. ItisincompatiblewiththefactthatALH84001hasbeenonEarthfor13,000years.

Supportingideas

Thisquestionrequiresrecognizingwhatthepassageindicatesaboutapieceofinformationitoffers.Thepassagestatesthatscientistsgenerallyagree(line5)thatALH84001originatedonMars,whichstronglysuggeststhatthereisnotmuchdisputeaboutit.

A. WhileitispossiblethatMcKay’steaminitiallymadetheproposal,thepassagedoesnotsayso.

B. Correct.InstatingthatscientistsgenerallyagreeALH84001originatedonMars,thepassageindicatesthereisnorealcontroversyonthismatter.

C. TheskepticsmentionedinthepassagearenotdescribedascallingintoquestionthatALH84001originatedonMars.

D. ThepassagedoesnottietheexistenceofPAHsinALH84001toquestionsaboutitsMartianorigins.

E. ThepassagemakesnoconnectionbetweenthetimeALH84001hasbeenontheEarthandquestionsastoitsMartianorigins.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

41. ThepassagesuggeststhatthefactthatALH84001hasbeenonEarthfor13,000yearshasbeenusedbysomescientiststosupportwhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutALH84001?

A. ALH84001maynothaveoriginatedonMars.

B. ALH84001containsPAHsthataretheresultofnonbiologicalprocesses.

C. ALH84001maynothavecontainedPAHswhenitlandedonEarth.

D. TheorganicmoleculesfoundinALH84001arenotPAHs.

E. TheorganicmoleculesfoundinALH84001couldnotbetheresultofterrestrialcontamination.

Supportingideas

Thisquestionrequiresrecognizinghowaparticularfactisusedtosupportaparticularpointofviewreportedinthepassage.Inthesecondparagraph,thepassagepresentsvariousskeptics’argumentsaboutwhetherthePAHsinALH84001originatedonMars.Inlines15–19,thepassageindicatesthatsomescientistsseethefactthatALH84001hasbeenonEarthfor13,000yearsasraisingthepossibilitythatthePAHsinALH84001resultedfromterrestrialcontaminationorinotherwordsthatitdidnotcontainPAHswhenitlandedonEarth.

A. ThepassageindicatesonlythatmostscientistsbelievethatALH84001originatedonMars.

B. AlthoughthepassageindicatesthatskepticshavepointedoutthatPAHscanbeformedbynonbiologicalprocesses,theirpointisnot

relatedtothelengthoftimeALH84001hasbeenonEarth.

C. Correct.ThepassageindicatesthatsomescientistsbelievethatthePAHsinALH84001mayhavebeentransferredtoitduringits13,000yearsonEarth.

D. ThepassagedoesnotindicatethatanyscientistsdoubtthepresenceofPAHsinALH84001.

E. ThepassageindicatesthatthefactthatALH84001hasbeenonEarthfor13,000yearsisusedbysomescientiststosupporttheideaofterrestrialcontamination.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

42. ThepassagesuggeststhatifameteoritecontainedPAHsthatweretheresultofterrestrialcontamination,thenonewouldexpectwhichofthefollowingtobetrue?

A. ThemeteoritewouldhavebeenonEarthformorethan13,000years.

B. ThemeteoritewouldhaveoriginatedfromasourceotherthanMars.

C. ThePAHscontainedinthemeteoritewouldhaveoriginatedfromnonbiologicalprocesses.

D. ThemeteoritewouldcontainfewerPAHsthanmostothermeteoritescontain.

E. ThePAHscontainedinthemeteoritewouldbeconcentratedtowardthemeteorite’ssurface.

Application

Answeringthisquestioninvolvesapplyinginformationcontainedinthepassagetoasituationthatisnotdescribedinthepassage.Accordingtothepassage,somescientistsbelievethatbecauseALH84001hasbeenonEarthforaslongas13,000years,anyPAHscontainedinitmayhavebeentransferredfromtheEarth,aprocessthepassagedescribesasterrestrialcontamination(line19).ThepassagealsoindicatesthatifterrestrialcontaminationoccurredwithALH84001,then,contrarytothefindingsofMcKay’steamthatshowedPAHconcentrationsincreasingasonelooksdeeperintoALH84001(lines21–22),thePAHswouldbeexpectedtobeconcentratedmoretowardtheouterparts,orsurface,ofALH84001.

A. Thepassageindicatesthatscientistsbelievethat13,000yearsis

sufficienttimeforterrestrialcontaminationtohappen.

B. ThepassagedoesnotsuggestthattheoriginofameteoriteaffectsitsabilitytobecomecontaminatedwithterrestrialPAHs.

C. ThepassagedoesnotindicatewhetherPAHsresultingfromterrestrialcontaminationwouldbenonbiologicalornot.

D. ThepassagedoesnotmentionthatdifferentmeteoritesmaycontaindifferentamountsofPAHs.

E. Correct.ThepassagesuggeststhatifALH84001experiencedterrestrialcontamination,thenthePAHswouldbemoreconcentratedtowardtheoutersurfaceofthemeteorite.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

43. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph?

A. ItidentifiesapossibleorganicsourceforthePAHsfoundinALH84001.

B. ItdescribesafeatureofPAHsthatisnotsharedbyothertypesoforganicmolecules.

C. Itexplainshowacharacteristiccommontomostmeteoritesoriginates.

D. ItsuggestshowtheterrestrialcontaminationofALH84001mighthavetakenplace.

E. ItpresentsevidencethatunderminestheclaimthatlifeonceexistedonMars.

Evaluation

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandinghowapartofthepassagefunctionswithinthepassageasawhole.ThefirstparagraphbeginsbyestablishingthatMcKay’steambelievesthatthePAHsfoundinALH84001providecompellingevidencethatlifeexistedonMars.Toexplainthis,thepassageindicatesthatPAHsareatypeoforganicmolecules,whichformthebasisforlife.Furthermore,toconnectPAHstopossiblelifeonMars,thefinalsentenceofthefirstparagraphindicatesthatonesourceofPAHsisthedecayofdeadmicrobes.

A. Correct.WithoutevidenceofanorganicsourceforthePAHsinALH84001,theteam’sargumentwouldnotmakesense.

B. ThepassageindicatesthatPAHscanbeformedbythedecayoforganicmaterialfrommicrobesbutdoesnotimplythatotherorganicmoleculescannotbeformedthisway.

C. ThesentencereferredtoexplainsonepossibleoriginofamoleculefoundinALH84001butdoesnotimplythatmostmeteoritescontainthatmolecule.

D. Thesentencereferredtodoesnotinvolvetheprocessofterrestrialcontamination.

E. Thesentencereferredtoprovidesinformationnecessarytotheteam’sargumentthatlifemayhaveexistedonMars.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

44. ThepassagesuggeststhatMcKay’steamwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingregardingthePAHsproducedbynonorganicprocesses?

A. ThesePAHsarenotlikelytobefoundinanymeteoritethathasbeenonEarthfor13,000yearsormore.

B. ThesePAHsarenotlikelytobefoundinanymeteoritethatoriginatedfromMars.

C. ThesePAHsarenotlikelytobeproducedbystarformation.

D. ThesePAHsarelikelytobefoundincombinationsthatdistinguishthemfromthePAHsproducedbyorganicprocesses.

E. ThesePAHsarelikelytobefoundinfewermeteoritesthanthePAHsproducedbyorganicprocesses.

Inference

Thisquestioninvolvesunderstandingaparticularpointofviewpresentedinthepassage.Thepassageindicatesinlines11–13thattheorganicmoleculesfoundinALH84001arePAHs.Inlines23–27,skepticsofMcKay’steam’sfindingspointoutthatprocessesunrelatedtoorganiclife,includingstarformation,canproducePAHs.Inthefinalsentenceofthepassage,McKay’steamnotesthatthetypeofPAHsfoundinALH84001aremoresimilartothoseproducedbyorganicprocessesthantothoseproducedbynonorganicprocesses.

A. McKay’steamdoesnottiethepresenceofnonorganicPAHsinmeteoritestothelengthoftimethemeteoriteshavebeenonEarth.

B. McKay’steamdoesnotdenythepossibilitythatatleastsomeofthePAHsfoundinMartianmeteoritesarenonorganicinorigin.

C. McKay’steamdoesnotdenythatPAHscanbeproducedbytheformationofstars.

D. Correct.McKay’steamnotesinlines29–34thatthePAHcombinationsproducedbyorganicprocessescanbedistinguishedfromthoseproducedbynonorganicprocesses.

E. McKay’steamdoesnotaddresstheprobabilityofnonorganicPAHsbeingfoundinmeteorites.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

Questions45–53refertothepassageonpage36.

45. TheauthorofthepassagedrawsconclusionsaboutthefurtradeinNorthAmericafromallofthefollowingsourcesEXCEPT

A. Cartier’saccountsoftradingwithNativeAmericans

B. aseventeenth-centuryaccountofEuropeansettlements

C. asixteenth-centuryaccountwrittenbyasailingvesselcaptain

D. archaeologicalobservationsofsixteenth-centuryNativeAmericansites

E. asixteenth-centuryaccountofNativeAmericansinwhatisnowNewEngland

Supportingidea

Thisquestionasksaboutthesourcesmentionedbytheauthorofthepassage.AnsweringthequestioncorrectlyrequiresdeterminingwhichansweroptionisNOTreferredtointhepassageasasourceofevidenceregardingtheNorthAmericanfurtrade.

A. Correct.ThepassagementionsCartier’svoyagebutdoesnotrefertoCartier’saccountsofhistrading.

B. Inthefirstparagraph,NicolasDenys’s1672accountofEuropeansettlementsprovidesevidenceoffurtradingbysixteenth-centuryEuropeanfishingcrews.

C. Inthesecondparagraph,aPortuguesecaptain’srecordsprovide

evidencethatthefurtradewasgoingonforsometimepriortohis1501account.

D. Inthefirstparagraph,archaeologists’observationsofsixteenth-centuryNativeAmericansitesprovideevidenceoffurtradingatthattime.

E. Inthesecondparagraph,a1524accountprovidesevidencethatNativeAmericanslivinginwhatisnowNewEnglandhadbecomeselectiveaboutwhichEuropeangoodstheywouldacceptintradeforfurs.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

46. ThepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingispartiallyresponsibleforthedifficultyinestablishingtheprecisedatewhenthefurtradeinNorthAmericabegan?

A. AlackofwrittenaccountsbeforethatofNicolasDenysin1672

B. Alackofwrittendocumentationbefore1501

C. AmbiguitiesintheevidencefromNativeAmericansources

D. UncertaintyaboutNativeAmericantradenetworks

E. UncertaintyabouttheoriginofartifactssupposedlytradedbyEuropeanfishingcrewsforfurs

Inference

Thequestionasksaboutinformationimpliedbythepassage.ThefirstparagraphpointsoutthedifficultyofestablishingexactlywhenthefurtradebetweenNativeAmericansandEuropeansbegan.Thesecondparagraphexplainsthatthefirstwrittenrecordofthefurtrade(atleasttheearliestknowntoscholarswhostudythehistoryofthetrade)datesto1501,butthattradingwasalreadywellestablishedbythattime.Thus,itcanbeinferredthatlackofwrittenrecordspriorto1501contributestothedifficultyinestablishinganexactdateforthebeginningofthefurtrade.

A. TwowrittenrecordsofthefurtradepriortotheaccountbyNicolasDenysarementionedinthepassage.Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatalackofwrittenrecordsfrombefore1672isasourceofthedifficultyinestablishingthedate.

B. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatthefurtradewaswellestablishedbythetimeofthedocumentationdatingfrom1501butstrongly

suggeststhatthereisnoknownearlierdocumentationregardingthattrade,soalackofrecordsbeforethattimecontributestothedifficultyinestablishinganexactdate.

C. TheonlyNativeAmericansourcesmentionedinthepassagearearchaeologicalsites,andthereisnoindicationofambiguitiesatthosesites.

D. NativeAmericantradenetworksarenotmentionedinthepassage.

E. Thepassagementionsthatfishingcrewsexchangedpartsoftheirshipsforfursanddoesnotsuggestanyuncertaintyabouttheoriginofthoseartifacts.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

47. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheauthor’sassertioninthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph?

A. WhenEuropeansretracedCartier’svoyageinthefirstyearsoftheseventeenthcentury,theyfrequentlytradedwithNativeAmericans.

B. Fursfrombeavers,whichwereplentifulinNorthAmericabutnearlyextinctinEurope,becameextremelyfashionableinEuropeinthefinaldecadesofthesixteenthcentury.

C. Firingarmswererarelyfoundonsixteenth-centuryNativeAmericansitesoronEuropeanlistsoftradinggoodssincesucharmsrequiredfrequentmaintenanceandrepair.

D. EuropeansandNativeAmericanshadestablishedtradeprotocols,suchasbodylanguageassuringoneanotheroftheirpeacefulintentions,thatantedatetheearliestrecordsoftrade.

E. Duringthefirstquarterofthesixteenthcentury,anItalianexplorerrecordedseeingmanyNativeAmericanswithwhatappearedtobecopperbeads,thoughtheymayhavebeenmadeofindigenouscopper.

Evaluation

Thequestiondependsonevaluatinganassertionmadeinthepassageanddeterminingwhichadditionalevidencewouldmoststrengthenit.ThefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphclaimsthatthefurtradewaswellestablishedbythetimeEuropeanssailingtheAtlanticcoastofAmericafirstdocumentedit.Thepassagethenindicatesthatthefirstwrittendocumentationofthetradedatesto1501.Thus,evidenceshowingthat

documentationofthetradedatesto1501.Thus,evidenceshowingthattradehadbeengoingonforsometimebefore1501wouldstrengthen(support)theassertion.

A. Thisevidenceshowstradeoccurringinthefirstyearsoftheseventeenthcentury,notpriortothefirstrecordsfrom1501.

B. Thisevidenceshowstradeoccurringinthefinaldecadesofthesixteenthcentury,notpriortothefirstrecordsfrom1501.

C. Thisevidencedoesnotindicatethattradetookplacepriortothefirstrecordsfrom1501.

D. Correct.Evidencethattradeprotocolshaddevelopedbeforethetradewasfirstrecorded(in1501)wouldstrengthensupportfortheassertionthattradewastakingplacepriortotheearliestdocumentation.

E. BecausethecopperbeadsmayhavebeenmadebyNativeAmericansratherthanacquiredthroughtradewithothersocieties,thisobservationwouldnotprovideevidencethattradewithEuropeanstookplacepriorto1501.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

48. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheprimaryfunctionoflines11–16?

A. Itoffersareconsiderationofaclaimmadeintheprecedingsentence.

B. Itrevealshowarchaeologistsarrivedataninterpretationoftheevidencementionedintheprecedingsentence.

C. Itshowshowscholarsmisinterpretedthesignificanceofcertainevidencementionedintheprecedingsentence.

D. Itidentifiesoneofthefirstsignificantaccountsofseventeenth-centuryEuropeansettlementsinNorthAmerica.

E. ItexplainswhyDenys’saccountofseventeenth-centuryEuropeansettlementsisthoughttobesignificant.

Evaluation

Thisquestiondependsonunderstandinghowthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphfunctionsinrelationtothelargerpassage.ThefirstparagraphexplainsthattheearliestEuropeanstotradewithNativeAmericanswerefishingcrewsnearNewfoundland.Thesecond-to-lastsentenceoftheparagraphdescribesarchaeologicalartifactsfromNativeAmericansites.

paragraphdescribesarchaeologicalartifactsfromNativeAmericansites.ThelastsentencethenexplainsthatNicolasDenys’s1672accounthelpedarchaeologistsrealizethattheartifactswereevidenceoftradewithfishingcrews.Thus,thelastsentenceofthepassageshowshowarchaeologistslearnedtointerprettheevidencementionedintheprevioussentence.

A. Theonlyclaimmadeintheprevioussentenceisthatarchaeologistsfoundaparticulartypeofevidence.Thefinalsentenceoftheparagraphdoesnotsuggestthatthisclaimshouldbereconsidered.

B. Correct.AfterreadingDenys’saccount,archaeologistswereabletointerpretthearchaeologicalevidencementionedintheprevioussentence.

C. Thepassagesuggeststhatarchaeologistscorrectlyinterpretedtheevidence,notmisinterpretedit.

D. Denys’saccountismentionedprimarilytoexplainhowarchaeologistslearnedtointerpretthearchaeologicalevidence,notprimarilytoidentifyanimportantearlyaccountofsettlements.

E. ThepassagedoesnotdiscusswhyDenys’saccountissignificant,onlythatarchaeologistsusedittohelpunderstandtheevidencementionedintheprevioussentence.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

49. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefurtradebetweenNativeAmericansandEuropeansintheearlymodernera?

A. Thistrademayhavebegunasearlyasthe1480s.

B. Thistradeprobablydidnotcontinuemuchbeyondthe1530s.

C. Thistradewasmostlikelyatitspeakinthemid-1520s.

D. Thistradeprobablydidnotbeginpriorto1500.

E. Thereisnowrittenevidenceofthistradepriortotheseventeenthcentury.

Inference

Thequestionrequiresdeterminingwhichstatementcanmostreasonablybeinferredfromtheinformationinthepassage.ThepassagearguesthatitisdifficulttodeterminewhenthefurtradebetweenNativeAmericansandEuropeansbegan,sincetheearliestpeopletoparticipateinthattrade

apparentlyleftnowrittenrecords.Thesecondparagraphnotesthatatthetimeoftheearliestknownrecordin1501,tradewasalreadywellunderway.Inthefinaltwosentencesofthepassage,theauthormentionsaneventthatoccurredin1534andthensaysthatbythattimethetrademayhavebeengoingonforperhapshalfacentury.

A. Correct.Thenext-to-lastsentenceofthepassagecitesevidenceoffurtradebetweenNativeAmericansandEuropeansin1524.Inthefinalsentenceofthepassage,theauthormentionsaneventthathappenedadecadeafterthatdate—thusin1534—andexpressestheopinionthatthetradestartedperhapshalfacentury(fiftyyears)beforethatlaterdate.Fiftyyearsbefore1534wouldbe1484.Thisimpliesthattheauthoracceptsthatthetrademayhavebegunbythe1480s.

B. Thepassagegivesnoindicationthattheauthorbelievestradeendedshortlyafterthe1530s.

C. Thepassagedoesnotdiscusswhenthefurtradewasatitspeak.

D. Tothecontrary,thepassagearguesthattradebeganwellbefore1501.

E. Thepassagementionswrittenevidenceofthetradefrom1501and1524.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

50. WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheNativeAmericansmentionedinline24?

A. Theyhadlittleusefordecorativeobjectssuchasearrings.

B. Theybecameincreasinglydependentonfishingbetween1501and1524.

C. By1524,onlycertaingroupsofEuropeanswerewillingtotradewiththem.

D. TheselectivityoftheirtradingchoicesmadeitdifficultforthemtoengageinwidespreadtradewithEuropeans.

E. TheselectivityoftheirtradingchoicesindicatesthattheyhadbeentradingwithEuropeansforasignificantperiodoftimepriorto1524.

Inference

Thequestionasksaboutinformationthatcanbeinferredfromthepassage.TheNativeAmericansmentionedinthe1524chroniclesacceptedonly

certainkindsofEuropeangoodsintrade.ThepassageindicatesthattheseNativeAmericanshadbecomeselectiveaboutwhichgoodstheywouldaccept,whichimpliesthatby1524theyhadbeentradinglongenoughtodeterminewhichEuropeangoodsweremostvaluabletothem.

A. ThepassagedoesnotimplythattheseNativeAmericanshadnousefordecorativeobjects,onlythattheydidnotdesiretoobtainsuchitemsthroughtradewithEuropeans.

B. ThepassagedoesnotsuggestthattheNativeAmericans’dependencyonfishingchangedovertime.

C. ThereisnoindicationthatanygroupsofEuropeanswereunwillingtotradewiththeseNativeAmericans.

D. ThepassagenotesthattheNativeAmericanswereselectiveintheirtradechoicesbutdoesnotsuggestthatsuchselectivitymadewidespreadtradedifficult.

E. Correct.Thepassagenotesthatby1524,theNativeAmericanshadbecomeselectiveaboutwhichEuropeangoodstheywouldaccept,andthepassagetakesthistoindicatethatthetradewithEuropeanssignificantlypredated1524.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

51. Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsixteenth-centuryEuropeanfishingcrewsworkingthewatersoffNewfoundland?

A. Theywrotenoaccountsoftheirfishingvoyages.

B. TheyprimarilysailedundertheflagofPortugal.

C. TheyexchangedshippartswithNativeAmericansforfurs.

D. TheycommonlytradedjewelrywithNativeAmericansforfurs.

E. TheycarriedsurplusmetalimplementstotradewithNativeAmericansforfurs.

Inference

Thequestionaskswhichstatementissupportedbyinformationprovidedinthepassage.ThefirstparagraphstatesthatEuropeanfishingcrewsaroundNewfoundlandwerethefirstEuropeanstotradegoodsforfurswithNativeAmericansinthemodernperiod.Thelastsentenceoftheparagraphstatesthatarchaeologicalevidenceindicatesthecrewshaddismantledtheirshipstotradeshippartsforfurs.

dismantledtheirshipstotradeshippartsforfurs.

A. ThesecondsentencestatesthatthecrewsleftnowrittenaccountsoftheirtradewithNativeAmericans,butitdoesnotsuggestthattheyleftnowrittenaccountsoftheirvoyages.

B. ThepassagementionsonePortuguesevesselbutdoesnotsuggestthattheEuropeancrewswhofishedoffNewfoundlandweremostlyonPortuguesevessels.

C. Correct.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphsupportstheconclusionthatthecrewstradedshippartsforfurs.

D. ThepassagementionsoneinstanceofaNativeAmericanacquiringearringsfromEuropeansbutdoesnotsuggestthattradesforsuchgoodswerecommon.

E. ThepassageindicatesthatfishingcrewstradedmetalimplementswithNativeAmericansbutdoesnotsuggestthattheybroughtsurplusimplementsforthatpurpose—andinfactmentionsthatsometimestradedmetalarticleshadbeenpartsoftheirownships.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

52. WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutevidencepertainingtothefurtradebetweenNativeAmericansandEuropeansintheearlymodernera?

A. AlackofwrittenevidencehasmadeitdifficulttoestablishwhichEuropeansfirstparticipatedinthistrade.

B. Ingeneral,thephysicalevidencepertainingtothistradehasbeenmoreusefulthanthewrittenevidencehasbeen.

C. Thereismorewrittenevidencepertainingtothistradefromtheearlypartofthesixteenthcenturythanfromlaterinthatcentury.

D. Theearliestwrittenevidencepertainingtothistradedatesfromatimewhenthetradewasalreadywellestablished.

E. Someimportantpiecesofevidencepertainingtothistrade,suchasDenys’s1672account,werelongoverlookedbyarchaeologists.

Inference

Thisquestionasksaboutinformationthatcanbeinferredfromthepassage.AnysuggestionthatNativeAmericansmayhaveproducedwrittenevidenceoftheearly-moderntradewithEuropeansisabsentfrom

writtenevidenceoftheearly-moderntradewithEuropeansisabsentfromthepassage.ThesecondparagraphstatesthatbythetimeEuropeansfirstdocumentedthefurtrade,itwasalreadywellunderway.Thisstatement,inthecontextofthepassage,impliesthattheearliestwrittenrecordsofthetradedatetoatimeafteritwaswellestablished.

A. ThefirstparagraphindicatesthatthefirstEuropeanstoparticipateinthetradewerequitecertainlyfishingcrewsnearNewfoundland.

B. Thepassagegivesnoindicationthatphysicalevidenceofthetradehasbeenmoreusefulthanwrittenevidence.

C. Althoughthepassagedoesnotcitewrittenevidencefromthelatesixteenthcentury,thepassagegivesnoreasontobelievethatlesswrittenevidenceexistsfromthattime.

D. Correct.Accordingtothepassage,thefurtradewaswellunderwaywhenwrittenevidenceofthetradewasfirstdocumentedbyEuropeans.ThepassagecontainsnosuggestionthattheremighthavebeenearlierdocumentationofthattradebyanybodyotherthanEuropeans.

E. Thepassagedoesnotimplythatarchaeologistsoverlookedevidenceforlongperiodsoftime.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

53. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthesixteenth-centuryNativeAmericanswhotradedwithEuropeansonthecoastofwhatisnowcalledNewEngland?

A. By1524theyhadbecomeaccustomedtoexchanginggoodswithEuropeans.

B. TheywereunfamiliarwithmetalsbeforeencounteringEuropeans.

C. TheyhadnopracticalusesforEuropeangoodsotherthanmetalsandmetalimplements.

D. By1524theyhadbecomedisdainfulofEuropeantradersbecausesuchtradershadtreatedthemunfairlyinthepast.

E. By1524theydemandedonlythemostprizedEuropeangoodsbecausetheyhadcometorealizehowvaluablefurswereonEuropeanmarkets.

Inference

Thequestionasksaboutwhatisimpliedinthepassage.TheNativeAmericanstradingwithEuropeansonthecoastofwhatisnowcalledNewEnglandarediscussedinthe1524chroniclesmentionedinthesecondparagraph.ThepassageindicatesthattheseNativeAmericanshadbecomeselectiveaboutwhichEuropeangoodstheywouldacceptintrade,whichsuggeststheyhadbecomeaccustomedtotradingwithEuropeans.

A. Correct.Bythetimethechroniclewaswritten,theNativeAmericanswerefamiliarenoughwithtradetobeabletospecifywhichEuropeangoodstheywouldaccept.

B. AlthoughtheNativeAmericanschosetotradefursforEuropeanmetalgoods,thepassagedoesnotimplytheywereunfamiliarwithanymetalspriortoencounteringEuropeans.

C. ThepassagedoesnotsuggestwhyNativeAmericanspreferredcertaingoodsoverothers.

D. ThepassagedoesnotattributedisdainforEuropeantraderstoNativeAmericans.

E. ThereisnoindicationinthepassagethatNativeAmericanswereawareoffurs’valueinEuropeanmarkets.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

Questions54–57refertothepassageonpage38.

54. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. describingthedevelopmentofthebiologicalspeciesconcept

B. respondingtoacritiqueofreproductivecompatibilityasacriterionfordefiningaspecies

C. consideringtwodifferentapproachestoidentifyingbiologicalspecies

D. pointingouttheadvantageofonemethodofdistinguishingrelatedspecies

E. identifyinganobstacletotheclassificationofbiologicalspecies

Mainidea

Thisquestiondependsonunderstandingthepassageasawhole.Thepassagebeginsbyexplainingthatidentifyingaspeciescanbedifficult,becausetherearedifferentwaysofdefiningtheterm.Thebiologicalspeciesconceptisoneapproach,butithasproblems.Phenotypeisanother

speciesconceptisoneapproach,butithasproblems.Phenotypeisanotherapproachthatcanbeusedwhenthebiologicalspeciesconceptprovesdifficult.

A. Thefirstparagraphdefinesthebiologicalspeciesconceptandidentifiessomeproblemswithitsapplication,butitdoesnotexplainhowthatconceptdeveloped.

B. Thepassagepresentssomecritiquesofreproductivecompatibilityasawayofidentifyingabiologicalspecies;itdoesnotconcernitselfwithrespondingtothosecritiques.

C. Correct.Thepassageconsidersthebiologicalspeciesconceptandtheideaofphenotypeaswaysofidentifyingbiologicalspecies.

D. Whilethepassageidentifiestwowaysofdistinguishingspeciesandstatesthatsomeinvestigatorsuseoneofthosemethods—thephenotypemethod—whenthebiologicalmethodisdifficulttoapply,thepassageisnotprimarilyconcernedwithpointingoutthateitheroneisbetterthantheother.

E. Thepassagedoesdiscusscertainobstaclestotheclassificationofspecies.First,itpointsoutthatthereisnosingleaccepteddefinitionofdistinctspecies.Second,itpointsoutobstaclesrelatedtooneparticularapproachtotheclassificationofspecies.However,thepassageconsiderstheseobstaclesinserviceofitsprimaryconcern,namelyconsideringtwodifferentapproachestoidentifyingbiologicalspecies.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

55. Theauthorofthepassagementions“groupsthatliveindifferentplaces”(line21)mostprobablyinorderto

A. pointoutatheoreticalinconsistencyinthebiologicalspeciesconcept

B. offerevidenceinsupportofthebiologicalspeciesconcept

C. identifyanobstacletotheapplicationofthebiologicalspeciesconcept

D. noteaninstanceinwhichphenotypeclassificationiscustomarilyused

E. describeanalternativetothebiologicalspeciesconcept

Evaluation

Theauthor’smentionofgroupsthatliveindifferentplacescomesattheendofthefirstparagraph,inthecontextofdiscussingathirdproblemwith

thebiologicalspeciesconcept:thatinvestigatorsmaynotknowwhetheranimalsinsuchgroupsareabletointerbreed.

A. Theauthordoesnotaddresstheoreticalinconsistenciesinthebiologicalspeciesconcept.

B. Theauthormentionsgroupsthatliveindifferentplacesinordertoaddressaproblemwiththebiologicalspeciesconcept,nottosupportit.

C. Correct.Oneobstacletoapplyingthebiologicalspeciesconceptisthatthoseattemptingtodistinguishamongspeciesmaynotbeabletodeterminewhethergeographicallyseparatedgroupsofanimalscaninterbreed.

D. Thepassagedoesmentionthatsomeinvestigatorsusephenotypeclassificationwhenthebiologicalspeciesconceptisdifficulttoapply,butitdoesnotmentionspecificallythatasituationinwhichgroupsliveindifferentplacesisaninstanceinwhichphenotypeclassificationiscustomarilyused.

E. Animalgroupsthatliveindifferentplacesposeaproblemfortheapplicationofthebiologicalspeciesconcept,accordingtotheauthor.Theauthordoesnotmentionthesegroupsinordertodescribeanalternativetothatconcept.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

56. Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingtheclassificationofindividualspecieswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?

A. Phenotypecomparisonmayhelptoclassifyspecieswhenapplicationofthebiologicalspeciesconceptprovesinconclusive.

B. Becausenostandarddefinitionexistsforwhatconstitutesaspecies,theclassificationofanimalpopulationsisinevitablyanarbitraryprocess.

C. Thecriteriausedbybiologiststoclassifyspecieshavenotbeenbasedonadequateresearch.

D. Theexistenceofhybridsinwildanimalspeciesisthechieffactorcastingdoubtontheusefulnessofresearchintoreproductivecompatibilityasawayofclassifyingspecies.

E. Phenotypeoverlapshouldbeusedasthebasiccriterionforstandardizingspeciesclassification.

Inference

Thisquestiondependsonunderstandingthegeneralpointstheauthormakeswithregardtoclassificationofindividualspecies.Theauthorexplainsthatthereisnosingledefinitionofspeciesandthendescribesthebiologicalspeciesconcept,whichdependsonreproductivecompatibility.Thisapproachhasseveralproblems,however,andtheauthorgoesontosaythatphenotypemaybeusedwhenthebiologicalspeciesconceptisdifficulttoapply.

A. Correct.Theauthorstatesatthebeginningofthesecondparagraphthatsomeinvestigatorsusephenotypewhentheyfinditdifficulttoapplythebiologicalspeciesconcept,andthepassageprovidesnoreasontobelievethattheauthorwoulddisagreewiththeideathatphenotypecomparisoncanbehelpfulinthesesituations.

B. Theauthorwouldmostlikelynotagreethatclassificationofanimalpopulationsisarbitrary.Investigatorsuseclearlydefinedapproaches,suchasthebiologicalspeciesconceptandphenotypeclassification,tomakesuchclassifications.Thattheremaybeproblemswithanapproachdoesnotmakeitarbitrary.

C. Theauthorstatesthatthebiologicalspeciesconceptcanbetoorestrictive,butthereisnosuggestionthattheauthorfindsthisapproach,orphenotypeclassification,tobeinadequatelyresearched.

D. Theauthormentionshybridizationfirstasafactorcastingdoubtontheusefulnessofthebiologicalspeciesconcept,butnothinginthepassagesuggeststhattheauthorthinksthatitismoresignificantthantheotherreasonsofferedforfindingthebiologicalspeciesconcepttoorestrictive.

E. Phenotypeoverlapdoesnotreceivetheauthor’sendorsementasthebest,ormostbasic,wayofclassifyingspecies;instead,theauthorstatesmerelythatsomeinvestigatorsrelyonthisapproachwhentheycannotapplythebiologicalspeciesconcept.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

57. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionoflines10–13?

A. Itelaboratesthedefinitionofthebiologicalspeciesconceptgiveninaprevioussentence.

B. Itdevelopsapointaboutthebiologicalspeciesconceptmadeintheprevioussentence.

C. Itstatestheauthor’scentralpointaboutthebiologicalspeciesconcept.

D. Itidentifiesacentralassumptionunderlyingthebiologicalspeciesconcept.

E. Itdemonstrateswhythebiologicalspeciesconceptisinvalid.

Evaluation

Thehighlightedsentencediscusseshybridizationasafirstfactorcomplicatingtheapplicabilityofthebiologicalspeciesconcept.Thusitsfunctionistohelpexplainwhy,astheprevioussentencestates,thatconceptistoorestrictive.

A. Thehighlightedsentencebringsupaproblemwiththebiologicalspeciesconcept;itdoesnotelaboratethedefinitionofthatconcept.

B. Correct.Accordingtothesentencethatprecedesthehighlightedsentence,thebiologicalspeciesconceptcanbetoorestrictive.Theauthoroffersthreereasonstodevelopthispoint,andthefirstreasonisgiveninthehighlightedsentence.

C. Thehighlightedsentencecouldbesaidtosupporttheauthor’scentralpointaboutthebiologicalspeciesconcept—thatitisone(flawed)wayofdeterminingwhetherapopulationisaspecies—butitdoesnotstatethatcentralpoint.

D. Thehighlightedsentenceexpressesaproblemwiththebiologicalspeciesconcept,notacentralassumptionofit.

E. Thehighlightedsentenceservestoindicateaproblemwiththebiologicalspeciesconcept,butitdoesnotgosofarastodemonstratethatitisinvalid.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

Questions58–63refertothepassageonpage40.

58. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. enumeratereasonswhybothtraditionalscholarlymethodsandnewer

scholarlymethodshavelimitations

B. identifyashortcominginascholarlyapproachanddescribeanalternativeapproach

C. provideempiricaldatatosupportalong-heldscholarlyassumption

D. comparetwoscholarlypublicationsonthebasisoftheirauthors’backgrounds

E. attempttoprovideapartialanswertoalong-standingscholarlydilemma

Mainidea

Tofindtheprimarypurpose,lookatwhattheauthorisdoingintheentirepassage.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorexaminestwoapproachestopoliticalhistory,bothofwhichsufferfromthesameflaw,theexclusionofwomen.Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorreviewsanalternative,moreinclusivewaytounderstandpoliticalhistory.

A. Thefirstparagraphidentifiesonlyonereasonthatthetwoapproachesareflawed;analternativeapproachisdiscussedinthesecondparagraph.

B. Correct.Theauthorpointstotheflawinearlierapproachestohistoryandshowsanalternativewayofthinkingaboutpoliticalhistory.

C. Nodataareofferedtosupportanassumption.

D. Onlyonehistorianismentionedbyname;herbackgroundisnotmentioned.

E. Nolong-standingdilemmaisdiscussed.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

59. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingconcerningthetechniquesusedbythenewpoliticalhistoriansdescribedinthefirstparagraphofthepassage?

A. Theyinvolvedtheextensiveuseofthebiographiesofpoliticalpartyleadersandpoliticaltheoreticians.

B. Theywereconceivedbypoliticalhistorianswhowerereactingagainstthepoliticalclimatesofthe1960’sand1970’s.

C. TheywereofmoreuseinanalyzingthepositionsofUnitedStates

politicalpartiesinthenineteenthcenturythaninanalyzingthepositionsofthoseinthetwentiethcentury.

D. Theywereofmoreuseinanalyzingthepoliticalbehaviorofnineteenth-centuryvotersthaninanalyzingthepoliticalactivitiesofthosewhocouldnotvoteduringthatperiod.

E. Theyweredevisedasameansoftracingtheinfluenceofnineteenth-centurypoliticaltrendsontwentieth-centurypoliticaltrends.

Inference

Thequestion’suseoftheverbsuggestsisanindicationthataninferencemustbemade.Examinethefirstparagraph,wherethenewschoolofpoliticalhistoryisdiscussed.Thesehistoriansusedtechniquessuchasquantitativeanalysesofelectionreturnsthattheauthordescribesasuselessinanalyzingthepoliticalactivitiesofwomen,whoweredeniedthevoteuntil1920(lines9–12).Itcan,however,beassumedthatthesametechniquesdidproveusefulinunderstandingthemasspoliticalbehaviorofvoters.

A. Thefirstsentenceexplainsthatthesehistorianssoughttogobeyondthetraditionalfocus...onleadersandgovernmentinstitutions.

B. Thepassagedoesnotindicatethatthenewhistorianswerereactingagainstthepoliticalclimateoftheirowntime.

C. Thenewhistoriansexaminedthepoliticalpracticesofordinarycitizens(line5),notthepositionsofpoliticalparties.

D. Correct.Lines7–12explicitlystatethatthenewhistorians’techniqueswereuselessinanalyzingthepoliticalactivitiesofthosenotallowedtovote;thesamelinesimplythatthetechniqueswereusefulinanalyzingthepoliticalbehaviorofvoters.

E. Noinformationinthepassagesupportsthisexplanation.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

60. ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagequotesBakerdirectlyinthesecondparagraphprimarilyinorderto

A. clarifyapositionbeforeprovidinganalternativetothatposition

B. differentiatebetweenanoveldefinitionandtraditionaldefinitions

C. provideanexampleofapointagreedonbydifferentgenerationsof

scholars

D. provideanexampleoftheprosestyleofanimportanthistorian

E. amplifyadefinitiongiveninthefirstparagraph

Logicalstructure

Toanalyzewhytheauthorusesadirectquotation,lookatthelogicalstructureofthepassageinrelationtothequotation.Thehistoriansdiscussedinthefirstparagraphdefinepoliticalactivityasvoting.PaulaBaker,however,hasanewdefinitionofpoliticalactivity,onethatincludestheactivitiesofthosewhowerenotallowedtovote.ItisreasonabletoinferthattheauthorquotesBakertodrawattentiontothisnewdefinition,whichprovidesaninnovative,alternativewayofthinkingaboutpoliticalhistory.

A. PaulaBaker’sisthealternativepositionoffered;noalternativetohersisdiscussed.

B. Correct.Bakerisquotedtoemphasizethatherdefinitionisnewandthatitdifferssignificantlyfromthetraditionaldefinitionusedbyotherhistorians.

C. Thecontrastingviewsexpressedinthefirstandsecondparagraphsshowthatdifferentgenerationsofscholarshavenotagreed.

D. TheauthordoesnotcommentonBaker’sprosestyle.

E. Baker’sdefinitioncontrastswith,ratherthanamplifies,theoneofferedinthefirstparagraph.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

61. Accordingtothepassage,PaulaBakerandthenewpoliticalhistoriansofthe1960’sand1970’ssharedwhichofthefollowing?

A. Acommitmenttointerestgrouppolitics

B. Adisregardforpoliticaltheoryandideology

C. Aninterestinthewaysinwhichnineteenthcenturypoliticsprefiguredcontemporarypolitics

D. Arelianceonsuchquantitativetechniquesastheanalysisofelectionreturns

E. Anemphasisonthepoliticalinvolvementofordinarycitizens

Supportingideas

Sincethequestionusesthephraseaccordingtothepassage,theanswerisexplicitlystatedinthepassage.LookforapointonwhichthenewpoliticalhistoriansandBakeragree.Thefirstsentenceofthepassagesaysthatthesenewhistorianswereinterestedinthepoliticalactivitiesofordinarycitizens(line5).PaulaBakerissimilarlyinterestedinthepoliticalactivitiesofordinarycitizens(lines15–16),especiallyoffemalecitizens,whowerenotallowedtovote.

A. Nomentionatallismadeofinterestgrouppolitics,neitherinrelationtoBakernorinrelationtothenewhistorians.

B. Thepassagedoesnotshowthattheydisregardedpoliticaltheoryandideology.

C. ThepassageonlydiscussesBaker’sinterestinthewaywomen’spoliticalactivitiesinthenineteenthcenturyprefiguredtwentieth-centurytrends(lines16–18).

D. ThepassageexplainsthatnewhistoriansreliedonsuchtechniquesbutthatBakerdidnot.

E. Correct.BoththenewhistoriansandBakeraresaidtohavestudiedthepoliticalactivitiesofordinarycitizens.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

62. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthestructureofthefirstparagraphofthepassage?

A. Twoscholarlyapproachesarecompared,andashortcomingcommontobothisidentified.

B. Tworivalschoolsofthoughtarecontrasted,andathirdisalludedto.

C. Anoutmodedscholarlyapproachisdescribed,andacorrectiveapproachiscalledfor.

D. Anargumentisoutlined,andcounterargumentsarementioned.

E. Ahistoricaleraisdescribedintermsofitspoliticaltrends.

Logicalstructure

Toanswerthisquestion,analyzethestructureofthefirstparagraph.Itcomparestheoldapproachofstudyingpoliticalhistorythroughemphasis

onleadersandgovernmentinstitutionswiththenewschoolofpoliticalhistory,whichturnedinsteadtothepoliticalpracticesofordinarycitizens.Bothapproachessufferedfromthesamedrawback:thefailuretoincludewomenintheiranalyses.

A. Correct.Twoapproachestohistoryarediscussed,andaflawsharedbyboth,theexclusionofwomen,isidentified.

B. Thefirstparagraphdoesnotalludetoathirdschoolofthought.

C. Acorrectiveapproachisnotdiscussedinthefirstparagraph.

D. Thefirstparagraphdoespresentanargument,butnocounterargumentsaremade.

E. Thepoliticaltrendsofanhistoricaleraarenotdetailedinthefirstparagraph.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

63. Theinformationinthepassagesuggeststhatapre-1960’spoliticalhistorianwouldhavebeenmostlikelytoundertakewhichofthefollowingstudies?

A. Ananalysisofvotingtrendsamongwomenvotersofthe1920’s

B. Astudyofmalevoters’gradualideologicalshiftfrompartypoliticstoissue-orientedpolitics

C. Abiographyofaninfluentialnineteenth-centuryministerofforeignaffairs

D. Ananalysisofnarrativeswrittenbypreviouslyunrecognizedwomenactivists

E. Astudyofvotingtrendsamongnaturalizedimmigrantlaborersinanineteenth-centuryloggingcamp

Inference

Inusingsuggests,thisquestionasksthereadertoapplyinformationstatedinthepassagetomakeaninferenceaboutthemethodsofhistoriansbeforethe1960’s.Thesemethodsarediscussedinthefirstparagraph.Lines3–4saythatthetraditionalfocusofpoliticalhistorians(beforetheadventofthenewschoolofhistoriansinthe1960’sand1970’s)wasonleadersandgovernmentinstitutions.Itisreasonabletoinferthatthepre-1960’shistorianwaslikelytofocusonaleaderorgovernmentinstitution.

A. Traditionalhistoriansdidnotfocusonordinarycitizens,butontheirleaders.

B. Bakerisinterestedinthisgroupshift,buttraditionalhistorianswerenot.

C. Correct.Traditionalhistoriansemphasizedtheworkofleadersandgovernmentinstitutions;abiographyofaforeignaffairsministerfitsthisfocusperfectly.

D. SuchananalysiswouldbeofinteresttoBakerbutnottotraditionalhistoriansfocusingonleadersandgovernment.

E. Thenewhistorianswouldbeinterestedinsuchastudy,butnottraditionalhistorians,whodidnotlookattheactivitiesofordinarycitizens.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

Questions64–68refertothepassageonpage42.

64. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A. identifyinghistoricalcircumstancesthatledDuBoistoalterhislong-termgoals

B. defining“accommodationism”andshowinghowDuBoisusedthisstrategytoachievecertaingoals

C. accountingforaparticularpositionadoptedbyDuBoisduringtheFirstWorldWar

D. contestingtheviewthatDuBoiswassignificantlyinfluencedbyeitherWashingtonorTrotter

E. assessingtheeffectivenessofastrategythatDuBoisurgedAfricanAmericanstoadopt

Mainidea

Thisquestionaskswhatthepassageasawholeisattemptingtodo.ThepassageopensbyindicatingthatmanyAfricanAmericansweresurprisedbyapoliticalpositiontakenbyDuBoisin1918,whichseemedmoreaccommodationistthanexpected.ThepassagethengoesontodemonstratethatDuBoisoftenshiftedpositions(line9)andstatesthatDuBois’s1918positionwaspragmaticinthatitrespondedtorealsocialpressure.ThepassagethenindicatesthatDuBois’saccommodationiststancedidnotlast

(line31),andthathereturnedtoamoreconfrontationiststanceuponlearningofthetreatmentofAfricanAmericansinthemilitary.

A. ThepassageindicatesthatDuBoisdidnotchangehislong-termgoals(lines22–24).

B. Accomodationismisnotdefinedinthepassagebutisassociatedwithcertainactions(communityimprovement),ideologies(solidarity),andleaders(Washington);thepassagedoesnotindicateifDuBoiswassuccessfulinachievingtheaccommodationistgoalsof1895(lines11–15).

C. Correct.ThepassageexplainswhyDuBoistookhisaccommodationistpositionandwhyheeventuallyrejectedit.

D. ThepassageoffersnojudgmentastohowmuchDuBoiswasinfluencedbyWashingtonorTrotter.

E. ThepassagedoesnotindicatethattherewaswidespreadadoptionofanyofthestrategiesDuBoisrecommended.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

65. ThepassageindicateswhichofthefollowingaboutDuBois’sattitudetowardWashington?

A. ItunderwentashiftduringtheFirstWorldWarasDuBoisbecamemoresympatheticwithTrotter’sviews.

B. Itunderwentashiftin1903forreasonsotherthanDuBois’sdisagreementwithWashington’saccommodationistviews.

C. ItunderwentashiftasDuBoismadealong-termcommitmenttothestrategyofaccommodation.

D. ItremainedconsistentlypositiveeventhoughDuBoisdisagreedwithWashington’seffortstocontroltheAfricanAmericanpress.

E. ItwasshapedprimarilybyDuBois’sappreciationofWashington’spragmaticapproachtotheadvancementoftheinterestsofAfricanAmericans.

Supportingideas

Answeringthisquestioninvolvesrecognizingwhatthepassageindicatesaboutaparticularpointofviewitdescribes.Inline15,thepassageindicatesthatDuBoispraisedWashington’sideas,butthatin1903Du

BoisalignedhimselfwithWashington’smilitantopponent(lines16–17),ashiftthepassagedescribesasbeingduelesstoideologicalreasons(lines17–21)thantopoliticalreasons.

A. Thepassageindicatesthattheshiftdescribedoccurredin1903,notduringtheFirstWorldWar.

B. Correct.ThepassageindicatesDuBois’sshiftwasnotduetodifferenceshehadwithWashington’sideasorviews.

C. ThepassageindicatesthatDuBois’saccommodationiststancedidnotlast(lines30–31)andthereforewasnotalong-termcommitment.

D. Thepassageindicatesinlines16–17thatDuBoisatonepointalignedhimselfwithWashington’smilitantopponent.

E. ThepassageindicatesthatDuBoiseventuallyrejectedtheaccommodationistviewsofWashington.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

66. ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthecontributionsofAfricanAmericanstotheUnitedStateswareffortduringtheFirstWorldWar?

A. ThecontributionsweremadelargelyinresponsetoDuBois’s1918editorial.

B. ThecontributionshadmuchthesameeffectasAfricanAmericans’contributionstopreviouswars.

C. ThecontributionsdidnotenddiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansinthemilitary.

D. ThecontributionsweremadeinprotestagainstTrotter’sconfrontationisttactics.

E. Thecontributionsweremadeprimarilybycivilrightsactivistswhoreturnedtoactivismafterthewar.

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresmakinganinferencefrominformationgiveninthepassage.ThepassagebeginsbyindicatingthatDuBoiscalledonAfricanAmericanstosuspendtheirfightforequalityandtohelpwiththewareffortduringtheFirstWorldWar.Thefinalsentenceofthepassage,however,indicatesthatDuBoislearnedthatAfricanAmericanswere

experiencingsystematicdiscriminationinthemilitaryduringthistime.

A. ThepassagedoesnotindicatehowAfricanAmericansrespondedtoDuBois’seditorialotherthanthatmanyAfricanAmericansweresurprisedbyit.

B. ThepassageindicatesthatAfricanAmericans’participationinpreviouswarsbroughtlegalandpoliticaladvancesbutthatAfricanAmericansexperienceddiscriminationintheFirstWorldWar.

C. Correct.ThepassageindicatesthatAfricanAmericansexperiencedsystematicdiscriminationinthemilitaryduringtheFirstWorldWar.

D. ThepassagedoesnotdescribehowAfricanAmericansrespondedtoTrotter’stacticsduringtheFirstWorldWar.

E. ThepassagedoesnotindicatewhetherAfricanAmericansinvolvedinthewareffortwereprimarilycivilrightsactivists.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

67. TheauthorofthepassagereferstoWashington’scalltoAfricanAmericansin1895primarilyinorderto

A. identifyDuBois’scharacteristicpositiononthecontinuumbetweenaccommodationismandconfrontationism

B. explainwhyDuBoiswassympatheticwithWashington’sviewsin1895

C. clarifyhowTrotter’sviewsdifferedfromthoseofWashingtonin1895

D. supportanassertionaboutDuBois’stendencytoshifthispoliticalpositions

E. dismisstheclaimthatDuBois’spositioninhis1918editorialwasconsistentwithhispreviousviews

Evaluation

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandinghowapartofthepassagefunctionswithinthepassageasawhole.ThepassagebeginsbyindicatingthatmanyAfricanAmericansweresurprisedbyDuBois’sviewsinhis1918editorial.ThepassagethenexplainsthatDuBoisoftenshiftedpositionsalongthecontinuum(lines9–10).Todemonstratethis,thepassageindicatesthatDuBoispraisedWashington’s1895speechdirectedtoAfricanAmericans,butthatby1903,DuBoishadalignedhimselfwith

Washington’smilitantopponent(lines16–17).

A. ThepassageindicatesthatDuBoisshiftedpositions(line9)alongtheaccommodationist-confrontationistcontinuum.

B. ThepassagedoesnotindicatewhyDuBoispraisedWashington’s1895speech.

C. ThepassagedoesnotindicatewhatTrotter’sviewsofWashington’s1895speechwere.

D. Correct.ThepassageusesDuBois’spraiseforWashington’s1895speechandsubsequentsupportofTrottertoillustrateDuBois’stendencytoshiftpositions.

E. ThepassagedoesnotincludeanyclaimsthatDuBois’s1918editorialwasconsistentwithhispreviousviews.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

68. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofthestrategythatDuBois’s1918editorialurgedAfricanAmericanstoadoptduringtheFirstWorldWar?

A. ItwasastrategythatDuBoishadconsistentlyrejectedinthepast.

B. ItrepresentedacompromisebetweenDuBois’sownviewsandthoseofTrotter.

C. Itrepresentedasignificantredefinitionofthelong-termgoalsDuBoisheldpriortothewar.

D. ItwasadvocatedbyDuBoisinresponsetohisrecognitionofthediscriminationfacedbyAfricanAmericansduringthewar.

E. ItwasadvocatedbyDuBoisinpartbecauseofhishistoricalknowledgeofgainsAfricanAmericanshadmadeduringpastwars.

Supportingideas

Thisquestionrequiresrecognizinghowapartofthepassagefunctionswithinthepassageasawhole.ThepassagebeginsbyindicatingthatDuBois’s1918editorialcalledonAfricanAmericanstoabandonpoliticalandsocialactivismandhelpwiththewareffortintheFirstWorldWar.Inthesecondparagraph,thepassageindicatesthatDuBois’swartimeposition,expressedinhis1918speech,wasatleastpartlymotivatedbyhisbeliefthatAfricanAmericans’contributionstopastwareffortshad

broughtthemsomelegalandpoliticaladvances(lines28–30).

A. ThepassagedoesnotdiscusswhetherDuBoisrecommendedthisstrategypriorto1918.

B. ThepassagedoesnotindicatethatDuBoisconsciouslycompromisedwithTrotter’sviews.

C. Thepassageindicatesthathis1918wartimeviewswerenotachangeinhislong-termgoals(lines22–23).

D. ThepassageindicatesthatDuBois’srecognitionofdiscriminationinthemilitarycausedhimtorejecthisown1918wartimeviews.

E. Correct.ThepassageindicatesthatDuBois’s1918viewswereinfluencedpartlybyabeliefthatpastwareffortshelpedAfricanAmericansbothlegallyandpolitically.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

Questions69–74refertothepassageonpage44.

69. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. contrastpossibleoutcomesofatypeofbusinessinvestment

B. suggestmorecarefulevaluationofatypeofbusinessinvestment

C. illustratevariouswaysinwhichatypeofbusinessinvestmentcouldfailtoenhancerevenues

D. tracethegeneralproblemsofacompanytoacertaintypeofbusinessinvestment

E. criticizethewayinwhichmanagerstendtoanalyzethecostsandbenefitsofbusinessinvestments

Mainidea

Lookatthepassageasawholetofindtheprimarypurpose.Thispassageusesanexample,describedinthesecondparagraph,toillustratetheprincipleofbusinesspracticeexplainedinthefirstparagraph.Theauthorbeginsbysayingthateffortstoimproveservicedonotalwaysresultinacompetitiveadvantageforacompany.Thus,aninvestmentinservicemustbecarefullyevaluatedtodetermineifitwillreducecostsorincreaserevenues(lines4–8).

A. Onlyoneoutcome,failuretogainacompetitiveadvantage,isexamined.

B. Correct.Investmentsinservicemustbecarefullyevaluatedforthereturnstheywillbring.

C. Onlyoneway,anunnecessaryinvestmentinimprovedservice,isdiscussed.

D. Theexampleofthebankisusedonlytoillustrateageneralbusinessprinciple;thebankitselfisnotthefocusofthepassage.

E. Thepassagecriticizestheabsenceofsuchananalysis,notthewayitisconducted.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

70. Accordingtothepassage,investmentsinservicearecomparabletoinvestmentsinproductionanddistributionintermsofthe

A. tangibilityofthebenefitsthattheytendtoconfer

B. increasedrevenuesthattheyultimatelyproduce

C. basisonwhichtheyneedtobeweighed

D. insufficientanalysisthatmanagersdevotetothem

E. degreeofcompetitiveadvantagethattheyarelikelytoprovide

Supportingideas

Thephraseaccordingtothepassageindicatesthatthequestioncoversmaterialthatisexplicitlystatedinthepassage.Theanswertothisquestiondemandsacarefulreadingofthesecondsentence(lines4–8).Investmentsinservicearelikeinvestmentsinproductionanddistributionbecausetheymustbebalancedagainstothertypesofinvestmentsonthebasisofdirect,tangiblebenefits.Thus,theseinvestmentsshouldbeweighedonthesamebasis.

A. Theauthorisnotequatingthetangiblebenefitsthedifferentkindsofinvestmentsreapbutratherthebasisonwhichdecisionstomakeinvestmentsaremade.

B. Revenuesgeneratedfrominvestinginservicearenotsaidtobecomparabletorevenuesgeneratedfrominvestinginproductionanddistribution.

C. Correct.Anevaluationofwhetherornottomaketheseinvestmentsmustbemadeonthesamebasis.

D. Howmanagersanalyzeinvestmentsinproductionanddistributionisnotdiscussed.

E. Thecompetitiveadvantageofsuperiorserviceisacknowledged,butnotthedegreeofit;itisnotmentionedatallinthecontextofproductionanddistribution.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

71. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutserviceprovidedbytheregionalbankpriortoitsinvestmentinenhancingthatservice?

A. Itenabledthebanktoretaincustomersatanacceptablerate.

B. Itthreatenedtoweakenthebank’scompetitivepositionwithrespecttootherregionalbanks.

C. Ithadalreadybeenimprovedafterhavingcauseddamagetothebank’sreputationinthepast.

D. Itwasslightlysuperiortothatofthebank’sregionalcompetitors.

E. Itneededtobeimprovedtoattainparitywiththeserviceprovidedbycompetingbanks.

Inference

Becausethequestionusesthewordsuggests,findingtheanswerdependsonmakinganinferenceaboutserviceatthebank.Theparagraphthatdiscussesthebankbeginswiththetransitionalexpression,thistruth,whichreferstotheprevioussentence(lines8–15).Thetruthisthatinvestinginimprovedserviceisawasteifacompanyisalreadyeffectivelyonaparwithitscompetitorsbecauseitprovidesservicethatavoidsadamagingreputationandkeepscustomersfromleavingatanunacceptablerate.Becauseofthewaytheauthorhaslinkedthisgeneralizationtothedescriptionofthebankafterinvestment,itisreasonabletoinferthatthehypotheticalcompany’ssituationdescribesthebankpriortoitsinvestmentinimprovedservice.

A. Correct.Thebank’sservicewouldhavebeengoodenoughtoavoidadamagingreputationandtoretaincustomersatanacceptablerate.

B. Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatthebank’sservicewaseitherpooror

deficienttothatofitscompetitors.

C. Thepassageimpliesthatthebank’sserviceavoidedadamagingreputation.

D. Thebankwouldhavebeenonaparwithitscompetitors,notsuperiortothem.

E. Thebankwouldhavebeenonaparwithitscompetitors,notinferiortothem.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

72. Thepassagesuggeststhatbankmanagersfailedtoconsiderwhetherornottheserviceimprovementmentionedinlines18–20

A. wastoocomplicatedtobeeasilydescribedtoprospectivecustomers

B. madeameasurablechangeintheexperiencesofcustomersinthebank’soffices

C. couldbesustainedifthenumberofcustomersincreasedsignificantly

D. wasaninnovationthatcompetingbankscouldhaveimitated

E. wasadequatetobringthebank’sgenerallevelofservicetoalevelthatwascomparablewiththatofitscompetitors

Inference

Thequestion’suseofthewordsuggestsmeansthattheanswerdependsonmakinganinference.Toanswerthisquestion,lookattheentiresecondparagraph.Managersfailedtothinkahead.Wouldtheserviceimprovementattractnewcustomersbecauseotherbankswouldfinditdifficulttocopy?Orwouldtheserviceimprovementbeeasilyimitatedbycompetitors?Themanagersshouldhaveinvestigatedthisareabeforeinvestinginimprovedservice.

A. Thepassagestatestheimprovementcouldeasilybedescribedtocustomers(lines28–29).

B. Noevidenceinthepassageshowsthatthemanagersfailedtothinkabouttheircustomers’experienceinthebank.

C. Thepassagedoesnotimplythatmanagersfailedtoconsideranincreaseinclients.

D. Correct.Themanagersdidnotwonderifotherbankswouldcopy

theirserviceimprovement.

E. Lines8–12implythatthebankenjoyedacomparablelevelofservicebeforeinvestinginserviceimprovement.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

73. Thediscussionoftheregionalbankinthesecondparagraphserveswhichofthefollowingfunctionswithinthepassageasawhole?

A. Itdescribesanexceptionalcaseinwhichinvestmentinserviceactuallyfailedtoproduceacompetitiveadvantage.

B. Itillustratesthepitfallsofchoosingtoinvestinserviceatatimewheninvestmentisneededmoreurgentlyinanotherarea.

C. Itdemonstratesthekindofanalysisthatmanagersapplywhentheychooseonekindofserviceinvestmentoveranother.

D. Itsupportstheargumentthatinvestmentsincertainaspectsofservicearemoreadvantageousthaninvestmentsinotheraspectsofservice.

E. Itprovidesanexampleofthepointaboutinvestmentinservicemadeinthefirstparagraph.

Logicalstructure

Thisquestionrequiresthinkingaboutwhatthesecondparagraphcontributestothewholepassage.Thefirstparagraphmakesageneralizationaboutinvestinginimprovementsinservice;incertainconditions,suchimprovementsdonotresultinthecompetitiveadvantageacompanyhopesfor.Thesecondparagraphoffersthebankasanexampleofthisgeneralization.

A. Thefirstsentenceofthepassageexplainsthatimprovingservicedoesnotnecessarilybringacompetitiveadvantage,sothebankisnotexceptional.

B. Thebankillustratesthepitfallofnotevaluatingaserviceimprovementonthebasisoftangiblebenefits;otherareasofthebankarenotmentioned.

C. Thepassagedoesnotdiscusshowmanagersanalyzeandchoosedifferentserviceinvestments.

D. Investmentsindifferentaspectsofservicearenotevaluatedinthepassage.

E. Correct.Thebankisanexampleofthepositionstatedinthefirstparagraphthatinvestinginimprovedservicecanbeawasteiftheinvestmentisnotevaluatedcarefully.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

74. Theauthorusestheword“only”inline27mostlikelyinorderto

A. highlighttheoddityoftheserviceimprovement

B. emphasizetherelativelylowvalueoftheinvestmentinserviceimprovement

C. distinguishtheprimaryattributeoftheserviceimprovementfromsecondaryattributes

D. singleoutacertainmeritoftheserviceimprovementfromothermerits

E. pointoutthelimiteddurationoftheactualserviceimprovement

Logicalstructure

Thequestionasksyoutoconsiderthelogicoftheauthor’swordchoice.Theprevioustwosentencesdiscusswhytheserviceimprovementwasawastedinvestment.Incontrast,thefinalsentenceturnstothesoleadvantageoftheserviceimprovement,whichistrivialbycomparison.Theauthorusesonlytomodifymeritinordertoemphasizetheminimalnatureofthisadvantage.

A. Thepassagedoesnotindicatethattheserviceimprovementissomehowstrangeorpeculiar.

B. Correct.Onlyemphasizesthelowvalueattachedtothesinglebenefit.

C. Noattributesoftheserviceimprovementarementioned.

D. Onlysignifiesthattherewasonesolemeritoftheserviceimprovement.

E. Thedurationofthebenefitisnotdiscussedinthepassage.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

Questions75–81refertothepassageonpage46.

75. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. reviewresearchdemonstratingthebenefitsofcorporatemergersand

acquisitionsandexaminesomeofthedrawbacksthatacquisitionbehaviorentails

B. contrasttheeffectsofcorporatemergersandacquisitionsonacquiringfirmsandonfirmsthatareacquired

C. reportfindingsthatraisequestionsaboutareasonforcorporatemergersandacquisitionsandsuggestpossiblealternativereasons

D. explainchangesinattitudeonthepartofacquiringfirmstowardcorporatemergersandacquisitions

E. accountforarecentdeclineintherateofcorporatemergersandacquisitions

Mainidea

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingwhatthepassageasawholeistryingtodo.Thepassagebeginsbycitingthreestudiesthatdemonstratethatwhenfirmsacquireotherfirms,thereisnotnecessarilyaworthwhileeconomicgain.Thepassagethenciteseconomicinterestsasthereasongivenbyfirmswhentheyacquireotherfirmsbutcallsintoquestiontheveracityofthisreasoning.Thepassagethengoesontospeculateastowhymergersandacquisitionsoccur.

A. Theresearchcitedinthepassagecallsintoquestionwhethermergersandacquisitionsarebeneficialtofirms.

B. Thepassageisnotconcernedwithcomparingtherelativeeffectsofmergersandacquisitionsontheacquiredandacquiringfirms.

C. Correct.Thepassagesurveysreportsthatquestionthereasonsgivenbyfirmswhentheyacquireotherfirmsandsuggestsotherreasonsfortheseacquisitions.

D. Thepassagedoesnotindicatethattherehasbeenachangeintheattitudeofacquiringfirmstowardmergersandacquisitions.

E. Thepassagedoesnotindicatethattherehasbeenadeclineintherateofmergersandacquisitions.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

76. Thefindingscitedinthepassagesuggestwhichofthefollowingabouttheoutcomesofcorporatemergersandacquisitionswithrespecttoacquiringfirms?

A. Theyincludeadecreaseinvalueofmanyacquiringfirms’stocks.

B. Theytendtobemorebeneficialforsmallfirmsthanforlargefirms.

C. Theydonotfulfilltheprofessedgoalsofmostacquiringfirms.

D. Theytendtobebeneficialtosuchfirmsinthelongtermeventhoughapparentlydetrimentalintheshortterm.

E. Theydiscouragemanysuchfirmsfromattemptingtomakesubsequentbidsandacquisitions.

Inference

Answeringthisquestionrequiresrecognizingwhatisinferablefrominformationgiveninthepassage.Thepassagebeginsbycitingthreestudiesthatshowthatmergersandacquisitionsoftenharmtheeconomicgoalsofacquiringfirms.Thepassagealsoindicatesthat,nonetheless,acquiringfirmscontinuetoassertthattheirobjectivesareeconomicones(lines15–16),suggestingthatthegoalsofthesefirmsarenotmetbyacquiringotherfirms.

A. Thepassagesuggeststhatthestockofacquiringfirmstendstoincreaseinvalue(lines12–13),albeitlessthanthefirmitacquires.

B. Thethreestudiescitedinthepassagedocontrasttheeffectsofcorporatemergersonacquiringfirmsandonacquiredfirms,buttheeffectsinquestionaresignificantonlyinsofarastheycontributetothewiderinvestigationintowhymergerstakeplaceatall.

C. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatevenwhileacquiringfirmsciteeconomicgoals,theresultsofthestudiesindicatethatthesegoalsarenotbeingmet.

D. Thepassagemakesnocomparisonbetweenthelong-termandshort-termgainsofacquiringfirms.

E. Thepassagedoesnotindicatethatfirmshavebeenaffectedbytheresultsofthestudiescited.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

77. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateacquisitions?

A. Theirknownbenefitstonationaleconomiesexplaintheirappealto

individualfirmsduringthe1970’sand1980’s.

B. Despitetheiradverseimpactonsomefirms,theyarethebestwaytochannelresourcesfromlesstomoreproductivesectorsofanation’seconomy.

C. Theyareaslikelytooccurbecauseofpoormonitoringbyboardsofdirectorsastobecausedbyincentivecompensationformanagers.

D. Theywillbelessprevalentinthefuture,sincetheiractualeffectswillgainwiderrecognition.

E. Factorsotherthaneconomicbenefittotheacquiringfirmhelptoexplainthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccur.

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingwhatviewtheauthorhasaboutaparticularissue.Thethreestudiescitedbythepassageallsuggestthatmergersandacquisitionsdonotnecessarilybringeconomicbenefittotheacquiringfirms.Theauthorconcludesthereforethatfactorshavinglittletodowithcorporateeconomicinterestsexplainacquisitions(lines23–24)andthengoesontospeculateastowhatthereasonsmayactuallybe.

A. Thepassageindicatesthatwhilemergersandacquisitionsmaybenefitthenationaleconomy,theappealofmergersandacquisitionsmustbetiedtocompanies’privateeconomicinterests(lines19–22).

B. Thepassagemakesnojudgmentastothebestwayforfirmstohelpchannelresourcesfromlesstomoreefficienteconomicsectors.

C. Thepassagemakesnocomparisonbetweentheinfluenceofpoormonitoringbyboardsandthatofexecutiveincentives.

D. Thepassagemakesnopredictionastofuturetrendsinthemarketformergersandacquisitions.

E. Correct.Thepassagestatesthatfactorsotherthaneconomicinterestsdrivemergersandacquisitions.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

78. Theauthorofthepassagementionstheeffectofacquisitionsonnationaleconomiesmostprobablyinorderto

A. provideanexplanationforthemergersandacquisitionsofthe1970’sand1980’soverlookedbythefindingsdiscussedinthepassage

B. suggestthatnationaleconomicinterestsplayedanimportantroleinthemergersandacquisitionsofthe1970’sand1980’s

C. supportanoneconomicexplanationforthemergersandacquisitionsofthe1970’sand1980’sthatwascitedearlierinthepassage

D. citeandpointouttheinadequacyofonepossibleexplanationfortheprevalenceofmergersandacquisitionsduringthe1970’sand1980’s

E. explainhowmodelingaffectedthedecisionsmadebymanagersinvolvedinmergersandacquisitionsduringthe1970’sand1980’s

Evaluation

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandingwhyapieceofinformationisincludedinthepassage.Afterthepassagecitestheresultsofthethreestudiesonmergersandacquisitions,whichcallintoquestiontheeconomicbenefitsofacquisitions,itindicatesthatfirmsnonethelessclaimthattheirobjectivesareeconomic.Thepassagethenstatesthatwhileacquisitionsmaywellhaveadesirableeffectonnationaleconomies(lines17–19),theresultsofthestudiessuggestthatfactorsotherthaneconomicinterestmustdriveexecutivestoarrangemergersandacquisitions.

A. Thepassagedoesnotmentionnationaleconomiesaspartofanexplanationfortheoccurrenceofmergersandacquisitions.

B. Thepassagesuggeststhattheeffectofacquisitionsonnationaleconomiesisnottiedtoanyexplanationsforwhyacquisitionsoccur.

C. Theeffectofacquisitionsonnationaleconomiesisnotmentionedinthepassageasanexplanationforwhyacquisitionsoccur.

D. Correct.Thepassageusesthementionofnationaleconomiesaspartofalargerpointquestioningthestatedmotivationsbehindfirms’effortstoacquireotherfirms.

E. Inthepassage,modelingisunrelatedtotheideathatacquisitionsmayhaveadesirableeffectonnationaleconomies.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

79. Accordingtothepassage,duringthe1970’sand1980’s,biddingfirmsdifferedfromthefirmsforwhichtheybidinthatbiddingfirms

A. tendedtobemoreprofitablebeforeamergerthanafteramerger

B. weremoreoftenconcernedabouttheimpactofacquisitionson

nationaleconomies

C. wererunbymanagerswhoseactionsweremodeledonthoseofothermanagers

D. anticipatedgreatereconomicadvantagesfromprospectivemergers

E. experiencedlessofanincreaseinstockvaluewhenaprospectivemergerwasannounced

Supportingideas

Thisquestionrequiresrecognizinginformationcontainedinthepassage.Inlines10–14,thepassagedescribesthefindingsofthethirdstudyofmergersandacquisitionsinthe1970’sand1980’s.Thisstudyfoundthat,aftertheannouncementofapossiblemerger,thestockvalueofanacquiring,orbidding,firmincreasesmuchlessthanthestockvalueofthefirmforwhichitisintheprocessofbidding.

A. Thepassagedoesnotindicatewhethertheprofitabilityofacquiringfirmstendedtobegreaterorlessafteramerger.

B. Thepassagedoesnotindicatethatacquiringfirmswereconcernedabouttheimpactoftheiractionsonnationaleconomies.

C. Thepassagedoesnotmentiontheactionsofmanagersatfirmsthatarebeingacquired.

D. Thepassagedoesnotdiscusswhetheracquiringfirmstendedtoexpectgreateroveralleconomicgainsthanactuallyoccurred.

E. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatthestockvalueofacquiringfirmsgrewlessthanthatofthefirmstheywereattemptingtoacquire.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

80. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwastrueofcorporateacquisitionsthatoccurredduringthe1970’sand1980’s?

A. Fewoftheacquisitionsthatfirmsmadeweresubsequentlydivested.

B. Mostsuchacquisitionsproducedonlysmallincreasesinacquiredfirms’levelsofprofitability.

C. Mostsuchacquisitionswerebasedonanoverestimationofthevalueoftargetfirms.

D. Thegainsrealizedbymostacquiringfirmsdidnotequaltheamounts

expendedinacquiringtargetfirms.

E. Abouthalfofsuchacquisitionsledtolong-termincreasesinthevalueofacquiringfirms’stocks.

Supportingideas

Thisquestionrequiresrecognizinginformationcontainedinthepassage.Thepassagereportsonthreestudiesofmergersandacquisitionsinthe1970’sand1980’s.Inlines7–10,thepassageindicatesthatthesecondstudyfoundthatthepostacquisitiongainstomostoftheacquiringfirmsdidnotoffset,oratleastequal,thepricepaidtoacquirethefirms.

A. Thepassagedoesnotdiscusspostacquisitiondivesting.

B. Thepassageindicatesthatonaverage,theprofitabilityofacquiredfirmsfellafterbeingacquired(lines5–7).

C. Thepassagedoesnotindicatewhethermostacquiringfirmsoverestimatedthevalueofthefirmstheyacquired.

D. Correct.Thepassagestatesthatformostacquiringfirmsthecostsofbuyingtheacquiredfirmweregreaterthanthegainsderivedfromacquiringit.

E. Thepassagedoesnotindicatewhatpercentageofacquiringfirms,ifany,experiencedlong-termgainsintheirstockvalue.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

81. Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisapossiblepartialexplanationforacquisitionbehaviorduringthe1970’sand1980’s?

A. Managerswishedtoimitateothermanagersprimarilybecausetheysawhowfinanciallybeneficialotherfirms’acquisitionswere.

B. Managersmiscalculatedthevalueoffirmsthatweretobeacquired.

C. Lackofconsensuswithinboardsofdirectorsresultedintheirimposingconflictinggoalsonmanagers.

D. Totalcompensationpackagesformanagersincreasedduringthatperiod.

E. Thevalueofbiddingfirms’stockincreasedsignificantlywhenprospectivemergerswereannounced.

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresrecognizingwhatcanbeinferredfromtheinformationinthepassage.Afterprovidingtheresultsofthestudiesofmergersandacquisitions,theauthorconcludesthateventhoughacquiringfirmsstatethattheirobjectivesareeconomic,factorshavinglittletodowithcorporateeconomicinterestsexplainacquisitions(lines22–24).Amongalternativeexplanations,theauthorpointstomanagerialerrorinestimatingthevalueoffirmstargetedforacquisition(lines27–28)aspossiblycontributingtoacquisitionbehaviorinthe1970’sand1980’s.

A. Whilethepassageindicatesthatmanagersmayhavemodeledtheirbehavioronothermanagers,itdoesnotprovideareasonforwhythiswouldbeso.

B. Correct.Theauthorstatesthatoneexplanationforacquisitionbehaviormaybethatmanagerserredwhentheyestimatedthevalueoffirmsbeingacquired.

C. Theauthordiscussesalackofmonitoringbyboardsofdirectorsbutmakesnomentionofconsensuswithintheseboards.

D. Theauthordoesnotdiscusscompensationpackagesformanagers.

E. Thepassagedoesnotstatehowsignificantlythevalueofthebiddingfirm’sstockincreaseduponannouncingamergerbutonlythatitincreasedlessinvaluethandidthestockoftheprospectivefirmbeingacquired.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

Questions82–88refertothepassageonpage48.

82. Accordingtothepassage,conventionalspiralgalaxiesdifferfromlow-surface-brightnessgalaxiesinwhichofthefollowingways?

A. Theyhavefewerstarsthandolow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

B. Theyevolvemorequicklythanlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

C. Theyaremorediffusethanlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

D. Theycontainlessheliumthandolow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

E. Theyarelargerthanlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

Supportingideas

Thisquestionrequiresrecognizinginformationthatisprovidedinthepassage.Thefirstparagraphdescribesandcomparestwotypesof

passage.Thefirstparagraphdescribesandcomparestwotypesofgalaxies:conventionalgalaxiesanddim,orlow-surface-brightness,galaxies.Itstatesthatdimgalaxieshavethesameapproximatenumberofstarsasacommontypeofconventionalgalaxybuttendtobelargerandmorediffusebecausetheirmassisspreadoverwiderareas(lines4–10).Thepassagealsoindicatesthatdimgalaxiestakelongerthanconventionalgalaxiestoconverttheirprimordialgasesintostars,meaningthatdimgalaxiesevolvemuchmoreslowlythanconventionalgalaxies(lines10–14),whichentailsthatconventionalgalaxiesevolvemorequicklythandimgalaxies.

A. Thepassagestatesthatdimgalaxieshaveapproximatelythesamenumbersofstarsasacommontypeofconventionalgalaxy.

B. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatdimgalaxiesevolvemuchmoreslowlythanconventionalgalaxies,whichentailsthatconventionalgalaxiesevolvemorequickly.

C. Thepassagestatesthatdimgalaxiesaremorespreadout,andthereforemorediffuse,thanconventionalgalaxies.

D. Thepassagedoesnotmentiontherelativeamountsofheliuminthetwotypesofgalaxiesunderdiscussion.

E. Thepassagestatesthatdimgalaxiestendtobemuchlargerthanconventionalgalaxies.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

83. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingisanaccuratephysicaldescriptionoftypicallow-surface-brightnessgalaxies?

A. Theyarelargespiralgalaxiescontainingfewerstarsthanconventionalgalaxies.

B. Theyarecompactbutverydimspiralgalaxies.

C. Theyarediffusespiralgalaxiesthatoccupyalargevolumeofspace.

D. Theyaresmall,youngspiralgalaxiesthatcontainahighproportionofprimordialgas.

E. Theyarelarge,densespiralswithlowluminosity.

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresdrawinganinferencefrominformationgiveninthe

passage.Thefirstparagraphcomparesdimgalaxiesandconventionalgalaxies.Dimgalaxiesaredescribedashavingthesamegeneralshape(lines4–5)asacommontypeofconventionalgalaxy,thespiralgalaxy,suggestingthatdimgalaxiesare,themselves,spiralshaped.Thepassagealsoindicatesthat,althoughbothtypesofgalaxiestendtohaveapproximatelythesamenumberofstars,dimgalaxiestendtobemuchlargerandspreadoutoverlargerareasofspace(lines4–10)thanconventionalgalaxies.

A. Thepassagestatesthatthetwotypesofgalaxieshaveapproximatelythesamenumberofstars.

B. Thepassageindicatesthatdimgalaxiesarerelativelylargeandspreadout.

C. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatdimgalaxieshavethesamegeneralshapeasspiralgalaxiesandthattheirmassisspreadoutoverlargeareasofspace.

D. Thepassageindicatesthatdimgalaxiesarerelativelylargeandspreadout.

E. Thepassagestatesthatdimgalaxieshavefewstarsperunitofvolume,suggestingthattheyarenotdensebutdiffuse.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

84. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“long-standingpuzzle”referstowhichofthefollowing?

A. Thedifferencebetweentherateatwhichconventionalgalaxiesevolveandtherateatwhichlow-surface-brightnessgalaxiesevolve

B. Thediscrepancybetweenestimatesoftotalbaryonicmassderivedfrommeasuringheliumandestimatesbasedonmeasuringgalacticluminosity

C. Theinconsistencybetweentheobservedamountofheliumintheuniverseandthenumberofstarsintypicallow-surface-brightnessgalaxies

D. Uncertaintiesregardingwhatproportionofbaryonicmassiscontainedinintergalacticspaceandwhatproportioninconventionalgalaxies

E. Difficultiesinvolvedindetectingverydistantgalaxiesandin

investigatingtheirluminosity

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresdrawinganinferencefrominformationgiveninthepassage.Thesecondparagraphdescribesthelong-standingpuzzleofthemissingbaryonicmassintheuniverse.Thepassagestatesthatbaryonsarethesourceofgalacticluminosity,andsoscientistscanestimatetheamountofbaryonicmassintheuniversebymeasuringtheluminosityofgalaxies(lines17–21).Thepuzzleisthatspectroscopicmeasuresofheliumintheuniversesuggestthatthebaryonicmassintheuniverseismuchhigherthanmeasuresofluminositywouldindicate(21–25).

A. Thedifferencesbetweentheratesofevolutionofthetwotypesofgalaxiesisnottreatedasbeingcontroversialinthepassage.

B. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatmeasurementsusingspectroscopyandmeasurementsusingluminosityresultinpuzzlingdifferencesinestimatesoftheuniverse’sbaryonicmass.

C. Thepassagedoesnotsuggesthowheliummightrelatetothenumbersofstarsindimgalaxies.

D. Thepassageindicatesthatastronomershavespeculatedthatthemissingbaryonicmassmightbediscoveredinintergalacticspaceorhard-to-detectgalaxiesbutdoesnotsuggestthatthesespeculationsareconstituentsofthelong-standingpuzzle.

E. Thepassagedoesnotmentionhowthedistancetogalaxiesaffectsscientists’abilitytodetectthesegalaxies.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

85. Theauthorimpliesthatlow-surface-brightnessgalaxiescouldconstituteananswertothepuzzlediscussedinthesecondparagraphprimarilybecause

A. theycontainbaryonicmassthatwasnottakenintoaccountbyresearchersusinggalacticluminositytoestimatethenumberofbaryonsintheuniverse

B. they,likeconventionalgalaxiesthatcontainmanybaryons,haveevolvedfrommassive,primordialgasclouds

C. theymaycontainrelativelymorehelium,andhencemorebaryons,

thandogalaxieswhoseheliumcontenthasbeenstudiedusingspectroscopy

D. theyhaverecentlybeendiscoveredtocontainmorebaryonicmassthanscientistshadthoughtwhenlow-surface-brightnessgalaxieswerefirstobserved

E. theycontainstarsthataresignificantlymoreluminousthanwouldhavebeenpredictedonthebasisofinitialstudiesofluminosityinlow-surface-brightnessgalaxies

Inference

Thisquestionrequiresdrawinganinferencefrominformationgiveninthepassage.Thepuzzleisthatestimatesofthebaryonicmassoftheuniversebasedonluminosityarelowerthanthosebasedonspectroscopy(lines21–25).Thepassagestatesthatastronomersdidnotnoticedimgalaxiesuntilrecently(lines2–3)andthatthesegalaxiesmayhelpaccountforthemissingbaryonicmassintheuniverse(lines15–17).Thepassagealsosuggeststhatastronomersmeasuretheluminosityofspecificgalaxies(lines19–21).Thusitcanbeinferredthat,priortotheirbeingnoticedbyastronomers,theluminosityofthesedimgalaxieswasnotmeasured,andtheirbaryonicmasswasnottakenintoaccountintheestimatesofluminositythatledtothelong-standingpuzzle.

A. Correct.Thepassagestatesthatthemissingbaryonicmassintheuniversemaybediscoveredinthedimgalaxiesthathaveonlyrecentlybeennoticedbyastronomers.

B. Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatdimandconventionalgalaxiesbothoriginatingfromprimordialgascloudshelpsolvethelong-standingpuzzleofthemissingbaryonicmassintheuniverse.

C. Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatdimgalaxiesmightcontainmoreheliumthandoconventionalgalaxiesorthatmeasuresofbaryonicmassusingspectroscopydonottakesomedimgalaxiesintoaccount.

D. Thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatdimgalaxiescontainmorebaryonicmassthanscientistsoriginallybelievedupondiscoveringthesegalaxies.

E. Thepassagesuggeststhatscientistsmeasuredtheluminosityofgalaxies,notofindividualstars.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

86. Theauthormentionsthefactthatbaryonsarethesourceofstars’luminosityprimarilyinordertoexplain

A. howastronomersdeterminethatsomegalaxiescontainfewerstarsperunitvolumethandoothers

B. howastronomersareabletocalculatethetotalluminosityofagalaxy

C. whyastronomerscanusegalacticluminositytoestimatebaryonicmass

D. whyastronomers’estimatesofbaryonicmassbasedongalacticluminosityaremorereliablethanthosebasedonspectroscopicstudiesofhelium

E. howastronomersknowbrightgalaxiescontainmorebaryonsthandodimgalaxies

Evaluation

Thisquestionrequiresunderstandinghowoneaspectofthepassagerelatestothereasoninginalargerportionofthepassage.Thesecondparagraphexplainsthatscientistshavebeenpuzzledovermissingbaryonicmassintheuniverseasmeasuredbyluminosity(lines21–25).Giventhatbaryonsarethesourceofluminosityinthegalaxy(lines17–19),astronomerscanestimatethebaryonicmassofagalaxybymeasuringitsluminosity.

A. Thepassagediscussionofbaryonsdoesnotaddressthenumberofstarsinindividualgalaxies.

B. Thepassagediscusseshowtheluminosityofgalaxiescanbeusedtoestimatebaryonicmassbutdoesnotaddresshowtotalluminosityismeasured.

C. Correct.Thepassageindicatesthatbecausebaryonsarethesourceofgalacticluminosity,measuringluminositycanbeusedtoestimatebaryonicmassofgalaxies.

D. Thepassagesuggeststhatestimatesbasedonluminositymayhavebeenlessaccurate,notmoreaccurate,thanthosebasedonspectroscopy.

E. Thepassagedoesnotindicatethatbrightgalaxiescontainmorebaryonsthandodimgalaxies.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

87. Theauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytodisagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

A. Low-surface-brightnessgalaxiesaremoredifficulttodetectthanareconventionalgalaxies.

B. Low-surface-brightnessgalaxiesareoftenspiralinshape.

C. Astronomershaveadvancedplausibleideasaboutwheremissingbaryonicmassmightbefound.

D. Astronomershavedevisedausefulwayofestimatingthetotalbaryonicmassintheuniverse.

E. Astronomershavediscoveredasubstantialamountofbaryonicmassinintergalacticspace.

Inference

Thisquestioninvolvesidentifyingwhichansweroptionpotentiallyconflictswiththeinformationtheauthorhasprovidedinthepassage.Thesecondparagraphindicatesthatastronomers’estimatesofthebaryonicmassoftheuniverseislowerwhenmeasuredusingluminositythanitiswhenmeasuredusingspectroscopy(lines21–25).Thefinalsentencestatesthatastronomershavespeculatedthatthemissingbaryonicmassmightbediscoveredinintergalacticspaceorinhard-to-detectgalaxies(lines25–29).Althoughthepassagedoesindicatethatthediscoveryofdim,low-surface-brightnessgalaxiesmighthelpaccountforthemissingbaryonicmass(lines15–17),thepassageprovidesnosupportforthepossibilitythatbaryonicmasshasbeendiscoveredinintergalacticspace.

A. Thepassageindicatesthatlow-surface-brightnessgalaxieswentunnoticeduntilrecently,unlikeconventionalgalaxies.

B. Thepassageindicatesthatlow-surface-brightnessgalaxieshavethesamegeneralshapeasspiralgalaxies.

C. Thepassagedescribestwopossibleexplanationsastronomershavegivenforthemissingbaryonicmass,oneofwhichwasmademoreplausiblebythediscoveryoflow-surface-brightnessgalaxies.

D. Thepassageindicatesthatastronomershaveusedspectroscopytoestimatebaryonicmassandgivesnoreasontosuspectthatthismethod

isnotuseful.

E. Correct.Thepassagedoesnotindicatethatastronomershavefoundanybaryonicmassinintergalacticspace.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

88. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. describeaphenomenonandconsideritsscientificsignificance

B. contrasttwophenomenaanddiscussapuzzlingdifferencebetweenthem

C. identifyanewlydiscoveredphenomenonandexplainitsorigins

D. comparetwoclassesofobjectsanddiscussthephysicalpropertiesofeach

E. discussadiscoveryandpointoutitsinconsistencywithexistingtheory

Mainidea

Thisquestionrequiresunderstanding,inbroadterms,thepurposeofthepassageasawhole.Thefirstparagraphdescribesaphenomenon:thediscoveryofdimgalaxiesandsomeoftheirgeneralattributes.Thesecondparagraphdescribeshowthisdiscoverymayhelpastronomerstosolvealong-standingpuzzleaboutthebaryonicmassoftheuniverse.

A. Correct.Thepassagedescribesthephenomenonofdimgalaxiesanddescribestheirsignificanceinsolvingthelong-standingpuzzleofthemissingbaryonicmassintheuniverse.

B. Althoughthepassagediscussesthepuzzlingdifferencebetweenthetwoestimatesofbaryonicmass,thisoptiondoesnotaccountforthebroadertopicofdimgalaxies.

C. Whilethepassageidentifiesthenewlydiscoveredphenomenonofdimgalaxies,itdoesnotofferasignificantexplanationforthesegalaxies’origins.

D. Althoughthepassagecomparesdimandconventionalgalaxiesinthefirstparagraph,thisoptiondoesnotaccountfortheimportantdetailthatdimgalaxiesmayhelpsolvealong-standingpuzzle.

E. Thediscoveryofdimgalaxiesdiscussedinthepassageisnotsaidtobeinconsistentwithanyexistingscientifictheory.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

Questions89–91refertothepassageonpage50.

89. The“apparentcontradiction”mentionedinline29referstothediscrepancybetweenthe

A. legalstatusofMexicanwomeninterritorialCaliforniaandtheirstatusintheUnitedStates

B. unflatteringdepictionofMexicansinnovelsandtheactualpublicsentimentabouttheMexican-AmericanWar

C. existenceofmanymarriagesbetweenCalifornianasandnon-Hispanicmerchantsandthestricturesagainstthemexpressedinnovels

D. literarydepictionofeliteCalifornianasandtheliterarydepictionofotherMexicanindividuals

E. novelisticportrayalsofeliteCalifornianas’privilegedlivesandtheactualcircumstancesofthoselives

Supportingidea

Theapparentcontradictioninline29referstothedifference,notedintheprevioussentence,betweenfavorableliteraryportrayalsofeliteCalifornianas—thatis,MexicanwomenoftheCaliforniaterritory—ontheonehandandnovels’generallyunflatteringdepictionsofMexicansontheother.

A. ThepassagediscussesthedifferencebetweenthelegalrightsofMexicanwomenintheCaliforniaterritoryandthoseofnon-Hispanicwomen.ThelegalrightsofMexicanwomenoutsideterritorialCaliforniaarenotmentioned.

B. ThepassagesuggeststhatthereisnocontradictionbetweenunflatteringdepictionsofMexicansinnovelsandpublicsentimentabouttheMexican-AmericanWar:suchdepictionsofMexicansservedtostirupsentimentinsupportofthewar.

C. Accordingtothepassage,novelsexpressednostricturesagainstmarriagesbetweenCalifornianasandnon-Hispanicmerchants.Instead,thenovelsportrayedsuchmarriagesfavorably.

D. Correct.Non-HispanicnovelistsglorifiedeliteCalifornianasbasedontheimportanceofforgingeconomicallianceswiththem,whereas

novelistsdepictedotherMexicansinunflatteringterms.

E. ThepassageindicatesthateliteCalifornianas’liveswereinfactprivileged,atleastincomparisontothoseofnon-Hispanicwomen.ItdoesnotsuggestthattherewasanycontradictionbetweeneliteCalifornianas’livesandhowthoseliveswereportrayedinnovels.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

90. WhichofthefollowingcouldbestserveasanexampleofthekindoffictionalplotdiscussedbyAntoniaCastañeda?

A. AlandspeculatorofEnglishancestrywedsthedaughterofaMexicanvineyardownerafterthespeculatorhasmigratedtoCaliforniatoseekhisfortune.

B. ACalifornianwomanofHispanicancestryfindsthatheragriculturallivelihoodisthreatenedwhenherhusbandisforcedtoseekworkinatextilemill.

C. AMexicanrancherwholoseshislandasaresultoftheMexican-AmericanWarmigratestothenorthernUnitedStatesandmarriesanimmigrantschoolteacher.

D. AwealthyCalifornianawhosefatherhasbequeathedherallhispropertycontendswithavariciousrelativesforherinheritance.

E. ApoormarriedcoupleemigratefromFrenchCanadaandgraduallybecomewealthyasmerchantsinterritorialCalifornia.

Application

Accordingtothepassage,CastañedafocusesonaparticularplotinwhichaneliteCalifornianaispursuedbyanon-Hispanicmerchantortraderforthepurposeofgainingeconomicadvantage.

A. Correct.Thestoryofanon-HispaniclandspeculatorweddingaCalifornianawhoislikely,basedontheinheritancerightsgrantedherbytheHispaniclawinterritorialCalifornia,toinheritherfather’svineyardwouldpreciselyfittheplotthatCastañedadiscusses.

B. ThisdescriptionfailstoidentifytheethnicityoftheCaliforniana’shusbandandthereasonhemarriedher,sothereisnowaytodeterminewhetherthestorywouldfitCastañeda’splot.

C. Castañeda’splotinvolvesanon-Hispanicmaleprotagonist,soa

Mexicanranchercouldnotplaythemainmaleroleinsuchastory.

D. ThepresenceofawealthyCalifornianawhoinheritspropertymightmakethisstoryseemtobeanexampleofthefictionalplotthatCastañedadiscusses,butthereisnomentionofanon-Hispanicmerchantortraderwhoseeksherhandinmarriage.

E. SimplytakingplaceinterritorialCaliforniawouldnotmakeastoryanappropriateexampleoftheplotdiscussedbyCastañeda.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

91. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldprovidethemostsupportforCastañeda’sexplanationofthe“stereotypicalplot”mentionedinthelines18–19?

A. Non-HispanictradersfoundbusinessmoreprofitableinCaliforniawhileitwasaterritorythanwhenitbecameastate.

B. VeryfewmarriagesbetweenHispanicwomenandnon-Hispanicmeninnineteenth-centuryterritorialCaliforniahaveactuallybeendocumented.

C. RecordsfromthenineteenthcenturyindicatethatsomelargeandvaluablepropertieswereownedbyeliteCalifornianasintheirownright.

D. Unmarriednon-Hispanicwomeninthenineteenth-centuryUnitedStatesweresometimesabletocontrolpropertyintheirownright.

E. Mostofthepropertyinnineteenth-centuryterritorialCaliforniawascontrolledbyHispanicmen.

Evaluation

Castañedaexplainsthestereotypicalplotofanon-HispanicmerchantseekingtomarryaneliteCalifornianabasedoneconomics:thesewomenhadpropertyandinheritancerightsequaltomen.Novelistsbasedtheirplotsonthewomen’sreal-lifeeconomicpower,whichresultedinmen’swishingtobuildeconomicallianceswiththem.Supportingthisexplanationrequiressupportingtheseeconomicideasinsomeway.

A. Theprofitabilityofnon-Hispanictraders’businessisnotanissueinCastañeda’sexplanation;thusthechangedescribedhasnosignificantrelevancetothatexplanation.

B. Thelackofthetypeofdocumentationdescribed,ratherthanprovidingsupportforCastañeda’sexplanation,signifiesadeficitindocumentarysupportforthatexplanation.

C. Correct.IfeliteCalifornianasdidinfactownvaluableproperties,Castañeda’seconomicexplanationgainsforce.ThewomendidhavetherealeconomicsignificanceuponwhichCastañedasuggeststhenovelistsdrew.

D. Ifitweretruethatsomenon-Hispanicwomencontrolledpropertyinthisway,Castañeda’sexplanationofCalifornianas’uniquenesswouldbesomewhatundermined.

E. Ifmostofthepropertyinnineteenth-centuryterritorialCaliforniawascontrolledbyHispanicmen,thatsuggeststhatCalifornianaswerelesslikelytopossessthekindofeconomicpowerdescribedinCastañeda’sargument.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

Questions92–94refertothepassageonpage52.

92. Thepassagesuggeststhat,intheearly1990s,Michaelswouldhavebeenmostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedisparitymentionedinthelines3–4?

A. ThisdisparityisrelativelylessextremeintheNorthernHemispherebecauseofsulfatecooling.

B. Thisdisparityisonlyashort-termphenomenonbroughtaboutbysulfatecooling.

C. Thisdisparityismostsignificantinthosepartsoftheworlddominatedbyoceans.

D. Theextentofthisdisparityisbeingmaskedbythetemporaryeffectofsulfatecooling.

E. Thedisparityconfirmsthatcurrentmodelsofglobalwarmingarecorrect.

Inference

Thedisparityhighlightedinthisquestionisbetweenglobalwarmingmodelsandactualclimatedata—thatis,thatthemodelspredictedwarmingthathasnotoccurred.Intheearly1990s,accordingtothepassage,Michaelstriedtoexplainthisdisparitybysayingthatindustrial

passage,Michaelstriedtoexplainthisdisparitybysayingthatindustrialsulfateemissionshadacoolingeffectthatslowedglobalwarmingbriefly.

A. ThepassagedoesnotindicatethatMichaelscametodistinguishbetweentheNorthernandSouthernHemispheresuntilhebegantodoubthisearly1990sexplanationforthementioneddisparity.

B. Correct.Michaelsclaimedintheearly1990sthatthedisparitywastemporary,andthatitoccurredduetothecoolingeffectofsulfateemissions.

C. Santer’scontention,notMichaels’s,isbasedontheeffectofoceansonglobalwarming.

D. Intheearly1990s,Michaelsusedtheideaofsulfatecoolingtoexplaintheobserveddisparity,nottosuggestthatthedisparityitselfwaslargerthanobserved.

E. Inseekingtoexplainthedisparity,Michaelsseemstohaveassumed,intheearly1990satleast,thatthemodelsofglobalwarmingwerecorrect.Buthedidnottakethedisparityasevidenceoftheircorrectness.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

93. Accordingtothepassage,Santerassertswhichofthefollowingaboutglobalwarming?

A. ItwillbecomeamoreseriousproblemintheSouthernHemispherethanintheNorthernHemisphereinspiteofthecoolinginfluenceofoceansinthesouth.

B. Itisunlikelytobeaseriousprobleminthefuturebecauseofthepervasiveeffectofsulfatecooling.

C. ItwillproceedatthesamegeneralrateintheNorthernandSouthernHemispheresoncethetemporaryinfluenceofsulfatecoolingcomestoanend.

D. Untilthelate1980s,itwasmoderatedintheNorthernHemispherebytheeffectofsulfatecooling.

E. Largelybecauseofthecoolinginfluenceofoceans,ithashadnodiscernibleimpactontheSouthernHemisphere.

Supportingidea

ThesecondparagraphofthepassagediscussesSanter’stakeonglobal

ThesecondparagraphofthepassagediscussesSanter’stakeonglobalwarming.Heisconcernedwiththeeffectofoceansandofsulfatecoolingonthisprocess,andhearguesthattherateofwarmingintheSouthernandNorthernHemisphereshasbeendifferentlyaffectedbyeachofthese.Ingeneral,oceansslowwarminginthesouth,whilesulfatecoolingtemporarilyslowedwarminginthenorthuntilthelate1980s.

A. Accordingtothepassage,Santerhasarguedthatsince1987theNorthernHemispherehaswarmedmoresignificantlythantheSouthernHemisphere.

B. Santermaintainsthatsulfatecoolingcomplicatesourattemptstounderstandglobalwarming.Henotes,however,thatsulfatecoolingpeakedintheNorthernHemisphereinthemid-1900s,andthatthathemisphere’swarminghasincreasedconsiderably.Sosulfatecooling’seffectisnotpervasiveandhasnotmitigatedthemedium-andlong-termproblemofglobalwarming.

C. Santerarguesthat,intheabsenceofsulfatecooling,globalwarmingwouldoccurmoreslowlyintheSouthernHemisphereduetothegreateroceancoveragethere.

D. Correct.SantersaysthatsulfatecoolingslowedwarmingintheNorthernHemisphere,butthatin1987,theinfluenceofsulfatecoolingwasnolongersignificant.

E. SantermaintainsthatglobalwarminghappensmoreslowlyintheSouthernHemisphereduetothegreateroceancoveragethere,notthatithasnodiscernibleimpactthere.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

94. ThepassagesuggeststhatSanterandMichaelswouldbemostlikelytoDISAGREEoverwhichofthefollowingissues?

A. Whetherclimatologicaldatainvalidatesglobalwarmingmodels

B. WhetherwarmingintheNorthernHemispherehasintensifiedsince1987

C. Whetherdisparitiesbetweenglobalwarmingmodelsandclimatologicaldatacanbedetected

D. Whetherlandmasseswarmmorerapidlythanoceans

E. Whetheroceanshaveasignificanteffectonglobalclimatepatterns

Inference

Accordingtotheendofthefirstparagraph,Michaelsbegantodoubtthatsulfatecoolinghadaneffectonglobalwarming,and,further,basedonthefactthathecouldnotfindananswerforwhyclimatologicaldatadidnotlineupwithglobalwarmingmodels,hequestionedtheaccuracyofthosemodels.ThesecondparagraphexplainsthatSanter,incontrast,offeredamorenuancedexplanationfortheeffectofsulfatecooling,andthatbasedonthisexplanation,hedisputedtheclaimthatclimatologicaldatawereinconsistentwiththemodels’predictions.

A. Correct.Basedonthepassage,SanterandMichaelswouldclearlydisagreeaboutwhetherclimatologicaldatainvalidateglobalwarmingmodels:Michaelscametoquestionthemodelsonthebasisofthosedata,whileSanterfoundthemodelpredictionswereinfactultimatelyconsistentwiththeobserveddata.

B. BothSanterandMichaelsaccepttheideathatwarminginthenorthhasacceleratedsince1987.

C. SanterandMichaelsbothofferedreasonsforwhytheseemingdisparitybetweenmodelsanddataoccurred—thustheyagreedthatsuchdisparitieswereinfactdetected.

D. Accordingtothesecondparagraph,Santerholdsthatlandmasseswarmmorerapidlythanoceans.ButthepassageoffersnoindicationthatMichaelsdisagreeswiththis.

E. Santer’sargumentisbasedinlargepartontheeffectofoceansonglobalclimatepatterns,butnothinginthepassage’sdiscussionofMichaels’sworkindicatesthatMichaelswoulddisagreethatoceanshavesuchaneffect.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

Questions95–101refertothepassageonpage54.

95. Accordingtothepassage,WalkerandSzalaydisagreeonwhichofthefollowingpoints?

A. Thestructureandcompositionofaustralopithecineteeth

B. Thekindsofconclusionsthatcanbedrawnfromthemicro-wearpatternsonaustralopithecineteeth

C. Theideathatfruitwasapartoftheaustralopithecinediet

D. Theextenttowhichseedcrackingandbonecrunchingproducesimilarmicro-wearpatternsonteeth

E. Thefunctionoftheheavyenamelonaustralopithecineteeth

Supportingidea

Thisquestionreferstothefirstparagraph,whichstatesthatWalkerdoesnotagreewithSzalay’sideathattheheavyenamelofaustralopithecineteethisanadaptationtobonecrunching.

A. Accordingtothepassage,WalkerandSzalaydisagreeaboutthefunctionofheavyenamelontheteeth,notthestructureandcompositionoftheteeth.

B. ThepassagedoesnotindicatethatSzalayhasanythingtosayaboutthemicro-wearpatternsontheteeth.

C. Walkerdoes,accordingtothepassage,believethataustralopithecinesatefruit,butitgivesnoevidenceaboutwhetherSzalaybelievesthattheyateatleastsomefruit.

D. Accordingtothepassage,Walkerbelievesthatseedcrackingandbonecrunchingproducedistinctivemicro-wearpatternsonteeth,buthedoesnotnecessarilybelievethattheyaresimilar.ThepassagedoesnotindicateSzalay’spositiononthedifferencebetweenmicro-wearpatterns.

E. Correct.ThefunctionoftheheavyenamelontheteethistheonlyideaaboutwhichthepassageclearlyindicatesthatWalkerandSzalaydisagree.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

96. ThepassagesuggeststhatWalker’sresearchindicatedwhichofthefollowingaboutaustralopithecineteeth?

A. Theyhadmicro-wearcharacteristicsindicatingthatfruitconstitutedonlyasmallpartoftheirdiet.

B. Theylackedmicro-wearcharacteristicsassociatedwithseedeatingandbonecrunching.

C. Theyhadmicro-wearcharacteristicsthatdifferedincertainwaysfromthemicro-wearpatternsofchimpanzeesandorangutans.

D. Theyhadmicro-wearcharacteristicssuggestingthatthedietofaustralopithecinesvariedfromoneregiontoanother.

E. Theylackedthemicro-wearcharacteristicsdistinctiveofmodernfrugivores.

Inference

Accordingtothepassage,Walker’sresearchfocusesonmicro-wearpatternsontheteethofaustralopithecines.Hedrawsseveralconclusionsonthebasisofthesepatterns:first,thataustralopithecinesdidnoteathardseeds;next,thattheydidnotcrunchbones;andfinally,thattheyatefruit.

A. ThepassageindicatesthatWalker’sobservationofmicro-wearpatternsledhimtoconcludethataustralopithecinesatemostlyfruit,notthatfruitconstitutedonlyasmallpartoftheirdiet.

B. Correct.ThefirstparagraphexplainsthatWalkerconcludedfrommicro-wearpatternsthataustralopithecinesdidnoteathardseedsanddidnotcrunchbones;thus,hisresearchmusthaveindicatedthattheylackedmicro-wearcharacteristicsassociatedwithsuchactivities.

C. Accordingtothepassage,theoppositeistrue:basedontheobservationthattheirmicro-wearpatternswereindistinguishablefromthoseofchimpanzeesandorangutans,Walkerconcludedthataustralopithecinesatefruit.

D. ThesecondparagraphofthepassagecomplicatesWalker’sviewbysuggestingthataustralopithecines’dietmighthavevariedfromoneregiontoanother,butthepassagesaysnothingaboutWalker’sresearchfromwhichtoinferthatitindicatedsuchvariation.

E. Chimpanzeesandorangutansareassumedtobefrugivores,accordingtothepassage,andWalker’sresearchindicatedthataustralopithecineteethhadmicro-wearcharacteristicsidenticaltotheirs.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

97. Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueofstudiesoftoothmicro-wearpatternsconductedonmodernbaboons?

A. Theywouldinaccuratelysuggestthatsomebaboonseatmoresoft-bodiedthanhard-bodiedinsects.

B. Theywouldsuggestthatinsectsconstitutethelargestpartofsome

baboons’diets.

C. Theywouldrevealthattherearenosignificantdifferencesintoothmicro-wearpatternsamongbaboonpopulations.

D. Theywouldinadequatelyreflecttheextenttowhichsomebaboonsconsumecertaintypesofinsects.

E. Theywouldindicatethatbaboonsincertainregionseatonlysoft-bodiedinsects,whereasbaboonsinotherregionseathard-bodiedinsects.

Inference

Thesecondparagraphstatesthatmodernbaboonseatonlysoft-bodiedinsectsandsowouldnotexhibittoothabrasiontoindicatethattheywereinsectivores.Thus,itwouldbedifficulttodetermineexactlywhichsoft-bodiedinsectstheyate.

A. Thepassagestatesthatbaboonseatonlysoft-bodiedinsects—soitisinfactaccuratetosuggestthatallbaboonseatmoresoft-bodiedthanhard-bodiedinsects.

B. Thepassagesaysthatbaboonseatonlysoft-bodiedinsects.Italsosuggeststhatsoft-bodiedinsectsdonotleavesignificantenoughabrasionsonbaboons’teethtoprovideevidenceofthisaspectoftheirdiet.Therefore,thetooth-wearpatternswouldgivelittleornoinformationregardingwhatproportionofthebaboons’overalldietconsistsofinsects.

C. Thepassagedoesnotprovidegroundsforinferringanythingaboutthedifferences,orlackthereof,amongbaboonpopulationsintermsoftoothmicro-wearpatterns.

D. Correct.Becausesoft-bodiedinsectscauselittletoothabrasion,micro-wearpatternswouldmostlikelynotreflecttheextenttowhichbaboonsconsumesoft-bodiedinsects.

E. Thepassagestatesthatbaboonseatonlysoft-bodiedinsects.Nothinginthepassagesuggeststhatbaboonsincertainregionseathard-bodiedinsects.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

98. Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthemicro-wear

patternsfoundontheteethofomnivorousprimates?

A. Thepatternsprovideinformationaboutwhatkindsoffoodsarenoteatenbytheparticularspeciesofprimate,butnotaboutthefoodsactuallyeaten.

B. Thepatternsofvariousprimatespecieslivinginthesameenvironmentresembleoneanother.

C. Thepatternsmaynotprovideinformationabouttheextenttowhichaparticularspecies’dietincludesseeds.

D. Thepatternsprovidemoreinformationabouttheseprimates’dietthandothetoothmicro-wearpatternsofprimateswhoarefrugivores.

E. Thepatternsmaydifferamonggroupswithinaspeciesdependingontheenvironmentwithinwhichaparticulargrouplives.

Inference

Thisquestionfocusesmainlyontheendofthesecondparagraph,whichstatesthatthedietsofcurrentomnivorousprimatesvaryconsiderablydependingontheenvironmentsinwhichtheylive.Itgoesontoconcludethataustralopithecines,iftheywereomnivores,wouldsimilarlyconsumevarieddiets,dependingonenvironment,andexhibitvariedtoothmicro-wearpatternsaswell.Thus,itisreasonabletoconcludethatanyomnivorousprimateslivingindifferentenvironmentsandconsumingdifferentdietswouldexhibitvariedmicro-wearpatterns.

A. Thepassageindicatesthattheabsenceofcertaintypesofmicro-wearpatternscanprovideevidenceaboutwhatfoodsaspeciesdoesnoteat.Italsosaysthatamongomnivorousprimates,onemightexpecttofindconsiderablepopulationvariationintheirtoothmicro-wearpatterns.Wherevermicro-wearpatternsarepresent,theyprovideevidenceaboutwhatkindsoffoodsareeaten.

B. Thepassagesuggeststhatvariousprimatespecieslivinginthesameenvironmentmightconsumeavarietyofdifferentdiets,sothereisnoreasontoconcludethattheirmicro-wearpatternswouldresembleoneanother.

C. Thepassageindicatesthatseed-eatingproducesdistinctivemicro-wearpatterns,sothepatterns,orlackthereof,ontheteethofanyspecieswouldmostlikelyprovideinformationabouttheextenttowhichthe

species’dietincludesseeds.

D. Theendofthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatfrugivores’micro-wearpatternsaredistinctive;thepassageprovidesnoreasontobelievethatomnivores’dietsprovidemoreinformation.

E. Correct.Accordingtothepassage,omnivorousprimatesofaparticularspeciesmayconsumedifferentdietsdependingonwheretheylive.Thus,theirmicro-wearpatternsmaydifferonthisbasis.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

99. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatifstudiesoftoothmicro-wearpatternswereconductedonmodernbaboons,whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelybetrueoftheresultsobtained?

A. Therewouldbeenoughabrasiontoallowadeterminationofwhetherbaboonsarefrugivorousorinsectivorous.

B. Theresultswouldsuggestthatinsectsconstitutethelargestpartofthebaboons’diet.

C. Theresultswouldrevealthattherearenosignificantdifferencesintoothmicro-wearpatternsfromoneregionalbaboonpopulationtoanother.

D. Theresultswouldprovideanaccurateindicationoftheabsenceofsomekindsofinsectsfromthebaboons’diet.

E. Theresultswouldbeunlikelytoprovideanyindicationofwhatinferencesabouttheaustralopithecinedietcanorcannotbedrawnfrommicro-wearstudies.

Inference

Thesecondparagraphstatesthatmodernbaboonseatsoft-bodiedinsectsbutnothard-bodiedones—anditishard-bodiedinsects,thepassagesuggests,thatwouldcauseparticularmicro-wearpatternsonteeth.Sothepatternsonmodernbaboons’teethmostlikelydonotexhibitthepatternsindicatinghard-bodiedinsectconsumption.

A. Thepassagestatesthatbaboons’consumptionofsoft-bodiedinsectswouldnotshowupinthepatternsontheirteeth—sotheabrasionwouldmostlikelynotprovideenoughinformationforadeterminationofwhetherbaboonsarefrugivorousorinsectivorous.

B. Sincesoft-bodiedinsectsdonotabradetheteethsignificantly,itwouldbedifficulttodetermine,basedonmicro-wearpatterns,thepartsuchinsectsplayinthebaboons’diet.Furthermore,thepassagedoesnotsuggestthatmicro-wearpatternscanindicatethequantityoffoodananimalmighthaveeaten.

C. Therecouldbedifferencesintoothmicro-wearpatternsfromoneregionalbaboonpopulationtoanotheriftheyconsumedanythinginadditiontosoft-bodiedinsects.

D. Correct.Studyingtoothmicro-wearpatternsonbaboons’teethwouldmostlikelyshowthattheirteethdonotexhibitpatternstypicalofcreaturesthatconsumehard-bodiedinsects.

E. Thepassagesuggeststhatbasedonresultsfrommicro-wearpatternsonmodernbaboons’teeth,onecannotinferfrommicro-wearstudieswhetheraustralopithecinesatesoft-bodiedinsects.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

100. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatWalker’sconclusionabouttheaustralopithecinedietwouldbecalledintoquestionunderwhichofthefollowingcircumstances?

A. Thetoothenamelofaustralopithecinesisfoundtobemuchheavierthanthatofmodernfrugivorousprimates.

B. Themicro-wearpatternsofaustralopithecineteethfromregionsotherthaneastAfricaareanalyzed.

C. Orangutansarefoundtohaveamuchbroaderdietthaniscurrentlyrecognized.

D. TheenvironmentofeastAfricaatthetimeaustralopithecineslivedthereisfoundtohavebeenfarmorevariedthaniscurrentlythought.

E. Theareainwhichtheaustralopithecinespecimenswerefoundisdiscoveredtohavebeenveryrichinsoft-bodiedinsectsduringtheperiodwhenaustralopithecineslivedthere.

Inference

ThepassageexplainsthatWalkerbaseshisconclusionaboutthefrugivorousnatureoftheaustralopithecinedietonthefactthatthemicro-wearpatternsonaustralopithecineteethareindistinguishablefromthose

ofchimpanzeesandorangutans,bothofwhicharepresumedtohavefrugivorousdiets.

A. ThepassageindicatesthatWalkertookintoaccountthefactthataustralopithecineshadrelativelyheavytoothenamelandthatherejectedtheviewthatthisheavinesswasevidenceagainstthehypothesisthattheywerefrugivorous.Forallwecantellfromtheinformationinthepassage,theaustralopithecines’toothenamelwasalreadyknowntobemuchheavierthanthatofmodernfrugivorousprimates.

B. Itcouldbethecasethatanalyzingthemicro-wearpatternsofaustralopithecineteethfromotherregionswouldyieldthesamedataasthosefromeastAfrica.

C. Correct.Accordingtothepassage,Walkerbasestheconclusionthataustralopithecineswerefrugivorousonthesimilaritybetweentheirmicro-wearpatternsandthoseofmodernchimpanzeesandorangutans.Iforangutanswerefoundtohaveadietthatincludedagreaterrangeofnon-fruitfoodsthaniscurrentlyrecognized,thenthecorrespondencebetweentheirmicro-wearpatternsandaustralopithecines’micro-wearpatternswouldbeconsistentwiththehypothesisthataustralopithecines’dietwasbroaderaswell.

D. EveniftheenvironmentofeastAfricaweremorevaried,thatwouldnotmeantheaustralopithecinesnecessarilyateamorevarieddiet.Manyspeciesthatliveinveryvariedenvironmentsspecializenarrowlyonparticularfoodsinthoseenvironments.

E. Justbecausemanysoft-bodiedinsectsmighthavebeenavailabletoaustralopithecinesdoesnotmeanthataustralopithecinesatethem.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

101. Theauthorofthepassagementionsthedietsofbaboonsandotherlivingprimatesmostlikelyinorderto

A. provideevidencethatrefutesWalker’sconclusionsaboutthefoodsmakingupthedietsofaustralopithecines

B. suggestthatstudiesoftoothmicro-wearpatternsareprimarilyusefulfordeterminingthedietsoflivingprimates

C. suggestthataustralopithecineswereprobablyomnivoresratherthan

frugivores

D. illustratesomeofthelimitationsofusingtoothmicro-wearpatternstodrawdefinitiveconclusionsaboutagroup’sdiet

E. suggestthattoothmicro-wearpatternsarecausedbypersistent,asopposedtooccasional,consumptionofparticularfoods

Evaluation

Thepassagediscussesthedietsofbaboonsandotherlivingprimatesmainlyinthesecondparagraph,whichisconcernedwithexplainingthelimitedutilityofmicro-wearstudies.

A. TheauthorraisessomedoubtsaboutWalker’sconclusionsbutdoesnotgoasfarastotrytorefutethemoutright.Theauthorarguesonlythat,asthefinalsentenceofthepassagestates,theymayneedtobeexpanded.

B. Theauthordiscussesthedietsofbaboonsandotherlivingprimatesinrelationtomicro-wearresearchonextinctprimates.Nothinginthediscussionsuggeststhatmicro-wearstudieswouldbemoreusefulfordeterminingthedietsoflivingprimatesthanforprovidingevidenceregardingthedietsofearlierprimatesorofothertypesofanimals.Furthermore,thementionofbaboondietssuggeststhatmicro-wearstudiesmaynotbeveryusefulfordeterminingthedietsofsomelivingprimates.

C. Theauthorleavesopenthequestionofwhetheraustralopithecineswereomnivoresorfrugivores.Thepassagesuggeststhatsomeaustralopithecinesmighthavebeenomnivores,ifaustralopithecines’dietsvariedaccordingtotheenvironmentstheyinhabited.Walker’sconclusionregardingeastAfricanaustralopithecines’beingfrugivoresmightstillhold,however.

D. Correct.Theauthorreferstobaboons’dietsandthoseofcurrentomnivorousprimatesinordertosuggestthattheremightbelimitationstoWalker’suseoftoothmicro-wearpatternstodetermineaustralopithecines’diet.

E. Thepassagedoesnotmakeadistinctionbetweenpersistentandoccasionalconsumptionofparticularfoods.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

Questions102–105refertothepassageonpage57.

102. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A. presentrecentlydiscoveredevidencethatsupportsaconventionalinterpretationofahistoricalperiod

B. describehowreinterpretationsofavailableevidencehavereinvigoratedaonce-discreditedscholarlyposition

C. explainwhysomehistorianshavetendedtoemphasizechangeratherthancontinuityindiscussingaparticularperiod

D. explorehowchangesinaparticularoccupationservetocountertheprevailingviewofahistoricalperiod

E. examineaparticularareaofhistoricalresearchinordertoexemplifyageneralscholarlytrend

Mainidea

Thisquestionasksaboutthepassage’smainpurpose.Thefirstparagraphinitiallydescribesawayinwhichhistoriographyischanging:theideaofaconsistent,monolithicdeclineinwomen’sstatusisbeingcomplicatedbyrecentresearch.TherestofthepassageusestheexampleofPinchbeck’sinterpretationofwomen’sworkinEnglishcheesemakingtoshowthelimitsofearlierideasaboutwomen’sstatus:Pinchbeck’sworkillustratestheideaofconsistentdecline,butrecentscholarshiphascalledthatworkintoquestion.

A. ThefirstparagraphsuggeststhatPinchbeck’sworkrepresentstheconventionalpositionthatwomen’sstatusdeclinedconsistentlywiththeadventofcapitalism;accordingtothepassage,recentevidenceundermines,ratherthansupports,thatposition.

B. Accordingtothepassage,reinterpretationsofevidencehaveinspirednewinterpretations;theyhavenotreinvigoratedadiscreditedposition.

C. Thepassageisconcernedwithnotingbothchangeandcontinuity,asstatedinthefirstsentence.

D. Inthepassage,continuity,notchange,inaparticularoccupation—Englishfarmhousecheesemaking—helpstocountertheprevailingview.

E. Correct.Thepassage’smainpurposeistoexaminewomen’sworkin

Englishfarmhousecheesemakingsoastoillustrateatrendinhistoriographyofwomen’sstatusundercapitalismandindustrialization.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

103. RegardingEnglishlocalmarketsandfairs,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A. Bothbeforeandaftertheagriculturalrevolution,thesellersofagriculturalproductsatthesevenuesweremen.

B. Knowingwhotheactivesellerswereatthesevenuesmaynotgiveareliableindicationofwhocontrolledtherevenuefromthesales.

C. TherewerenoparallelinstitutionsatwhichAmericancheesemakerscouldselltheirownproducts.

D. Priortotheagriculturalrevolution,thesellersofagriculturalproductsatthesevenuesweregenerallytheproducersthemselves.

E. Priortotheagriculturalrevolution,womensoldnotonlycheesebutalsoproductsofarableagricultureatthesevenues.

Inference

ThepassagediscussesEnglishlocalmarketsandfairsinthefirstandsecondparagraphs:thefirstparagraphstatesthatbeforetheagriculturalrevolution,womenhadsoldcheeseinsuchvenuesbutthatafterthat,factors,whoweremen,soldthecheese.ThesecondparagrapharguesthateventhoughEnglishwomeninprecapitalist,preindustrialtimesmayhaveatonepointsoldcheeseatfairs,evidenceindicatesthatinatleastonecase,amanappropriatedmostofthemoneyhiswifemadefromhersales.

A. Thefirstparagraphstatesthatpriortotheagriculturalrevolution,womensoldcheeseatlocalmarketsandfairs.

B. Correct.Asthesecondparagraphindicates,womenmayhavesoldthecheese,butthereisevidencetosuggestthattheydidnotnecessarilycontroltherevenuefromitssale.

C. ThepassagedoesnotprovideevidenceregardinganyinstitutionsatwhichAmericancheesemakerssoldtheirproducts.

D. WhilethepassageindicatesthattheproducersofEnglishfarmhousecheesemayhavebeentheoneswhosoldthatcheeseatlocalmarkets

andfairs,thereisnoevidencetosuggestthatthiswasnecessarilythecaseforotheragriculturalproducts.

E. Thepassageprovidesnoinformationregardingwhetherwomensoldproductsofarableagricultureinanyvenue.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

104. ThepassagedescribestheworkofPinchbeckprimarilyinorderto

A. demonstratethatsomeoftheconclusionsreachedbyrecenthistorianswereanticipatedinearlierscholarship

B. provideaninstanceoftheviewpointthat,accordingtothepassage’sauthor,isbeingsuperseded

C. illustratethewaysinwhichrecenthistorianshavebuiltontheworkoftheirpredecessors

D. provideapointofreferenceforsubsequentscholarshiponwomen’sworkduringtheagriculturalrevolution

E. showtheeffectthatthespecializationintroducedintheagriculturalandindustrialrevolutionshadonwomen’swork

Evaluation

ThisquestionfocusesonthefunctionofPinchbeck’sworkinthepassage.Pinchbeck’sstudyofwomen’sworkincheeseproductionis,accordingtothepassage,anillustrationoftheviewthatwomen’sstatusdeclinedconsistentlywiththeadventofindustrialization.Thatview,theauthorclaims,isbeingchallengedbycurrenthistoriography.

A. ThepassageindicatesthattheconclusionsofPinchbeck,whorepresentsearlierscholarship,didnotanticipaterecentwork,butratherthatrecentworkarguesagainstthoseconclusions.

B. Correct.Pinchbeck’sworkillustratesearliertrendsinhistoriography,trendsthattheauthorsuggestsarenowgivingwaytonewerideas.

C. ThepassagedoesnotfocusonanywaysinwhichrecenthistorianshavebuiltonPinchbeck’swork;instead,itdiscusseshowtheyhavearguedagainstitsconclusions.

D. Pinchbeck’sworkprovidesapointofreferenceonlyinsofarassubsequentscholarshipisarguingagainstit.

E. Pinchbeckmakestheargumentthatspecializationcausedwomen’sstatustodecline,butthepassageisconcernedwithunderminingthisargument.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

105. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomendidworkin

A. Americancheesemakingatsomepointpriortoindustrialization

B. arableagricultureinnorthernEnglandbothbeforeandaftertheagriculturalrevolution

C. arableagricultureinsoutheastEnglandaftertheagriculturalrevolution,inthoselocalesinwhichculturalvaluessupportedtheirparticipation

D. thesaleofcheeseatlocalmarketsinEnglandevenaftertheagriculturalrevolution

E. someareasofAmericancheesedairyingafterindustrialization

Inference

Thisquestionfocusesmainlyonthefinalparagraphofthepassage,inwhichwomen’scontinuedworkinEnglishcheesedairyingiscontrastedwithwhatthepassagecallstheirdisappearancefromarableagricultureinsoutheastEnglandandfromAmericancheesedairying,presumablyduringtheperiodofindustrialization.Thecorrectanswerwillbeaconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthisinformation.

A. Correct.Thatwomen“disappeared”fromAmericancheesedairyingduringindustrializationprovidesgroundsforinferringthattheydidsuchdairyingworkatsomepointpriortoindustrialization.

B. ThepassagesaysthatwomendisappearedfromarableagricultureinsoutheastEngland,butitgivesnoinformationabouttheirparticipationinarableagricultureinnorthernEngland.

C. Thepassagemakesablanketstatementaboutwomen’sdisappearancefromarableagricultureinsoutheastEngland,sothereisnoreasontoinferthatanylocalessupportedwomen’sparticipationinagriculture.

D. Thefirstparagraphstatesthatfactors,whoweremen,soldcheeseaftertheagriculturalrevolution.

E. Thefinalparagraphexplicitlystatesthatwomendisappearedfrom

Americancheesedairying;thus,thereisnobasisforinferringthatwomenworkedinanyareasofthatfieldafterindustrialization.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

4.0CriticalReasoning

4.0CriticalReasoningCriticalreasoningquestionsappearintheVerbalsectionoftheGMAT®exam.TheVerbalsectionusesmultiple-choicequestionstomeasureyourabilitytoreadandcomprehendwrittenmaterial,toreasonandtoevaluatearguments,andtocorrectwrittenmaterialtoconformtostandardwrittenEnglish.BecausetheVerbalsectionincludescontentfromavarietyoftopics,youmaybegenerallyfamiliarwithsomeofthematerial;however,neitherthepassagesnorthequestionsassumeknowledgeofthetopicsdiscussed.CriticalreasoningquestionsareintermingledwithreadingcomprehensionandsentencecorrectionquestionsthroughouttheVerbalsectionofthetest.

Youwillhave75minutestocompletetheVerbalsection,orabout1¾minutestoanswereachquestion.Althoughcriticalreasoningquestionsarebasedonwrittenpassages,thesepassagesareshorterthanreadingcomprehensionpassages.Theytendtobelessthan100wordsinlengthandgenerallyarefollowedbyoneortwoquestions.Forthesequestions,youwillseeasplitcomputerscreen.Thewrittenpassagewillremainvisibleatthetopofthescreen.Inturn,eachassociatedquestionwillappearbelowtherelevantpassage.

Criticalreasoningquestionsaredesignedtotestthereasoningskillsinvolvedin(1)makingarguments,(2)evaluatingarguments,and(3)formulatingorevaluatingaplanofaction.Thematerialsonwhichquestionsarebasedaredrawnfromavarietyofsources.TheGMATexamdoesnotexpectanyfamiliaritywiththesubjectmatterofthosematerials.

Inthesequestions,youaretoanalyzethesituationonwhicheachquestionisbased,andthenselecttheanswerchoicethatmostappropriatelyanswersthequestion.Beginbyreadingthepassagescarefully,thenreadingthefiveanswerchoices.Ifthecorrectanswerisnotimmediatelyobvioustoyou,seewhetheryoucaneliminatesomeofthewronganswers.Readingthepassageasecondtimemaybehelpfulinilluminatingsubtletiesthatwerenotimmediatelyevident.

Answeringcriticalreasoningquestionsrequiresnospecializedknowledgeofanyparticularfield;youdon’thavetohaveknowledgeoftheterminologyandconventionsofformallogic.Thesamplecriticalreasoningquestionsinthischapterillustratethevarietyoftopicsthetestmaycover,thekindsofquestionsitmayask,andthelevelofanalysisitrequires.

itmayask,andthelevelofanalysisitrequires.

Thefollowingpagesdescribewhatcriticalreasoningquestionsaredesignedtomeasureandpresentthedirectionsthatwillprecedequestionsofthistype.Samplequestionsandexplanationsofthecorrectanswersfollow.

4.1WhatIsMeasuredCriticalreasoningquestionsaredesignedtoprovideonemeasureofyourabilitytoreasoneffectivelyinthefollowingareas:

Argumentconstruction

Questionsinthiscategorymayaskyoutorecognizesuchthingsasthebasicstructureofanargument,properlydrawnconclusions,underlyingassumptions,well-supportedexplanatoryhypotheses,andparallelsbetweenstructurallysimilararguments.

Argumentevaluation

Thesequestionsmayaskyoutoanalyzeagivenargumentandtorecognizesuchthingsasfactorsthatwouldstrengthenorweakenthegivenargument;reasoningerrorscommittedinmakingthatargument;andaspectsofthemethodbywhichtheargumentproceeds.

Formulatingandevaluatingaplanofaction

Thistypeofquestionmayaskyoutorecognizesuchthingsastherelativeappropriateness,effectiveness,orefficiencyofdifferentplansofaction,factorsthatwouldstrengthenorweakentheprospectsofsuccessofaproposedplanofaction,andassumptionsunderlyingaproposedplanofaction.

4.2Test-TakingStrategies1. Readverycarefullythesetofstatementsonwhichaquestionisbased.

Paycloseattentionto

whatisputforwardasfactualinformation

whatisnotsaidbutnecessarilyfollowsfromwhatissaid

whatisclaimedtofollowfromfactsthathavebeenputforward

howwellsubstantiatedareanyclaimsthataparticularconclusion

followsfromthefactsthathavebeenputforward

Inreadingthearguments,itisimportanttopayattentiontothelogicalreasoningused;theactualtruthofstatementsportrayedasfactisnotimportant.

2. Identifytheconclusion.

Theconclusiondoesnotnecessarilycomeattheendofthetext;itmaycomesomewhereinthemiddleorevenatthebeginning.Bealerttocluesinthetextthatanargumentfollowslogicallyfromanotherstatementorstatementsinthetext.

3. Determineexactlywhateachquestionasks.

Youmightfindithelpfultoreadthequestionfirst,beforereadingthematerialonwhichitisbased;don’tassumethatyouknowwhatyouwillbeaskedaboutanargument.Anargumentmayhaveobviousflaws,andonequestionmayaskyoutodetectthem.OtherquestionsmaydirectyoutoselecttheoneanswerchoicethatdoesNOTdescribeaflawintheargument.

4. Readalltheanswerchoicescarefully.

Donotassumethatagivenansweristhebestwithoutfirstreadingallthechoices.

4.3TheDirectionsThesearethedirectionsyouwillseeforcriticalreasoningquestionswhenyoutaketheGMATexam.Ifyoureadthemcarefullyandunderstandthemclearlybeforegoingtositforthetest,youwillnotneedtospendtoomuchtimereviewingthemwhenyouareatthetestcenterandthetestisunderway.

Forthesequestions,selectthebestoftheanswerchoicesgiven.

4.4SampleQuestionsEachofthecriticalreasoningquestionsisbasedonashortargument,asetofstatements,oraplanofaction.Foreachquestion,selectthebestanswerofthechoicesgiven.

106. PhishCorunsanumberoffarmsinthearidprovinceofNufa,dependinglargelyonirrigation.Now,aspartofaplantoefficientlyincreasethe

farms’totalproduction,itplanstodrilldowntoanaquifercontainingwarm,slightlysaltywaterthatwillbeusedtoraisefishinponds.Thewaterfromthepondswilllaterbeusedtosupplementpiped-inirrigationwaterforPhishCo’svegetablefields,andthepondsandaccompanyingvegetationshouldhelpreducetheheatintheareaofthefarms.

Whichofthefollowingwould,iftrue,moststronglysuggestthattheplan,ifimplemented,wouldincreasetheoverallefficiencyofPhishCo’sfarms?

A. MostofthevegetationtobeplacedaroundthepondsisnativetoNufa.

B. FishraisedonPhishCo’sfarmsarelikelytobesaleableinthenearesturbanareas.

C. Organicwastefromfishinthepondwaterwillhelptofertilizefieldswhereitisusedforirrigation.

D. ThegovernmentofNufawillhelptoarrangeloanfinancingtopartiallycoverthecostsofdrilling.

E. Pondswillbelocatedonlow-lyinglandnowpartiallyoccupiedbygraincrops.

107. Thesustainedmassiveuseofpesticidesinfarminghastwoeffectsthatareespeciallypernicious.First,itoftenkillsoffthepests’naturalenemiesinthearea.Second,itoftenunintentionallygivesrisetoinsecticide-resistantpests,sincethoseinsectsthatsurviveaparticularinsecticidewillbetheonesmostresistanttoit,andtheyaretheoneslefttobreed.

Fromthepassageabove,itcanbeproperlyinferredthattheeffectivenessofthesustainedmassiveuseofpesticidescanbeextendedbydoingwhichofthefollowing,assumingthateachisarealisticpossibility?

A. Usingonlychemicallystableinsecticides

B. Periodicallyswitchingthetypeofinsecticideused

C. Graduallyincreasingthequantitiesofpesticidesused

D. Leavingafewfieldsfalloweveryyear

E. Breedinghigher-yieldingvarietiesofcropplants

108. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?

Manufacturersarenowrequiredtomakeallcigarettelighterschild-resistantbyequippingthemwithsafetylevers.Butthischangeisunlikely

resistantbyequippingthemwithsafetylevers.Butthischangeisunlikelytoresultinasignificantreductioninthenumberoffirescausedbychildrenplayingwithlighters,becausechildrengiventheopportunitycanfigureouthowtoworkthesafetyleversand________.

A. theadditionofthesafetylevershasmadelightersmoreexpensivethantheywerebeforetherequirementwasinstituted

B. adultsaremorelikelytoleavechild-resistantlightersthannon-child-resistantlightersinplacesthatareaccessibletochildren

C. manyofthefiresstartedbyyoungchildrenarequicklydetectedandextinguishedbytheirparents

D. unlikechild-resistantlighters,lightersthatarenotchild-resistantcanbeoperatedbychildrenasyoungastwoyearsold

E. approximately5,000firesperyearhavebeenattributedtochildrenplayingwithlightersbeforethesafetyleverswererequired

109. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthepassage?

AbusinessanalysisoftheAppenianrailroadsystemdivideditslong-distancepassengerroutesintotwocategories:ruralroutesandinterurbanroutes.Theanalysisfoundthat,unliketheinterurbanroutes,fewruralroutescarriedahighenoughpassengervolumetobeprofitable.Closingunprofitableruralroutes,however,willnotnecessarilyenhancetheprofitabilityofthewholesystem,since________.

A. alargepartofthepassengervolumeoninterurbanroutesisaccountedforbypassengerswhobeginorendtheirjourneysonruralroutes

B. withinthelasttwodecadesseveraloftheleastusedruralrouteshavebeenclosedandtheirpassengerserviceshavebeenreplacedbybuses

C. theruralrouteswerealloriginallyconstructedatleastonehundredyearsago,whereassomeoftheinterurbanrouteswereconstructedrecentlyfornewhigh-speedexpresstrains

D. notallofAppenia’slargecitiesareequallywellservedbyinterurbanrailroadservices

E. thegreatestpassengervolume,relativetotheroutes’capacity,isnotoneithercategoryoflong-distanceroutesbutisonsuburbancommuterroutes

110. AlthoughAckerburg’ssubwaysystemiscurrentlyoperatingatadeficit,

thetransitauthoritywilllowersubwayfaresnextyear.Theauthorityprojectsthatthelowerfareswillresultinatenpercentincreaseinthenumberofsubwayriders.Sincetheadditionalincomefromthelargerridershipwillmorethanoffsetthedecreaseduetolowerfares,thetransitauthorityactuallyexpectsthefarereductiontoreduceoreliminatethesubwaysystem’soperatingdeficitfornextyear.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthemostsupportforthetransitauthority’sexpectationofreducingthesubwaysystem’soperatingdeficit?

A. Throughouttheyearsthatthesubwaysystemhasoperated,fareshaveneverbeforebeenreduced.

B. Theplannedfarereductionwillnotapplytostudents,whocanalreadyridethesubwayforareducedfare.

C. Nextyear,thetransitauthoritywillhavetoundertakeseverallarge-scaletrackmaintenanceprojects.

D. Thesubwaysystemcanaccommodateatenpercentincreaseinridershipwithoutincreasingthenumberoftrainsitrunseachday.

E. ThecurrentsubwayfaresinAckerburgarehigherthansubwayfaresinothercitiesintheregion.

111. Patrickusuallyprovideschildcareforsixchildren.ParentsleavetheirchildrenatPatrick’shouseinthemorningandpickthemupafterwork.Attheendofeachworkweek,theparentspayPatrickatanhourlyrateforthechildcareprovidedthatweek.TheweeklyincomePatrickreceivesisusuallyadequatebutnotalwaysuniform,particularlyinthewinter,whenchildrenarelikelytogetsickandbeunpredictablyabsent.

Whichofthefollowingplans,ifputintoeffect,hasthebestprospectofmakingPatrick’sweeklyincomebothuniformandadequate?

A. Poolresourceswithaneighborwhoprovideschildcareundersimilararrangements,sothatthetwoofthemcooperateincaringfortwiceasmanychildrenasPatrickcurrentlydoes.

B. ReplacepaymentbyactualhoursofchildcareprovidedwithafixedweeklyfeebaseduponthenumberofhoursofchildcarethatPatrickwouldtypicallybeexpectedtoprovide.

C. Hireafull-timehelperandinvestinfacilitiesforprovidingchildcaretosickchildren.

D. IncreasethehourlyratetoalevelthatwouldprovideadequateincomeeveninaweekwhenhalfofthechildrenPatrickusuallycaresforareabsent.

E. Increasethenumberofhoursmadeavailableforchildcareeachday,sothatparentscanleavetheirchildreninPatrick’scareforalongerperiodeachdayatthecurrenthourlyrate.

112. Editorial:ConsumersinNorthAmericathinkthatbydrinkingfrozenconcentratedorangejuice,theyaresavingenergy,becauseittakesfewertruckloadstotransportitthanittakestotransportanequivalentamountofnot-from-concentratejuice.Buttheyaremistaken,fortheamountofenergyrequiredtoconcentratethejuiceisfargreaterthantheenergydifferenceinthejuices’transport.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldprovidethegreatestadditionalsupportfortheeditorial’sconclusion?

A. Freezertrucksusesubstantiallymoreenergypermiledriventhandoanyothertypesoftrucks.

B. Frozenjuicecanbestoredforseveralyears,whilenot-from-concentratejuicelastsamuchshortertime.

C. OrangesgrowninBrazilmakeupanincreasingpercentageofthefruitusedinnot-from-concentratejuiceproduction.

D. Aservingofnot-from-concentratejuicetakesuptosixtimesmorespacethanaservingoffrozenconcentratedjuice.

E. Thoughfrozenconcentratedjuicemustbekeptatalowertemperature,not-from-concentratejuiceisfarmoresensitivetosmalltemperaturefluctuations.

113. Acomputerequippedwithsignature-recognitionsoftware,whichrestrictsaccesstoacomputertothosepeoplewhosesignaturesareonfile,identifiesaperson’ssignaturebyanalyzingnotonlytheformofthesignaturebutalsosuchcharacteristicsaspenpressureandsigningspeed.Eventhemostadeptforgerscannotduplicateallofthecharacteristicstheprogramanalyzes.

Whichofthefollowingcanbelogicallyconcludedfromthepassageabove?

A. Thetimeittakestorecordandanalyzeasignaturemakesthesoftware

impracticalforeverydayuse.

B. Computersequippedwiththesoftwarewillsoonbeinstalledinmostbanks.

C. Nobodycangainaccesstoacomputerequippedwiththesoftwaresolelybyvirtueofskillatforgingsignatures.

D. Signature-recognitionsoftwarehastakenmanyyearstodevelopandperfect.

E. Inmanycasesevenauthorizedusersaredeniedlegitimateaccesstocomputersequippedwiththesoftware.

114. Therateatwhicharoadwearsdependsonvariousfactors,includingclimate,amountoftraffic,andthesizeandweightofthevehiclesusingit.TheonlylandtransportationtoRittland’sseaportisviaadividedhighway,onesidecarryingtraffictotheseaportandonecarryingtrafficawayfromit.Thesideleadingtotheseaporthaswornfaster,eventhougheachsidehascarriedvirtuallythesameamountoftraffic,consistingmainlyoflargetrucks.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthedifferenceintherateofwear?

A. ThevolumeoftraffictoandfromRittland’sseaporthasincreasedbeyondtheintendedcapacityofthehighwaythatservesit.

B. WearonthehighwaythatservesRittland’sseaportisconsiderablygreaterduringthecoldwintermonths.

C. WearonthesideofthehighwaythatleadstoRittland’sseaporthasencouragedpeopletotakebusestotheseaportratherthandrivingthereintheirownautomobiles.

D. AgreatertonnageofgoodsisexportedfromRittland’sseaportthanisimportedthroughit.

E. AllofRittland’sautomobilesareimportedbyship.

115. InpartsofSouthAmerica,vitamin-Adeficiencyisaserioushealthproblem,especiallyamongchildren.Inoneregion,agriculturistsareattemptingtoimprovenutritionbyencouragingfarmerstoplantanewvarietyofsweetpotatocalledSPK004thatisrichinbeta-carotene,whichthebodyconvertsintovitaminA.Theplanhasgoodchancesofsuccess,

sincesweetpotatoisastapleoftheregion’sdietandagriculture,andthevarietiescurrentlygrowncontainlittlebeta-carotene.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportsthepredictionthattheplanwillsucceed?

A. ThegrowingconditionsrequiredbythevarietiesofsweetpotatocurrentlycultivatedintheregionareconditionsinwhichSPK004canflourish.

B. ThefleshofSPK004differsfromthatofthecurrentlycultivatedsweetpotatoesincolorandtexture,sotraditionalfoodswouldlooksomewhatdifferentwhenpreparedfromSPK004.

C. Therearenoothervarietiesofsweetpotatothataresignificantlyricherinbeta-carotenethanSPK004is.

D. ThevarietiesofsweetpotatocurrentlycultivatedintheregioncontainsomeimportantnutrientsthatarelackinginSPK004.

E. Thereareothervegetablescurrentlygrownintheregionthatcontainmorebeta-carotenethanthecurrentlycultivatedvarietiesofsweetpotatodo.

116. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

Thelastmembersofanow-extinctspeciesofaEuropeanwilddeercalledthegiantdeerlivedinIrelandabout16,000yearsago.PrehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancedepictthisanimalashavingalargehumponitsback.Fossilsofthisanimal,however,donotshowanyhump.Nevertheless,thereisnoreasontoconcludethatthecavepaintingsarethereforeinaccurateinthisregard,since__________.

A. someprehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancealsodepictotheranimalsashavingahump

B. fossilsofthegiantdeeraremuchmorecommoninIrelandthaninFrance

C. animalhumpsarecomposedoffattytissue,whichdoesnotfossilize

D. thecavepaintingsofthegiantdeerwerepaintedwellbefore16,000yearsago

E. onlyonecurrentlyexistingspeciesofdeerhasanyanatomicalfeaturethatevenremotelyresemblesahump

117. Highlevelsoffertilizerandpesticides,neededwhenfarmerstrytoproducehighyieldsofthesamecropyearafteryear,pollutewatersupplies.Expertsthereforeurgefarmerstodiversifytheircropsandtorotatetheirplantingsyearly.

Toreceivegovernmentalprice-supportbenefitsforacrop,farmersmusthaveproducedthatsamecropforthepastseveralyears.

Thestatementsabove,iftrue,bestsupportwhichofthefollowingconclusions?

A. Therulesforgovernmentalsupportoffarmpricesworkagainsteffortstoreducewaterpollution.

B. Theonlysolutiontotheproblemofwaterpollutionfromfertilizersandpesticidesistotakefarmlandoutofproduction.

C. Farmerscancontinuetomakeaprofitbyrotatingdiversecrops,thusreducingcostsforchemicals,butnotbyplantingthesamecropeachyear.

D. Newfarmingtechniqueswillbedevelopedtomakeitpossibleforfarmerstoreducetheapplicationoffertilizersandpesticides.

E. Governmentalpricesupportsforfarmproductsaresetatlevelsthatarenothighenoughtoallowfarmerstogetoutofdebt.

118. TenyearsagothenumberoftaxpayersinGreenspaceCountywasslightlygreaterthanthenumberofregisteredvoters.Thenumberoftaxpayershasdoubledoverthelasttenyears,whilethenumberofregisteredvotershasincreased,butatalowerratethanhasthenumberoftaxpayers.

WhichofthefollowingmustbetrueinGreenspaceCountyifthestatementsabovearetrue?

A. Thenumberoftaxpayersisnowsmallerthanthenumberofregisteredvoters.

B. Everyonewhoisaregisteredvoterisalsoataxpayer.

C. Theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayershasincreasedoverthelasttenyears.

D. Theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayershasdecreasedoverthelasttenyears.

E. Theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayershasremained

unchangedoverthelasttenyears.

119. Theinterviewisanessentialpartofasuccessfulhiringprogrambecause,withit,jobapplicantswhohavepersonalitiesthatareunsuitedtotherequirementsofthejobwillbeeliminatedfromconsideration.

Theargumentabovelogicallydependsonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?

A. Ahiringprogramwillbesuccessfulifitincludesinterviews.

B. Theinterviewisamoreimportantpartofasuccessfulhiringprogramthanisthedevelopmentofajobdescription.

C. Interviewerscanaccuratelyidentifyapplicantswhosepersonalitiesareunsuitedtotherequirementsofthejob.

D. Theonlypurposeofaninterviewistoevaluatewhetherjobapplicants’personalitiesaresuitedtotherequirementsofthejob.

E. Thefitofjobapplicants’personalitiestotherequirementsofthejobwasoncethemostimportantfactorinmakinghiringdecisions.

120. Manyleadershiptheorieshaveprovidedevidencethatleadersaffectgroupsuccessratherthanthesuccessofparticularindividuals.Soitisirrelevanttoanalyzetheeffectsofsupervisortraitsontheattitudesofindividualswhomtheysupervise.Instead,assessmentofleadershipeffectivenessshouldoccuronlyatthegrouplevel.

Whichofthefollowingwoulditbemostusefultoestablishinordertoevaluatetheargument?

A. Whethersupervisors’documentationofindividualsupervisees’attitudestowardthemisusuallyaccurate

B. Whetheritispossibletoassessindividualsupervisees’attitudestowardtheirsupervisorswithouttherebychangingthoseattitudes

C. Whetheranyoftheleadershiptheoriesinquestionholdthatleadersshouldassessotherleaders’attitudes

D. Whethersometypesofgroupsdonotneedsupervisioninordertobesuccessfulintheirendeavors

E. Whetherindividuals’attitudestowardsupervisorsaffectgroupsuccess

121. AmajorhealthinsurancecompanyinLagoliapaysforspecialprocedures

prescribedbyphysiciansonlyiftheprocedureisfirstapprovedas“medicallynecessary”byacompany-appointedreviewpanel.Theruleisintendedtosavethecompanythemoneyitmightotherwisespendonmedicallyunnecessaryprocedures.Thecompanyhasrecentlyannouncedthatinordertoreduceitscosts,itwillabandonthisrule.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestjustificationforthecompany’sdecision?

A. Patientsoftenregisterdissatisfactionwithphysicianswhoprescribenothingfortheirailments.

B. Physiciansoftenprescribespecialproceduresthatarehelpfulbutnotaltogethernecessaryforthehealthofthepatient.

C. Thereviewprocessisexpensiveandpracticallyalwaysresultsinapprovaloftheprescribedprocedure.

D. Thecompany’sreviewprocessdoesnotinterferewiththeprerogativeofphysicians,incaseswheremorethanoneeffectiveprocedureisavailable,toselecttheonetheypersonallyprefer.

E. Thenumberofmembersofthecompany-appointedreviewpanelwhoreviewagivenproceduredependsonthecostoftheprocedure.

122. Toevaluateaplantosavemoneyonoffice-spaceexpendituresbyhavingitsemployeesworkathome,XYZCompanyaskedvolunteersfromitsstafftotrythearrangementforsixmonths.Duringthisperiod,theproductivityoftheseemployeeswasashighasorhigherthanbefore.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldarguemoststronglyagainstdeciding,onthebasisofthetrialresults,toimplementthecompany’splan?

A. Theemployeeswhoagreedtoparticipateinthetestoftheplanwereamongthecompany’smostself-motivatedandindependentworkers.

B. Thesavingsthatwouldaccruefromreducedoffice-spaceexpendituresalonewouldbesufficienttojustifythearrangementforthecompany,apartfromanyproductivityincreases.

C. Othercompaniesthathaveachievedsuccessfulresultsfromwork-at-homeplanshaveworkforcesthataresubstantiallylargerthanthatofXYZ.

D. Thevolunteerswhoworkedathomewereabletocommunicatewithotheremployeesasnecessaryforperformingthework.

E. MinorchangesinthewayofficeworkisorganizedatXYZwouldyieldincreasesinemployeeproductivitysimilartothoseachievedinthetrial.

123. Consumerhealthadvocate:Yourcandycompanyaddscaffeinetoyourchocolatecandybarssothateachonedeliversaspecifiedamountofcaffeine.Sincecaffeineishighlyaddictive,thisindicatesthatyouintendtokeepyourcustomersaddicted.

Candymanufacturer:Ourmanufacturingprocessresultsintherebeinglesscaffeineineachchocolatecandybarthanintheunprocessedcacaobeansfromwhichthechocolateismade.

Thecandymanufacturer’sresponseisflawedasarefutationoftheconsumerhealthadvocate’sargumentbecauseit

A. failstoaddresstheissueofwhetherthelevelofcaffeineinthecandybarssoldbythemanufacturerisenoughtokeeppeopleaddicted

B. assumeswithoutwarrantthatallunprocessedcacaobeanscontainauniformamountofcaffeine

C. doesnotspecifyexactlyhowcaffeineislostinthemanufacturingprocess

D. treatstheconsumerhealthadvocate’sargumentasthoughitwereabouteachcandybarratherthanaboutthemanufacturer’scandyingeneral

E. merelycontradictstheconsumerhealthadvocate’sconclusionwithoutgivinganyreasontobelievethattheadvocate’sreasoningisunsound

124. Nutritionistsareadvisingpeopletoeatmorefish,sincetheomega-3fattyacidsinfishhelpcombatmanydiseases.Ifeveryonetookthisadvice,however,therewouldnotbeenoughfishinoceans,rivers,andlakestosupplythedemand;theoceansarealreadybeingoverfished.Theobviousmethodtoeasethepressureonwildfishpopulationsisforpeopletoincreasetheirconsumptionoffarmedfish.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,raisesthemostseriousdoubtconcerningtheprospectsforsuccessofthesolutionproposedabove?

A. Aquaculture,orfishfarming,raisesmorefishinagivenvolumeofwaterthanaregenerallypresentinthewild.

B. Somefishfarming,particularlyofshrimpandothershellfish,takesplaceinenclosuresintheocean.

C. Therearelargeexpansesofoceanwatersthatdonotcontainenoughnutrientstosupportsubstantialfishpopulations.

D. Thefeedforfarmedoceanfishislargelymadefromsmallwild-caughtfish,includingtheyoungofmanypopularfoodspecies.

E. Someofthespeciesthatarenowfarmedextensivelywerenotcommonlyeatenwhentheywereonlyavailableinthewild.

125. Cropscanbetradedonthefuturesmarketbeforetheyareharvested.Ifapoorcornharvestispredicted,pricesofcornfuturesrise;ifabountifulcornharvestispredicted,pricesofcornfuturesfall.Thismorningmeteorologistsarepredictingmuch-neededrainforthecorn-growingregionstartingtomorrow.Therefore,sinceadequatemoistureisessentialforthecurrentcrop’ssurvival,pricesofcornfutureswillfallsharplytoday.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakenstheargumentabove?

A. Cornthatdoesnotreceiveadequatemoistureduringitscriticalpollinationstagewillnotproduceabountifulharvest.

B. Futurespricesforcornhavebeenfluctuatingmoredramaticallythisseasonthanlastseason.

C. Therainthatmeteorologistspredictedfortomorrowisexpectedtoextendwellbeyondthecorn-growingregion.

D. Agricultureexpertsannouncedtodaythatadiseasethathasdevastatedsomeofthecorncropwillspreadwidelybeforetheendofthegrowingseason.

E. Mostpeoplewhotradeincornfuturesrarelytakephysicalpossessionofthecorntheytrade.

126. Largenationalbudgetdeficitsdonotcauselargetradedeficits.Iftheydid,countrieswiththelargestbudgetdeficitswouldalsohavethelargesttradedeficits.Infact,whendeficitfiguresareadjustedsothatdifferentcountriesarereliablycomparabletoeachother,thereisnosuch

correlation.

Ifthestatementsabovearealltrue,whichofthefollowingcanproperlybeinferredonthebasisofthem?

A. Countrieswithlargenationalbudgetdeficitstendtorestrictforeigntrade.

B. Reliablecomparisonsofthedeficitfiguresofonecountrywiththoseofanotherareimpossible.

C. Reducingacountry’snationalbudgetdeficitwillnotnecessarilyresultinaloweringofanytradedeficitthatcountrymayhave.

D. Whencountriesareorderedfromlargesttosmallestintermsofpopulation,thesmallestcountriesgenerallyhavethesmallestbudgetandtradedeficits.

E. Countrieswiththelargesttradedeficitsneverhavesimilarlylargenationalbudgetdeficits.

127. Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthepassagebelow?

Themoreworriedinvestorsareaboutlosingtheirmoney,themoretheywilldemandahighpotentialreturnontheirinvestment;greatrisksmustbeoffsetbythechanceofgreatrewards.Thisprincipleisthefundamentaloneindetermininginterestrates,anditisillustratedbythefactthat

A. successfulinvestorsaredistinguishedbyanabilitytomakeveryriskyinvestmentswithoutworryingabouttheirmoney

B. lendersreceivehigherinterestratesonunsecuredloansthanonloansbackedbycollateral

C. intimesofhighinflation,theinterestpaidtodepositorsbybankscanactuallybebelowtherateofinflation

D. atanyonetime,acommercialbankwillhaveasinglerateofinterestthatitwillexpectallofitsindividualborrowerstopay

E. thepotentialreturnoninvestmentinanewcompanyistypicallylowerthanthepotentialreturnoninvestmentinawell-establishedcompany

128. Itisoftensaidthathighratesofinflationtendtodiminishpeople’sincentivetosaveandinvest.Thisviewmustbeincorrect,however,becausepeoplegenerallysavedandinvestedmoreoftheirincomeinthe1970’swheninflationrateswerehighthantheydidinthe1980’swhen

inflationrateswerelow.

Ofthefollowing,thebestcriticismoftheargumentaboveisthatitoverlooksthepossibilitythat

A. allpeopledonotrespondinthesamewaytoagiveneconomicstimulus

B. certainfactorsoperatinginthe1980’sbutnotinthe1970’sdiminishedpeople’sincentivetosaveandinvest

C. thepopulationwaslargerinthe1980’sthanitwasinthe1970’s

D. theproponentsoftheviewcitedwouldstandtogainifinflationratesbecomelower

E. afactorthataffectspeople’ssavingsbehaviorinacertainwaycouldaffectpeople’sinvestmentbehaviorquitedifferently

129. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?

Withintheearth’score,whichisiron,pressureincreaseswithdepth.Becausethetemperatureatwhichironmeltsincreaseswithpressure,theinnercoreissolidandtheoutercoreismolten.Physicistscandeterminethemeltingtemperatureofironatanygivenpressureandthepressureforanygivendepthintheearth.Therefore,theactualtemperatureattheboundaryoftheearth’souterandinnercores—themeltingtemperatureofironthere—canbedetermined,since__________.

A. thedepthbeneaththeearth’ssurfaceoftheboundarybetweentheouterandinnercoresisknown

B. someoftheheatfromtheearth’scoreflowstothesurfaceoftheearth

C. pressureswithintheearth’soutercorearemuchgreaterthanpressuresabovetheoutercore

D. nowhereintheearth’scorecanthetemperaturebemeasureddirectly

E. thetemperatureswithintheearth’sinnercorearehigherthanintheoutercore

130. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthereasoning?

Eitherfoodscarcityorexcessivehuntingcanthreatenapopulationofanimals.Ifthegroupfacesfoodscarcity,individualsinthegroupwillreachreproductivematuritylaterthanotherwise.Ifthegroupfacesexcessivehunting,individualsthatreachreproductivematurityearlierwill

excessivehunting,individualsthatreachreproductivematurityearlierwillcometopredominate.Therefore,itshouldbepossibletodeterminewhetherprehistoricmastodonsbecameextinctbecauseoffoodscarcityorhumanhunting,sincetherearefossilizedmastodonremainsfrombothbeforeandaftermastodonpopulationsdeclined,and__________.

A. therearemorefossilizedmastodonremainsfromtheperiodbeforemastodonpopulationsbegantodeclinethanfromafterthatperiod

B. theaverageageatwhichmastodonsfromagivenperiodreachedreproductivematuritycanbeestablishedfromtheirfossilizedremains

C. itcanbeaccuratelyestimatedfromfossilizedremainswhenmastodonsbecameextinct

D. itisnotknownwhenhumansfirstbeganhuntingmastodons

E. climatechangesmayhavegraduallyreducedthefoodavailabletomastodons

131. Unlikethewholesalepriceofrawwool,thewholesalepriceofrawcottonhasfallenconsiderablyinthelastyear.Thus,althoughtheretailpriceofcottonclothingatretailclothingstoreshasnotyetfallen,itwillinevitablyfall.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargumentabove?

A. Thecostofprocessingrawcottonforclothhasincreasedduringthelastyear.

B. Thewholesalepriceofrawwoolistypicallyhigherthanthatofthesamevolumeofrawcotton.

C. Theoperatingcostsoftheaverageretailclothingstorehaveremainedconstantduringthelastyear.

D. Changesinretailpricesalwayslagbehindchangesinwholesaleprices.

E. Thecostofharvestingrawcottonhasincreasedinthelastyear.

132. Manyofficebuildingsdesignedtopreventoutsideairfromenteringhavebeenshowntohaveelevatedlevelsofvarioustoxicsubstancescirculatingthroughtheairinside,aphenomenonknownassickbuildingsyndrome.Yettheairinotherofficebuildingsdoesnothaveelevatedlevelsofthesesubstances,eventhoughthosebuildingsarethesameageasthe“sick”

buildingsandhavesimilardesignsandventilationsystems.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainwhynotallofficebuildingsdesignedtopreventoutsideairfromenteringhaveairthatcontainselevatedlevelsoftoxicsubstances?

A. Certainadhesivesanddryingagentsusedinparticulartypesoffurniture,carpets,andpaintcontributethebulkofthetoxicsubstancesthatcirculateintheairofofficebuildings.

B. Mostofficebuildingswithsickbuildingsyndromewerebuiltbetween1950and1990.

C. Amongbuildingsdesignedtopreventoutsideairfromentering,housesarenolesslikelythanofficebuildingstohaveairthatcontainselevatedlevelsoftoxicsubstances.

D. Thetoxicsubstancesthatarefoundintheairof“sick”officebuildingsaresubstancesthatarefoundinatleastsmallquantitiesinnearlyeverybuilding.

E. Officebuildingswithwindowsthatcanreadilybeopenedareunlikelytosufferfromsickbuildingsyndrome.

133. Newsletter:Acondominiumgenerallyoffersmorevalueforitscostthananindividualhousebecauseofeconomiesofscale.Thehomeownersinacondominiumassociationcancollectivelybuyproductsandservicesthattheycouldnotaffordontheirown.Andsinceaprofessionalmanagementcompanyhandlesmaintenanceofcommonareas,condominiumownersspendlesstimeandmoneyonmaintenancethanindividualhomeownersdo.

Thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingrolesinthenewsletter’sargument?

A. Thefirstistheargument’smainconclusion;thesecondisanotherconclusionsupportingthefirst.

B. Thefirstisapremise,forwhichnoevidenceisprovided;thesecondistheargument’sonlyconclusion.

C. Thefirstisaconclusionsupportingthesecond;thesecondistheargument’smainconclusion.

D. Thefirstistheargument’sonlyconclusion;thesecondisapremise,

forwhichnoevidenceisprovided.

E. Botharepremises,forwhichnoevidenceisprovided,andbothsupporttheargument’sonlyconclusion.

134. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

WhenofficialsinTannersburgreleasedtheirplantowidenthecity’smainroads,environmentalistsprotestedthatwidenedroadswouldattractmoretrafficandleadtoincreasedairpollution.Inresponse,cityofficialspointedoutthattoday’spollution-controldevicesareattheirmosteffectiveinvehiclestravelingathigherspeedsandthatwideningroadswouldincreasetheaveragespeedoftraffic.However,thiseffectcanhardlybeexpectedtooffsettheeffectpointedoutbyenvironmentalists,since__________.

A. increasesintrafficvolumegenerallyproducedecreasesintheaveragespeedoftrafficunlessroadsarewidened

B. severaloftheroadsthatareslatedforwideningwillhavetobeclosedtemporarilywhileconstructionisunderway

C. mostoftheairpollutiongeneratedbyurbantrafficcomesfromvehiclesthatdonothavefunctioningpollution-controldevices

D. thenewlywidenedroadswillnothaveincreasedtrafficvolumeiftheroadsthatmustbeusedtoreachthemareinadequate

E. avehicletravelingonaroutethatgoesthroughTannersburgwillspendlesstimeonTannersburg’sroadsoncetheroadsarewidened

135. Prematurebabieswhoreceiveregularmassagesaremoreactivethanprematurebabieswhodonot.Evenwhenallthebabiesdrinkthesameamountofmilk,themassagedbabiesgainmoreweightthandotheunmassagedbabies.Thisispuzzlingbecauseamoreactivepersongenerallyrequiresagreaterfoodintaketomaintainorgainweight.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestreconcilestheapparentdiscrepancydescribedabove?

A. Increasedactivityleadstoincreasedlevelsofhunger,especiallywhenfoodintakeisnotalsoincreased.

B. Massageincreasesprematurebabies’curiosityabouttheirenvironment,andcuriosityleadstoincreasedactivity.

C. Increasedactivitycausestheintestinesofprematurebabiestomaturemorequickly,enablingthebabiestodigestandabsorbmoreofthenutrientsinthemilktheydrink.

D. Massagedoesnotincreasethegrowthrateofbabiesoveroneyearold,ifthebabieshadnotbeenpreviouslymassaged.

E. Prematurebabiesrequireadailyintakeofnutrientsthatissignificantlyhigherthanthatrequiredbybabieswhowerenotbornprematurely.

136. Aneyeglassmanufacturertriedtoboostsalesforthesummerquarterbyofferingitsdistributorsaspecialdiscountiftheirordersforthatquarterexceededthoseforlastyear’ssummerquarterbyatleast20percent.Manydistributorsqualifiedforthisdiscount.Evenwithmuchmerchandisediscounted,salesincreasedenoughtoproduceahealthygaininnetprofits.Themanufacturerplanstorepeatthissuccessbyofferingthesamesortofdiscountforthefallquarter.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostclearlypointstoaflawinthemanufacturer’splantorepeatthesuccessfulperformanceofthesummerquarter?

A. Ingeneral,adistributor’sordersforthesummerquarterarenohigherthanthoseforthespringquarter.

B. Alongwithofferingspecialdiscountstoqualifyingdistributors,themanufacturerincreasednewspaperandradioadvertisinginthosedistributors’salesareas.

C. Thedistributorsmostlikelytoqualifyforthemanufacturer’sspecialdiscountarethosewhoseorderswereunusuallylowayearearlier.

D. Thedistributorswhoqualifiedforthemanufacturer’sspecialdiscountwerefreetodecidehowmuchofthatdiscounttopassontotheirowncustomers.

E. Thedistributors’orderingmoregoodsinthesummerquarterleftthemoverstockedforthefallquarter.

137. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostlogicallycompletestheargument?

SomedairyfarmersintheprovinceofTakandiawanttogivetheircowsasynthetichormonethatincreasesmilkproduction.ManyTakandians,however,donotwanttobuymilkfromcowsgiventhesynthetichormone.ForthisreasonTakandia’slegislatureisconsideringameasurerequiringmilkfromcowsgiventhehormonetobelabeledassuch.Evenifthe

milkfromcowsgiventhehormonetobelabeledassuch.Evenifthemeasureisdefeated,dairyfarmerswhousethehormonewillprobablylosecustomers,since__________.

A. ithasnotbeenproventhatanytraceofthesynthetichormoneexistsinthemilkofcowsgiventhehormone

B. somefarmersinTakandiawhoplantousethesynthetichormonewillprobablynotdosoifthemeasurewerepassed

C. milkfromcowsthathavenotbeengiventhesynthetichormonecanbelabeledassuchwithoutanylegislativeaction

D. thelegislature’sconsiderationofthebillhasbeenwidelypublicized

E. milkthatcomesfromcowsgiventhesynthetichormonelooksandtastesthesameasmilkfromcowsthathavenotreceivedthehormone

138. Budgetconstraintshavemadepoliceofficialsconsiderreassigningaconsiderablenumberofofficersfromtrafficenforcementtoworkonhigher-priority,seriouscrimes.Reducingtrafficenforcementforthisreasonwouldbecounterproductive,however,inlightofthetendencyofcriminalstousecarswhenengagedinthecommissionofseriouscrimes.Anofficerstoppingacarforatrafficviolationcanmakeasearchthatturnsupevidenceofseriouscrime.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargumentgiven?

A. Anofficerwhostopsacarcontainingevidenceofthecommissionofaseriouscrimerisksaviolentconfrontation,evenifthevehiclewasstoppedonlyforatrafficviolation.

B. Whenthepublicbecomesawarethattrafficenforcementhaslessened,ittypicallybecomeslaxinobeyingtrafficrules.

C. Thosewillingtobreakthelawtocommitseriouscrimesareoftenincommittingsuchcrimesunwillingtoobservewhattheyregardasthelesserconstraintsoftrafficlaw.

D. Theoffenderscommittingseriouscrimeswhowouldbecaughtbecauseoftrafficviolationsarenotthesamegroupofindividualsasthosewhowouldbecaughtifthearrestingofficerswerereassignedfromtrafficenforcement.

E. Thegreatmajorityofpersonswhoarestoppedbyofficersfortrafficviolationsarenotguiltyofanyseriouscrimes.

139. Conventionalwisdomsuggestsvaccinatingelderlypeoplefirstinfluseason,becausetheyareatgreatestriskofdyingiftheycontractthevirus.Thisyear’sfluvirusposesparticularrisktoelderlypeopleandalmostnoneatalltoyoungerpeople,particularlychildren.Nevertheless,healthprofessionalsarerecommendingvaccinatingchildrenfirstagainstthevirusratherthanelderlypeople.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestreasonforthehealthprofessionals’recommendation?

A. Childrenarevulnerabletodangerousinfectionswhentheirimmunesystemsareseverelyweakenedbyotherdiseases.

B. Childrenareparticularlyunconcernedwithhygieneandthereforearethegroupmostresponsibleforspreadingthefluvirustoothers.

C. Thevaccinationsreceivedlastyearwillconfernoimmunitytothisyear’sfluvirus.

D. Childrenwhocatchonestrainofthefluvirusandthenrecoverarelikelytodevelopimmunitytoatleastsomestrainswithwhichtheyhavenotyetcomeincontact.

E. Childrenarenomorelikelythanadultstohaveimmunitytoaparticularfluvirusiftheyhaveneverlivedthroughapreviousepidemicofthesamevirus.

140. ProTectInsuranceCompanyhasrecentlybeenpayingoutmoreoncar-theftclaimsthanitexpected.Carswithspecialantitheftdevicesoralarmsystemsaremuchlesslikelytobestolenthanareothercars.ConsequentlyProTect,aspartofanefforttoreduceitsannualpayouts,willofferadiscounttoholdersofcar-theftpoliciesiftheircarshaveantitheftdevicesoralarmsystems.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestindicationthattheplanislikelytoachieveitsgoal?

A. Thedecreaseintheriskofcartheftconferredbyhavingacaralarmisgreatestwhenonlyafewcarshavesuchalarms.

B. ThenumberofpolicyholderswhohavefiledaclaiminthepastyearishigherforProTectthanforotherinsurancecompanies.

C. Inoneortwoyears,thediscountthatProTectisofferingwillamounttomorethanthecostofbuyingcertainhighlyeffectiveantitheft

devices.

D. Currently,ProTectcannotlegallyraisethepremiumsitchargesforagivenamountofinsuranceagainstcartheft.

E. TheamountProTecthasbeenpayingoutoncar-theftclaimshasbeengreaterforsomemodelsofcarthanforothers.

141. WhilethetotalenrollmentofpublicelementaryandsecondaryschoolsinSondlandisonepercenthigherthisacademicyearthanlastacademicyear,thenumberofteachersthereincreasedbythreepercent.Thus,theSondlandEducationCommission’spredictionofateachershortageasearlyasnextacademicyearisunfounded.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheclaimthatthepredictionofateachershortageasearlyasnextacademicyearisunfounded?

A. FundingforpublicelementaryschoolsinSondlandisexpectedtoincreaseoverthenexttenyears.

B. AveragesalariesforSondland’steachersincreasedattherateofinflationfromlastacademicyeartothisacademicyear.

C. AnewlawhasmandatedthattherebetenpercentmoreteachersperpupilinSondland’spublicschoolsnextacademicyearthantherewerethisacademicyear.

D. Inthepast,increasesinenrollmentsinpublicelementaryandsecondaryschoolsinSondlandhavegenerallybeensmallerthanincreasesinthenumberofteachers.

E. Becauseofreductionsinfunding,thenumberofstudentsenrollinginteacher-trainingprogramsinSondlandisexpectedtodeclinebeginninginthenextacademicyear.

142. ArtrestorerswhohavebeenstudyingthefactorsthatcauseRenaissanceoilpaintingstodeterioratephysicallywhensubjecttoclimaticchangeshavefoundthattheoilpaintusedinthesepaintingsactuallyadjuststothesechangeswell.Therestorersthereforehypothesizethatitisalayerofmaterialcalledgesso,whichisunderthepaint,thatcausesthedeterioration.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportstherestorers’hypothesis?

A. Renaissanceoilpaintingswithathinlayerofgessoarelesslikelytoshowdeteriorationinresponsetoclimaticchangesthanthosewithathickerlayer.

B. Renaissanceoilpaintingsareoftenpaintedonwoodenpanels,whichswellwhenhumidityincreasesandcontractwhenitdeclines.

C. Oilpaintexpandsandcontractsreadilyinresponsetochangesintemperature,butitabsorbslittlewaterandsoislittleaffectedbychangesinhumidity.

D. AnespeciallyhardandnonabsorbenttypeofgessowastherawmaterialformoldingsontheframesofRenaissanceoilpaintings.

E. GessolayersappliedbyRenaissancepainterstypicallyconsistedofacoarsebaselayerontowhichseveralincreasinglyfine-grainedlayerswereapplied.

143. AutomobileDealer’sAdvertisement:TheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstitutereportsthatthePZ1000hasthefewestinjuriesperaccidentofanycarinitsclass.ThisshowsthatthePZ1000isoneofthesafestcarsavailabletoday.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargumentintheadvertisement?

A. TheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstitutereportlistedmanycarsinotherclassesthathadmoreinjuriesperaccidentthandidthePZ1000.

B. InrecentyearsmanymorePZ1000shavebeensoldthanhaveanyotherkindofcarinitsclass.

C. CarsintheclasstowhichthePZ1000belongsaremorelikelytobeinvolvedinaccidentsthanareothertypesofcars.

D. ThedifferencebetweenthenumberofinjuriesperaccidentforthePZ1000andthatforothercarsinitsclassisquitepronounced.

E. TheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstituteissuesreportsonlyonceayear.

144. ArchaeologistsworkingintheAndesMountainsrecentlyexcavatedaburied4,000-year-oldtemplecontainingstructuresthatalignwithastonecarvingonadistanthilltoindicatethedirectionoftherisingsunatthesummersolstice.Alignmentsinthetemplewerealsofoundtopointtowardtheposition,atthesummersolstice,ofaconstellationknownin

AndeancultureastheFox.Sincethelocalmythologyrepresentsthefoxasteachingpeoplehowtocultivateandirrigateplants,theancientAndeansmayhavebuiltthetempleasareligiousrepresentationofthefox.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentisbased?

A. TheconstellationknownastheFoxhasthesamepositionatthesummersolsticeasitdid4,000yearsago.

B. Intheregionaroundthetemple,thesummersolsticemarksthetimeforplanting.

C. Thetemplewasprotectedfromlootersbydirtanddebrisbuiltupoverthousandsofyears.

D. Otherstructuralalignmentsatthetemplepointtofurtherconstellationswithagriculturalsignificance.

E. Thesitecontainingthetemplewasoccupiedforasignificantamountoftimebeforeabandonment.

145. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthepassage?

Itisgenerallybelievedthatpeoplereceivingfrequentmedicalcheckupsarelikelytoneedhospitalizationlessfrequentlythantheywouldotherwise;afterall,manythingscanbedonefollowingacheckuptopreventproblemsthat,ifignored,mightbecomeacuteandthenrequirehospitalization.Butforpeoplewithchronicillnesses,frequentmedicalcheckupsarelikelytoleadtomorefrequenthospitalizationsince__________.

A. therecommendedtreatmentsforcomplicationsofmanychronicillnessesinvolvehospitalizationevenifthosecomplicationsaredetectedwhilebarelynoticeable

B. medicalcheckupssometimesdonotrevealearlysymptomsofthosechronicillnessesthatarebesttreatedinahospital

C. theaveragelengthofahospitalstayisthesameforthosewhoreceivefrequentcheckupsasforthosewhodonot

D. peoplewithchronicillnessesgenerallyreceivemedicalcheckupsmorefrequentlythanpeoplewhoarenotchronicallyill

E. theaveragelengthofahospitalstayforpeoplewithachronicillnesstendstoincreaseastheillnessprogresses

146. Meatfromchickenscontaminatedwithsalmonellabacteriacancauseseriousfoodpoisoning.Capsaicin,thechemicalthatgiveschilipepperstheirhotflavor,hasantibacterialproperties.Chickensdonothavetastereceptorsforcapsaicinandwillreadilyeatfeedlacedwithcapsaicin.Whenchickenswerefedsuchfeedandthenexposedtosalmonellabacteria,relativelyfewofthembecamecontaminatedwithsalmonella.

Indecidingwhetherthefeedwouldbeusefulinraisingsalmonella-freechickenforretailsale,itwouldbemosthelpfultodeterminewhichofthefollowing?

A. Whetherfeedingcapsaicintochickensaffectsthetasteoftheirmeat

B. Whethereatingcapsaicinreducestheriskofsalmonellapoisoningforhumans

C. Whetherchickenismorepronetosalmonellacontaminationthanotherkindsofmeat

D. Whetherappropriatecookingofchickencontaminatedwithsalmonellacanalwayspreventfoodpoisoning

E. Whethercapsaicincanbeobtainedonlyfromchilipeppers

147. Lawsrequiringtheuseofheadlightsduringdaylighthourscanpreventautomobilecollisions.However,sincedaylightvisibilityisworseincountriesfartherfromtheequator,anysuchlawswouldobviouslybemoreeffectiveinpreventingcollisionsinthosecountries.Infact,theonlycountriesthatactuallyhavesuchlawsarefartherfromtheequatorthanisthecontinentalUnitedStates.

Whichofthefollowingconclusionscouldbemostproperlydrawnfromtheinformationgivenabove?

A. DriversinthecontinentalUnitedStateswhousedtheirheadlightsduringthedaywouldbejustaslikelytobecomeinvolvedinacollisionaswoulddriverswhodidnotusetheirheadlights.

B. InmanycountriesthatarefartherfromtheequatorthanisthecontinentalUnitedStates,poordaylightvisibilityisthesinglemostimportantfactorinautomobilecollisions.

C. TheproportionofautomobilecollisionsthatoccurinthedaytimeisgreaterinthecontinentalUnitedStatesthaninthecountriesthathavedaytimeheadlightlaws.

D. FewerautomobilecollisionsprobablyoccureachyearincountriesthathavedaytimeheadlightlawsthanoccurwithinthecontinentalUnitedStates.

E. DaytimeheadlightlawswouldprobablydolesstopreventautomobilecollisionsinthecontinentalUnitedStatesthantheydointhecountriesthathavethelaws.

148. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?

Whenmercury-vaporstreetlightsareusedinareasinhabitedbyinsect-eatingbats,thebatsfeedalmostexclusivelyaroundthelights,becausethelightsattractflyinginsects.InGreenville,themercury-vaporstreetlightsareabouttobereplacedwithenergy-savingsodiumstreetlights,whichdonotattractinsects.Thischangeislikelytoresultinadropinthepopulationofinsect-eatingbatsinGreenville,since__________.

A. thebatsdonotbegintohuntuntilaftersundown

B. thebatsareunlikelytofeedoninsectsthatdonotfly

C. thehighwaydepartmentwillbeabletoreplacemercury-vaporstreetlightswithsodiumstreetlightswithinarelativelyshorttimeandwithoutdisruptingthecontinuityoflightingatthelocationsofthestreetlights

D. intheabsenceoflocalconcentrationsoftheflyinginsectsonwhichbatsfeed,thebatsexpendmuchmoreenergyonhuntingforfood,requiringmuchlargerquantitiesofinsectstosustaineachbat

E. batsuseecholocationtocatchinsectsandthereforegainnoadvantagefromthefactthatinsectsflyinginthevicinityofstreetlightsarevisibleatnight

149. Ratsinjectedwithmorphineexhibitdecreasedactivityoftheimmunesystem,thebodilysystemthatfightsoffinfections.Thesesameratsexhibitedheightenedbloodlevelsofcorticosteroids,chemicalssecretedbytheadrenalglands.Sincecorticosteroidscaninterferewithimmune-systemactivity,scientistshypothesizedthatthewaymorphinereducesimmuneresponsesinratsisbystimulatingtheadrenalglandstosecreteadditionalcorticosteroidsintothebloodstream.

Whichofthefollowingexperimentswouldyieldthemostusefulresultsforevaluatingthescientists’hypothesis?

A. Injectingmorphineintoratsthatalreadyhaveheightenedbloodlevelsofcorticosteroidsandthenobservingtheirnewbloodlevelsofcorticosteroids

B. Testingthelevelofimmune-systemactivityofrats,removingtheiradrenalglands,andthentestingtherats’immune-systemactivitylevelsagain

C. Injectingratswithcorticosteroidsandthenobservinghowmanyoftheratscontractedinfections

D. Removingtheadrenalglandsofrats,injectingtheratswithmorphine,andthentestingtheleveloftherats’immune-systemresponses

E. Injectingratswithadrugthatstimulatesimmune-systemactivityandthenobservingthelevelofcorticosteroidsintheirbloodstreams

150. Curator:IfourmuseumlendsVenustotheHartInstitutefortheirshowthisspring,theywilllendustheirRembrandtetchingsforourprintexhibitionnextfall.Havingthoseetchingswillincreaseattendancetotheexhibitionandhenceincreaserevenuefromourgeneraladmissionfee.

MuseumAdministrator:ButVenusisourbiggestattraction.MoreovertheHart’sshowwillrunfortwiceaslongasourexhibition.Soonbalancethenumberofpatronsmaydecrease.

Thepointoftheadministrator’sresponsetothecuratoristoquestion

A. whethergettingtheRembrandtetchingsfromtheHartInstituteislikelytoincreaseattendanceattheprintexhibition

B. whethertheHartInstitute’sRembrandtetchingswillbeappreciatedbythosepatronsofthecurator’smuseumforwhomthemuseum’sbiggestattractionisVenus

C. whetherthenumberofpatronsattractedbytheHartInstitute’sRembrandtetchingswillbelargerthanthenumberofpatronswhodonotcomeinthespringbecauseVenusisonloan

D. whether,ifVenusislent,themuseum’srevenuefromgeneraladmissionfeesduringtheprintexhibitionwillexceeditsrevenuefromgeneraladmissionfeesduringtheHartInstitute’sexhibition

E. whethertheHartInstituteorthecurator’smuseumwillhavethegreaterfinancialgainfromtheproposedexchangeofartworks

151. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthepassage?

Leafbeetlesdamagewillowtreesbystrippingawaytheirleaves,butacombinationofparasitesandpredatorsgenerallykeepspopulationsofthesebeetlesincheck.Researchershavefoundthatsevereairpollutionresultsinreducedpredatorpopulations.Theparasites,bycontrast,arenotadverselyaffectedbypollution;nevertheless,theresearchers’discoveryprobablydoesexplainwhyleafbeetlescauseparticularlyseveredamagetowillowsinareaswithsevereairpollution,since__________.

A. neitherthepredatorsnortheparasitesofleafbeetlesthemselvesattackwillowtrees

B. theparasitesthatattackleafbeetlesactuallytendtobemoreprevalentinareaswithsevereairpollutionthantheyareelsewhere

C. thedamagecausedbyleafbeetlesisusuallynotenoughtokillawillowtreeoutright

D. whereairpollutionisnotespeciallysevere,predatorshavemuchmoreimpactonleaf-beetlepopulationsthanparasitesdo

E. willowsoftengrowinareaswhereairpollutionisespeciallysevere

152. Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthepassagebelow?

AtarecentconferenceonenvironmentalthreatstotheNorthSea,mostparticipatingcountriesfavoreduniformcontrolsonthequalityofeffluents,whetherornotspecificenvironmentaldamagecouldbeattributedtoaparticularsourceofeffluent.Whatmust,ofcourse,beshown,inordertoavoidexcessivelyrestrictivecontrols,isthat__________.

A. anyuniformcontrolsthatareadoptedarelikelytobeimplementedwithoutdelay

B. anysubstancetobemadesubjecttocontrolscanactuallycauseenvironmentaldamage

C. thecountriesfavoringuniformcontrolsarethosegeneratingthelargestquantitiesofeffluents

D. allofanygivenpollutantthatistobecontrolledactuallyreachestheNorthSeaatpresent

E. environmentaldamagealreadyinflictedontheNorthSeaisreversible

153. OnMayfirst,inordertoreducethenumberofoverduebooks,achildren’slibraryinstitutedapolicyofforgivingfinesandgivingbookmarkstochildrenreturningalloftheiroverduebooks.OnJulyfirstthereweretwiceasmanyoverduebooksastherehadbeenonMayfirst,althougharecordnumberofbookshadbeenreturnedduringtheinterim.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplaintheapparentinconsistencyintheresultsofthelibrary’spolicy?

A. Thelibrariansdidnotkeepaccuraterecordsofhowmanychildrentookadvantageofthegraceperiod,andsomeofthechildrenreturningoverduebooksdidnotreturnalloftheiroverduebooks.

B. Althoughthegraceperiodenticedsomechildrentoreturnalloftheiroverduebooks,itdidnotconvinceallofthechildrenwithoverduebookstoreturnalloftheirbooks.

C. Thebookmarksbecamepopularamongthechildren,soinordertocollectthebookmarks,manychildrenborrowedmanymorebooksthantheyusuallydidandkeptthempasttheirduedate.

D. Thechildrenwereallowedtoborrowamaximumoffivebooksforatwo-weekperiod,andhenceeachchildcouldkeepamaximumoffifteenbooksbeyondtheirduedatewithinatwo-monthperiod.

E. Althoughthelibraryforgaveoverduefinesduringthegraceperiod,theamountpreviouslychargedthechildrenwasminimal;hence,theforgivenessofthefinesdidnotprovideenoughincentiveforthemtoreturntheiroverduebooks.

154. Acertainspeciesofdesertlizarddigstunnelsinwhichtolayitseggs.Theeggsmustincubateinsidethetunnelforseveralweeksbeforehatching,andtheyfailtohatchiftheyaredisturbedatanytimeduringthisincubationperiod.Yettheselizardsguardtheirtunnelsforonlyafewdaysafterlayingtheireggs.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsexplainwhythereisnoneedforlizardstoguardtheirtunnelsformorethanafewdays?

A. Theeggsareatriskofbeingdisturbedonlyduringthebriefegg-layingseasonwhenmanylizardsaredigginginarelativelysmallarea.

B. Thelengthoftheincubationperiodvariessomewhatfromonetunneltoanother.

C. Eachfemalelizardlaysfrom15to20eggs,onlyabout10ofwhichhatcheveniftheeggsarenotdisturbedatanytimeduringtheincubationperiod.

D. Thetemperatureandhumiditywithinthetunnelswillnotbesuitablefortheincubatingeggsunlessthetunnelsarepluggedwithsandimmediatelyaftertheeggsarelaid.

E. Theonlywaytodisturbtheeggsofthislizardspeciesisbyopeninguponeofthetunnelsinwhichtheyarelaid.

155. Oftenpatientswithanklefracturesthatarestable,andthusdonotrequiresurgery,aregivenfollow-upx-raysbecausetheirorthopedistsareconcernedaboutpossiblyhavingmisjudgedthestabilityofthefracture.Whenanumberoffollow-upx-rayswerereviewed,however,allthefracturesthathadinitiallybeenjudgedstablewerefoundtohavehealedcorrectly.Therefore,itisawasteofmoneytoorderfollow-upx-raysofanklefracturesinitiallyjudgedstable.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargument?

A. Doctorswhoaregeneralpractitionersratherthanorthopedistsarelesslikelythanorthopediststojudgethestabilityofananklefracturecorrectly.

B. Manyankleinjuriesforwhichaninitialx-rayisorderedarerevealedbythex-raynottoinvolveanyfractureoftheankle.

C. X-raysofpatientsofmanydifferentorthopedistsworkinginseveralhospitalswerereviewed.

D. Thehealingofanklefracturesthathavebeensurgicallyrepairedisalwayscheckedbymeansofafollow-upx-ray.

E. Orthopedistsroutinelyorderfollow-upx-raysforfracturesofbonesotherthananklebones.

156. Insettingenvironmentalstandardsforindustryandotherstomeet,itisinadvisabletorequirethebestresultsthatstate-of-the-arttechnologycanachieve.Currenttechnologyisabletodetectandeliminateevenextremelyminuteamountsofcontaminants,butatacostthatisexorbitantrelativetotheimprovementachieved.Soitwouldbereasonableinsteadtosetstandardsbytakingintoaccountallofthecurrentandfuturerisksinvolved.

Theargumentgivenconcerningthereasonablewaytosetstandards

Theargumentgivenconcerningthereasonablewaytosetstandardspresupposesthat

A. industrycurrentlymeetsthestandardsthathavebeensetbyenvironmentalauthorities

B. thereareeffectivewaystotakeintoaccountalloftherelevantrisksposedbyallowingdifferentlevelsofcontaminants

C. theonlycontaminantsworthmeasuringaregeneratedbyindustry

D. itisnotcostlytopreventlargeamountsofcontaminantsfromenteringtheenvironment

E. minuteamountsofsomecontaminantscanbepoisonous

157. MostscholarsagreethatKingAlfred(A.D.849–899)personallytranslatedanumberofLatintextsintoOldEnglish.OnehistoriancontendsthatAlfredalsopersonallypennedhisownlawcode,arguingthatthenumerousdifferencesbetweenthelanguageofthelawcodeandAlfred’stranslationsofLatintextsareoutweighedbytheevenmorenumeroussimilarities.Linguisticsimilarities,however,arewhatoneexpectsintextsfromthesamelanguage,thesametime,andthesameregion.ApartfromAlfred’ssurvivingtranslationsandlawcode,thereareonlytwootherextantworksfromthesamedialectandmilieu,soitisriskytoassumeherethatlinguisticsimilaritiespointtocommonauthorship.

Thepassageaboveproceedsby

A. providingexamplesthatunderscoreanotherargument’sconclusion

B. questioningtheplausibilityofanassumptiononwhichanotherargumentdepends

C. showingthataprincipleifgenerallyappliedwouldhaveanomalousconsequences

D. showingthatthepremisesofanotherargumentaremutuallyinconsistent

E. usingargumentbyanalogytoundermineaprincipleimplicitinanotherargument

158. Acompanyplanstodevelopaprototypeweedingmachinethatusescuttingbladeswithopticalsensorsandmicroprocessorsthatdistinguishweedsfromcropplantsbydifferencesinshadeofcolor.Theinventorof

themachineclaimsthatitwillreducelaborcostsbyvirtuallyeliminatingtheneedformanualweeding.

Whichofthefollowingisaconsiderationinfavorofthecompany’simplementingitsplantodeveloptheprototype?

A. Thereisaconsiderabledegreeofvariationinshadeofcolorbetweenweedsofdifferentspecies.

B. Theshadeofcolorofsomeplantstendstochangeappreciablyoverthecourseoftheirgrowingseason.

C. Whencropsareweededmanually,overallsizeandleafshapearetakenintoaccountindistinguishingcropplantsfromweeds.

D. Selectionandgeneticmanipulationallowplantsofvirtuallyanyspeciestobeeconomicallybredtohaveadistinctiveshadeofcolorwithoutalteringtheirothercharacteristics.

E. Farmlaborerswhoareresponsibleforthemanualweedingofcropscarryoutotheragriculturaldutiesattimesinthegrowingseasonwhenextensiveweedingisnotnecessary.

159. Acertainmayorhasproposedafeeoffivedollarsperdayonprivatevehiclesenteringthecity,claimingthatthefeewillalleviatethecity’strafficcongestion.Themayorreasonsthat,sincethefeewillexceedthecostofround-tripbusfarefrommanynearbypoints,manypeoplewillswitchfromusingtheircarstousingthebus.

Whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,providesthebestevidencethatthemayor’sreasoningisflawed?

A. Projectedincreasesinthepriceofgasolinewillincreasethecostoftakingaprivatevehicleintothecity.

B. Thecostofparkingfeesalreadymakesitconsiderablymoreexpensiveformostpeopletotakeaprivatevehicleintothecitythantotakeabus.

C. Mostofthepeoplecurrentlyridingthebusdonotownprivatevehicles.

D. Manycommutersopposingthemayor’splanhaveindicatedthattheywouldratherenduretrafficcongestionthanpayafive-dollar-per-dayfee.

E. Duringtheaverageworkday,privatevehiclesownedandoperatedbypeoplelivingwithinthecityaccountfor20percentofthecity’strafficcongestion.

160. ArocaCitycurrentlyfundsitspublicschoolsthroughtaxesonproperty.Inplaceofthissystem,thecityplanstointroduceasalestaxof3percentonallretailsalesinthecity.Criticsprotestthat3percentofcurrentretailsalesfallsshortoftheamountraisedforschoolsbypropertytaxes.Thecriticsarecorrectonthispoint.Nevertheless,implementingtheplanwillprobablynotreducethemoneygoingtoAroca’sschools.SeverallargeretailershaveselectedArocaCityasthesiteforhugenewstores,andthesearecertaintodrawlargenumbersofshoppersfromneighboringmunicipalities,wheresalesaretaxedatratesof6percentandmore.Inconsequence,retailsalesinArocaCityareboundtoincreasesubstantially.

Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentconcludesisunlikelytoachieveitsgoal;thesecondexpressesthatconclusion.

B. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentconcludesisunlikelytoachieveitsgoal;thesecondpresentsevidenceinsupportofthatconclusion.

C. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentcontendsisthebestavailable;thesecondisaconclusiondrawnbytheargumenttojustifythatcontention.

D. Thefirstpresentsaplanoneofwhoseconsequencesisatissueintheargument;thesecondistheargument’sconclusionaboutthatconsequence.

E. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentseekstodefendagainstacertaincriticism;thesecondisthatcriticism.

161. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

Aphotographofthenightskywastakenwiththecamerashutteropenforanextendedperiod.Thenormalmotionofstarsacrosstheskycausedtheimagesofthestarsinthephotographtoappearasstreaks.However,onebrightspotwasnotstreaked.Evenifthespotwerecaused,asastronomersbelieve,byacelestialobject,thatobjectcouldstillhavebeenmovingacrosstheskyduringthetimetheshutterwasopen,since__________.

A. thespotwasnotthebrightestobjectinthephotograph

B. thephotographcontainsmanystreaksthatastronomerscanidentifyascausedbynoncelestialobjects

C. starsinthenightskydonotappeartoshiftpositionrelativetoeachother

D. thespotcouldhavebeencausedbyanobjectthatemittedaflashthatlastedforonlyafractionofthetimethatthecamerashutterwasopen

E. ifthecamerashutterhadnotbeenopenforanextendedperiod,itwouldhaverecordedsubstantiallyfewercelestialobjects

162. Economist:Payingextraforfair-tradecoffee—coffeelabeledwiththeFairtradelogo—isintendedtohelppoorfarmers,becausetheyreceiveahigherpriceforthefair-tradecoffeetheygrow.Butthispracticemayhurtmorefarmersindevelopingnationsthanithelps.Byraisingaveragepricesforcoffee,itencouragesmorecoffeetobeproducedthanconsumerswanttobuy.Thislowerspricesfornon-fair-tradecoffeeandthuslowersprofitsfornon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers.

Toevaluatethestrengthoftheeconomist’sargument,itwouldbemosthelpfultoknowwhichofthefollowing?

A. Whetherthereisawayofalleviatingtheimpactoftheincreasedaveragepricesforcoffeeonnon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers’profits

B. Whatproportionofcoffeefarmersindevelopingnationsproducefair-tradecoffee

C. Whethermanycoffeefarmersindevelopingnationsalsoderiveincomefromotherkindsoffarming

D. Whetherconsumersshouldpayextraforfair-tradecoffeeifdoingsolowersprofitsfornon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers

E. Howfair-tradecoffeefarmersindevelopingnationscouldbehelpedwithoutloweringprofitsfornon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers

163. Tanco,aleathermanufacturer,useslargequantitiesofcommonsalttopreserveanimalhides.Newenvironmentalregulationshavesignificantlyincreasedthecostofdisposingofsaltwaterthatresultsfromthisuse,and,inconsequence,Tancoisconsideringaplantousepotassiumchlorideinplaceofcommonsalt.ResearchhasshownthatTancocouldreprocessthe

by-productofpotassiumchlorideusetoyieldacropfertilizer,leavingarelativelysmallvolumeofwastefordisposal.

Indeterminingtheimpactoncompanyprofitsofusingpotassiumchlorideinplaceofcommonsalt,itwouldbeimportantforTancotoresearchallofthefollowingEXCEPT:

A. Whatdifference,ifany,istherebetweenthecostofthecommonsaltneededtopreserveagivenquantityofanimalhidesandthecostofthepotassiumchlorideneededtopreservethesamequantityofhides?

B. Towhatextentistheequipmentinvolvedinpreservinganimalhidesusingcommonsaltsuitableforpreservinganimalhidesusingpotassiumchloride?

C. Whatenvironmentalregulations,ifany,constrainthedisposalofthewastegeneratedinreprocessingtheby-productofpotassiumchloride?

D. Howcloselydoesleatherthatresultswhencommonsaltisusedtopreservehidesresemblethatwhichresultswhenpotassiumchlorideisused?

E. Arethechemicalpropertiesthatmakepotassiumchlorideaneffectivemeansforpreservinganimalhidesthesameasthosethatmakecommonsaltaneffectivemeansfordoingso?

164. Colorlessdiamondscancommandhighpricesasgemstones.Atypeoflessvaluablediamondscanbetreatedtoremoveallcolor.Onlysophisticatedtestscandistinguishsuchtreateddiamondsfromnaturallycolorlessones.However,only2percentofdiamondsminedareofthecoloredtypethatcanbesuccessfullytreated,andmanyofthoseareofinsufficientqualitytomakethetreatmentworthwhile.Surely,therefore,thevastmajorityofcolorlessdiamondssoldbyjewelersarenaturallycolorless.

Aseriousflawinthereasoningoftheargumentisthat

A. comparisonsbetweenthepricediamondscommandasgemstonesandtheirvalueforotherusesareomitted

B. informationabouttherarityoftreateddiamondsisnotcombinedwithinformationabouttherarityofnaturallycolorless,gemstonediamonds

C. thepossibilitythatcoloreddiamondsmightbeusedasgemstones,evenwithouthavingbeentreated,isignored

D. thecurrentlyavailablemethodformakingcolorlessdiamondsfromcoloredonesistreatedasthoughitweretheonlypossiblemethodfordoingso

E. thedifficultythatacustomerofajewelerwouldhaveindistinguishinganaturallycolorlessdiamondfromatreatedoneisnottakenintoaccount

165. TheSumptontowncouncilrecentlyvotedtopayaprominentartisttocreateanabstractsculptureforthetownsquare.Criticsofthisdecisionprotestedthattownresidentstendtodislikemostabstractart,andanyartinthetownsquareshouldreflecttheirtastes.Butatowncouncilspokespersondismissedthiscriticism,pointingoutthatotherpublicabstractsculpturesthatthesamesculptorhasinstalledinothercitieshavebeenextremelypopularwiththosecities’localresidents.

Thestatementsabovemoststronglysuggestthatthemainpointofdisagreementbetweenthecriticsandthespokespersoniswhether

A. itwouldhavebeenreasonabletoconsulttownresidentsonthedecision

B. mostSumptonresidentswillfindthenewsculpturetotheirtaste

C. abstractsculpturesbythesamesculptorhavetrulybeenpopularinothercities

D. amoretraditionalsculptureinthetownsquarewouldbepopularamonglocalresidents

E. publicartthattheresidentsofSumptonwouldfinddesirablewouldprobablybefounddesirablebytheresidentsofothercities

166. Jay:Ofcoursetherearemanygoodreasonstosupporttheexpansionofpreventivemedicalcare,butargumentsclaimingthatitwillleadtogreatersocietaleconomicgainsaremisguided.Someofthegreatestsocietalexpensesarisefromfrequenturgent-careneedsforpeoplewhohaveattainedalonglifeduetopreventivecare.

Sunil:Yourargumentfailsbecauseyouneglecteconomicgainsoutsidethehealthcaresystem:societysuffersaneconomiclosswhenanyofitsproductivememberssufferpreventableillnesses.

Sunil’sresponsetoJaymakeswhichofthefollowingassumptions?

A. Thosewhoreceivepreventivecarearenotmorelikelytoneedurgentcarethanarethosewhodonotreceivepreventivecare.

B. Jayintendsthephrase“economicgains”toreferonlytogainsaccruingtoinstitutionswithinthehealthcaresystem.

C. Productivemembersofsocietyaremorelikelythanotherstosufferpreventableillnesses.

D. Theeconomiccontributionsofthosewhoreceivepreventivemedicalcaremayoutweightheeconomiclossescausedbypreventivecare.

E. Jayisincorrectinstatingthatpatientswhoreceivepreventivemedicalcarearelong-lived.

167. Borealowlsrangeoveramuchlargerareathandootherowlsofsimilarsize.Thereasonforthisbehaviorisprobablythatthesmallmammalsonwhichowlsfeedareespeciallyscarceintheforestswhereborealowlslive,andtherelativescarcityofpreyrequirestheowlstorangemoreextensivelytofindsufficientfood.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoconfirmtheexplanationabove?

A. Someborealowlsrangeoveranareaeighttimeslargerthantheareaoverwhichanyotherowlofsimilarsizeranges.

B. Borealowlsrangeoverlargerareasinregionswherefoodofthesorteatenbysmallmammalsissparsethantheydoinregionswheresuchfoodisabundant.

C. Aftertheiryounghatch,borealowlsmusthuntmoreoftenthanbeforeinordertofeedboththemselvesandtheirnewlyhatchedyoung.

D. Sometimesindividualborealowlshuntnearasinglelocationformanyweeksatatimeanddonotrangefartherthanafewhundredyards.

E. Theborealowlrequireslessfood,relativetoitsweight,thanisrequiredbymembersofotherowlspecies.

168. Microbiologist:AlethalstrainofsalmonellarecentlyshowedupinaEuropeancountry,causinganoutbreakofillnessthatkilledtwopeopleandinfectedtwenty-sevenothers.Investigatorsblametheseverityoftheoutbreakontheoveruseofantibiotics,sincethesalmonellabacteriatestedwereshowntobedrug-resistant.Butthisisunlikelybecausepatientsin

thecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredcannotobtainantibioticstotreatillnesswithoutaprescription,andthecountry’sdoctorsprescribeantibioticslessreadilythandodoctorsinanyotherEuropeancountry.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakenthemicrobiologist’sreasoning?

A. Physiciansinthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredhavebecomehesitanttoprescribeantibioticssincetheyarefrequentlyinshortsupply.

B. Peopleinthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredoftenconsumefoodsproducedfromanimalsthateatantibiotics-ladenlivestockfeed.

C. Useofantibioticsintwocountriesthatneighborthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredhasrisenoverthepastdecade.

D. Drug-resistantstrainsofsalmonellahavenotbeenfoundincountriesinwhichantibioticsarenotgenerallyavailable.

E. Salmonellahasbeenshowntospreadeasilyalongthedistributionchainsofcertainvegetables,suchasrawtomatoes.

169. Historian:Newtondevelopedmathematicalconceptsandtechniquesthatarefundamentaltomoderncalculus.Leibnizdevelopedcloselyanalogousconceptsandtechniques.Ithastraditionallybeenthoughtthatthesediscoverieswereindependent.Researchershave,however,recentlydiscoverednotesofLeibniz’sthatdiscussoneofNewton’sbooksonmathematics.SeveralscholarshavearguedthatsincethebookincludesapresentationofNewton’scalculusconceptsandtechniques,andsincethenoteswerewrittenbeforeLeibniz’sowndevelopmentofcalculusconceptsandtechniques,itisvirtuallycertainthatthetraditionalviewisfalse.Amorecautiousconclusionthanthisiscalledfor,however.Leibniz’snotesarelimitedtoearlysectionsofNewton’sbook,sectionsthatprecedetheonesinwhichNewton’scalculusconceptsandtechniquesarepresented.

Inthehistorian’sreasoning,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A. Thefirstisaclaimthatthehistorianrejects;thesecondisapositionthatthatclaimhasbeenusedtosupport.

B. Thefirstisevidencethathasbeenusedtosupportaconclusionabout

whichthehistorianexpressesreservations;thesecondisthatconclusion.

C. Thefirstprovidesevidenceinsupportofapositionthatthehistoriandefends;thesecondisthatposition.

D. Thefirstandthesecondeachprovideevidenceinsupportofapositionthatthehistoriandefends.

E. Thefirsthasbeenusedinsupportofapositionthatthehistorianrejects;thesecondisaconclusionthatthehistoriandrawsfromthatposition.

170. Forovertwocenturies,noonehadbeenabletomakeDamascusblades—bladeswithadistinctiveserpentinesurfacepattern—butacontemporaryswordmakermayjusthaverediscoveredhow.UsingironwithtraceimpuritiesthatpreciselymatchedthosepresentintheironusedinhistoricDamascusblades,thiscontemporaryswordmakerseemstohavefinallyhitonanintricateprocessbywhichhecanproduceabladeindistinguishablefromatrueDamascusblade.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportforthehypothesisthattraceimpuritiesintheironareessentialfortheproductionofDamascusblades?

A. TherearesurfacefeaturesofeveryDamascusblade—includingthebladesproducedbythecontemporaryswordmaker—thatareuniquetothatblade.

B. TheironwithwhichthecontemporaryswordmakermadeDamascusbladescamefromasourceofironthatwasunknowntwocenturiesago.

C. Almostallthetoolsusedbythecontemporaryswordmakerwereupdatedversionsoftoolsthatwereusedbyswordmakersovertwocenturiesago.

D. ProductionofDamascusbladesbyswordmakersofthepastceasedabruptlyafterthoseswordmakers’originalsourceofironbecameexhausted.

E. AlthoughDamascusbladeswererenownedformaintainingasharpedge,theblademadebythecontemporaryswordmakersuggeststhattheymayhavemaintainedtheiredgelesswellthanbladesmadeusing

whatisnowthestandardprocessformakingblades.

171. Imagesfromground-basedtelescopesareinvariablydistortedbytheEarth’satmosphere.Orbitingspacetelescopes,however,operatingaboveEarth’satmosphere,shouldprovidesuperblydetailedimages.Therefore,ground-basedtelescopeswillsoonbecomeobsoleteforadvancedastronomicalresearchpurposes.

Whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,wouldcastthemostdoubtontheconclusiondrawnabove?

A. Anorbitingspacetelescopeduetobelaunchedthisyearisfarbehindscheduleandoverbudget,whereasthelargestground-basedtelescopewasbothwithinbudgetandonschedule.

B. Ground-basedtelescopeslocatedonmountainsummitsarenotsubjecttothekindsofatmosphericdistortionwhich,atlowaltitudes,makestarsappeartotwinkle.

C. Bycarefulchoiceofobservatorylocation,itispossibleforlarge-aperturetelescopestoavoidmostofthekindofwindturbulencethatcandistortimagequality.

D. Whenlarge-aperturetelescopesarelocatedathighaltitudesneartheequator,theypermitthebestEarth-basedobservationsofthecenteroftheMilkyWayGalaxy,aprimetargetofastronomicalresearch.

E. Detailedspectralanalyses,uponwhichastronomersrelyfordeterminingthechemicalcompositionandevolutionaryhistoryofstars,requiretelescopeswithmorelight-gatheringcapacitythanspacetelescopescanprovide.

172. Generallyscientistsentertheirfieldwiththegoalofdoingimportantnewresearchandacceptastheircolleaguesthosewithsimilarmotivation.Therefore,whenanyscientistwinsrenownasanexpounderofsciencetogeneralaudiences,mostotherscientistsconcludethatthispopularizershouldnolongerberegardedasatruecolleague.

Theexplanationofferedaboveforthelowesteeminwhichscientificpopularizersareheldbyresearchscientistsassumesthat

A. seriousscientificresearchisnotasolitaryactivity,butreliesonactivecooperationamongagroupofcolleagues

B. researchscientiststendnottoregardascolleaguesthosescientists

whoserenowntheyenvy

C. ascientistcanbecomeafamouspopularizerwithouthavingcompletedanyimportantresearch

D. researchscientistsbelievethatthosewhoarewellknownaspopularizersofsciencearenotmotivatedtodoimportantnewresearch

E. noimportantnewresearchcanbeaccessibletooraccuratelyassessedbythosewhoarenotthemselvesscientists

173. Urbanplanner:Whenacitylosespopulationduetomigration,propertytaxesinthatcitytendtorise.Thisisbecausetherearethenfewerresidentspayingtomaintainaninfrastructurethatwasdesignedtosupportmorepeople.Risingpropertytaxes,inturn,drivemoreresidentsaway,compoundingtheproblem.SincethecityofStonebridgeisstartingtolosepopulation,thecitygovernmentshouldthereforerefrainfromraisingpropertytaxes.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheurbanplanner’sargument?

A. IfStonebridgedoesnotraisetaxesonitsresidentstomaintainitsinfrastructure,thecitywillbecomemuchlessattractivetoliveinasthatinfrastructuredecays.

B. Stonebridgeatpresentbenefitsfromgrantsprovidedbythenationalgovernmenttohelpmaintaincertainpartsofitsinfrastructure.

C. IfthereisasmallincreaseinpropertytaxesinStonebridgeandaslightlylargerproportionoftotalrevenuethanatpresentisallocatedtoinfrastructuremaintenance,thefundingwillbeadequateforthatpurpose.

D. DemographersprojectthatthepopulationofaregionthatincludesStonebridgewillstarttoincreasesubstantiallywithinthenextseveralyears.

E. ThepropertytaxesinStonebridgearesignificantlylowerthanthoseinmanylargercities.

174. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

Utraniawasformerlyamajorpetroleumexporter,butinrecentdecadeseconomicstagnationandrestrictiveregulationsinhibitedinvestmentinnewoilfields.Inconsequence,Utranianoilexportsdroppedsteadilyas

newoilfields.Inconsequence,Utranianoilexportsdroppedsteadilyasoldfieldsbecamedepleted.Utrania’scurrentlyimprovingeconomicsituation,togetherwithless-restrictiveregulations,willundoubtedlyresultintherapiddevelopmentofnewfields.However,itwouldbeprematuretoconcludethattherapiddevelopmentofnewfieldswillresultinhigheroilexports,because__________.

A. thepriceofoilisexpectedtoremainrelativelystableoverthenextseveralyears

B. theimprovementintheeconomicsituationinUtraniaisexpectedtoresultinadramaticincreaseintheproportionofUtranianswhoownautomobiles

C. mostoftheinvestmentinnewoilfieldsinUtraniaisexpectedtocomefromforeignsources

D. newtechnologyisavailabletorecoveroilfromoldoilfieldsformerlyregardedasdepleted

E. manyofthenewoilfieldsinUtraniaarelikelytobeasproductiveasthosethatweredevelopedduringtheperiodwhenUtraniawasamajoroilexporter

175. Theuseofgrowth-promotingantibioticsinhogfarmingcanweakentheireffectivenessintreatinghumansbecausesuchusecanspreadresistancetothoseantibioticsamongmicroorganisms.ButnowtheSmeeCompany,oneofthelargestporkmarketers,maystopbuyingporkraisedonfeedcontainingtheseantibiotics.Smeehas60percentoftheporkmarket,andfarmerswhoselltoSmeewouldcertainlystopusingantibioticsinordertoavoidjeopardizingtheirsales.SoifSmeemakesthischange,itwillprobablysignificantlyslowthedeclineinantibiotics’effectivenessforhumans.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheargumentabove?

A. Othermajorporkmarketerswillprobablystopbuyingporkraisedonfeedcontaininggrowth-promotingantibioticsifSmeenolongerbuyssuchpork.

B. Thedeclineinhoggrowthduetodiscontinuationofantibioticscanbeoffsetbyimprovedhygiene.

C. Authoritiesarepromotingtheuseofantibioticstowhich

microorganismshavenotyetdevelopedresistance.

D. Aphaseoutofuseofantibioticsforhogsinonecountryreducedusagebyover50percentoverfiveyears.

E. IfSmeestopsbuyingporkraisedwithantibiotics,thefirm’scostswillprobablyincrease.

176. Inanexperiment,volunteerswalkedindividuallythroughadark,abandonedtheater.Halfofthevolunteershadbeentoldthatthetheaterwashauntedandtheotherhalfthatitwasunderrenovation.Thefirsthalfreportedsignificantlymoreunusualexperiencesthantheseconddid.Theresearchersconcludedthatreportsofencounterswithghostsandothersupernaturalentitiesgenerallyresultfrompriorexpectationsofsuchexperiences.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyweakentheresearchers’reasoning?

A. Noneofthevolunteersinthesecondhalfbelievedthattheunusualexperiencestheyreportedweresupernatural.

B. Allofthevolunteersinthefirsthalfbelievedthattheresearchers’statementthatthetheaterwashauntedwasalie.

C. Beforebeingtoldaboutthetheater,thevolunteerswithineachgroupvariedconsiderablyintheirpriorbeliefsaboutsupernaturalexperiences.

D. Eachunusualexperiencereportedbythevolunteershadacausethatdidnotinvolvethesupernatural.

E. Theresearchersdidnotbelievethatthetheaterwashaunted.

177. Inordertoreducedependenceonimportedoil,thegovernmentofJalicahasimposedminimumfuel-efficiencyrequirementsonallnewcars,beginningthisyear.Themorefuel-efficientacar,thelesspollutionitproducespermiledriven.AsJalicansreplacetheiroldcarswithcarsthatmeetthenewrequirements,annualpollutionfromcartrafficislikelytodecreaseinJalica.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument?

A. InJalica,domesticallyproducedoilismoreexpensivethanimportedoil.

B. TheJalicangovernmentdidnotintendthenewfuel-efficiencyrequirementtobeapollution-reductionmeasure.

C. Somepollution-controldevicesmandatedinJalicamakecarslessfuel-efficientthantheywouldbewithoutthosedevices.

D. ThenewregulationrequiresnochangeinthechemicalformulationoffuelforcarsinJalica.

E. Jalicanswhogetcarsthataremorefuel-efficienttendtodomoredrivingthanbefore.

178. Plantingsofcottonbioengineeredtoproduceitsowninsecticideagainstbollworms,amajorcauseofcropfailure,sustainedlittlebollwormdamageuntilthisyear.Thisyeartheplantingsarebeingseriouslydamagedbybollworms.Bollworms,however,arenotnecessarilydevelopingresistancetothecotton’sinsecticide.Bollwormsbreedoncorn,andlastyearmorecornthanusualwasplantedthroughoutcotton-growingregions.Soitislikelythatthecottonissimplybeingoverwhelmedbycorn-bredbollworms.

Inevaluatingtheargument,whichofthefollowingwoulditbemostusefultoestablish?

A. Whethercorncouldbebioengineeredtoproducetheinsecticide

B. Whetherplantingsofcottonthatdoesnotproducetheinsecticidearesufferingunusuallyextensivedamagefrombollwormsthisyear

C. Whetherothercropsthathavebeenbioengineeredtoproducetheirowninsecticidesuccessfullyresistthepestsagainstwhichtheinsecticidewastoprotectthem

D. Whetherplantingsofbioengineeredcottonarefrequentlydamagedbyinsectpestsotherthanbollworms

E. Whetherthereareinsecticidesthatcanbeusedagainstbollwormsthathavedevelopedresistancetotheinsecticideproducedbythebioengineeredcotton

179. Typicallyduringthunderstormsmostlightningstrikescarryanegativeelectriccharge;onlyafewcarryapositivecharge.Thunderstormswithunusuallyhighproportionsofpositive-chargestrikestendtooccurinsmokyareasnearforestfires.Thefactthatsmokecarriespositivelychargedsmokeparticlesintotheairaboveafiresuggeststhehypothesis

thattheextrapositivestrikesoccurbecauseofthepresenceofsuchparticlesinthestormclouds.

Whichofthefollowing,ifdiscoveredtobetrue,mostseriouslyunderminesthehypothesis?

A. Otherkindsofrarelightningalsooccurwithunusuallyhighfrequencyinthevicinityofforestfires.

B. Thepositive-chargestrikesthatoccurnearforestfirestendtobenomorepowerfulthanpositivestrikesnormallyare.

C. Apositive-chargestrikeisaslikelytostartaforestfireasanegative-chargestrikeis.

D. Thunderstormsthatoccurindriftingcloudsofsmokehaveextrapositive-chargestrikesweeksafterthechargeofthesmokeparticleshasdissipated.

E. Thetotalnumberoflightningstrikesduringathunderstormisusuallywithinthenormalrangeinthevicinityofaforestfire.

180. ManygardenersbelievethatthevarietyofclematisvinethatismostpopularamonggardenersinNorthAmericaisjackmanii.Thisbeliefisapparentlycorrectsince,oftheonemillionclematisplantssoldperyearbythelargestclematisnurseryinNorthAmerica,tenpercentarejackmanii.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A. Thenurserysellsmorethantendifferentvarietiesofclematis.

B. ThelargestclematisnurseryinNorthAmericasellsnothingbutclematisplants.

C. SomeofthejackmaniisoldbythenurseryaresoldtogardenersoutsideNorthAmerica.

D. MostNorthAmericangardenersgrowclematisintheirgardens.

E. ForallnurseriesinNorthAmericathatspecializeinclematis,atleasttenpercentoftheclematisplantstheysellarejackmanii.

181. Since1990thepercentageofbacterialsinusinfectionsinAqadestanthatareresistanttotheantibioticperxicillinhasincreasedsubstantially.Bacteriacanquicklydevelopresistancetoanantibioticwhenitisprescribedindiscriminatelyorwhenpatientsfailtotakeitasprescribed.

Sinceperxicillinhasnotbeenindiscriminatelyprescribed,healthofficialshypothesizethattheincreaseinperxicillin-resistantsinusinfectionsislargelyduetopatients’failuretotakethismedicationasprescribed.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrueofAqadestan,providesmostsupportforthehealthofficials’hypothesis?

A. Resistancetoseveralothercommonlyprescribedantibioticshasnotincreasedsince1990inAqadestan.

B. AlargenumberofAqadestanisneverseekmedicalhelpwhentheyhaveasinusinfection.

C. Whenitfirstbecameavailable,perxicillinwasmuchmoreeffectiveintreatingbacterialsinusinfectionsthananyotherantibioticusedforsuchinfectionsatthetime.

D. Manypatientswhotakeperxicillinexperienceseveresideeffectswithinthefirstfewdaysoftheirprescribedregimen.

E. Aqadestanihealthclinicsprovideantibioticstotheirpatientsatcost.

182. Psychologist:Inastudy,researchersgave100volunteersapsychologicalquestionnairedesignedtomeasuretheirself-esteem.Theresearchersthenaskedeachvolunteertoratethestrengthofhisorherownsocialskills.Thevolunteerswiththehighestlevelsofself-esteemconsistentlyratedthemselvesashavingmuchbettersocialskillsthandidthevolunteerswithmoderatelevels.Thissuggeststhatattaininganexceptionallyhighlevelofself-esteemgreatlyimprovesone’ssocialskills.

Thepsychologist’sargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonwhichofthefollowinggrounds?

A. Itfailstoadequatelyaddressthepossibilitythatmanyofthevolunteersmaynothaveunderstoodwhatthepsychologicalquestionnairewasdesignedtomeasure.

B. Ittakesforgrantedthatthevolunteerswiththehighestlevelsofself-esteemhadbettersocialskillsthandidtheothervolunteers,evenbeforetheformervolunteershadattainedtheirhighlevelsofself-esteem.

C. Itoverlooksthepossibilitythatpeoplewithveryhighlevelsofself-esteemmaytendtohavealessaccurateperceptionofthestrengthoftheirownsocialskillsthandopeoplewithmoderatelevelsofself-

esteem.

D. Itreliesonevidencefromagroupofvolunteersthatistoosmalltoprovideanysupportforanyinferencesregardingpeopleingeneral.

E. Itoverlooksthepossibilitythatfactorsotherthanlevelofself-esteemmaybeofmuchgreaterimportanceindeterminingthestrengthofone’ssocialskills.

183. Aproductthatrepresentsacleartechnologicaladvanceovercompetingproductscangenerallycommandahighprice.Becausetechnologicaladvancestendtobequicklysurpassedandcompanieswanttomakelargeprofitswhiletheystillcan,manycompanieschargethemaximumpossiblepriceforsuchaproduct.Butlargeprofitsonthenewproductwillgivecompetitorsastrongincentivetoquicklymatchthenewproduct’scapabilities.Consequently,thestrategytomaximizeoverallprofitfromanewproductistochargelessthanthegreatestpossibleprice.

Intheargumentabove,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A. Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoarguethatacertainstrategyiscounterproductive;thesecondpresentsthatstrategy.

B. Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtosupportthestrategythattheargumentrecommends;thesecondpresentsthatstrategy.

C. Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtohelpexplainthepopularityofacertainstrategy;thesecondpresentsthatstrategy.

D. Thefirstisanassumption,rejectedbytheargument,thathasbeenusedtojustifyacourseofaction;thesecondpresentsthatcourseofaction.

E. Thefirstisaconsiderationthathasbeenusedtojustifyadoptingacertainstrategy;thesecondpresentstheintendedoutcomeofthatstrategy.

184. Gortlandhaslongbeennarrowlyself-sufficientinbothgrainandmeat.However,aspercapitaincomeinGortlandhasrisentowardtheworldaverage,percapitaconsumptionofmeathasalsorisentowardtheworldaverage,andittakesseveralpoundsofgraintoproduceonepoundofmeat.Therefore,sincepercapitaincomecontinuestorise,whereasdomesticgrainproductionwillnotincrease,Gortlandwillsoonhaveto

importeithergrainormeatorboth.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A. ThetotalacreagedevotedtograinproductioninGortlandwillnotdecreasesubstantially.

B. ThepopulationofGortlandhasremainedrelativelyconstantduringthecountry’syearsofgrowingprosperity.

C. ThepercapitaconsumptionofmeatinGortlandisroughlythesameacrossallincomelevels.

D. InGortland,neithermeatnorgrainissubjecttogovernmentpricecontrols.

E. PeopleinGortlandwhoincreasetheirconsumptionofmeatwillnotradicallydecreasetheirconsumptionofgrain.

185. PoliticalAdvertisement:

MayorDelmont’scriticscomplainaboutthejobsthatwerelostinthecityunderDelmont’sleadership.Yetthefactisthatnotonlyweremorejobscreatedthanwereeliminated,buteachyearsinceDelmonttookofficetheaveragepayforthenewjobscreatedhasbeenhigherthanthatyear’saveragepayforjobscitywide.SoitstandstoreasonthatthroughoutDelmont’stenuretheaveragepaycheckinthiscityhasbeengettingsteadilybigger.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargumentintheadvertisement?

A. TheunemploymentrateinthecityishighertodaythanitwaswhenMayorDelmonttookoffice.

B. Theaveragepayforjobsinthecitywasataten-yearlowwhenMayorDelmonttookoffice.

C. EachyearduringMayorDelmont’stenure,theaveragepayforjobsthatwereeliminatedhasbeenhigherthantheaveragepayforjobscitywide.

D. MostofthejobseliminatedduringMayorDelmont’stenurewereindecliningindustries.

E. Theaveragepayforjobsinthecityiscurrentlylowerthanitisforjobsinthesuburbssurroundingthecity.

186. TopreventanewlybuiltdamontheChiffRiverfromblockingtherouteoffishmigratingtobreedinggroundsupstream,thedamincludesafishpass,amechanismdesignedtoallowfishthroughthedam.Beforetheconstructionofthedamandfishpass,severalthousandfishadayswamupriverduringspawningseason.Butinthefirstseasonaftertheproject’scompletion,only300perdaymadethejourney.Clearly,thefishpassisdefective.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument?

A. FishthathavemigratedtotheupstreambreedinggroundsdonotreturndowntheChiffRiveragain.

B. Onotherriversintheregion,theconstructionofdamswithfishpasseshasledtoonlysmalldecreasesinthenumberoffishmigratingupstream.

C. Theconstructionofthedamstirreduppotentiallytoxicriversedimentsthatwerecarrieddownstream.

D. PopulationsofmigratoryfishintheChiffRiverhavebeendecliningslightlyoverthelast20years.

E. Duringspawningseason,thedamreleasessufficientwaterformigratoryfishbelowthedamtoswimupstream.

187. Musiccritic:Fewerandfewermusiciansarestudyingclassicalmusic,decreasingthelikelihoodthatthosewithrealaptitudeforsuchmusicwillbeperformingit.Audienceswhoheartheseperformanceswillnotappreciateclassicalmusic’sgreatnessandwillthusdecamptoothergenres.Sotomaintainclassicalmusic’scurrentmeagerpopularity,wemustencouragemoreyoungmusicianstoenterthefield.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakensthemusiccritic’sreasoning?

A. Musicianswhochoosetostudyclassicalmusicdosobecausetheybelievetheyhaveanaptitudeforthemusic.

B. Classicalmusic’scurrentmeagerpopularityisattributabletotheprofusionofothergenresofmusicavailabletolisteners.

C. Mostpeoplewhoappreciateclassicalmusiccometodosothrougholdrecordingsratherthanliveperformances.

D. Itispossibletoenjoythemusicinaparticulargenreevenwhenitisperformedbymusicianswhoarenotideallysuitedforthatgenre.

E. Thecontinuedpopularityofagivengenreofmusicdependsinpartontheaudiencesbeingabletounderstandwhythatgenreattaineditsoriginalpopularity.

188. CommemorativeplaquescastfrombrassareacharacteristicartformoftheBenincultureofWestAfrica.Somescholars,notingthattheoldestsurvivingplaquesdatetothe1400s,hypothesizethatbrass-castingtechniqueswereintroducedbythePortuguese,whocametoBeninin1485A.D.ButPortugueserecordsofthatexpeditionmentioncast-brassjewelrysenttoBenin’skingfromneighboringIfe.SoitisunlikelythatBenin’sknowledgeofbrasscastingderivedfromthePortuguese.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargument?

A. ThePortugueserecordsdonotindicatewhethertheirexpeditionof1485includedmetalworkers.

B. ThePortuguesehadnocontactwithIfeuntilthe1500s.

C. Inthe1400sthePortuguesedidnotusecastbrassforcommemorativeplaques.

D. Asearlyas1500A.D.,BeninartistsweremakingbrassplaquesincorporatingdepictionsofEuropeans.

E. Copper,whichisrequiredformakingbrass,canbefoundthroughoutBeninterritory.

4.5AnswerKey106. C

107. B

108. B

109. A

110. D

111. B

112. A

113. C

114. D

115. A

116. C

117. A

118. D

119. C

120. E

121. C

122. A

123. A

124. D

125. D

126. C

127. B

128. B

129. A

130. B

131. A

132. A

133. A

134. C

135. C

136. E

137. C

138. C

139. B

140. C

141. C

142. A

143. C

144. A

145. A

146. A

147. E

148. D

149. D

150. C

151. D

152. B

153. C

154. A

155. C

156. B

157. B

158. D

159. B

160. D

161. D

162. B

163. E

164. B

165. B

166. D

167. B

168. B

169. B

170. D

171. E

172. D

173. A

174. B

175. A

176. B

177. E

178. B

179. D

180. A

181. D

182. C

183. C

184. E

185. C

186. C

187. C

188. B

4.6AnswerExplanationsThefollowingdiscussionisintendedtofamiliarizeyouwiththemostefficientandeffectiveapproachestocriticalreasoningquestions.TheparticularquestionsinthischapteraregenerallyrepresentativeofthekindsofcriticalreasoningquestionsyouwillencounterontheGMAT.Rememberthatitistheproblemsolvingstrategythatisimportant,notthespecificdetailsofaparticularquestion.

solvingstrategythatisimportant,notthespecificdetailsofaparticularquestion.

106. PhishCorunsanumberoffarmsinthearidprovinceofNufa,dependinglargelyonirrigation.Now,aspartofaplantoefficientlyincreasethefarms’totalproduction,itplanstodrilldowntoanaquifercontainingwarm,slightlysaltywaterthatwillbeusedtoraisefishinponds.Thewaterfromthepondswilllaterbeusedtosupplementpiped-inirrigationwaterforPhishCo’svegetablefields,andthepondsandaccompanyingvegetationshouldhelpreducetheheatintheareaofthefarms.

Whichofthefollowingwould,iftrue,moststronglysuggestthattheplan,ifimplemented,wouldincreasetheoverallefficiencyofPhishCo’sfarms?

A. MostofthevegetationtobeplacedaroundthepondsisnativetoNufa.

B. FishraisedonPhishCo’sfarmsarelikelytobesaleableinthenearesturbanareas.

C. Organicwastefromfishinthepondwaterwillhelptofertilizefieldswhereitisusedforirrigation.

D. ThegovernmentofNufawillhelptoarrangeloanfinancingtopartiallycoverthecostsofdrilling.

E. Pondswillbelocatedonlow-lyinglandnowpartiallyoccupiedbygraincrops.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Acompanyplanstoincreasethetotalefficiencyofitsfarmsinanaridregionbydrillingdowntoanaquiferwhosewaterwillbeusedtoraisefishinpondsandtohelpirrigatethefarms’vegetablefields.Thepondsandaccompanyingvegetationshouldhelpreducetheheataroundthefarms.

Reasoning Whatwouldmakeitmostlikelythatimplementingtheplanwouldincreasethefarms’overallefficiency?Thefarmswillbecomemoreefficientiftheplansignificantlyincreasestheirproductionforlittleornoaddedcost.

A. Vegetationnativetoanaridregionmaybenomorelikelytothrivearoundpondsthannon-nativevegetationwouldbe,andinanycasewouldnotclearlyincreasethefarms’totalcropproductionorefficiency.

B. Thismakesitslightlymorelikelythattheplanwouldincreasethefarms’profitability,nottheirefficiencyorproductivity.

C. CorrectFertilizingthefieldswiththewastewhileirrigatingthecropsmightsignificantlyimprovecropproduction.Butitwouldcostlittleornothingextra,sincethewastewouldalreadybeintheirrigationwater.Thus,thisfeatureoftheplanwouldlikelyenhancethefarms’efficiencybyincreasingtheirproductivityfornosignificantextracost.

D. Thisgovernmentassistancemightslightlyreducetheworkthecompanyhastodotoprocurealoan.Butprobablyitwouldneitherincreasethefarms’productionnorreducetheoverallexpenseofimplementingtheplan(includingtheexpenseincurredbythegovernment).

E. Ifanything,thissuggeststhattheplanmightreducethefarms’efficiencybyeliminatingproductivecropland.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

107. Thesustainedmassiveuseofpesticidesinfarminghastwoeffectsthatareespeciallypernicious.First,itoftenkillsoffthepests’naturalenemiesinthearea.Second,itoftenunintentionallygivesrisetoinsecticide-resistantpests,sincethoseinsectsthatsurviveaparticularinsecticidewillbetheonesmostresistanttoit,andtheyaretheoneslefttobreed.

Fromthepassageabove,itcanbeproperlyinferredthattheeffectivenessofthesustainedmassiveuseofpesticidescanbeextendedbydoingwhichofthefollowing,assumingthateachisarealisticpossibility?

A. Usingonlychemicallystableinsecticides

B. Periodicallyswitchingthetypeofinsecticideused

C. Graduallyincreasingthequantitiesofpesticidesused

D. Leavingafewfieldsfalloweveryyear

E. Breedinghigher-yieldingvarietiesofcropplants

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Continuedhigh-levelpesticideuseoftenkillsoffthetargetedpests’naturalenemies.Inaddition,thepeststhatsurvivetheapplicationofthepesticidemaybecomeresistanttoit,andthesepesticide-resistantpestswillcontinuebreeding.

Reasoning Whatcanbedonetoprolongtheeffectivenessofpesticideuse?Itcanbeinferredthattheongoinguseofaparticularpesticidewillnotcontinuetobeeffectiveagainstthefuturegenerationsofpestswithaninherentresistancetothatpesticide.Whatwouldbeeffectiveagainstthesefuturegenerations?Iffarmersperiodicallychangetheparticularpesticidetheyuse,thenpestsresistanttoonekindofpesticidemightbekilledbyanother.Thiswouldcontinue,withpestsbeingkilledoffincyclesasthepesticidesarechanged.Itisalsopossiblethatthisrotationmightallowsomeofthepests’naturalenemiestosurvive,atleastuntilthenextcycle.

A. Notenoughinformationaboutchemicallystableinsecticidesisgiventomakeasoundinference.

B. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesanactionthatcouldextendtheeffectivenessofpesticideuse.

C. Graduallyincreasingtheamountofthepesticidesbeingusedwillnothelpthesituationsincethepestsarealreadyresistanttoit.

D. Continueduseofpesticidesisassumedaspartoftheargument.Sincepesticideswouldbeunnecessaryforfallowfields,thissuggestionisirrelevant.

E. Breedinghigher-yieldingvarietiesofcropsdoesnothingtoextendtheeffectivenessoftheuseofpesticides.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

108. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?

Manufacturersarenowrequiredtomakeallcigarettelighterschild-resistantbyequippingthemwithsafetylevers.Butthischangeisunlikelytoresultinasignificantreductioninthenumberoffirescausedbychildrenplayingwithlighters,becausechildrengiventheopportunitycanfigureouthowtoworkthesafetyleversand________.

A. theadditionofthesafetylevershasmadelightersmoreexpensivethantheywerebeforetherequirementwasinstituted

B. adultsaremorelikelytoleavechild-resistantlightersthannon-child-resistantlightersinplacesthatareaccessibletochildren

C. manyofthefiresstartedbyyoungchildrenarequicklydetectedandextinguishedbytheirparents

D. unlikechild-resistantlighters,lightersthatarenotchild-resistantcanbeoperatedbychildrenasyoungastwoyearsold

E. approximately5,000firesperyearhavebeenattributedtochildrenplayingwithlightersbeforethesafetyleverswererequired.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Manufacturersmustequipallcigarettelighterswithchild-resistantsafetylevers,butchildrencanfigureouthowtocircumventthesafetyleversandtherebyoftenstartfires.

Reasoning Whatpointwouldmostlogicallycompletetheargument?Whatwouldmakeitlikelythatthenumberoffirescausedbychildrenplayingwithlighterswouldremainthesame?Inorderforchildrentostartfiresusinglightersequippedwithsafetylevers,theymustbegiventheopportunitytofigureouthowthesafetyleversworkandthentousethem.Theymust,thatis,haveaccesstothelighters.

A. Ifsafety-lever-equippedlightersaremoreexpensivethanlightersthatarenotsoequipped,fewerlightersmightbesold.Thiswouldmostlikelyaffordchildrenlessaccesstolighters,thusgivingthemlessopportunitytostartfireswiththem.

B. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesapointthatlogicallycompletestheargument:itexplainswhychildrenarelikelytohaveaccesstolightersequippedwithsafetylevers.

C. Thespeedwithwhichfiresareextinguisheddoesnothaveanybearingonthenumberoffiresthatarestarted.

D. Thisprovidesareasontobelievethatthenumberoffiresstartedbychildrenwillmostlikelydecrease,ratherthanstaythesame:fewerchildrenwillbeabletooperatethelighters,andthusfewerfiresarelikelytobestarted.

E. Thisinformationabouthowmanyfireswerestartedbychildrenbefore

safetyleverswererequireddoesnothaveanybearingonthequestionofhowmanyfiresarelikelytobestartedbychildrennowthatthesafetyleversarerequired.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

109. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthepassage?

AbusinessanalysisoftheAppenianrailroadsystemdivideditslong-distancepassengerroutesintotwocategories:ruralroutesandinterurbanroutes.Theanalysisfoundthat,unliketheinterurbanroutes,fewruralroutescarriedahighenoughpassengervolumetobeprofitable.Closingunprofitableruralroutes,however,willnotnecessarilyenhancetheprofitabilityofthewholesystem,since________.

A. alargepartofthepassengervolumeoninterurbanroutesisaccountedforbypassengerswhobeginorendtheirjourneysonruralroutes

B. withinthelasttwodecadesseveraloftheleastusedruralrouteshavebeenclosedandtheirpassengerserviceshavebeenreplacedbybuses

C. theruralrouteswerealloriginallyconstructedatleastonehundredyearsago,whereassomeoftheinterurbanrouteswereconstructedrecentlyfornewhigh-speedexpresstrains

D. notallofAppenia’slargecitiesareequallywellservedbyinterurbanrailroadservices

E. thegreatestpassengervolume,relativetotheroutes’capacity,isnotoneithercategoryoflong-distanceroutesbutisonsuburbancommuterroutes

ArgumentConstruction

Situation IntheAppenianrailroadsystem,interurbanroutesgenerallycarryenoughpassengerstobeprofitable,butfewruralroutesdo.

Reasoning Whatwouldsuggestthatclosingunprofitableruralrouteswouldnotenhancetherailroadsystem’sprofitability?Anyevidencethatclosingtheunprofitableruralrouteswouldindirectlyreducetheprofitabilityofothercomponentsoftherailroadsystemwouldsupporttheconclusionthatclosing

thoseruralrouteswillnotenhancethesystem’sprofitability.Thus,astatementprovidingsuchevidencewouldlogicallycompletethepassage.

A. Correct.Thissuggeststhatclosingtheruralroutescoulddiscouragemanypassengersfromtravelingontheprofitableinterurbanroutesaswell,thusreducingtheprofitabilityoftherailroadsystemasawhole.

B. Evenifsomeoftheleastusedruralrouteshavealreadybeenclosed,itremainstruethatmostoftheremainingruralroutesaretoolittleusedtobeprofitable.

C. Closingveryoldrouteswouldbeatleastaslikelytoenhancetherailroadsystem’sprofitabilityasclosingnewerrouteswouldbe.

D. Evenifthereisbetterrailroadservicetosomelargecitiesthanothers,closingunprofitableruralroutescouldstillenhancethesystem’sprofitability.

E. Evenifsuburbanroutesarethemostheavilyusedandprofitable,closingunderused,unprofitableruralroutescouldstillenhancethesystem’sprofitability.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

110. AlthoughAckerburg’ssubwaysystemiscurrentlyoperatingatadeficit,thetransitauthoritywilllowersubwayfaresnextyear.Theauthorityprojectsthatthelowerfareswillresultinatenpercentincreaseinthenumberofsubwayriders.Sincetheadditionalincomefromthelargerridershipwillmorethanoffsetthedecreaseduetolowerfares,thetransitauthorityactuallyexpectsthefarereductiontoreduceoreliminatethesubwaysystem’soperatingdeficitfornextyear.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthemostsupportforthetransitauthority’sexpectationofreducingthesubwaysystem’soperatingdeficit?

A. Throughouttheyearsthatthesubwaysystemhasoperated,fareshaveneverbeforebeenreduced.

B. Theplannedfarereductionwillnotapplytostudents,whocanalreadyridethesubwayforareducedfare.

C. Nextyear,thetransitauthoritywillhavetoundertakeseverallarge-scaletrackmaintenanceprojects.

D. Thesubwaysystemcanaccommodateatenpercentincreaseinridershipwithoutincreasingthenumberoftrainsitrunseachday.

E. ThecurrentsubwayfaresinAckerburgarehigherthansubwayfaresinothercitiesintheregion.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Ackerburg’stransitauthorityplanstolowersubwayfares,projectingthatthiswillincreaseridershipby10percentandtherebyreduceoreliminatethesubwaysystem’soperatingdeficit.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldsupporttheexpectationthatloweringsubwayfareswillreducetheoperatingdeficit?Thepassagesaystheadditionalincomefromtheprojectedincreaseinridershipwillmorethanoffsetthedecreaseduetotheloweredfares.Theclaimthatloweringfareswillreducetheoperatingdeficitcouldbesupportedeitherbyadditionalevidencethatloweringthefareswillincreaseridershipatleastasmuchasprojectedorbyevidencethattheplanwillnotincreaseoveralloperatingexpenses.

A. Thefactthatfareshaveneverbeenreducedprovidesnoevidenceaboutwhatwouldhappeniftheywerereduced.

B. Thissuggeststhattheplannedfarereductionwouldnotaffectrevenuefromstudentriders,butitdoesnotsuggesthowitwouldaffectrevenuefromallotherriders.

C. Thesemaintenanceprojectswillprobablyincreasetheoperatingdeficit,makingitlesslikelythatthefarereductionwillreduceoreliminatethatdeficit.

D. Correct.Thisindicatesthattheplanwillnotinvolveextraoperatingexpensesforrunningtrainsandthusincreasesthelikelihoodthattheplanwillreducetheoperatingdeficit.

E. AckerburgmaydifferfromothercitiesintheregioninwaysthatmakethehigherfaresoptimalforAckerburg’ssubwaysystem.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

111. Patrickusuallyprovideschildcareforsixchildren.ParentsleavetheirchildrenatPatrick’shouseinthemorningandpickthemupafterwork.Attheendofeachworkweek,theparentspayPatrickatanhourlyrateforthechildcareprovidedthatweek.TheweeklyincomePatrickreceivesisusuallyadequatebutnotalwaysuniform,particularlyinthewinter,whenchildrenarelikelytogetsickandbeunpredictablyabsent.

Whichofthefollowingplans,ifputintoeffect,hasthebestprospectofmakingPatrick’sweeklyincomebothuniformandadequate?

A. Poolresourceswithaneighborwhoprovideschildcareundersimilararrangements,sothatthetwoofthemcooperateincaringfortwiceasmanychildrenasPatrickcurrentlydoes.

B. ReplacepaymentbyactualhoursofchildcareprovidedwithafixedweeklyfeebaseduponthenumberofhoursofchildcarethatPatrickwouldtypicallybeexpectedtoprovide.

C. Hireafull-timehelperandinvestinfacilitiesforprovidingchildcaretosickchildren.

D. IncreasethehourlyratetoalevelthatwouldprovideadequateincomeeveninaweekwhenhalfofthechildrenPatrickusuallycaresforareabsent.

E. Increasethenumberofhoursmadeavailableforchildcareeachday,sothatparentscanleavetheirchildreninPatrick’scareforalongerperiodeachdayatthecurrenthourlyrate.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Attheendoftheworkweek,Patrickispaidacertainamountforeachhourofchildcarehehasprovided.Patrickusuallyreceivesadequateweeklyincomeunderthisarrangement,butinthewinterPatrick’sincomefluctuates,becausechildrenareunpredictablyabsentduetoillness.

Reasoning Whichplanwouldbemostlikelytomeetthetwogoalsofuniformweeklyincomeandadequateweeklyincome?Patrickmustfindawaytoensurethathisweeklyincomeisbothadequate—thatis,notreducedsignificantlyfromcurrentlevels—anduniform—thatis,notsubjecttoseasonalorother

fluctuations.AsuccessfulplanwouldthusmostlikelybeonethatdoesnotincreasePatrick’scosts.Further,theplanneednotincreasePatrick’sweeklyincome;itmustmerelyensurethatthatincomeismorereliable.Itshouldthereforealsoprovidesomewaytomitigatetheunexpectedlossofincomefromchildren’sabsences.

A. ThisplanmightraisePatrick’sincomeslightly,becauseheandtheneighbormightpayoutlessincostsiftheypooltheirresources.ButthisplanwouldhavenoeffectontheproblemthatunpredictableabsencesposeforPatrick’sweeklyincome.

B. Correct.ThisstatementproperlyidentifiesaplanthatwouldmostlikelykeepPatrick’sincomeadequate(hewouldprobablyreceiveapproximatelythesameamountofmoneyperchildashedoesnow)anduniform(hewouldreceivethemoneyregardlessofwhetherachildwaspresentorabsent).

C. WhilethisplanmightsomewhatmitigatetheunpredictabilityinPatrick’sincomethatresultsfromsickchildren’sabsences—becauseparentswouldbelesslikelytokeepsickchildrenathome—itwouldincreasePatrick’scosts.PayingahelperandinvestingindifferentfacilitieswouldreducePatrick’sincomeandmightthusresultinthatincomebeinginadequate.

D. Underthisplan,ifweassumethatparentsdidnotbalkattheincreaseinPatrick’shourlyrateandfindalternativechildcare,Patrick’sincomewouldmostlikelybeadequate.ButthisplanwouldnothelpmakePatrick’sweeklyincomeuniform.Hisincomewouldcontinuetofluctuatewhenchildrenareabsent.Remember,therearetwogoalswithregardtoPatrick’sincome:adequacyanduniformity.

E. ThisplanmightincreasePatrick’sincome,inthathemightbepaidformorehoursofchildcareeachweek.Thegoalshere,however,aretomakePatrick’sweeklyincomebothadequateanduniform,andthisplandoesnotaddresstheissueofuniformity.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

112. Editorial:ConsumersinNorthAmericathinkthatbydrinkingfrozenconcentratedorangejuice,theyaresavingenergy,becauseittakesfewertruckloadstotransportitthanittakestotransportanequivalentamountofnot-from-concentratejuice.Buttheyaremistaken,fortheamountofenergyrequiredtoconcentratethejuiceisfargreaterthantheenergy

differenceinthejuices’transport.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldprovidethegreatestadditionalsupportfortheeditorial’sconclusion?

A. Freezertrucksusesubstantiallymoreenergypermiledriventhandoanyothertypesoftrucks.

B. Frozenjuicecanbestoredforseveralyears,whilenot-from-concentratejuicelastsamuchshortertime.

C. OrangesgrowninBrazilmakeupanincreasingpercentageofthefruitusedinnot-from-concentratejuiceproduction.

D. Aservingofnot-from-concentratejuicetakesuptosixtimesmorespacethanaservingoffrozenconcentratedjuice.

E. Thoughfrozenconcentratedjuicemustbekeptatalowertemperature,not-from-concentratejuiceisfarmoresensitivetosmalltemperaturefluctuations.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation NorthAmericanconsumersthinkthatdrinkingfrozenconcentratedorangejuicesavesenergybecausetheconcentratedjuicecanbetransportedinfewertruckloadsthananequivalentamountofnot-from-concentratejuice.Butmoreenergyisrequiredtoconcentratethejuicethanissavedbythisreductioninthenumberoftruckloadsusedfortransportation.

Reasoning Whatadditionalevidencewouldmosthelptosupporttheconclusionthatdrinkingfrozenconcentratedorangejuiceratherthannot-from-concentratejuicedoesnotsaveenergy?Factorsotherthantheconcentrationprocessandthenumberoftruckloadsusedfortransportationmayalsoaffecttheamountsofenergyusedtoprovidethetwotypesofjuice.Evidenceofanysuchfactorthatincreasestheamountofenergyneededtoprovidefrozenconcentratedjuicemorethanitincreasestheamountneededtoprovidethesameamountofnot-from-concentratejuicewouldhelptosupporttheeditorial’sconclusion.

A. Correct.Thissuggeststhatittakesmuchmoreenergypertruckloadtotransportfrozenconcentratedjuicethantotransportnot-from-concentratejuice,whichisnotfrozen.

B. Ifanything,thissuggeststhatahigherproportionofnot-from-concentratejuicegoesbadandisdiscardedratherthanbeingdrunk.Thiswastewouldincreasetheamountofenergyusedtoprovideeachglassofnot-from-concentratejuicethatisdrunk.

C. SinceBrazilisfarfromNorthAmerica,thissuggeststhattheaverageamountofenergyusedtotransporteachservingofnot-from-concentratejuicemaybeincreasing.

D. Sincebothtypesofjuicemustbekeptcolduntilreadytodrink,thissuggeststhatamuchlargeramountofspacemustberefrigeratedtoprovideeachservingofnot-from-concentratejuice.Thatmaymeanthatmoreenergyneedstobeusedtokeepeachservingofnot-from-concentratejuicecold.

E. Itmaytakeextraenergytokeepthetemperatureofnot-from-concentratejuicemoreconstant.Ifitdoes,thatwouldincreasetheamountofenergyusedtoprovideeachservingofnot-from-concentratejuice.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

113. Acomputerequippedwithsignature-recognitionsoftware,whichrestrictsaccesstoacomputertothosepeoplewhosesignaturesareonfile,identifiesaperson’ssignaturebyanalyzingnotonlytheformofthesignaturebutalsosuchcharacteristicsaspenpressureandsigningspeed.Eventhemostadeptforgerscannotduplicateallofthecharacteristicstheprogramanalyzes.

Whichofthefollowingcanbelogicallyconcludedfromthepassageabove?

A. Thetimeittakestorecordandanalyzeasignaturemakesthesoftwareimpracticalforeverydayuse.

B. Computersequippedwiththesoftwarewillsoonbeinstalledinmostbanks.

C. Nobodycangainaccesstoacomputerequippedwiththesoftwaresolelybyvirtueofskillatforgingsignatures.

D. Signature-recognitionsoftwarehastakenmanyyearstodevelopand

perfect.

E. Inmanycasesevenauthorizedusersaredeniedlegitimateaccesstocomputersequippedwiththesoftware.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Forgerscannotduplicateallthecharacteristicsthatsignature-recognitionsoftwareanalyzes,includingtheformofasignature,penpressure,andsigningspeed.Computersequippedwiththissoftwarerestrictaccesstothosewhosesignaturesareonfile.

Reasoning Whatconclusioncanbereachedaboutcomputersequippedwiththissoftware?Thepassagestatesthatthesoftwaredetectsmorecharacteristicsinasignaturethanthemostaccomplishedforgercanpossiblyreproduce.Thus,skillatforgingsignaturesisnotenoughtoallowsomeonetogainaccesstoacomputerequippedwiththesoftware.

A. Noinformationaboutthespeedoftheanalysisisgiven,sonosuchconclusioncanbedrawn.

B. Althoughthesoftwarewouldlikelybeofbenefittobanks,wecannotconcludethatitwillbeinstalledinmostbanksbecausethepassagedoesn’truleout,e.g.,thatthesoftwaremaybetoocostlyorthattheremaybeproprietaryconstraints.

C. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthepassage.

D. Althoughitseemsreasonabletothinkthatthesoftwaretookalongtimetodevelop,nothinginthepassagejustifiestheclaimthatittookyears.

E. Nothinginthepassagerulesoutthepossibilitythatthesoftwarefunctionssowellthatauthorizeduserswillneverbedeniedlegitimateaccesstocomputersequippedwiththesoftware.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

114. Therateatwhicharoadwearsdependsonvariousfactors,includingclimate,amountoftraffic,andthesizeandweightofthevehiclesusingit.

TheonlylandtransportationtoRittland’sseaportisviaadividedhighway,onesidecarryingtraffictotheseaportandonecarryingtrafficawayfromit.Thesideleadingtotheseaporthaswornfaster,eventhougheachsidehascarriedvirtuallythesameamountoftraffic,consistingmainlyoflargetrucks.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthedifferenceintherateofwear?

A. ThevolumeoftraffictoandfromRittland’sseaporthasincreasedbeyondtheintendedcapacityofthehighwaythatservesit.

B. WearonthehighwaythatservesRittland’sseaportisconsiderablygreaterduringthecoldwintermonths.

C. WearonthesideofthehighwaythatleadstoRittland’sseaporthasencouragedpeopletotakebusestotheseaportratherthandrivingthereintheirownautomobiles.

D. AgreatertonnageofgoodsisexportedfromRittland’sseaportthanisimportedthroughit.

E. AllofRittland’sautomobilesareimportedbyship.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Thesideofadividedhighwayleadingtoaseaporthaswornfasterthanthesideleadingawayfromtheseaport.Bothsidescarryroughlythesameamountoftraffic,mainlyconsistingoflargetrucks.

Reasoning Whatcouldexplainwhythesideofthehighwayleadingtotheseaporthaswornfasterthantheotherside?Wearetoldthatclimate,amountoftraffic,andthesizeandweightofvehiclesonaroadaffecthowquicklytheroadwears.Wearealsotoldthattheamountsoftrafficonthetwosidesofthehighwayarealmostidentical.Probablytheclimateonthetwosidesisalsoalmostidentical.Thus,themostlikelyexplanationforthedifferentratesofwearisthatthesizeorweightofthevehiclesdrivingonthetwosidesdifferssignificantly.Soanyfactorthatwouldmakethevehicles’sizeorweightgreateronthesideleadingtotheseaportthanontheothersidecouldhelp

explainthedifferenceinwearing.

A. Theincreasedtrafficvolumeaffectsbothsidesofthehighway,soitdoesnothelpexplainwhyonesideiswearingfasterthantheother.

B. Thewinterweatheraffectsbothsidesofthehighway,soitdoesnothelpexplainwhyonesideiswearingfasterthantheother.

C. Thebusesmaycontributetowearonthesideofthehighwayleadingtotheseaport,butnotnecessarilymorethanthecartraffictheyarereplacingwould(thoughtheincreaseduseofbusesinsteadofcarsmaydecreasetheamountoftraffic,buseswouldbeheavierthancarsandthusmayresultinanequalorgreateramountofwear).Furthermore,thebuseshavetocomebackontheotherside,probablycarryingthereturningtravelerswhohavenotlefttheircarsattheairport.

D. Correct.Thissuggeststhatthemanytrucksvisitingtheseaporttendtobemoreheavilyladenwithgoodswhentravelingonthesideofthehighwayleadingtotheseaportthanwhenreturningontheotherside.Theresultingdifferenceinthetrucks’weightwhentravelingonthetwosidescouldexplainthedifferentratesofwear.

E. Theseautomobileswouldbetransportedalongthesideofthehighwayleadingfromtheseaport,butnotalongthesideleadingtoit.Thiswouldlikelycreateapatternofwearoppositetotheoneobserved.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

115. InpartsofSouthAmerica,vitamin-Adeficiencyisaserioushealthproblem,especiallyamongchildren.Inoneregion,agriculturistsareattemptingtoimprovenutritionbyencouragingfarmerstoplantanewvarietyofsweetpotatocalledSPK004thatisrichinbeta-carotene,whichthebodyconvertsintovitaminA.Theplanhasgoodchancesofsuccess,sincesweetpotatoisastapleoftheregion’sdietandagriculture,andthevarietiescurrentlygrowncontainlittlebeta-carotene.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportsthepredictionthattheplanwillsucceed?

A. ThegrowingconditionsrequiredbythevarietiesofsweetpotatocurrentlycultivatedintheregionareconditionsinwhichSPK004canflourish.

B. ThefleshofSPK004differsfromthatofthecurrentlycultivatedsweetpotatoesincolorandtexture,sotraditionalfoodswouldlooksomewhatdifferentwhenpreparedfromSPK004.

C. Therearenoothervarietiesofsweetpotatothataresignificantlyricherinbeta-carotenethanSPK004is.

D. ThevarietiesofsweetpotatocurrentlycultivatedintheregioncontainsomeimportantnutrientsthatarelackinginSPK004.

E. Thereareothervegetablescurrentlygrownintheregionthatcontainmorebeta-carotenethanthecurrentlycultivatedvarietiesofsweetpotatodo.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation AgriculturistsbelievethatiffarmersinaparticularSouthAmericanregionplantanewbeta-carotene-richvarietyofsweetpotato,SPK004,thevitamin-Adeficiencysufferedinthatregioncanbealleviated.Eventhoughsweetpotatoesareastapleoftheregionandthebodycanconvertasweetpotato’sbeta-caroteneintovitaminA,thevarietiescurrentlygrowntherecontainlittlebeta-carotene.

Reasoning WhatwouldmostsupportthesuccessoftheplantoimprovenutritionbyencouragingfarmerstoplantSPK004?What,thatis,wouldmakefarmersrespondpositivelytoencouragementtoplantSPK004?FarmersintheregionwouldprobablybeinclinedtosubstituteSPK004forthevarietiesofsweetpotatotheycurrentlygrowiftheycouldbeassuredthatSPK004wouldgrowaswellasthoseothervarietiesdo.ThiswouldinturnmostlikelyleadtoSPK004beingsubstitutedforcurrentvarietiesofsweetpotatoinstapledishes,andthustoanimprovementinnutritionintheregion.

A. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesafactorthatwouldsupportapredictionoftheplan’ssuccess.

B. IfdishesmadewithSPK004lookdifferentthantraditionalsweetpotatodishesintheregiondo,peoplemightbelesslikelytoeatthosedishes;insuchasituation,theplan’ssuccesswouldbelesslikely,ratherthanmore

likely.

C. ItisSPK004’sbeta-carotenecontentrelativetothebeta-carotenecontentofthesweetpotatoescurrentlygrownintheregionthatisrelevanthere,soitdoesnotmatterifthereareothervarietiesofsweetpotatothatarericherinbeta-carotenethanSPK004is.

D. ThissuggeststhatswitchingfromcurrentlygrownsweetpotatoestoSPK004couldnegativelyaffectnutritionintheregion;thisundermines,ratherthansupports,thepredictionthattheplantoimprovenutritionwillsucceed.

E. Theseothervegetables,despitetheirbeta-carotenecontentbeinghigherthanthatofthecurrentlycultivatedvarietiesofsweetpotato,areclearlynotsufficienttopreventavitamin-Adeficiencyintheregion.ThisinformationdoesnothingtosupportthepredictionthatencouragingfarmerstoplantSPK004willhelptomeetthosebeta-caroteneneeds.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

116. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

Thelastmembersofanow-extinctspeciesofaEuropeanwilddeercalledthegiantdeerlivedinIrelandabout16,000yearsago.PrehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancedepictthisanimalashavingalargehumponitsback.Fossilsofthisanimal,however,donotshowanyhump.Nevertheless,thereisnoreasontoconcludethatthecavepaintingsarethereforeinaccurateinthisregard,since__________.

A. someprehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancealsodepictotheranimalsashavingahump

B. fossilsofthegiantdeeraremuchmorecommoninIrelandthaninFrance

C. animalhumpsarecomposedoffattytissue,whichdoesnotfossilize

D. thecavepaintingsofthegiantdeerwerepaintedwellbefore16,000yearsago

E. onlyonecurrentlyexistingspeciesofdeerhasanyanatomicalfeaturethatevenremotelyresemblesahump

ArgumentConstruction

Situation RepresentationsfoundinprehistoriccavepaintingsinFranceofthenow-extinctgiantdeerspecies—thelastmembersof

ofthenow-extinctgiantdeerspecies—thelastmembersofwhichlivedinIrelandabout16,000yearsago—depictthedeerashavingahumponitsback.Fossilsofthedeer,however,donotfeatureahump.

Reasoning Whatpointwouldmostlogicallycompletetheargument?Thatis,whatwouldshowthatthecavepaintingsarenotinaccurateeventhoughfossilsofthegiantdeershownohump?Howcoulditbethecasethatthepaintingsshowahumpwhilethefossilsdonot?Onewayinwhichthiscouldbesoisifthehumpsarenotpartofthefossils—thatis,ifthereissomereasonwhyahumpwouldnotbepreservedwiththerestofananimal’sremains.

A. Wedonotknowwhethertheseothercavepaintingsaccuratelydepicttheanimalsashavinghumps,sothisprovidesnoreasontothinkthatthedepictionsofgiantdeerareaccurate.

B. Wheregiantdeerfossilsarefoundhasnobearingonwhethercavepaintingsofgiantdeerthatshowahumpontheanimal’sbackareinaccurate.Itcouldbethatthissuggeststhatthepaintersresponsiblefortherepresentationswouldnotbeveryfamiliarwiththespecies;ifthiswereso,itwouldgivesomereasontoconcludethattherepresentationswereinaccurate.

C. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesapointthatlogicallycompletestheargument.Ahumpwouldnotbefoundaspartofagiantdeer’sfossilizedremainsifthehumpswerefattytissuethatwouldnotbefossilized.

D. Thatthecavepaintingswerepaintedwellbefore16,000yearsagoshowsthattheywereexecutedbeforethegiantdeerbecameextinct,butthisdoesnothelptoexplainthediscrepancybetweenthepaintings’depictionofahumponthedeer’sbackandthefossilrecord’slackofsuchahump.Itcouldbethateventhoughthecavepainterscoexistedwiththegiantdeer,theywerenotsufficientlyfamiliarwiththemtodepictthemaccurately.

E. Thatcurrentlyexistingspeciesofdeerlackhumps,oreventhatonespeciesdoeshaveafeatureresemblingahump,haslittlebearingonwhethercavepaintingsinFranceaccuratelydepictthegiantdeerashavingahump.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

117. Highlevelsoffertilizerandpesticides,neededwhenfarmerstryto

producehighyieldsofthesamecropyearafteryear,pollutewatersupplies.Expertsthereforeurgefarmerstodiversifytheircropsandtorotatetheirplantingsyearly.

Toreceivegovernmentalprice-supportbenefitsforacrop,farmersmusthaveproducedthatsamecropforthepastseveralyears.

Thestatementsabove,iftrue,bestsupportwhichofthefollowingconclusions?

A. Therulesforgovernmentalsupportoffarmpricesworkagainsteffortstoreducewaterpollution.

B. Theonlysolutiontotheproblemofwaterpollutionfromfertilizersandpesticidesistotakefarmlandoutofproduction.

C. Farmerscancontinuetomakeaprofitbyrotatingdiversecrops,thusreducingcostsforchemicals,butnotbyplantingthesamecropeachyear.

D. Newfarmingtechniqueswillbedevelopedtomakeitpossibleforfarmerstoreducetheapplicationoffertilizersandpesticides.

E. Governmentalpricesupportsforfarmproductsaresetatlevelsthatarenothighenoughtoallowfarmerstogetoutofdebt.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Farmersareurgedtorotatecropsannuallybecausethechemicalstheymustusewhencontinuingtoproducethesamecropspollutewatersupplies.Ontheotherhand,farmersmayreceivefederalprice-supportbenefitsonlyiftheyhavebeenproducingthesamecropforthepastseveralyears.

Reasoning Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthisinformation?Farmerswishtoreceivetheprice-supportbenefitsofferedbythegovernment,sotheygrowthesamecropforseveralyears.Inordertocontinuegettinggoodyields,theyusethehighlevelsofchemicalsnecessarywhenthesamecropisgrownfromyeartoyear.Theresultiswaterpollution.Thegovernment’srulesforprice-supportbenefitsworkagainsttheeffortstoreducewaterpollution.

A. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiestheconclusionsupportedbytheevidence.

B. Theexpertscitedinthepassagebelievethattherotationofcropsisthesolution,nottheremovaloffarmlandfromproduction.

C. Theconclusionthatfarmerscannotmakeaprofitbyproducingthesamecropyearafteryearisnotjustifiedbytheinformationgiveninthepremises.Theinformationgivensuggeststhatthisconclusionwouldactuallybefalse,sincethesefarmerswouldbenefitbyprice-supportmeasuresforsuchacrop.

D. Noinformationinthepassagesupportsaconclusionaboutfarmingtechniquesotherthancropdiversificationandrotation,whichareclearlyexistingfarmingtechniquesandnotneworyettobedeveloped.

E. Thisconclusionisunwarrantedbecausethereisnoinformationinthetwostatementsaboutthelevelsofthepricesupportsandofthefarmers’debts.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

118. TenyearsagothenumberoftaxpayersinGreenspaceCountywasslightlygreaterthanthenumberofregisteredvoters.Thenumberoftaxpayershasdoubledoverthelasttenyears,whilethenumberofregisteredvotershasincreased,butatalowerratethanhasthenumberoftaxpayers.

WhichofthefollowingmustbetrueinGreenspaceCountyifthestatementsabovearetrue?

A. Thenumberoftaxpayersisnowsmallerthanthenumberofregisteredvoters.

B. Everyonewhoisaregisteredvoterisalsoataxpayer.

C. Theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayershasincreasedoverthelasttenyears.

D. Theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayershasdecreasedoverthelasttenyears.

E. Theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayershasremainedunchangedoverthelasttenyears.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Tenyearsagoacountyhadslightlymoretaxpayersthanregisteredvoters.Sincethenthenumberoftaxpayershas

registeredvoters.Sincethenthenumberoftaxpayershasdoubled,whilethenumberofregisteredvotershasincreasedless.

Reasoning Whatcanbededucedfromtheinformationaboutthechangingnumbersoftaxpayersandregisteredvoters?Therewerealreadyslightlymoretaxpayersthanregisteredvoterstenyearsago,butsincethenthenumberoftaxpayershasincreasedmorethanproportionatelytothenumberofregisteredvoters.Itfollowsthattheremuststillbemoretaxpayersthanregisteredvoters,thattheabsolutenumberoftaxpayersmusthaveincreasedmorethantheabsolutenumberofregisteredvotershas,andthattheratiooftaxpayerstoregisteredvotersmusthaveincreased.

A. Sincetherewerealreadymoretaxpayersthanregisteredvoterstenyearsago,andsincethenumberoftaxpayershasincreasedmorethanthenumberofregisteredvoters,theremuststillbemoretaxpayersthanregisteredvoters.

B. Althoughtherearemoretaxpayersthanregisteredvotersoverall,therecouldstillbemanyindividualregisteredvoterswhoarenottaxpayers.

C. Sincethenumberoftaxpayershasdoubledwhilethenumberofregisteredvotershaslessthandoubled,theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayersmusthavedecreased,notincreasedasthisoptionclaims.

D. Correct.Sincethenumberoftaxpayershasdoubledwhilethenumberofregisteredvotershaslessthandoubled,theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayersmusthavedecreased.

E. Sincethenumberoftaxpayershasdoubledwhilethenumberofregisteredvotershaslessthandoubled,theproportionofregisteredvoterstotaxpayersmusthavedecreased,notremainedunchanged.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

119. Theinterviewisanessentialpartofasuccessfulhiringprogrambecause,withit,jobapplicantswhohavepersonalitiesthatareunsuitedtotherequirementsofthejobwillbeeliminatedfromconsideration.

Theargumentabovelogicallydependsonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?

A. Ahiringprogramwillbesuccessfulifitincludesinterviews.

B. Theinterviewisamoreimportantpartofasuccessfulhiringprogramthanisthedevelopmentofajobdescription.

C. Interviewerscanaccuratelyidentifyapplicantswhosepersonalitiesareunsuitedtotherequirementsofthejob.

D. Theonlypurposeofaninterviewistoevaluatewhetherjobapplicants’personalitiesaresuitedtotherequirementsofthejob.

E. Thefitofjobapplicants’personalitiestotherequirementsofthejobwasoncethemostimportantfactorinmakinghiringdecisions.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Theinterviewisanecessarypartofhiringbecausecandidateswithunsuitablepersonalitiesareeliminatedfromconsideration.

Reasoning Whatisbeingassumedinthisargument?Theargumentputsforthonereasonthattheinterviewisimportant:iteliminatescandidateswithunsuitablepersonalities.Thispresupposesthatinterviewerscan,withafairdegreeofaccuracy,ruleoutthosecandidateswhosepersonalitiesdonotfittheneedsofthejob.

A. Theargumentdoesnotgosofarastosaythatinterviewsguaranteeasuccessfulhiringprogram.

B. Theargumentdoesnotprioritizethepartsofahiringprogram.

C. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiestheassumptionunderlyingtheargument.

D. Theargumentgivesonereasonthattheinterviewisimportant,butitdoesnotsayitistheonlyreason.

E. Thisconcernspastpracticesinhiring,andisirrelevanttotheargument.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

120. Manyleadershiptheorieshaveprovidedevidencethatleadersaffectgroupsuccessratherthanthesuccessofparticularindividuals.Soitisirrelevanttoanalyzetheeffectsofsupervisortraitsontheattitudesofindividuals

whomtheysupervise.Instead,assessmentofleadershipeffectivenessshouldoccuronlyatthegrouplevel.

Whichofthefollowingwoulditbemostusefultoestablishinordertoevaluatetheargument?

A. Whethersupervisors’documentationofindividualsupervisees’attitudestowardthemisusuallyaccurate

B. Whetheritispossibletoassessindividualsupervisees’attitudestowardtheirsupervisorswithouttherebychangingthoseattitudes

C. Whetheranyoftheleadershiptheoriesinquestionholdthatleadersshouldassessotherleaders’attitudes

D. Whethersometypesofgroupsdonotneedsupervisioninordertobesuccessfulintheirendeavors

E. Whetherindividuals’attitudestowardsupervisorsaffectgroupsuccess

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Manyleadershiptheorieshaveprovidedevidencethatleadersaffectthesuccessofgroupsbutnotofindividuals.

Reasoning Whatwouldbemosthelpfultoknowinordertoevaluatehowwellthestatedfactsupportstheconclusionthatleadershipeffectivenessshouldbeassessedonlyatthegrouplevelwithoutconsideringsupervisors’influenceontheattitudesoftheindividualstheysupervise?Evenifleadersdonotaffectthesuccessoftheindividualstheylead,theymightstillaffectthoseindividuals’attitudes.Andthoseattitudesinturnmightaffectgroupsuccess.Ifso,theargumentwouldbeweak.Soanyevidenceabouttheexistenceorstrengthofthesepossibleeffectsintherelationshipbetweensupervisorsandtheirsuperviseeswouldbehelpfulinevaluatingtheargument.

A. Howaccuratelysupervisorsdocumenttheirsupervisees’attitudesisnotclearlyrelevanttohowmuchthesupervisorsaffectthoseattitudes,nortohowmuchtheattitudesaffectgroupsuccess.

B. Evenifassessingsupervisees’attitudeswouldinitselfchangethoseattitudes,thepersondoingtheassessmentmightbeabletopredictthis

changeandtakeitintoaccount.Thus,consideringindividualsupervisees’attitudesmightstillbeworthwhile.

C. Theargumentisnotaboutinteractionsamongleaders,butratheraboutinteractionsbetweensupervisorsandsupervisees.

D. Theargumentisnotaboutgroupswithoutsupervisors,orwhethercertaingroupsmightbeeffectivewithoutasupervisor,butratherabouthowtoassesstheeffectivenessofsupervisorsingroupsthatdohavethem.

E. Correct.Asexplainedabove,ifindividualsupervisees’attitudesaffectgroupsuccess,theargumentwouldbeweak.Andprobablyindividualsupervisees’attitudestowardtheirsupervisorsareinfluencedbythosesupervisors.Soknowingwhetherindividualattitudestowardsupervisorsaffectgroupsuccesswouldbehelpfulinevaluatingtheargument

ThecorrectanswerisE.

121. AmajorhealthinsurancecompanyinLagoliapaysforspecialproceduresprescribedbyphysiciansonlyiftheprocedureisfirstapprovedas“medicallynecessary”byacompany-appointedreviewpanel.Theruleisintendedtosavethecompanythemoneyitmightotherwisespendonmedicallyunnecessaryprocedures.Thecompanyhasrecentlyannouncedthatinordertoreduceitscosts,itwillabandonthisrule.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestjustificationforthecompany’sdecision?

A. Patientsoftenregisterdissatisfactionwithphysicianswhoprescribenothingfortheirailments.

B. Physiciansoftenprescribespecialproceduresthatarehelpfulbutnotaltogethernecessaryforthehealthofthepatient.

C. Thereviewprocessisexpensiveandpracticallyalwaysresultsinapprovaloftheprescribedprocedure.

D. Thecompany’sreviewprocessdoesnotinterferewiththeprerogativeofphysicians,incaseswheremorethanoneeffectiveprocedureisavailable,toselecttheonetheypersonallyprefer.

E. Thenumberofmembersofthecompany-appointedreviewpanelwhoreviewagivenproceduredependsonthecostoftheprocedure.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Inordertocutcosts,amajorhealthinsurancecompanyisabandoningarulestatingthatitwillpayforspecialproceduresonlyiftheprocedureisapprovedasmedicallynecessarybyareviewpanel.

Reasoning Whatpieceofinformationwouldmosthelptojustifythecompany’sdecision?Forthecompanytosavemoney,itwouldneedtobeinsomewaycuttingitscostsbyabandoningtherule.Underwhatcircumstancesmighttherulecost,ratherthansave,thecompanymoney?Thepanelitselfmightbeexpensivetoconvene,forexample.Further,thecostsavingsachievedbythepanelmightbeminimalifthepaneldidnotdenysignificantnumbersofprocedures.

A. Thissuggeststhatpatientsmightbepressuringtheirphysicianstoprescribecertainunnecessaryproceduresfortheirailments,whichinturnsuggeststhatthepanelisreviewingtheseproceduresanddenyingthem.Butifso,thenthepanelisprobablysavingtheinsurancecompanymoney,soabandoningthepanel’sreviewwouldnotreducethecompany’scosts.

B. Thissuggeststhatcertainproceduresthatarebeingprescribedbyphysiciansarenotmedicallynecessary,whichinturnsuggeststhatthepanelreviewingtheseproceduresmaybedenyingthem.Ifthisisthecase,thenthepanelisprobablysavingtheinsurancecompanyasignificantamountofmoney,soabandoningthepanel’sreviewmaywellincreaseratherthandecreasethecompany’scosts.

C. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesinformationthatwouldhelptojustifythecompany’sdecision.

D. Evenifthepaneldoesnotinterferewithphysicians’choiceswhenmorethanonemedicallyeffectiveprocedureisavailable,thepanelmaystillbedenyingpayformanyproceduresthatarenotmedicallynecessary.Insuchcasesthepanelmaybesavingtheinsurancecompanymoney,andabandoningthereviewprocesswouldnotreducethecompany’scosts.

E. Thissuggeststhatthemoreexpensivetheprocedureunderreview,themoreexpensivethepanelitselfis.Evenso,ifthepaneldeniespaymentforveryexpensiveprocedures,itmaynonethelesssavethecompanysignificantlymorethanthecompanyhastopaytoconvenethepanel,soabandoningthe

reviewprocesswouldnotreducethecompany’scosts.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

122. Toevaluateaplantosavemoneyonoffice-spaceexpendituresbyhavingitsemployeesworkathome,XYZCompanyaskedvolunteersfromitsstafftotrythearrangementforsixmonths.Duringthisperiod,theproductivityoftheseemployeeswasashighasorhigherthanbefore.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldarguemoststronglyagainstdeciding,onthebasisofthetrialresults,toimplementthecompany’splan?

A. Theemployeeswhoagreedtoparticipateinthetestoftheplanwereamongthecompany’smostself-motivatedandindependentworkers.

B. Thesavingsthatwouldaccruefromreducedoffice-spaceexpendituresalonewouldbesufficienttojustifythearrangementforthecompany,apartfromanyproductivityincreases.

C. Othercompaniesthathaveachievedsuccessfulresultsfromwork-at-homeplanshaveworkforcesthataresubstantiallylargerthanthatofXYZ.

D. Thevolunteerswhoworkedathomewereabletocommunicatewithotheremployeesasnecessaryforperformingthework.

E. MinorchangesinthewayofficeworkisorganizedatXYZwouldyieldincreasesinemployeeproductivitysimilartothoseachievedinthetrial.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Tosavemoneyonofficespaceexpenditures,acompanyconsidershavingemployeesworkathome.Asix-monthtrialwithemployeeswhohavevolunteeredtotesttheplanshowstheirproductivitytobeashighasorhigherthanbefore.

Reasoning WhywouldthetrialresultsNOTprovideagoodreasontoimplementtheplan?Generalizingfromasmallsampletothegroupdependsonhavingasamplethatisrepresentative.Inthiscase,theemployeeswhoparticipatedinthetrialarenotrepresentativeofallemployees.Theemployeeswho

volunteeredforthetrialmaybethetypeofemployeeswhowouldbemostlikelytoworksuccessfullyathome.Itwouldnotbewisetobaseageneralizationaboutallemployeesonthissample.

A. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaflawinthetrialthatisthebasisfortheplan.

B. Thisstatementsupportstheimplementationoftheplan.Moreover,itisnotbasedonthetrialresults,soitdoesnotanswerthequestion.

C. Thepassagegivesnoinformationabouthowcompanysizemightaffecttheimplementationoftheplanorthereliabilityofthetrialresults.

D. Ifanything,thiswouldtendtosupporttheplan.

E. Thegoaloftheplanistosavemoneyonofficespace,nottoincreaseproductivity,soanalternativeplantoincreaseproductivityisirrelevant.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

123. Consumerhealthadvocate:Yourcandycompanyaddscaffeinetoyourchocolatecandybarssothateachonedeliversaspecifiedamountofcaffeine.Sincecaffeineishighlyaddictive,thisindicatesthatyouintendtokeepyourcustomersaddicted.

Candymanufacturer:Ourmanufacturingprocessresultsintherebeinglesscaffeineineachchocolatecandybarthanintheunprocessedcacaobeansfromwhichthechocolateismade.

Thecandymanufacturer’sresponseisflawedasarefutationoftheconsumerhealthadvocate’sargumentbecauseit

A. failstoaddresstheissueofwhetherthelevelofcaffeineinthecandybarssoldbythemanufacturerisenoughtokeeppeopleaddicted

B. assumeswithoutwarrantthatallunprocessedcacaobeanscontainauniformamountofcaffeine

C. doesnotspecifyexactlyhowcaffeineislostinthemanufacturingprocess

D. treatstheconsumerhealthadvocate’sargumentasthoughitwereabouteachcandybarratherthanaboutthemanufacturer’scandyingeneral

E. merelycontradictstheconsumerhealthadvocate’sconclusionwithoutgivinganyreasontobelievethattheadvocate’sreasoningisunsound

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Acandymanufacturerisaccusedofaddingcaffeine,anaddictivesubstance,toitschocolatecandybarswiththeintentofkeepingitscustomersaddicted.Thecandymanufacturerrespondstothisaccusationbysayingthatthereislesscaffeineineachchocolatecandybarthanintheunprocessedcacaobeansfromwhichthechocolateismade.

Reasoning Whatistheflawinthecandymanufacturer’sresponse?Firstconsiderwhethertheresponseindeedrefutestheadvocate’scharge.Inactuality,insteadoffocusingonthedetailsoftheaccusation—addingcaffeinetoitschocolatebarstokeepcustomersaddicted—themanufacturersubstitutesanentirelydifferentsubject,theamountofcaffeineincacaobeans.Themanufacturer’sresponseisadiversion,notananswer.

A. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiestheflawintheresponse.Thecandymanufacturerdoesnotanswerthequestionwhetheraddingcaffeinetocandybarsisdesignedtomakethemaddictive.

B. Evenifthemanufacturerdidmakethisassumption,theinformationisnotrelevanttotheaccusation,whichisnotconcernedwithnaturallyoccurringcaffeineincacaobeans.

C. Thepreciseamountofcaffeinelostinthemanufacturingprocessisnotatissue.

D. Themanufacturerdoesnottreatthehealthadvocate’sargumentthisway.

E. Themanufacturerdoesnotcontradicttheaccusation,butratheravoidsit.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

124. Nutritionistsareadvisingpeopletoeatmorefish,sincetheomega-3fattyacidsinfishhelpcombatmanydiseases.Ifeveryonetookthisadvice,however,therewouldnotbeenoughfishinoceans,rivers,andlakestosupplythedemand;theoceansarealreadybeingoverfished.Theobviousmethodtoeasethepressureonwildfishpopulationsisforpeopleto

increasetheirconsumptionoffarmedfish.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,raisesthemostseriousdoubtconcerningtheprospectsforsuccessofthesolutionproposedabove?

A. Aquaculture,orfishfarming,raisesmorefishinagivenvolumeofwaterthanaregenerallypresentinthewild.

B. Somefishfarming,particularlyofshrimpandothershellfish,takesplaceinenclosuresintheocean.

C. Therearelargeexpansesofoceanwatersthatdonotcontainenoughnutrientstosupportsubstantialfishpopulations.

D. Thefeedforfarmedoceanfishislargelymadefromsmallwild-caughtfish,includingtheyoungofmanypopularfoodspecies.

E. Someofthespeciesthatarenowfarmedextensivelywerenotcommonlyeatenwhentheywereonlyavailableinthewild.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Nutritionistsadvisepeopletoeatfishfortheomega-3fattyacids,buttherewouldnotbeenoughfishtomeetthedemandifeveryonefollowedthisadvice.Therefore,peopleshouldincreasetheirconsumptionoffarmedfishtoeasepressureofwildfishpopulations.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldsuggestthatincreasingconsumptionoffarmedfishwouldnoteasepressureonwildfishpopulations?Anyevidencesuggestingthatsignificantlyincreasingconsumptionoffarmedfishwoulddiminishthehabitatorfoodavailableforwildfishwouldalsosuggestthatincreasingconsumptionoffarmedfishwouldnoteasepressureonwildfishpopulations.

A. Probablythelessspacefishfarmingrequires,thelesspressureitcreatesonwildfishhabitatsandpopulations,otherthingsbeingequal.

B. Whetheranyfishfarmingtakesplaceinenclosuresintheoceanisnotclearlyrelevanttowhetheriteasespressureonwildfishpopulations.

C. Substantialfishpopulationsmaythriveinotherlargeexpansesofocean

waterthatcontainmorenutrients,andinriversandlakes.

D. Correct.Thissuggeststhatincreasingconsumptionoffarmedfishwouldrequireincreaseduseofwildfishasfeedforfarmedfishandthereforewouldnoteasepressureonwildfishpopulations.

E. Evenifsomefarmedfisharedifferentspeciesfromthewildfishthatarecommonlyeaten,increasedconsumptionofthefarmedfishcouldreducedemandforthewildfishandtherebyeasepressureonwildfishpopulations.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

125. Cropscanbetradedonthefuturesmarketbeforetheyareharvested.Ifapoorcornharvestispredicted,pricesofcorn\futuresrise;ifabountifulcornharvestispredicted,pricesofcornfuturesfall.Thismorningmeteorologistsarepredictingmuch-neededrainforthecorn-growingregionstartingtomorrow.Therefore,sinceadequatemoistureisessentialforthecurrentcrop’ssurvival,pricesofcornfutureswillfallsharplytoday.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakenstheargumentabove?

A. Cornthatdoesnotreceiveadequatemoistureduringitscriticalpollinationstagewillnotproduceabountifulharvest.

B. Futurespricesforcornhavebeenfluctuatingmoredramaticallythisseasonthanlastseason.

C. Therainthatmeteorologistspredictedfortomorrowisexpectedtoextendwellbeyondthecorn-growingregion.

D. Agricultureexpertsannouncedtodaythatadiseasethathasdevastatedsomeofthecorncropwillspreadwidelybeforetheendofthegrowingseason.

E. Mostpeoplewhotradeincornfuturesrarelytakephysicalpossessionofthecorntheytrade.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Cropfuturesrisewhenaharvestisexpectedtobesmallanddropwhenaharvestisexpectedtobelarge.Today’sweatherforecastforthecorn-growingareapredictsmuch-neededrain,socornfutureswillfalltoday.

Reasoning Whatinformationweakenstheargumentthatcornfutureswillfall?Thepredictionthatcornfutureswilldropsharplytodayismadesolelyonthebasisoftheforecastofrain,whichwouldleadfuturesbuyerstoexpectanabundantcrop.However,ifitbecomesknownthatsomeharmfulcircumstancesuchasadevastatingdiseasewillseverelyaffectthecorncropbeforetheendofthegrowingseason,thisknowledgemayleadbuyersoffuturestoexpectasmallerharvest,causingpricesoffuturestoriseratherthanfall.

A. Thisstatementtellsatwhatexactpointinthegrowingcyclerainiscriticaltoagoodharvest,butitgivesnoinformationaboutthisyear’sharvest.

B. Thiscomparisonofpastpricefluctuationsdoesnotaffectwhatwillhappentotoday’scornfuturesonaccountofthepredictedrain.Theargumentisnotweakened.

C. Theonlyrainthatmattersistherainthataffectsthecorn-growingregion,notareasbeyondit;thisstatementisirrelevanttotheprediction.

D. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesinformationthatweakenstheargument.

E. Physicalpossessionofthecornisirrelevanttothepriceofcornfutures.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

126. Largenationalbudgetdeficitsdonotcauselargetradedeficits.Iftheydid,countrieswiththelargestbudgetdeficitswouldalsohavethelargesttradedeficits.Infact,whendeficitfiguresareadjustedsothatdifferentcountriesarereliablycomparabletoeachother,thereisnosuchcorrelation.

Ifthestatementsabovearealltrue,whichofthefollowingcanproperlybeinferredonthebasisofthem?

A. Countrieswithlargenationalbudgetdeficitstendtorestrictforeigntrade.

B. Reliablecomparisonsofthedeficitfiguresofonecountrywiththoseofanotherareimpossible.

C. Reducingacountry’snationalbudgetdeficitwillnotnecessarilyresult

inaloweringofanytradedeficitthatcountrymayhave.

D. Whencountriesareorderedfromlargesttosmallestintermsofpopulation,thesmallestcountriesgenerallyhavethesmallestbudgetandtradedeficits.

E. Countrieswiththelargesttradedeficitsneverhavesimilarlylargenationalbudgetdeficits.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Nocorrelationisfoundbetweenlargenationalbudgetdeficitsandlargetradedeficits.

Reasoning Whatinferencecanbedrawnfromthisinformation?Sincethepassagestatesthatnationalbudgetdeficitsdonotcorrelatewithtradedeficits,itislogicaltoanticipateaninferenceabouttheindependentnatureoftherelationshipbetweenthetwokindsofdeficits.Onepossibleinferenceisthatreducingonedeficitneednotresultinareductionoftheother.

A. Thiswouldreceivesomesupportiftherewereinformationindicatingthattherewasacorrelationbetweenlargebudgetdeficitsandsmalltradedeficits,butnosuchinformationisgiven.

B. Thepassagestatesthatreliablecomparisonshavebeendeveloped.

C. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaninferencethatcanbedrawnfromthegiveninformation.

D. Thepassagegivesnoindicationastowhethereithertypeofdeficitcorrelatesinanywaywiththepopulationsizeofacountry.

E. Thoughthereisnogeneralcorrelationbetweenthetwokindsofdeficits,itcannotbeinferredthattherearenocountriesinwhichbothkindsofdeficitsarelarge.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

127. Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthepassagebelow?

Themoreworriedinvestorsareaboutlosingtheirmoney,themoretheywilldemandahighpotentialreturnontheirinvestment;greatrisksmustbeoffsetbythechanceofgreatrewards.Thisprincipleisthefundamental

beoffsetbythechanceofgreatrewards.Thisprincipleisthefundamentaloneindetermininginterestrates,anditisillustratedbythefactthat

A. successfulinvestorsaredistinguishedbyanabilitytomakeveryriskyinvestmentswithoutworryingabouttheirmoney

B. lendersreceivehigherinterestratesonunsecuredloansthanonloansbackedbycollateral

C. intimesofhighinflation,theinterestpaidtodepositorsbybankscanactuallybebelowtherateofinflation

D. atanyonetime,acommercialbankwillhaveasinglerateofinterestthatitwillexpectallofitsindividualborrowerstopay

E. thepotentialreturnoninvestmentinanewcompanyistypicallylowerthanthepotentialreturnoninvestmentinawell-establishedcompany

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Theprincipleofdetermininginterestratesisrelatedtotheriskinvolvedinmakingtheinvestmentofaloan.Potentiallygreaterrewardswillleadlenders(investors)toacceptgreaterrisks.

Reasoning Whichexampleillustratestheprinciplethatgreaterrisksshouldproducegreaterrewards?Theexamplemustbeabouttherelationshipofrisktobenefit.Lenderstakeagreaterriskwhenloansareunsecured(notbackedbycollateral)becausethereisachancetheycouldlosetheirmoneyentirely.Theprincipleindicatesthatthelenders—whobydefinitionareinvestors—woulddemandtherewardofhigherinterestrates.

A. Thefreedomfromanxietyenjoyedbysomeinvestorsisnotrelevant.Whileriskyinvestmentsarementioned,thisstatementdoesnotmentiontheirreturn.

B. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesanexamplethatshowsthatriskierloans—thosenotbackedbycollateral—receivethebenefitofhigherinterestrates.

C. Thisdiscussionofinterestratesintimesofinflationdoesnotmentionpotentialriskorpotentialbenefit.

D. Asinglerateofinterestforallinvestments,nomatterthelevelofrisk,contradictstheprincipleandsocannotpossiblybeanexampleofit.

E. Newcompaniesaregenerallyriskierthanestablishedones.Alowerrateofreturnforsuchriskiernewcompaniescontradictstheprinciple.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

128. Itisoftensaidthathighratesofinflationtendtodiminishpeople’sincentivetosaveandinvest.Thisviewmustbeincorrect,however,becausepeoplegenerallysavedandinvestedmoreoftheirincomeinthe1970’swheninflationrateswerehighthantheydidinthe1980’swheninflationrateswerelow.

Ofthefollowing,thebestcriticismoftheargumentaboveisthatitoverlooksthepossibilitythat

A. allpeopledonotrespondinthesamewaytoagiveneconomicstimulus

B. certainfactorsoperatinginthe1980’sbutnotinthe1970’sdiminishedpeople’sincentivetosaveandinvest

C. thepopulationwaslargerinthe1980’sthanitwasinthe1970’s

D. theproponentsoftheviewcitedwouldstandtogainifinflationratesbecomelower

E. afactorthataffectspeople’ssavingsbehaviorinacertainwaycouldaffectpeople’sinvestmentbehaviorquitedifferently

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Peoplegenerallysavedandinvestedmoreinthe1970’swheninflationwashighthaninthe1980swheninflationwaslow,despitethefactthatitiscommonlybelievedthathighinflationdiscouragessavingsandinvestment.

Reasoning Whydoestheobservationaboutsavings,investment,andinflationratesinthe1970’sand1980’snotjustifytheconclusionthathighinflationdoesnotgenerallydiminishpeople’sincentivetosaveandinvest?Theargumentobservesthatoverthecourseoftwodecadestherewasapositiverather

thananegativecorrelationbetweeninflationontheonehandandsavingsandinvestmentontheother.Itinfersfromthisthathighratesofinflationdonottendtodiminishpeople’sincentivetosaveandinvest.Isthisinferencejustified?Notethattheclaimthatthisargumentistryingtodiscreditisnotthathighratesofinflationalwaysdiminishedpeople’sincentivetosaveandinvest.Rather,theclaimismerelythathighratesofinflationtendtodothis.Theargumentoverlooksthepossibilitythatduringthetwodecadesinquestionotherfactorsmayhavecausedapositivecorrelationtobrieflyappearevenifingeneralthecorrelationisnegative.

A. Theargumentiscompatiblewiththehypothesisthatsomepeoplerespondtoinflationbysavingandinvestingmore,whileothersdonot.

B. Correct.Iftheseotherfactors,unrelatedtotheinflationrate,thatoperatedinthe1980’sbutnotthe1970’s,createdanevengreaterdisincentivetosavingsandinvestmentthanhighinflationratesprovide,thenthosetrendsdonotprovideevidenceaboutthegeneralrelationshipamongsavings,investment,andinflation.

C. Theargumentappearstoconcernsavingsandinvestmentpercapita,sototalpopulationsizeshouldbeirrelevant.Butincreasingpopulationwouldnotexplaindecliningtotalamountsofsavingsandinvestment,either.

D. Ifanything,thepossibilitythattheproponents’ulteriormotivesdistortedtheirreasoningwouldhelptosupporttheargument’sconclusionthattheproponents’viewisincorrect.

E. Theargumentaddressesthispossibilitybypresentingevidencethatinflationwaspositivelycorrelatedwithbothsavingsandinvestmentduringthe1970’sand1980’s.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

129. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?

Withintheearth’score,whichisiron,pressureincreaseswithdepth.Becausethetemperatureatwhichironmeltsincreaseswithpressure,theinnercoreissolidandtheoutercoreismolten.Physicistscandeterminethemeltingtemperatureofironatanygivenpressureandthepressureforanygivendepthintheearth.Therefore,theactualtemperatureattheboundaryoftheearth’souterandinnercores—themeltingtemperatureof

boundaryoftheearth’souterandinnercores—themeltingtemperatureofironthere—canbedetermined,since__________.

A. thedepthbeneaththeearth’ssurfaceoftheboundarybetweentheouterandinnercoresisknown

B. someoftheheatfromtheearth’scoreflowstothesurfaceoftheearth

C. pressureswithintheearth’soutercorearemuchgreaterthanpressuresabovetheoutercore

D. nowhereintheearth’scorecanthetemperaturebemeasureddirectly

E. thetemperatureswithintheearth’sinnercorearehigherthanintheoutercore

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Pressurewithintheearth’sironcoreincreaseswithdepth.Becausethemeltingtemperatureofironincreaseswithpressure,theinnercoreissolidandtheoutercoremolten.Physicistscandetermineiron’smeltingtemperatureatanypressureandthepressureitisunderatanydepth.

Reasoning Whatfurtherpremise,combinedwiththeinformationprovided,wouldsupporttheconclusionthatphysicistscandeterminethetemperatureattheboundarybetweentheouterandinnercores?Sincephysicistscandetermineiron’smeltingtemperatureatanypressureandthepressureitisunderatanydepth,theymustbeabletodetermineitsmeltingtemperatureatanydepth.Thetemperatureattheboundarybetweentheinnerandoutercoresmustexactlyequalthemeltingtemperaturethere,sincethatistheboundarybetweenthemoltenandsolidpartsofthecore.Todeterminethetemperatureattheboundary,therefore,itwouldsufficetoknowthedepthoftheboundary.

A. Correct.Ifphysicistsknowthedepthoftheboundarybetweentheinnerandoutercores,theycandeterminethetemperatureattheboundary.

B. Thefactthatsomeheatflowsfromthecoretothesurfaceistoovaguetohelpindeterminingexacttemperaturesanywhere.

C. Thedifferenceinpressuresbetweentheoutercoreandtheregionaboveitisonlyvaguelydescribedhereandisnotclearlyrelevanttothetemperatureattheboundarybetweentheoutercoreandtheinnercorebelowit.

D. Anabsenceofinformationwouldnotbehelpfulindeterminingthetemperatureattheboundarybetweentheouterandinnercores.

E. Thisinformationisnotsufficientlyspecifictoshowthatthetemperatureattheboundarybetweentheouterandinnercorescanbedetermined.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

130. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthereasoning?

Eitherfoodscarcityorexcessivehuntingcanthreatenapopulationofanimals.Ifthegroupfacesfoodscarcity,individualsinthegroupwillreachreproductivematuritylaterthanotherwise.Ifthegroupfacesexcessivehunting,individualsthatreachreproductivematurityearlierwillcometopredominate.Therefore,itshouldbepossibletodeterminewhetherprehistoricmastodonsbecameextinctbecauseoffoodscarcityorhumanhunting,sincetherearefossilizedmastodonremainsfrombothbeforeandaftermastodonpopulationsdeclined,and__________.

A. therearemorefossilizedmastodonremainsfromtheperiodbeforemastodonpopulationsbegantodeclinethanfromafterthatperiod

B. theaverageageatwhichmastodonsfromagivenperiodreachedreproductivematuritycanbeestablishedfromtheirfossilizedremains

C. itcanbeaccuratelyestimatedfromfossilizedremainswhenmastodonsbecameextinct

D. itisnotknownwhenhumansfirstbeganhuntingmastodons

E. climatechangesmayhavegraduallyreducedthefoodavailabletomastodons

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Inapopulationofanimals,foodscarcitycauseslaterreproductivematurity;ifthatpopulationishuntedexcessively,earlier-maturinganimalswillbemorenumerousinthepopulation.

Reasoning Whatpointwouldmostlogicallycompletetheargument?Fortheinformationgiventobeofuseindeterminingwhatcausedmastodons’extinction,mastodonfossilswouldneedtoindicatetheageatwhichmastodonsreachedreproductivematurity,sincethatiswhattheargumentsuggestscanindicatecauseofextinction.Iffossilizedremainsexistfrombeforeandaftermastodonpopulationsbegantodecline,andiftheageatwhichthosefossilizedmastodonsreachedreproductivematuritycanbedetermined,thenwewillhaveagoodideaofwhatcausedtheirextinction:iftheyreachedreproductivematuritylate,itwasprobablyfoodscarcity,butiftheymaturedearlier,itwasmostlikelyhunting.

A. Thisfactonlyhelpsindicatethattherewasadecline;ittellsusnothingaboutwhatcausedthedecline.

B. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesapointthatlogicallycompletestheargument:itexplainshowthefossilizedmastodonremainscouldbeusedtohelpdeterminewhatcausedmastodons’extinction.

C. Thepointatwhichmastodonsbecameextinctisnotpartofthisargument,whichisconcernedwiththecauseoftheirextinction.Theonlywayinwhichthiscouldberelevanttotheissueathandisifmastodonsbecameextinctbeforehumanstookuphuntingmastodons—buttheargumentincludesnoinformationonwhetherthiswasso.

D. Notknowingwhenhumansbeganhuntingmastodonswouldhavenoeffectontheargument,whichisconcernedwithhowmastodonfossils,combinedwithknowledgeabouthowfoodscarcityandhuntingaffectmastodonreproductivematurity,canhelpdeterminehowmastodonsbecameextinct.

E. Thisfactonlyshowsthatfoodscarcitymayhaveledtomastodon’sdecline.Ittellsusnothingaboutwhetherfossilizedremainscanhelpdeterminewhetheritwasfoodscarcityorhumanhuntingthatactuallyledtothedecline.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

131. Unlikethewholesalepriceofrawwool,thewholesalepriceofrawcottonhasfallenconsiderablyinthelastyear.Thus,althoughtheretailpriceofcottonclothingatretailclothingstoreshasnotyetfallen,itwillinevitablyfall.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargumentabove?

A. Thecostofprocessingrawcottonforclothhasincreasedduringthelastyear.

B. Thewholesalepriceofrawwoolistypicallyhigherthanthatofthesamevolumeofrawcotton.

C. Theoperatingcostsoftheaverageretailclothingstorehaveremainedconstantduringthelastyear.

D. Changesinretailpricesalwayslagbehindchangesinwholesaleprices.

E. Thecostofharvestingrawcottonhasincreasedinthelastyear.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Sincethewholesalepriceofrawcottonhasfallensignificantly,theretailpriceofcottonclothinginstoreswillinevitablyfall.

Reasoning Whatpointweakensthisargument?Considercarefullythedifferencebetweenthetwoproductsforwhichcostsarebeingcompared:cottonandcloth.Thisargumentassumesthatlowerwholesalepricesforarawproductmustnecessarilyresultinlowerretailpricesforaprocessedproduct.Whatotherfactorscouldhaveanimpactonthefinalretailpricesofcottonclothing?Ifanyofthecostsoftransformingtherawproductintoaprocessedproductincrease,thentheretailpricesofcottonclothingwillnotnecessarilyfall.

A. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaweaknessintheargument.

B. Therelativepricesofrawwoolandrawcottonareirrelevanttopricechangesinrawcottonandprocessedcotton.

C. Onestepbetweenwholesaleandretailpricesistheoperatingcostoftheretailstore.Ifthatoperatingcosthasbeenconstantratherthanrising,itispossiblethattheretailpricescouldfollowthelowerwholesaleprices.Thustheargumentisnotweakened.

D. Theargumentnotesthatthewholesalepricehasfalleninthelastyearandthatthoughtheretailpricehasnotyetfallen,itwillinevitablyfall.Theargumenthasalreadytakenthelagintoaccountandisnotweakenedbythisstatement.

E. Harvestingcostsarepartoftheassumedincreasedpriceofrawcottonanddonotaffectcurrentretailprices.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

132. Manyofficebuildingsdesignedtopreventoutsideairfromenteringhavebeenshowntohaveelevatedlevelsofvarioustoxicsubstancescirculatingthroughtheairinside,aphenomenonknownassickbuildingsyndrome.Yettheairinotherofficebuildingsdoesnothaveelevatedlevelsofthesesubstances,eventhoughthosebuildingsarethesameageasthe“sick”buildingsandhavesimilardesignsandventilationsystems.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainwhynotallofficebuildingsdesignedtopreventoutsideairfromenteringhaveairthatcontainselevatedlevelsoftoxicsubstances?

A. Certainadhesivesanddryingagentsusedinparticulartypesoffurniture,carpets,andpaintcontributethebulkofthetoxicsubstancesthatcirculateintheairofofficebuildings.

B. Mostofficebuildingswithsickbuildingsyndromewerebuiltbetween1950and1990.

C. Amongbuildingsdesignedtopreventoutsideairfromentering,housesarenolesslikelythanofficebuildingstohaveairthatcontainselevatedlevelsoftoxicsubstances.

D. Thetoxicsubstancesthatarefoundintheairof“sick”officebuildingsaresubstancesthatarefoundinatleastsmallquantitiesinnearlyeverybuilding.

E. Officebuildingswithwindowsthatcanreadilybeopenedareunlikelytosufferfromsickbuildingsyndrome.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Manyofficebuildingsdesignedtopreventoutsideairfromenteringhaveelevatedlevelsoftoxicsubstancesintheirinteriorair,butothersuchbuildingssimilarinage,design,and

interiorair,butothersuchbuildingssimilarinage,design,andventilationdonot.

Reasoning Whatwouldhelptoexplainthedifferenceinairqualityamongbuildingssimilarinage,design,andventilation?Ifofficebuildingsaredesignedtopreventoutsideairfromentering,toxicsubstancesemittedintotheinteriorairmightnotbeventilatedoutquickly,andthusmightbecomemoreconcentratedinsidethebuilding.Butifsuchtoxicsubstancesarenotemittedintoabuilding’sinteriorairinthefirstplace,theywillnotbecomeconcentratedthere,evenifthebuildingispoorlyventilated.Soanyfactorthatsuggestswhytoxicsubstancesareemittedintotheinteriorairofsomebuildingsbutnotothersofsimilarageanddesignwouldhelptoexplainthedifferenceinthebuildings’airquality.

A. Correct.Somebuildingsmayhavethesetypesoffurniture,carpets,andpaint,whileotherbuildingssimilarinage,design,andventilationdonot.

B. Sinceallthesebuildingswerebuiltduringthesameperiod,thisdoesnothelptoexplainthedifferenceinairqualityamongbuildingssimilarinage.

C. Thepassageconcernsairqualityinofficebuildingsonly,notinhouses.

D. Thisdoesnothelptoexplainwhythesetoxicsubstancesaremoreconcentratedinsomeofficebuildingsthaninothers.

E. Thepassageconcernsthedifferencesinairqualityonlyamongofficebuildingsthatweredesignedtopreventoutsideairfromentering.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

133. Newsletter:Acondominiumgenerallyoffersmorevalueforitscostthananindividualhousebecauseofeconomiesofscale.Thehomeownersinacondominiumassociationcancollectivelybuyproductsandservicesthattheycouldnotaffordontheirown.Andsinceaprofessionalmanagementcompanyhandlesmaintenanceofcommonareas,condominiumownersspendlesstimeandmoneyonmaintenancethanindividualhomeownersdo.

Thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingrolesinthenewsletter’sargument?

A. Thefirstistheargument’smainconclusion;thesecondisanother

conclusionsupportingthefirst.

B. Thefirstisapremise,forwhichnoevidenceisprovided;thesecondistheargument’sonlyconclusion.

C. Thefirstisaconclusionsupportingthesecond;thesecondistheargument’smainconclusion.

D. Thefirstistheargument’sonlyconclusion;thesecondisapremise,forwhichnoevidenceisprovided.

E. Botharepremises,forwhichnoevidenceisprovided,andbothsupporttheargument’sonlyconclusion.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Homeownersinacondominiumassociationcanbuyproductsandservicescollectively.Amanagementcompanyhandlesmaintenanceofcondominiumcommonareas.

Reasoning Whatrolesareplayedintheargumentbythestatementthatacondominiumgenerallyoffersmorevalueforitscostthanahousebecauseofeconomiesofscaleandbythestatementthatcondominiumownersspendlesstimeandmoneyonmaintenancethanownersofindividualhomesdo?Inthepassage,thefirstsentence(thefirstboldfacestatement)isageneralization.Thesecondsentenceprovidesanexampleoftheeconomiesofscalementionedinthefirstsentence,soithelpssupportthefirstsentenceasaconclusion.Inthethirdsentence,thewordsinceindicatesthatthefirstclauseisapremisesupportingthesecondclause(thesecondboldfacestatement)asaconclusion.Thatconclusionitselfprovidesanotherexampleoftheeconomiesofscalementionedinthefirstsentence,soitalsohelpssupportthatfirstsentenceasaconclusion.

A. Correct.Asexplainedabove,thefirstboldfacestatementissupportedbytherestofthestatementsintheargument,soitisthemainconclusion.Thesecondboldfacestatementsupportsthefirst,butisitselfaconclusionsupportedbythesinceclauseprecedingit.

B. Thesecondandthirdsentencesintheargumentprovideexamplesofeconomiesofscale.Theseexamplesareevidencesupportingthefirstboldfacestatementasaconclusion.

C. Sincethesecondboldfacestatementprovidesevidenceoftheeconomiesofscaledescribedbythefirst,itsupportsthefirstasaconclusion.

D. Thesinceclauseimmediatelyprecedingthesecondboldfacestatementprovidesevidencethatsupportsit,sothesecondboldfacestatementisaconclusion.

E. Boththesecondandthethirdsentencesoftheargumentsupportthefirstboldfacestatementasaconclusion.Andthesinceclauseimmediatelyprecedingthesecondboldfacestatementsupportsitasaconclusion.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

134. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

WhenofficialsinTannersburgreleasedtheirplantowidenthecity’smainroads,environmentalistsprotestedthatwidenedroadswouldattractmoretrafficandleadtoincreasedairpollution.Inresponse,cityofficialspointedoutthattoday’spollution-controldevicesareattheirmosteffectiveinvehiclestravelingathigherspeedsandthatwideningroadswouldincreasetheaveragespeedoftraffic.However,thiseffectcanhardlybeexpectedtooffsettheeffectpointedoutbyenvironmentalists,since__________.

A. increasesintrafficvolumegenerallyproducedecreasesintheaveragespeedoftrafficunlessroadsarewidened

B. severaloftheroadsthatareslatedforwideningwillhavetobeclosedtemporarilywhileconstructionisunderway

C. mostoftheairpollutiongeneratedbyurbantrafficcomesfromvehiclesthatdonothavefunctioningpollution-controldevices

D. thenewlywidenedroadswillnothaveincreasedtrafficvolumeiftheroadsthatmustbeusedtoreachthemareinadequate

E. avehicletravelingonaroutethatgoesthroughTannersburgwillspendlesstimeonTannersburg’sroadsoncetheroadsarewidened

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Environmentalistsprotestedaplantowidenacity’smainroadsonthegroundsthatitwouldincreasetrafficandairpollution.Cityofficialsrepliedthatwideningtheroadswouldincreaseaveragetrafficspeeds,whichwouldimprovetheeffectivenessofvehicles’pollution-controldevices.

Reasoning Whatwouldmostsupporttheconclusionthattheimprovedeffectivenessofthepollution-controldeviceswouldbeinsufficienttopreventtheincreasedtrafficfromincreasingairpollution?Thewordsinceprecedingtheblankspaceattheendoftheargumentindicatesthatthespaceshouldbefilledwithapremisesupportingtheconclusionstatedimmediatelybeforethesince.Tosupportthisconclusion,wewouldneedevidencethatwideningtheroadsandincreasingtrafficspeedswouldnotimprovethepollution-controldevices’effectivenessenoughtocompensatefortheamountofaddedairpollutiongeneratedbytheadditionaltrafficonthewidenedroads.

A. Itisunclearwhethertrafficvolumewouldincreaseiftheroadswerenotwidened.Butifitdid,thiswouldcastdoubtontheconclusionbysuggestingthatacombinationofhighertrafficvolumeandlowerspeedscouldmakeairpollutionworseiftheroadswerenotwidenedthaniftheywerewidened.

B. Theargumentisaboutthelong-termeffectsofwideningtheroads,notaboutthetemporaryeffectsofclosingthemduringconstruction.

C. Correct.Ifmostvehiclesinthearealackair-pollutiondevicesaltogetherorhaveonesthatdonotwork,thenitishighlyquestionablewhetherthegreaterefficiencyofthefewfunctioningdeviceswouldbesufficienttocompensatefortheincreaseinairpollutionthatwouldresultfromincreasedtraffic.

D. Ifanything,thiscastsdoubtontheconclusionbysuggestingthatwideningtheroadsmaynotincreasetrafficvolumeorairpollutionatall.

E. Ifanything,thiscastsdoubtontheconclusionbysuggestingthatwideningtheroadswilldecreasetheamountoftimeeachvehiclespendsgeneratingairpollutiononthoseroads.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

135. Prematurebabieswhoreceiveregularmassagesaremoreactivethan

prematurebabieswhodonot.Evenwhenallthebabiesdrinkthesameamountofmilk,themassagedbabiesgainmoreweightthandotheunmassagedbabies.Thisispuzzlingbecauseamoreactivepersongenerallyrequiresagreaterfoodintaketomaintainorgainweight.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestreconcilestheapparentdiscrepancydescribedabove?

A. Increasedactivityleadstoincreasedlevelsofhunger,especiallywhenfoodintakeisnotalsoincreased.

B. Massageincreasesprematurebabies’curiosityabouttheirenvironment,andcuriosityleadstoincreasedactivity.

C. Increasedactivitycausestheintestinesofprematurebabiestomaturemorequickly,enablingthebabiestodigestandabsorbmoreofthenutrientsinthemilktheydrink.

D. Massagedoesnotincreasethegrowthrateofbabiesoveroneyearold,ifthebabieshadnotbeenpreviouslymassaged.

E. Prematurebabiesrequireadailyintakeofnutrientsthatissignificantlyhigherthanthatrequiredbybabieswhowerenotbornprematurely.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Prematurebabieswhoreceiveregularmassagesaremoreactiveandgainmoreweightthanunmassagedprematurebabiesdo,evenwhentheydrinkthesameamountofmilk.

Reasoning Whatwouldhelptoexplainhowthemassagedbabiescouldbemoreactivethantheunmassagedbabiesandyetstillgainmoreweightwithoutconsumingmoremilk?Ifthemassagedbabiesareburningmorecaloriesthanunmassagedbabiesthroughtheirextraactivity,butarenotconsumingmorecaloriesintheformofmilk,thenhowaretheygainingmoreweightthantheunmassagedbabies?Possibleexplanationscouldcitefactorssuggestinghowthemassagedbabiesmightnotactuallyburnmorecaloriesdespitetheirgreateractivity;howtheymightconsumeorabsorbmorecaloriesevenwithoutconsumingmoremilk;orhowtheymightgainmoreweightwithoutextracalorieintake.

A. Increasedhungerwithoutincreasedfoodintakewouldnothelptoexplainwhythemassagedbabiesaregainingmoreweight.

B. Thisonlyhelpstoexplainwhythemassagedbabiesaremoreactive,notwhytheyaregainingmoreweightwithoutconsumingmoremilk.

C. Correct.Thissuggeststhattheincreasedactivityofthemassagedbabiescouldincreasetheircalorieandnutrientintakefromagivenamountofmilk,therebyexplaininghowtheycouldgainextraweightwithoutdrinkingmoremilk.

D. Thissuggeststhattheapparentdiscrepancyisonlypresentinprematurebabiesunderoneyearold,butitdoesnotexplainwhythatdiscrepancyexists.

E. Thepassagedoesnotcompareprematurebabiestobabiesthatwerenotbornprematurely,butratheronlycomparesprematurebabiesthataremassagedtoprematurebabiesthatarenotmassaged.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

136. Aneyeglassmanufacturertriedtoboostsalesforthesummerquarterbyofferingitsdistributorsaspecialdiscountiftheirordersforthatquarterexceededthoseforlastyear’ssummerquarterbyatleast20percent.Manydistributorsqualifiedforthisdiscount.Evenwithmuchmerchandisediscounted,salesincreasedenoughtoproduceahealthygaininnetprofits.Themanufacturerplanstorepeatthissuccessbyofferingthesamesortofdiscountforthefallquarter.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostclearlypointstoaflawinthemanufacturer’splantorepeatthesuccessfulperformanceofthesummerquarter?

A. Ingeneral,adistributor’sordersforthesummerquarterarenohigherthanthoseforthespringquarter.

B. Alongwithofferingspecialdiscountstoqualifyingdistributors,themanufacturerincreasednewspaperandradioadvertisinginthosedistributors’salesareas.

C. Thedistributorsmostlikelytoqualifyforthemanufacturer’sspecialdiscountarethosewhoseorderswereunusuallylowayearearlier.

D. Thedistributorswhoqualifiedforthemanufacturer’sspecialdiscount

werefreetodecidehowmuchofthatdiscounttopassontotheirowncustomers.

E. Thedistributors’orderingmoregoodsinthesummerquarterleftthemoverstockedforthefallquarter.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Amanufacturersuccessfullyboostedsalesandgainednetprofitsforthesummerquarterbygivingdistributorsadiscountiftheirordersexceededtheprevioussummer’sordersby20percent.Themanufacturerplanstorepeatthesuccessbyofferingthediscountagaininthefallquarter.

Reasoning Whatistheflawinthemanufacturer’splan?Theplanassumesthatanactionthatsucceededoncewillworkasecondtime.Whymighttheplannotworkthistime?Ifthedistributorsincreasedtheirordersduringthesummersimplybecausetheywereeagertotakeadvantageofthediscount,theresultmaybethattheyarenowoverstockedforthefallquarter.Ifso,theywillnotneedtoplaceordersformoregoods,andtheplanofcontinuingthediscountwillhavelesschanceofsuccessnow.

A. Thisisirrelevanttotheplansincerelevantquarters—fallandsummer—arenotbeingcompared.

B. Increasedadvertisingshouldcontinuetocontributetotheplan’ssuccess.

C. Evenifthequalifyingdistributorsreachedonlynormallevelsofsales,theremaybeotherdistributorswhowillqualifyinthefallbecausetheyhadlowsalesoneyearearlier.

D. Thedistributors’freedomtodecidehowmuchofthediscounttopassontocustomersisequallytrueinbothsummerandfallquartersandshouldnotaffectthesuccessoftheplan.

E. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaflawintheplan.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

137. Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostlogicallycompletestheargument?

SomedairyfarmersintheprovinceofTakandiawanttogivetheircowsa

SomedairyfarmersintheprovinceofTakandiawanttogivetheircowsasynthetichormonethatincreasesmilkproduction.ManyTakandians,however,donotwanttobuymilkfromcowsgiventhesynthetichormone.ForthisreasonTakandia’slegislatureisconsideringameasurerequiringmilkfromcowsgiventhehormonetobelabeledassuch.Evenifthemeasureisdefeated,dairyfarmerswhousethehormonewillprobablylosecustomers,since__________.

A. ithasnotbeenproventhatanytraceofthesynthetichormoneexistsinthemilkofcowsgiventhehormone

B. somefarmersinTakandiawhoplantousethesynthetichormonewillprobablynotdosoifthemeasurewerepassed

C. milkfromcowsthathavenotbeengiventhesynthetichormonecanbelabeledassuchwithoutanylegislativeaction

D. thelegislature’sconsiderationofthebillhasbeenwidelypublicized

E. milkthatcomesfromcowsgiventhesynthetichormonelooksandtastesthesameasmilkfromcowsthathavenotreceivedthehormone

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Somedairyfarmersinaprovincewanttogivetheirdairycowsasynthetichormone,butmanypeopleintheprovincedonotwanttobuymilkthatisfromcowsgiventhehormone.Theprovinciallegislatureisconsideringameasurerequiringmilkfromcowsgiventhehormonetobelabeledassuch.

Reasoning Whatwouldbeareasontobelievethatdairyfarmerswhousethehormonewilllosecustomersevenifthemeasureisdefeated?Ifthemeasurepasses,thedairyfarmerswhogivecowsthehormonemaylosethemanycustomerswhodonotwanttobuysuchmilk.Ifthemeasureisdefeated,thenmilkproducedwiththehormonewillnothavetobelabeled—sowhatwouldleadonetobelievethathormone-usingfarmerswouldneverthelesslosecustomers?Astatementthatprovidesananswertothisquestionwouldlogicallycompletetheargument.

A. Atbest,thislackofproofmightmitigatehormone-usingfarmers’lossof

customers,whatevertheoutcomeofthelegislature’sconsiderationofthemeasure.

B. Theargument’sconclusionismainlyaboutwhatwillhappenifthemeasureisdefeated,notwhatwillhappenifitpasses.

C. Correct.Ifthemeasureisdefeated,themilkproducedbyfarmerswhoavoidusingthehormonewouldlikelygainamarketadvantageifthemilkwaslabeledasproducedwithoutuseofthehormone.Asaresult,dairyfarmerswhousethehormonewouldprobablylosecustomers.

D. Publicitycouldaffectconsumers’attitudesabouthormone-producedmilk,butifthemeasureisdefeatedandlabelingpracticesdonotchange,customerswouldhavenowayofknowingwhichmilkwasproducedbyuseofthehormone.

E. Thissuggeststhat,intheabsenceoflabeling,consumerswouldbeunabletodecidewhichmilkwasproducedbyuseofthehormone,sodairyfarmerswhousedthehormonewouldbeunlikelytolosecustomersifthelabelingmeasureisdefeated.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

138. Budgetconstraintshavemadepoliceofficialsconsiderreassigningaconsiderablenumberofofficersfromtrafficenforcementtoworkonhigher-priority,seriouscrimes.Reducingtrafficenforcementforthisreasonwouldbecounterproductive,however,inlightofthetendencyofcriminalstousecarswhenengagedinthecommissionofseriouscrimes.Anofficerstoppingacarforatrafficviolationcanmakeasearchthatturnsupevidenceofseriouscrime.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargumentgiven?

A. Anofficerwhostopsacarcontainingevidenceofthecommissionofaseriouscrimerisksaviolentconfrontation,evenifthevehiclewasstoppedonlyforatrafficviolation.

B. Whenthepublicbecomesawarethattrafficenforcementhaslessened,ittypicallybecomeslaxinobeyingtrafficrules.

C. Thosewillingtobreakthelawtocommitseriouscrimesareoftenincommittingsuchcrimesunwillingtoobservewhattheyregardasthelesserconstraintsoftrafficlaw.

D. Theoffenderscommittingseriouscrimeswhowouldbecaughtbecauseoftrafficviolationsarenotthesamegroupofindividualsasthosewhowouldbecaughtifthearrestingofficerswerereassignedfromtrafficenforcement.

E. Thegreatmajorityofpersonswhoarestoppedbyofficersfortrafficviolationsarenotguiltyofanyseriouscrimes.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Budgetconstraintshavemadepoliceofficialsconsiderreassigningmanyofficersfromtrafficenforcementtoworkonseriouscrimes.Butcriminalsoftendrivewhencommittingseriouscrimes,andpolicewhostopcarsfortrafficviolationscanfindevidenceofthosecrimes.

Reasoning Whatadditionalinformation,whencombinedwiththeargumentprovided,wouldsuggestthatitwouldbecounterproductivetoreassignofficersfromtrafficenforcementtoworkonseriouscrimes?Theargumentimplicitlyreasonsthatbecauseofficersworkingontrafficenforcementcanturnupevidenceofseriouscrimesbysearchingcarsthatcommittrafficviolations,reassigningthoseofficerswouldhinderpoliceeffortstopreventseriouscrime,eveniftheofficerswerereassignedtoworkdirectlyonseriouscrime.Theargumentcouldbestrengthenedbyinformationsuggestingthattrafficenforcementmayincreasetheprobabilitythatevidencerelatingtoseriouscrimeswillbediscovered.

A. Ifanything,thisriskofviolencemightdiscouragetrafficenforcementofficersfromstoppingandsearchingasmanycars,thusreducingtheireffectivenessatpreventingseriouscrimes.

B. Thissuggeststhatreassigningofficersfromtrafficenforcementtoworkonseriouscrimeswouldincreasethenumberofunpunishedminortrafficviolations,notthenumberofunpunishedseriouscrimes.

C. Correct.Thissuggeststhatpeoplecommittingseriouscrimesoftencommittrafficviolationsaswell,increasingthelikelihoodthattrafficenforcement

officerswillstopandsearchtheircarsandfindevidenceofthosecrimes.

D. Thequestionatissueisnotwhetherthesameoffenderswouldbecaughtiftheofficerswerereassigned,butratherwhethermoreorfeweroffenderswouldbecaught.

E. Thisweakenstheargumentbysuggestingthatmostworkbytrafficenforcementofficersisunrelatedtopreventingseriouscrimes.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

139. Conventionalwisdomsuggestsvaccinatingelderlypeoplefirstinfluseason,becausetheyareatgreatestriskofdyingiftheycontractthevirus.Thisyear’sfluvirusposesparticularrisktoelderlypeopleandalmostnoneatalltoyoungerpeople,particularlychildren.Nevertheless,healthprofessionalsarerecommendingvaccinatingchildrenfirstagainstthevirusratherthanelderlypeople.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestreasonforthehealthprofessionals’recommendation?

A. Childrenarevulnerabletodangerousinfectionswhentheirimmunesystemsareseverelyweakenedbyotherdiseases.

B. Childrenareparticularlyunconcernedwithhygieneandthereforearethegroupmostresponsibleforspreadingthefluvirustoothers.

C. Thevaccinationsreceivedlastyearwillconfernoimmunitytothisyear’sfluvirus.

D. Childrenwhocatchonestrainofthefluvirusandthenrecoverarelikelytodevelopimmunitytoatleastsomestrainswithwhichtheyhavenotyetcomeincontact.

E. Childrenarenomorelikelythanadultstohaveimmunitytoaparticularfluvirusiftheyhaveneverlivedthroughapreviousepidemicofthesamevirus.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Althoughthisyear’sfluvirusposesparticularrisktoelderlypeopleandalmostnorisktochildren,healthprofessionalsarerecommendingvaccinatingchildrenbeforeelderlypeople,contrarytowhatconventionalwisdomrecommends.

Reasoning Whatwouldhelpjustifythehealthprofessionals’recommendation?Sincechildrenwillexperiencealmostnoriskfromthevirus,vaccinatingthemfirstfortheirownsakeappearsunnecessary.However,individualsatnopersonalriskfromaviruscanstilltransmitittomore-vulnerableindividuals.Ifchildrenareespeciallylikelytotransmitthevirus,itcouldbereasonabletovaccinatethemfirstinordertoprotectothers,includingelderlypeople,bypreventingthevirusfromspreading.

A. Thismightbeareasontovaccinatecertainchildrenwithseverelyweakenedimmunesystems,iftheirweakimmunesystemswouldevenrespondeffectivelytothevaccine.However,itisnotclearlyareasontovaccinatethevastmajorityofchildren.

B. Correct.Thissuggeststhatchildrenareespeciallylikelytotransmitthevirusevenifitdoesnotendangerthem.Soasexplainedabove,itprovidesagoodreasonforthehealthprofessionals’recommendation.

C. Thismightbeagoodreasontovaccinateeveryone,butitisnotclearlyareasontovaccinatechildrenbeforevaccinatingelderlypeople.

D. Ifanything,thiswouldsuggestthattheremightbeareasonnottovaccinatechildrenagainstthisyear’sstrainatall:unvaccinatedchildrenwhocatchthisyear’sstrain,whichtheargumentclaimsisrelativelyharmlesstochildren,maydevelopimmunitytomoredangerousstrainsthatmightariseinthefuture.

E. Theargumentclaimsthatthisyear’svirusposesalmostnorisktochildren.Soeveniftheyarenottechnicallyimmunetoit,itdoesnotaffectthemsignificantlyenoughtojustifyvaccinatingthembeforevaccinatingelderlypeople.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

140. ProTectInsuranceCompanyhasrecentlybeenpayingoutmoreoncar-theftclaimsthanitexpected.Carswithspecialantitheftdevicesoralarmsystemsaremuchlesslikelytobestolenthanareothercars.ConsequentlyProTect,aspartofanefforttoreduceitsannualpayouts,willofferadiscounttoholdersofcar-theftpoliciesiftheircarshaveantitheftdevicesoralarmsystems.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestindicationthattheplanislikelytoachieveitsgoal?

A. Thedecreaseintheriskofcartheftconferredbyhavingacaralarmisgreatestwhenonlyafewcarshavesuchalarms.

B. ThenumberofpolicyholderswhohavefiledaclaiminthepastyearishigherforProTectthanforotherinsurancecompanies.

C. Inoneortwoyears,thediscountthatProTectisofferingwillamounttomorethanthecostofbuyingcertainhighlyeffectiveantitheftdevices.

D. Currently,ProTectcannotlegallyraisethepremiumsitchargesforagivenamountofinsuranceagainstcartheft.

E. TheamountProTecthasbeenpayingoutoncar-theftclaimshasbeengreaterforsomemodelsofcarthanforothers.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Aninsurancecompanyispayingmoremoneyoncar-theftclaimsthananticipated.Toreducethesepayments,thecompanyisplanningtoofferdiscountstocustomerswhosecarshaveantitheftdevicesoralarmsystems,becausesuchcarsarelesslikelytobestolen.

Reasoning Whatpieceofinformationwouldindicatethattheplanislikelytosucceed?ProTectwishestoreduceitsannualpayouts,andonewayforthattohappenisforfewercarsinsuredbyProTecttobestolen.Tohelpaccomplishthis,ProTectisofferingdiscountstopolicyholderswhosecarsaresoequipped,becausecarsequippedwithantitheftdevicesoralarmsystemsarelesslikelytobestolenthanarecarswithoutsuchdevices.WhatwouldinterferewiththesuccessofProTect’splan?Carownerswouldprobablyresistinvestinginantitheftdevicesoralarmsystemsifthecostofsuchsystemsishigherthanthediscounttheywillreceive.SoifProTectsetsthediscountatalevelthatmakesinstallingantitheftdevicesseemlikeabargaintocarowners,theplanwillmostlikelysucceed.

A. ProTect’splanisdesignedtoincreasethenumberofcarsequippedwithcaralarms.Ifhavingmorecarsequippedwithcaralarmsreducesthosealarms’effectivityinpreventingthefts,thenProTect’splanisunlikelytoachieveitsgoal.

B. ProTect’sclaimsinrelationtothoseofotherinsurancecompaniesarenotrelevanttowhetherProTect’splantoreduceitsowncar-theftclaimswillachieveitsgoal.

C. Correct.ThisstatementsuggeststhatProTect’splanwillprovideaneffectiveincentiveforcarownerstoinstallantitheftdevices;thisstatementthereforeproperlyidentifiesinformationthatindicatestheplanislikelytoachieveitsgoal.

D. BecauseProTect’splandoesnotinvolveraisingthepremiumsitcharges,restrictionsonitsabilitytodosoareirrelevanttowhetherthatplanwillachieveitsgoal.

E. ProTect’splandoesnotdistinguishamongdifferentmodelsofcar,sothisstatementindicatesnothingaboutwhethertheproposedplanwillsucceed.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

141. WhilethetotalenrollmentofpublicelementaryandsecondaryschoolsinSondlandisonepercenthigherthisacademicyearthanlastacademicyear,thenumberofteachersthereincreasedbythreepercent.Thus,theSondlandEducationCommission’spredictionofateachershortageasearlyasnextacademicyearisunfounded.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheclaimthatthepredictionofateachershortageasearlyasnextacademicyearisunfounded?

A. FundingforpublicelementaryschoolsinSondlandisexpectedtoincreaseoverthenexttenyears.

B. AveragesalariesforSondland’steachersincreasedattherateofinflationfromlastacademicyeartothisacademicyear.

C. Anewlawhasmandatedthattherebe10percentmoreteachersperpupilinSondland’spublicschoolsnextacademicyearthantherewerethisacademicyear.

D. Inthepast,increasesinenrollmentsinpublicelementaryand

secondaryschoolsinSondlandhavegenerallybeensmallerthanincreasesinthenumberofteachers.

E. Becauseofreductionsinfunding,thenumberofstudentsenrollinginteacher-trainingprogramsinSondlandisexpectedtodeclinebeginninginthenextacademicyear.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation InSondland’spublicschoolsthisacademicyear,thenumberofstudentsisonepercenthigherandthenumberofteachersthreepercenthigherthantheywerelastacademicyear.Forthisreason,theSondlandEducationCommission’spredictionofateachershortageasearlyasnextacademicyearisquestionable.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldmostweakensupportfortheclaimthattherewillbenoteachershortagenextacademicyear?Ateachershortagewillarisenextacademicyearifthenumberofteachersneededwillexceedthenumberofteachersemployed.Thiswillhappenifthenumberofteachersneededincreaseswithoutasufficientincreaseinthenumberemployed,orifthenumberemployeddecreaseswithoutasufficientdecreaseinthenumberneeded.Evidencethateitherorbothofthesechangeswilloccurnextacademicyearisevidencethatthepredictedshortagewilloccur,soanysuchevidencewillweakensupportfortheclaimthatthepredictionisunfounded.

A. AIncreasedfundingwilllikelyallowmoreteacherstobehiredbutwillnotnecessarilyincreasetheneedforteachers,soitdoesnotsupportthepredictionofateachershortage(andindeeditveryslightlyunderminestheprediction).Also,thefundingisexpectedtoincreaseovertenyears,notnecessarilynextyear.Furthermore,wearenottoldwhoexpectsthisincreaseorwhy.Theirexpectationmaybeunjustifiable.

B. Asalaryincreaseattherateofinflationisequivalenttonochangeinthesalary’sactualvalue.Theabsenceofachangeinrealsalaryinthepastacademicyeardoesnotbyitselfsupportanypredictionofachangeinthenumberofteachersneededoremployednextacademicyear.

C. Correct.Theschoolswillneedalotmoreteachersnextacademicyeartosatisfythismandate.Itmaybedifficultfortheschoolstohireenoughteachersintime.Thisprovidesatleastsomereasontopredictthatateachershortagewillresult.

D. Thismeansthenumberofstudentsperteacherhasbeengenerallydeclining.Itdoesnotsuggestthatnextacademicyearthenumberofteachersneededwillincrease,northatthenumberemployedwilldecrease.

E. Thisdoessupportthepredictionthatashortageoftrainedteacherswillariseeventually.Butthedecliningnumberofstudentsinteacher-trainingprogramsnextacademicyearprobablywillnotreducethenumberofteachersavailabletoteachduringthatsameyear.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

142. ArtrestorerswhohavebeenstudyingthefactorsthatcauseRenaissanceoilpaintingstodeterioratephysicallywhensubjecttoclimaticchangeshavefoundthattheoilpaintusedinthesepaintingsactuallyadjuststothesechangeswell.Therestorersthereforehypothesizethatitisalayerofmaterialcalledgesso,whichisunderthepaint,thatcausesthedeterioration.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportstherestorers’hypothesis?

A. Renaissanceoilpaintingswithathinlayerofgessoarelesslikelytoshowdeteriorationinresponsetoclimaticchangesthanthosewithathickerlayer.

B. Renaissanceoilpaintingsareoftenpaintedonwoodenpanels,whichswellwhenhumidityincreasesandcontractwhenitdeclines.

C. Oilpaintexpandsandcontractsreadilyinresponsetochangesintemperature,butitabsorbslittlewaterandsoislittleaffectedbychangesinhumidity.

D. AnespeciallyhardandnonabsorbenttypeofgessowastherawmaterialformoldingsontheframesofRenaissanceoilpaintings.

E. GessolayersappliedbyRenaissancepainterstypicallyconsistedofacoarsebaselayerontowhichseveralincreasinglyfine-grainedlayerswereapplied.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Renaissancepaintingsaresubjecttodeteriorationduetochangesinclimate,buttheiractualpaintisnotafactorinthisdeterioration.Instead,restorershypothesize,itisgesso,thematerialunderthepaint,thatcausesproblemsforthepaintings.

Reasoning Whatwouldmoststronglysupportthehypothesisthatgessoiscausingthedeterioration?Anindicationthatgessoisaffectedbyclimaticchangeswouldbemosthelpfulinsupportingthehypothesis.Whatcouldshowthatgessoisaffectedinthisway?Iftheextentofapainting’sdeteriorationisdirectlyrelatedtotheamountofgessousedunderthatpainting,thenthegessoclearlyplayssomepartinthatdeterioration.

A. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesapointsupportingthehypothesis.

B. Thissuggeststhatanotherfactor—thewoodofthepanels—hasaroleinthepaintings’deterioration.Thusitweakensthehypothesisthatgessocausesthedeterioration.

C. Thismerelyreinforcesgiveninformation,thatthepaintitselfisnotresponsibleforthepaintings’deterioration.

D. BecausethisgivesnoinformationaboutanyconnectionbetweenthisespeciallyhardandnonabsorbenttypeofgessoandthetypeofgessousedunderthepaintinRenaissancepaintings,thepropertiesandusageoftheformertypeofgessoareirrelevanttothequestionofwhethergessoisresponsibleforthepaintings’deterioration.

E. Becausewearetoldnothingaboutwhetherthistechniqueofgessoapplicationincreasesordecreasesthelikelihoodthatgessowillbeaffectedbyclimaticchange,itdoesnotsupporttherestorers’hypothesis.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

143. AutomobileDealer’sAdvertisement:

TheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstitutereportsthatthePZ1000hasthefewestinjuriesperaccidentofanycarinitsclass.ThisshowsthatthePZ1000isoneofthesafestcarsavailabletoday.

1000isoneofthesafestcarsavailabletoday.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargumentintheadvertisement?

A. TheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstitutereportlistedmanycarsinotherclassesthathadmoreinjuriesperaccidentthandidthePZ1000.

B. InrecentyearsmanymorePZ1000shavebeensoldthanhaveanyotherkindofcarinitsclass.

C. CarsintheclasstowhichthePZ1000belongsaremorelikelytobeinvolvedinaccidentsthanareothertypesofcars.

D. ThedifferencebetweenthenumberofinjuriesperaccidentforthePZ1000andthatforothercarsinitsclassisquitepronounced.

E. TheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstituteissuesreportsonlyonceayear.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation AnadvertisementclaimsthatthePZ1000isoneofthesafestcarsavailable;itbasesthisclaimontheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstitute’sreportthatthismodelhadthefewestinjuriesperaccidentofanycarinitsclass.

Reasoning Whatpointweakenstheadvertisement’sclaim?Examinecloselythedifferencebetweenthereportandtheconclusiontheadvertisementdrawsfromit.WhiletheHighwayTrafficSafetyInstitutecomparesthePZ1000toothercarsinitsclass,theadvertisementcomparesthePZ1000toallcarsavailabletoday.WhatiftheclassofcarstowhichthePZ1000belongsisamoredangerousclassofcars?Inthatcase,whilethePZ1000maythesafestcarofadangerousclass,itcannotbesaidtobeoneofthesafestcarsavailable.

A. Thehigherincidenceofinjuriesperaccidentinotherclassesofcarssupportsratherthanweakenstheadvertisement’sargument.

B. ThefactthatthePZ1000isthebestsellingcarinitsclassmightbeexplainedbythefactthatitisthesafestcarinitsclass,butifthishasanyeffectontheargumentatall,itwouldbetostrengthenratherthanweakenit.

C. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaweaknessinthe

advertisement’sargument.

D. Thisslightlystrengthens,ratherthanweakens,theargument.

E. Thefrequencyofthereportsisirrelevanttotheadvertisement’sclaim.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

144. ArchaeologistsworkingintheAndesMountainsrecentlyexcavatedaburied4,000-year-oldtemplecontainingstructuresthatalignwithastonecarvingonadistanthilltoindicatethedirectionoftherisingsunatthesummersolstice.Alignmentsinthetemplewerealsofoundtopointtowardtheposition,atthesummersolstice,ofaconstellationknowninAndeancultureastheFox.Sincethelocalmythologyrepresentsthefoxasteachingpeoplehowtocultivateandirrigateplants,theancientAndeansmayhavebuiltthetempleasareligiousrepresentationofthefox.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentisbased?

A. TheconstellationknownastheFoxhasthesamepositionatthesummersolsticeasitdid4,000yearsago.

B. Intheregionaroundthetemple,thesummersolsticemarksthetimeforplanting.

C. Thetemplewasprotectedfromlootersbydirtanddebrisbuiltupoverthousandsofyears.

D. Otherstructuralalignmentsatthetemplepointtofurtherconstellationswithagriculturalsignificance.

E. Thesitecontainingthetemplewasoccupiedforasignificantamountoftimebeforeabandonment.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Arecentlyexcavated4,000-year-oldtemplecontainsstructuresthatpointtowardthepositionsatthesummersolsticeofboththerisingsunandaconstellationknowninlocalcultureastheFox.Localmythologyrepresentsthefoxasteachingpeoplehowtocultivateandirrigateplants.

Reasoning Whatmustbetrueinorderfortheargument’spremisestosuggestthatthetemplewasbuilttoreligiouslyrepresentthe

fox?Theargument’spremisesareallobservationsaboutcurrentconditions:thecurrentalignmentatthesummersolsticeofthetemplerelativetothesunriseandtotheconstellationknownastheFox,thecurrentlocalnameforaconstellation,andcurrentlocalmythology.Tosupporttheconclusionaboutthetemple’soriginalpurpose,theargumenthastoassumethatalltheseconditionsmaystillbeessentiallythesameastheywere4,000yearsagowhenthetemplewasbuilt.

A. Correct.Iftheconstellation’spositionatthesummersolsticerelativetothetempleisdifferentfromwhatitwas4,000yearsago,thetemplemustnothavebeenalignedtopointtowarditwhenitwasbuilt.Inthatcase,theargument’sjustificationforassociatingthetemplewiththatconstellationandwiththefoxisundermined.

B. Thisdoesnothavetobeassumedfortheargumenttosucceed,thoughiftrue,itmightstrengthentheargumentbyprovidingadditionalevidenceassociatingthetemplewiththemythologicalfoxasateacherofagriculture.Buttheargumentcouldbejustasstrongifthesolsticewereinsteadassociatedwithagriculturalactivitiesotherthanplanting.

C. Evenifthetemplewasnotprotectedfromlooters,theconditionsdescribedintheargument’spremisesmaystillbethesameastheywere4,000yearsago.

D. Thisisnotassumed.Additionalstructuralalignmentspointingtodifferentconstellationsassociatedwithmythologicalbeingsotherthanthefoxmightweakenorevenunderminetheargument’sjustificationforassociatingthetemplewiththefoxspecifically.

E. Theargumentmakesnoassumptionregardinghowlongthetemplewasoccupied,orevenregardingwhetherthetemplewaseveroccupied.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

145. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthepassage?

Itisgenerallybelievedthatpeoplereceivingfrequentmedicalcheckupsarelikelytoneedhospitalizationlessfrequentlythantheywouldotherwise;afterall,manythingscanbedonefollowingacheckuptopreventproblemsthat,ifignored,mightbecomeacuteandthenrequirehospitalization.Butforpeoplewithchronicillnesses,frequentmedical

hospitalization.Butforpeoplewithchronicillnesses,frequentmedicalcheckupsarelikelytoleadtomorefrequenthospitalizationsince__________.

A. therecommendedtreatmentsforcomplicationsofmanychronicillnessesinvolvehospitalizationevenifthosecomplicationsaredetectedwhilebarelynoticeable

B. medicalcheckupssometimesdonotrevealearlysymptomsofthosechronicillnessesthatarebesttreatedinahospital

C. theaveragelengthofahospitalstayisthesameforthosewhoreceivefrequentcheckupsasforthosewhodonot

D. peoplewithchronicillnessesgenerallyreceivemedicalcheckupsmorefrequentlythanpeoplewhoarenotchronicallyill

E. theaveragelengthofahospitalstayforpeoplewithachronicillnesstendstoincreaseastheillnessprogresses

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Actionstakenaftermedicalcheckupscanpreventproblemsthatmightotherwisebecomeacuteandrequirehospitalization.Butforpeoplewithchronicillnesses,frequentmedicalcheckupstendtoleadtomorefrequenthospitalizations.

Reasoning Whatwouldhelptoexplainwhymorefrequentmedicalcheckupstendtoleadtomorefrequenthospitalizationsforpeoplewithchronicillnesses?Thefirstsentenceofthepassagesuggeststhatmedicalcheckupsshouldmakehospitalizationlessfrequentbycatchingmedicalproblemsbeforetheybecomesevereenoughtorequirehospitalization.Butifthemedicalproblemsthatcheckupstypicallycatchinpeoplewithchronicillnessesalreadyrequirehospitalizationwhentheyarecaught,thecheckupsmightresultinsuchpeoplebeinghospitalizedmorefrequentlyratherthanlessfrequently.

A. Correct.Thissuggeststhatinpeoplewithchronicillnesses,checkupsmaymoreoftenresultintreatmentsthatrequirehospitalizationthanintreatmentsthatcouldpreventhospitalization.

B. Thefactthatoccasionallyacheckupfailstorevealearlysymptomsofachronicillnessbesttreatedinahospitaldoesnotindicatethatfrequentcheckupsofpeoplewithchronicillnesseswouldleadtomorefrequenthospitalizationthanlessfrequentcheckupswould.

C. Thequestionatissuesconcernsthefrequencyofhospitalization,nottheaveragelengthofhospitalstays.

D. Thequestionatissueiswhypeoplewithchronicillnesseswhohavemorefrequentcheckupstendtobehospitalizedmorefrequentlythanotherchronicallyillpeople,notwhytheytendtobehospitalizedmorefrequentlythanpeoplewhoarenotchronicallyill.

E. Again,thequestionatissueconcernsthefrequencyofhospitalization,nottheaveragelengthofhospitalstays.Inanycase,wearenottoldwhetherpeoplewithchronicillnessestendtohavecheckupsmoreorlessfrequentlyastheirillnessesprogress.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

146. Meatfromchickenscontaminatedwithsalmonellabacteriacancauseseriousfoodpoisoning.Capsaicin,thechemicalthatgiveschilipepperstheirhotflavor,hasantibacterialproperties.Chickensdonothavetastereceptorsforcapsaicinandwillreadilyeatfeedlacedwithcapsaicin.Whenchickenswerefedsuchfeedandthenexposedtosalmonellabacteria,relativelyfewofthembecamecontaminatedwithsalmonella.

Indecidingwhetherthefeedwouldbeusefulinraisingsalmonella-freechickenforretailsale,itwouldbemosthelpfultodeterminewhichofthefollowing?

A. Whetherfeedingcapsaicintochickensaffectsthetasteoftheirmeat

B. Whethereatingcapsaicinreducestheriskofsalmonellapoisoningforhumans

C. Whetherchickenismorepronetosalmonellacontaminationthanotherkindsofmeat

D. Whetherappropriatecookingofchickencontaminatedwithsalmonellacanalwayspreventfoodpoisoning

E. Whethercapsaicincanbeobtainedonlyfromchilipeppers

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Chickenswillreadilyeatfeedlacedwithcapsaicin,whichappearstoprotectthemfromcontaminationwithsalmonellabacteriathatcancausefoodpoisoning.

Reasoning Whatinformationwouldhelpdeterminewhetherusingthefeedwouldbeaneffectivestrategyforraisingsalmonella-freechickenforretailsale?Inorderforthestrategytobeeffective,itmustbeeconomicallyfeasibleforfarmerstoraisechickensusingthefeed,andtheremustbeenoughconsumerdemandforchickensraisedthisway.Soanyinformationaboutfactorslikelytoaffecteithertheeconomicfeasibilityofraisingthechickensorconsumerdemandforthemcouldbehelpfulindetermininghowusefulthefeedwouldbe.

A. Correct.Ifchickenproducerstriedtomarketmeatfromcapsaicin-fedchickenswithoutknowingwhetherthetasteisaffected,theywouldriskalienatingconsumers.Ofcourse,iftheyfoundthatthetasteisaffected,theywouldthenneedtodofurtherinvestigationstodeterminehowconsumerswouldlikelyrespondtothedifference.Ifconsumersdidnotlikethetaste,thiscouldnegativelyaffectdemandforthechickens.Inthatcase,usingthefeedwouldnotbeaneffectivewaytoraisechickensforretailsale.

B. Therearetwowaysthismightbeconsideredrelevant.First,itmightbethoughtthatbecausecapsaicinreducestheriskofsalmonellapoisoninginhumans,itwillalsodosoinchickens;butwealreadyhavegoodevidenceofthatintheargument.Second,itmightbethoughtthat,ifthecapsaicindoesnotproducechickensthataretotallysalmonellafree,thenifanycapsaicinremainsinthechickens,itwillhelppreventanyhumanswhoconsumethechickenfromgettingsalmonellapoisoning.Buttherelevantissueiswhetherthecapsaicinwillmakethechickenssalmonellafree,notwhetherhumanswillbeprotectedwhetherthechickensaresalmonellafreeornot.

C. Thesusceptibilityofothertypesofmeattosalmonellacontaminationwouldnotaffecttheusefulnessofthefeedforpreventingsuchcontaminationinchicken.

D. Presumablymanypeopledonotcookcontaminatedchickenappropriately,soconsumerscouldstillbenefitfromsalmonella-freechickenwhetherornotappropriatecookingmethodscouldpreventfoodpoisoning.

E. Regardlessofwhethercapsaicincanbeobtainedfromothersources,chilipeppersmaybeaperfectlyviablesource.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

147. Lawsrequiringtheuseofheadlightsduringdaylighthourscanpreventautomobilecollisions.However,sincedaylightvisibilityisworseincountriesfartherfromtheequator,anysuchlawswouldobviouslybemoreeffectiveinpreventingcollisionsinthosecountries.Infact,theonlycountriesthatactuallyhavesuchlawsarefartherfromtheequatorthanisthecontinentalUnitedStates.

Whichofthefollowingconclusionscouldbemostproperlydrawnfromtheinformationgivenabove?

A. DriversinthecontinentalUnitedStateswhousedtheirheadlightsduringthedaywouldbejustaslikelytobecomeinvolvedinacollisionaswoulddriverswhodidnotusetheirheadlights.

B. InmanycountriesthatarefartherfromtheequatorthanisthecontinentalUnitedStates,poordaylightvisibilityisthesinglemostimportantfactorinautomobilecollisions.

C. TheproportionofautomobilecollisionsthatoccurinthedaytimeisgreaterinthecontinentalUnitedStatesthaninthecountriesthathavedaytimeheadlightlaws.

D. FewerautomobilecollisionsprobablyoccureachyearincountriesthathavedaytimeheadlightlawsthanoccurwithinthecontinentalUnitedStates.

E. DaytimeheadlightlawswouldprobablydolesstopreventautomobilecollisionsinthecontinentalUnitedStatesthantheydointhecountriesthathavethelaws.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Lawsrequiringtheuseofheadlightsduringthedaytimearemoreeffectiveatpreventingcarcollisionsincountrieswithlowerdaylightvisibility,thatis,incountriesatgreaterdistancesfromtheequator.TheonlycountrieshavingtheselawsarethoselocatedfartherfromtheequatorthanisthecontinentalUnitedStates.

Reasoning Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthisinformation?CountrieswithdaytimeheadlightlawsareallfartherfromtheequatorthanisthecontinentalUnitedStates.ThelocationissignificantbecausedaytimevisibilityisworseinthosecountriesthanitisinthecontinentalUnitedStates.HoweffectiveatpreventingcollisionswouldsuchlawsbeinthecontinentalUnitedStateswithitsgreaterproximitytotheequator?Itisreasonabletoconcludethatsuchlawswouldbelesseffectiveatpreventingcollisionstherethantheyareinthecountriesfartherfromtheequator.

A. Althoughdaytimeheadlightusemaybelesseffectiveincountrieswithmoredaylight,itcannotbeconcludedthatU.S.driversusingdaytimeheadlightswouldgainnobenefitfromthemandwouldbejustaslikelytohavecollisionsasthosewhodonotusethem.

B. Thepassageoffersnoevidencefortheconclusionthatpoorvisibilityisthegreatestcauseforcollisionsinthesecountries.

C. Manyfactorsbesidesuseofheadlightsduringdaylighthoursinfluenceaccidentrates,andthesefactorsmayvarywidelyfromonecountrytoanother.Wearegivennoinformationabouttheseotherfactorsorabouttheirrelativeimpactinvariouscountries.

D. Withoutspecificdata,noconclusioncanbedrawnabouttherelativenumberofaccidentsthatoccur.

E. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaconclusiontobedrawnfromthegiveninformation.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

148. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?

Whenmercury-vaporstreetlightsareusedinareasinhabitedbyinsect-eatingbats,thebatsfeedalmostexclusivelyaroundthelights,becausethelightsattractflyinginsects.InGreenville,themercury-vaporstreetlightsareabouttobereplacedwithenergy-savingsodiumstreetlights,whichdonotattractinsects.Thischangeislikelytoresultinadropinthepopulationofinsect-eatingbatsinGreenville,since__________.

A. thebatsdonotbegintohuntuntilaftersundown

B. thebatsareunlikelytofeedoninsectsthatdonotfly

C. thehighwaydepartmentwillbeabletoreplacemercury-vaporstreetlightswithsodiumstreetlightswithinarelativelyshorttimeandwithoutdisruptingthecontinuityoflightingatthelocationsofthestreetlights

D. intheabsenceoflocalconcentrationsoftheflyinginsectsonwhichbatsfeed,thebatsexpendmuchmoreenergyonhuntingforfood,requiringmuchlargerquantitiesofinsectstosustaineachbat

E. batsuseecholocationtocatchinsectsandthereforegainnoadvantagefromthefactthatinsectsflyinginthevicinityofstreetlightsarevisibleatnight

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Inareaswithmercury-vaporstreetlights,anyinsect-eatingbatsfeedalmostexclusivelyaroundthelights,whichattractflyinginsects.InGreenville,mercury-vaporstreetlightswillsoonbereplacedwithsodiumstreetlightsthatdonotattractinsects.

Reasoning WhatevidencewouldsuggestthatthechangeinstreetlightswillreduceGreenville’spopulationofinsect-eatingbats?Sincethesodiumstreetlightswillnotattractflyinginsects,thebatswillprobablystopfocusingtheirfeedingaroundGreenville’sstreetlightsafterthelightsarechanged.AstatementprovidingevidencethatthiswillmakeitharderforthebatstogetenoughfoodtosustainthemselveswouldsupporttheconclusionthatthechangeislikelytoreduceGreenville’sbatpopulationandthuswouldlogicallycompletetheargument.

A. Insect-eatingbatsexistedlongbeforestreetlightsdid,sotheycanprobablyfindinsectsawayfromstreetlightseveniftheyhuntonlyaftersundown.

B. Greenvillewillalmostcertainlystillhaveflyinginsectsforthebatstoeatafterthechange,evenifthoseinsectsnolongergatheraroundthestreetlights.

C. Ifanything,suchasmoothtransitionwouldbelesslikelytodisturbthebats

andthereforelesslikelytoreducetheirpopulation.

D. Correct.SincetherewillbenolocalconcentrationsofflyinginsectsaroundGreenvillestreetlightsafterthechange,thebatswillmostlikelyhavemoretroublegettingenoughtoeat,andthattheirlocalpopulationwillthereforefall.

E. Theadvantagethatthebatsgainfrommercury-vaporstreetlightscomesfromthehighconcentrationofinsects.Thefactthatthebatsgetnoadditionaladvantagefromtheinsects’visibilitytellsusnothingaboutwhataffectthechangetoadifferenttypeoflightmighthave.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

149. Ratsinjectedwithmorphineexhibitdecreasedactivityoftheimmunesystem,thebodilysystemthatfightsoffinfections.Thesesameratsexhibitedheightenedbloodlevelsofcorticosteroids,chemicalssecretedbytheadrenalglands.Sincecorticosteroidscaninterferewithimmune-systemactivity,scientistshypothesizedthatthewaymorphinereducesimmuneresponsesinratsisbystimulatingtheadrenalglandstosecreteadditionalcorticosteroidsintothebloodstream.

Whichofthefollowingexperimentswouldyieldthemostusefulresultsforevaluatingthescientists’hypothesis?

A. Injectingmorphineintoratsthatalreadyhaveheightenedbloodlevelsofcorticosteroidsandthenobservingtheirnewbloodlevelsofcorticosteroids

B. Testingthelevelofimmune-systemactivityofrats,removingtheiradrenalglands,andthentestingtherats’immune-systemactivitylevelsagain

C. Injectingratswithcorticosteroidsandthenobservinghowmanyoftheratscontractedinfections

D. Removingtheadrenalglandsofrats,injectingtheratswithmorphine,andthentestingtheleveloftherats’immune-systemresponses

E. Injectingratswithadrugthatstimulatesimmune-systemactivityandthenobservingthelevelofcorticosteroidsintheirbloodstreams

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Ratsinjectedwithmorphineexhibitdecreasedimmune-systemactivityandincreasedlevelsofcorticosteroids,whicharesecretedbytheadrenalglandsandcaninterferewithimmune-systemactivity.

Reasoning Whatfurtherexperimentwouldhelpdeterminewhethermorphinereducesimmuneresponsesinratsbystimulatingtheadrenalglandstoreleasemorecorticosteroids?Contrarytothescientists’hypothesis,theexperimentalresultsmighthaveoccurredbecausethemorphineinjectionsdirectlyreducedimmune-systemactivity.Ortheinjectionsmighthaveblockedsomemechanismthatreducescorticosteroidlevelsintheblood,evenifthemorphinedidnotstimulatetheadrenalglandstoproducemorecorticosteroids.Toevaluatewhetherthescientists’hypothesisismoreplausiblethantheserivalhypotheses,itwouldbehelpfultoknowwhethersimilarexperimentalresultswouldoccuraftermorphineinjectionsevenifadrenalglandactivitydidnotchange.

A. Morphinecouldstimulatetheadrenalglandsofratswithnormalcorticosteroidlevelstoproducemorecorticosteroids,whetherornotitdoessoinratswhosecorticosteroidlevelsarealreadyheightened.

B. Suchanexperimentwouldnotinvolvemorphineandthuswouldnothelptodeterminehowmorphineaffectsimmune-systemactivityinrats.

C. Whetherornotratscontractinfectionsmaynotreliablyindicatetheirlevelsofimmune-systemactivity.

D. Correct.Iftheimmunesystemresponsesdecreasedafterthemorphineinjectionsinthisexperiment,thehypothesisthatitwasbystimulationoftheadrenalglandsthatmorphinereducedimmune-systemactivitywouldbeundermined.Butifnodecreaseinimmune-systemresponsesoccurred,thehypothesiswouldbeconfirmed.

E. Evenifthemechanismbywhichadrugotherthanmorphineincreasesimmune-systemactivitywerediscovered,thisdiscoverywouldnotnecessarilyrevealthemechanismbywhichmorphinereducesimmune-systemactivity.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

150. Curator:IfourmuseumlendsVenustotheHartInstitutefortheirshowthisspring,theywilllendustheirRembrandtetchingsforourprintexhibitionnextfall.Havingthoseetchingswillincreaseattendancetotheexhibitionandhenceincreaserevenuefromourgeneraladmissionfee.

MuseumAdministrator:ButVenusisourbiggestattraction.MoreovertheHart’sshowwillrunfortwiceaslongasourexhibition.Soonbalancethenumberofpatronsmaydecrease.

Thepointoftheadministrator’sresponsetothecuratoristoquestion

A. whethergettingtheRembrandtetchingsfromtheHartInstituteislikelytoincreaseattendanceattheprintexhibition

B. whethertheHartInstitute’sRembrandtetchingswillbeappreciatedbythosepatronsofthecurator’smuseumforwhomthemuseum’sbiggestattractionisVenus

C. whetherthenumberofpatronsattractedbytheHartInstitute’sRembrandtetchingswillbelargerthanthenumberofpatronswhodonotcomeinthespringbecauseVenusisonloan

D. whether,ifVenusislent,themuseum’srevenuefromgeneraladmissionfeesduringtheprintexhibitionwillexceeditsrevenuefromgeneraladmissionfeesduringtheHartInstitute’sexhibition

E. whethertheHartInstituteorthecurator’smuseumwillhavethegreaterfinancialgainfromtheproposedexchangeofartworks

ArgumentConstruction

Situation AcuratorandamuseumadministratordebatewhetherlendingaparticularartworktotheHartInstituteinexchangeforaloanofsomeoftheHartInstitute’sartworkswouldincreaseordecreaseattendanceandrevenueatthemuseum.

Reasoning Whichofthecurator’sexplicitorimplicitclaimsisthemuseumadministratorquestioning?Theadministrator’sstatementsthatVenusisthemuseum’sbiggestattractionandthattheHartInstitute’sshowwillruntwiceaslongasthemuseum’sexhibitiondonotdirectlyconflictwithanystatementorassumptionmadebythecurator.However,theadministrator’sconclusionisthatonbalancethenumberof

patronsatthemuseummaydecreaseifthecurator’sproposalisfollowed.Thisconclusioncallsintoquestionthecurator’sclaimthattheproposalwillincreaserevenuefromthegeneraladmissionfee,sincethatclaimpresupposesthatonbalancetheproposalwillincreasethenumberofvisitorstothemuseum.(Thecontextsuggeststhattheadministratorisusingthetermpatronstomeanvisitorsratherthandonors.)

A. TheadministratordoesnotdisputethattheRembrandtetchingswouldprobablyincreaseattendanceattheprintexhibitionbutrathersuggeststhatthisincreasewouldbeexceededbythelossofvisitorstothemuseumwhiletheHartInstituteborrowsVenus.

B. NeitherthecuratornortheadministratorcommentsonwhetherthepatronsattractedtotheRembrandtetchingswouldbethesamepeopleattractedtoVenus.

C. Correct.Thecuratorimplicitlyinfersthattheformernumberwillbelargerthanthelatter,whereastheadministratorquestionsthisbyassertingthatthelatternumbermaybelargerthantheformer.

D. TheadministratordoesnotquestionwhethertherevenueduringtheprintexhibitionwillexceedtherevenueduringtheHartInstitute’sexhibition,butratherwhetheritwillexceedthelossofrevenueduringtheHartInstitute’sexhibition.

E. NeitherthecuratornortheadministratorcommentsonwhetherthemuseumwouldgainmoreorlessfromtheexchangethantheHartInstitutewould.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

151. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthepassage?

Leafbeetlesdamagewillowtreesbystrippingawaytheirleaves,butacombinationofparasitesandpredatorsgenerallykeepspopulationsofthesebeetlesincheck.Researchershavefoundthatsevereairpollutionresultsinreducedpredatorpopulations.Theparasites,bycontrast,arenotadverselyaffectedbypollution;nevertheless,theresearchers’discoveryprobablydoesexplainwhyleafbeetlescauseparticularlyseveredamagetowillowsinareaswithsevereairpollution,since__________.

A. neitherthepredatorsnortheparasitesofleafbeetlesthemselvesattackwillowtrees

B. theparasitesthatattackleafbeetlesactuallytendtobemoreprevalentinareaswithsevereairpollutionthantheyareelsewhere

C. thedamagecausedbyleafbeetlesisusuallynotenoughtokillawillowtreeoutright

D. whereairpollutionisnotespeciallysevere,predatorshavemuchmoreimpactonleaf-beetlepopulationsthanparasitesdo

E. willowsoftengrowinareaswhereairpollutionisespeciallysevere

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Leafbeetlesdamagewillowtrees,butpredatorsandparasiteskeepleafbeetlepopulationsincheck.Airpollutionreducespopulationsofpredatorsbutnotofparasites.Leafbeetlesdamagewillowsespeciallyseverelyinareaswithsevereairpollution.

Reasoning Whatwouldsupporttheconclusionthatairpollution’seffectsonthepredatorpopulations(butnotontheparasitepopulations)explainswhyleafbeetlesdamagewillowsthemostinareaswithsevereairpollution?Thewordsinceprecedingtheblankspaceattheendofthepassageindicatesthatthespaceshouldbefilledwithapremisesupportingtheconclusionstatedimmediatelybeforethesince.Tosupportthisconclusion,itwouldhelptohaveevidencethatpredatorsplayapredominantroleinkeepingleafbeetlepopulationsincheck,andthusthatthereductionofpredatorpopulationsbyairpollutioncouldbesufficienttoenableleafbeetlepopulationstogrowandcauseespeciallyseveredamage.

A. Thefactthatneitherthepredatorsnortheparasitesdirectlycontributetoharmingthetreesoffersnoreasontoconcludethatadifferenceinhowtheyareaffectedbypollutionwouldcontributetotheharmthatthebeetlescausetothetrees.

B. Iftheparasitesaremoreprevalentinareaswithsevereairpollution,thentheyaremorelikelytokeepleafbeetlepopulationsincheckinthoseareas,despitethereducedpredatorpopulations.Thus,thedeclineinpredatorpopulationswouldmorelikelybeinsufficienttoexplainwhytheleafbeetles

causemoredamageinthoseareas.

C. Thisobservationisirrelevanttowhetherthedeclineinpredatorpopulationsexplainswhyleafbeetlesdamagewillowtreesmoreseverelyinareaswithsevereairpollution.

D. Correct.Thisindicatesthatpredatorsplayapredominantroleinkeepingleafbeetlepopulationsincheck,so,asexplainedabove,itsupportstheargument’sconclusion.

E. Thisisnotclearlyrelevanttowhetherthedeclineinpredatorpopulationsexplainswhyleafbeetlesdamagewillowtreesmoreseverelyinareaswithsevereairpollution.Theargument’sconclusioncouldjustaseasilybetrueregardlessofwhetherwillowsgrowinsuchpollutedareasfrequentlyorinfrequently.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

152. Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthepassagebelow?

AtarecentconferenceonenvironmentalthreatstotheNorthSea,mostparticipatingcountriesfavoreduniformcontrolsonthequalityofeffluents,whetherornotspecificenvironmentaldamagecouldbeattributedtoaparticularsourceofeffluent.Whatmust,ofcourse,beshown,inordertoavoidexcessivelyrestrictivecontrols,isthat__________.

A. anyuniformcontrolsthatareadoptedarelikelytobeimplementedwithoutdelay

B. anysubstancetobemadesubjecttocontrolscanactuallycauseenvironmentaldamage

C. thecountriesfavoringuniformcontrolsarethosegeneratingthelargestquantitiesofeffluents

D. allofanygivenpollutantthatistobecontrolledactuallyreachestheNorthSeaatpresent

E. environmentaldamagealreadyinflictedontheNorthSeaisreversible

ArgumentConstruction

Situation InthefaceofenvironmentalthreatstotheNorthSea,restrictionsoneffluentsareconsidered.

Reasoning Howcanexcessivelyrestrictivecontrolsbeavoided?TopreventpollutantsfromenteringtheNorthSea,countriesdecidetocontrolthequalityofeffluents.Theyneedtocontrolonlythoseeffluentsthatcauseenvironmentaldamage.Thereisnoneedtorestrictharmlesseffluents.

A. Theimmediacyofadoptingcontrolsdoesnotpreventthecontrolsfrombeingoverlyrestrictive.

B. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesthefactthatcontrolsonharmlesseffluentswouldbeexcessivelyrestrictiveandsoshouldbeavoided.

C. Avoidingunnecessaryrestrictionsinvolvesanalyzingthequalityoftheeffluents,notthecompositionofthecountriesfavoringtherestrictions.

D. ItisnotnecessarytoprovethatallofapollutantreachestheNorthSea.Itisnecessarytoproveonlythatsomeofitdoes.

E. Theenvironmentaldamagethathasalreadybeencausedisoutsidethescopeoftherestrictions.Findingthatthedamageisreversiblewilldonothingtopreventunnecessaryrestrictions.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

153. OnMayfirst,inordertoreducethenumberofoverduebooks,achildren’slibraryinstitutedapolicyofforgivingfinesandgivingbookmarkstochildrenreturningalloftheiroverduebooks.OnJulyfirstthereweretwiceasmanyoverduebooksastherehadbeenonMayfirst,althougharecordnumberofbookshadbeenreturnedduringtheinterim.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplaintheapparentinconsistencyintheresultsofthelibrary’spolicy?

A. Thelibrariansdidnotkeepaccuraterecordsofhowmanychildrentookadvantageofthegraceperiod,andsomeofthechildrenreturningoverduebooksdidnotreturnalloftheiroverduebooks.

B. Althoughthegraceperiodenticedsomechildrentoreturnalloftheiroverduebooks,itdidnotconvinceallofthechildrenwithoverduebookstoreturnalloftheirbooks.

C. Thebookmarksbecamepopularamongthechildren,soinordertocollectthebookmarks,manychildrenborrowedmanymorebooks

thantheyusuallydidandkeptthempasttheirduedate.

D. Thechildrenwereallowedtoborrowamaximumoffivebooksforatwo-weekperiod,andhenceeachchildcouldkeepamaximumoffifteenbooksbeyondtheirduedatewithinatwo-monthperiod.

E. Althoughthelibraryforgaveoverduefinesduringthegraceperiod,theamountpreviouslychargedthechildrenwasminimal;hence,theforgivenessofthefinesdidnotprovideenoughincentiveforthemtoreturntheiroverduebooks.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Afteralibrarystartedforgivingfinesandgivingbookmarkstochildrenwhoreturnedalltheiroverduebooks,thenumberofbooksreturnedgreatlyincreased,butsodidthenumberofoverduebooks.

Reasoning Whymightthepolicyhavesimultaneouslyincreasedthenumberofoverduebooksandthenumberofbooksbeingreturned?Inordertoincreaseboththesenumbers,thepolicymusthaveresultedinmorebooksbeingcheckedout,keptpasttheirduedates,andthenreturned.Butwhywouldthepolicyhavepromotedthatbehavior?Onepossibilityisthatitrewardedthebehavior.Thepolicyinvolvedgivingchildrenbookmarksasrewardsforreturningoverduebooks,whileremovingthefinesthatpenalizedthechildrenfordoingso.Ifthechildrenlikedthebookmarks,theymighthavetriedtogetmoreofthembydeliberatelycheckingbooksoutinordertokeepthempasttheirduedatesbeforereturningthemtogetthebookmarks.

A. Failingtokeepaccuraterecordsofthenumberofchildrenwouldnotclearlyincreasethenumberofbooksbeingreturned.Andthepolicychangedidnotapplytochildrenwhoreturnedonlysomeoftheiroverduebooks.

B. Thissuggeststhatthepolicyhadlimitedeffects,butdoesnothelptoexplainwhyithadapparentlyinconsistenteffects.

C. Correct.Thisexplainshowthepolicygavethechildrenamotivetocheckoutandreturnmorebookswhilealsoallowingthemtokeepmoreofthe

bookspasttheduedates.

D. Thisrestrictionwouldhavelimitedthenumberofoverduebooksandthuswouldnothelptoexplainwhythatnumberincreased.

E. Thissuggeststhatthepolicyhadlittleeffectbutdoesnothelptoexplainwhyithadapparentlyinconsistenteffects.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

154. Acertainspeciesofdesertlizarddigstunnelsinwhichtolayitseggs.Theeggsmustincubateinsidethetunnelforseveralweeksbeforehatching,andtheyfailtohatchiftheyaredisturbedatanytimeduringthisincubationperiod.Yettheselizardsguardtheirtunnelsforonlyafewdaysafterlayingtheireggs.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsexplainwhythereisnoneedforlizardstoguardtheirtunnelsformorethanafewdays?

A. Theeggsareatriskofbeingdisturbedonlyduringthebriefegg-layingseasonwhenmanylizardsaredigginginarelativelysmallarea.

B. Thelengthoftheincubationperiodvariessomewhatfromonetunneltoanother.

C. Eachfemalelizardlaysfrom15to20eggs,onlyabout10ofwhichhatcheveniftheeggsarenotdisturbedatanytimeduringtheincubationperiod.

D. Thetemperatureandhumiditywithinthetunnelswillnotbesuitablefortheincubatingeggsunlessthetunnelsarepluggedwithsandimmediatelyaftertheeggsarelaid.

E. Theonlywaytodisturbtheeggsofthislizardspeciesisbyopeninguponeofthetunnelsinwhichtheyarelaid.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Lizardsofacertainspeciesdigtunnelsinwhichtheylaytheireggs.Althoughtheeggsfailtohatchifdisturbedduringtheirseveralweeksofincubation,thelizardsguardthetunnelsforonlyafewdaysafterlayingtheeggs.

Reasoning Whatwouldhelptoexplainwhythelizardshavetoguardtheir

tunnelsforonlyafewdays?Forthelizardstosurviveasaspecies,theirbehaviorsmustensurethatenoughoftheireggshatch.Thus,theymustsuccessfullypreventenoughoftheireggsfrombeingdisturbedinthetunnelsthroughouttheseveralweeksofincubation.Ifguardingthetunnelsforonlyafewdaysaccomplishesthis,thensomeotherfactormustpreventtheeggsfrombeingdisturbedduringtheremainingweeks.Evidenceofanysuchfactorwouldhelptoexplainwhythelizardsdonothavetoguardthetunnelslonger.Forexample,toprotecttheeggswithoutguardingthem,thelizardsmightconcealthetunnelentrancesafterthefirstfewdays.Oranimalslikelytodisturbtheeggsmightonlybepresentforthosefirstdays,inwhichcasetherewouldbenothingforthelizardstoguardagainstthereafter.

A. Correct.Thissuggeststhattheonlycreatureslikelytodisturbtheeggsareotherlizardsofthesamespeciesdiggingtunnelstolaytheirowneggsataroundthesametime.Ifso,eachlizardcansafelyleaveitseggsunguardedafterafewdaysbecausealltheotherlizardswillhavefinisheddigging.

B. Eveniftheincubationperiodvariessomewhat,thepassagesaysitalwayslastsseveralweeks.Sothisdoesnotexplainwhythelizardshavetoguardthetunnelsforonlyafewdays.

C. Ifmanyeggsfailtohatchevenwhenundisturbed,thatisallthemorereasonforthelizardstoprotecttheremainingeggsfromdisturbancethroughouttheincubationperiodsothatatleastsomewillhatch.Soitdoesnotexplainwhythelizardsguardtheirtunnelsonlyforafewdays.

D. Whetherornotimmediatelypluggingthetunnelswithsandisenoughtoprotecttheeggs,thisbehaviordoesnotexplainwhythelizardssubsequentlyguardthetunnelsforafewdaysandthenleavefortherestoftheincubationperiod.

E. Evenifitisimpossibletodisturbtheeggswithoutopeningthetunnels,thatdoesnotexplainwhythelizardsguardthetunnelsforafewdaysandthenleavefortherestoftheincubationperiod.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

155. Oftenpatientswithanklefracturesthatarestable,andthusdonotrequiresurgery,aregivenfollow-upx-raysbecausetheirorthopedistsare

concernedaboutpossiblyhavingmisjudgedthestabilityofthefracture.Whenanumberoffollow-upx-rayswerereviewed,however,allthefracturesthathadinitiallybeenjudgedstablewerefoundtohavehealedcorrectly.Therefore,itisawasteofmoneytoorderfollow-upx-raysofanklefracturesinitiallyjudgedstable.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargument?

A. Doctorswhoaregeneralpractitionersratherthanorthopedistsarelesslikelythanorthopediststojudgethestabilityofananklefracturecorrectly.

B. Manyankleinjuriesforwhichaninitialx-rayisorderedarerevealedbythex-raynottoinvolveanyfractureoftheankle.

C. X-raysofpatientsofmanydifferentorthopedistsworkinginseveralhospitalswerereviewed.

D. Thehealingofanklefracturesthathavebeensurgicallyrepairedisalwayscheckedbymeansofafollow-upx-ray.

E. Orthopedistsroutinelyorderfollow-upx-raysforfracturesofbonesotherthananklebones.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Oftenpatientswithanklefracturesthattheirorthopedistshavejudgednottorequiresurgeryaregivenfollow-upx-raystocheckwhetherthefracturehealedcorrectly.Anexaminationofasampleofthosex-raysfoundthattheanklehad,ineachcase,healedproperly.

Reasoning Thequestioniswhichoftheoptions,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheargument.Theargumentisbasedondataconcerningfollow-upx-rays,eachofwhichrevealednoproblemwiththeorthopedist’sinitialjudgmentthattheanklefracturewasstable(andwouldhealwithoutsurgery).Thisinvitesthequestionwhetherthefollow-upx-raysarereallyneeded.Theargumentconcludesthattheyareawasteofmoney.Butwasthex-raydatatrulyrepresentativeoforthopedistsgenerally?Afterall,someorthopedists—perhapsmoreexperienced,better-trained,oremployedatafacility

withbetterstafforfacilities—maybemuchbetterthanothersatjudginganklefractures.Ifweaddtheinformationthatthedatafortheconclusioncomesfrommanyorthopedistsworkingatmanydifferenthospitals,wehavegreaterassurancethatthex-raydataisrepresentative,andtheargumentwillbemademuchstronger.

A. Neitherthestudynortheconclusionthatisdrawnfromitconcernsgeneralpractitioners,sothispointisirrelevant.

B. Naturallymanyankleinjuriesdonotinvolvefractures—x-raysmaysometimesbeusedtodeterminethis—buttheargumentconcernsonlycaseswheretherehavebeenanklefractures.

C. Correct.Thisshowsthatthesampleofx-raydataexaminedwasprobablysufficientlyrepresentativeofcasesofanklefracturejudgedtobestablebyorthopedists.

D. Theargumentdoesnotconcerncasesofanklefracturethathavebeensurgicallyrepaired.

E. Theargumentconcernsonlyx-raysofankles.Fromtheinformationgivenhere,wecannotinferthatorthopedistsaregenerallywastefulinroutinelyorderingfollow-upx-rays.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

156. Insettingenvironmentalstandardsforindustryandotherstomeet,itisinadvisabletorequirethebestresultsthatstate-of-the-arttechnologycanachieve.Currenttechnologyisabletodetectandeliminateevenextremelyminuteamountsofcontaminants,butatacostthatisexorbitantrelativetotheimprovementachieved.Soitwouldbereasonableinsteadtosetstandardsbytakingintoaccountallofthecurrentandfuturerisksinvolved.

Theargumentgivenconcerningthereasonablewaytosetstandardspresupposesthat

A. industrycurrentlymeetsthestandardsthathavebeensetbyenvironmentalauthorities

B. thereareeffectivewaystotakeintoaccountalloftherelevantrisksposedbyallowingdifferentlevelsofcontaminants

C. theonlycontaminantsworthmeasuringaregeneratedbyindustry

D. itisnotcostlytopreventlargeamountsofcontaminantsfromenteringtheenvironment

E. minuteamountsofsomecontaminantscanbepoisonous

ArgumentConstruction

Situation State-of-the-arttechnologycandetectandeliminateeventinyamountsofenvironmentalcontaminants,butatacostthatisexorbitantrelativetoitsbenefits.

Reasoning Whatmustbetrueinorderfortheargument’spremisestosupportitsconclusion?Theargumentisthatenvironmentalstandardsrequiringthebestresultsthatstate-of-the-arttechnologycanprovideareunreasonablyexpensiverelativetotheirbenefits,soitwouldbereasonableinsteadtosetenvironmentalstandardsthattakeintoaccountallpresentandfuturerisksfromcontaminants.Inorderforthepremisetosupporttheconclusion,theenvironmentalstandardsbasedonpresentandfutureriskswouldhavetobelessexpensiverelativetotheirbenefitsthanthebestresultsenvironmentalstandardsare.Furthermore,settingthecurrentandfuturerisksenvironmentalstandardscannotbereasonableunlessitisfeasibletoassesspresentandfuturerisksasthosestandardsrequire.

A. Theargumentdoesnotsaywhichstandards,ifany,environmentalauthoritieshaveset.Inanycase,suchstandardscouldbereasonableorunreasonableregardlessofwhetherindustrycurrentlymeetsthem.

B. Correct.Iftakingfuturerisksintoaccountwereinfeasible,thenapplyingthecurrentandfuturerisksstandardswouldalsobeinfeasible.Andsettingthosestandardswouldbeunreasonableiftheycouldnotfeasiblybeapplied.

C. Accordingtothestimulus,theproposedcurrentandfuturerisksstandardswouldapplytoindustryandothers.Sothosestandardscouldbereasonableeveniftheunspecifiedothersalsogeneratedcontaminantsworthmeasuring,andevenifthestandardsrequiredmeasuringthosecontaminants.

D. Evenifitwerecostlytopreventlargeamountsofcontaminantsfromenteringtheenvironment,thebenefitsofdoingsotopreventpresentandfuturerisksmightoutweighthecosts.

E. Thecurrentandfuturerisksstandardscouldtakeintoaccountanypoisoningrisksposedbyminuteamountsofcontaminants.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

157. MostscholarsagreethatKingAlfred(A.D.849–899)personallytranslatedanumberofLatintextsintoOldEnglish.OnehistoriancontendsthatAlfredalsopersonallypennedhisownlawcode,arguingthatthenumerousdifferencesbetweenthelanguageofthelawcodeandAlfred’stranslationsofLatintextsareoutweighedbytheevenmorenumeroussimilarities.Linguisticsimilarities,however,arewhatoneexpectsintextsfromthesamelanguage,thesametime,andthesameregion.ApartfromAlfred’ssurvivingtranslationsandlawcode,thereareonlytwootherextantworksfromthesamedialectandmilieu,soitisriskytoassumeherethatlinguisticsimilaritiespointtocommonauthorship.

Thepassageaboveproceedsby

A. providingexamplesthatunderscoreanotherargument’sconclusion

B. questioningtheplausibilityofanassumptiononwhichanotherargumentdepends

C. showingthataprincipleifgenerallyappliedwouldhaveanomalousconsequences

D. showingthatthepremisesofanotherargumentaremutuallyinconsistent

E. usingargumentbyanalogytoundermineaprincipleimplicitinanotherargument

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation AhistorianarguesthatKingAlfredmusthavewrittenhisownlawcode,sincetherearemoresimilaritiesthandifferencesbetweenthelanguageinthelawcodeandthatinAlfred’stranslationsofLatintexts.ApartfromAlfred’stranslationsandlawcode,thereareonlytwootherextantworksinthesamedialectandfromthesamemilieu.

samedialectandfromthesamemilieu.

Reasoning Howdoesthereasoninginthepassageproceed?Thefirstsentencepresentsaclaimthatisnotdisputedinthepassage.Thesecondsentencepresentsahistorian’sargument.Implicitlycitingtheundisputedclaiminthepassage’sfirstsentenceasevidence,thehistorianproposesananalogybetweenthelawcodeandAlfred’stranslations,arguingonthebasisofthisanalogythatAlfredwrotethelawcode.Thethirdsentenceofthepassagecastsdoubtonthisanalogy,pointingoutthatitcouldplausiblyapplytotextsthatAlfreddidnotwrite.Thefourthsentencesuggeststhattoofewextanttextsareavailableasevidencetoruleoutthepossibilityraisedinthethirdsentence.Thus,thethirdandfourthsentencesareintendedtounderminethehistorian’sargument.

A. Asexplainedabove,thepassageisintendedtounderminetheconclusionofthehistorian’sargument,nottounderscore(emphasize)it.

B. Correct.Thepassage’sthirdandfourthsentencesquestiontheplausibilityofthehistorian’sassumptionthatnoonebutAlfredwouldhavebeenlikelytowriteatextwhoselanguagehasmoresimilaritiestothandifferencesfromthelanguageinAlfred’stranslations.

C. Althoughtheremightwellbeanomalousconsequencesfromgeneralizingtheassumptiononwhichthehistorian’sargumentrelies,thepassagedoesnotmentionoralludetoanysuchconsequences.

D. Thepassagedoesnotmention,orsuggesttheexistenceof,anyinconsistenciesamongthepremisesofthehistorian’sargument.

E. Althoughthehistorianarguesbyanalogy,thepassagedoesnotitselfarguebyanalogy;itdoesnotsuggestanyspecificcounteranalogytounderminethehistorian’sargument.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

158. Acompanyplanstodevelopaprototypeweedingmachinethatusescuttingbladeswithopticalsensorsandmicroprocessorsthatdistinguishweedsfromcropplantsbydifferencesinshadeofcolor.Theinventorofthemachineclaimsthatitwillreducelaborcostsbyvirtuallyeliminatingtheneedformanualweeding.

Whichofthefollowingisaconsiderationinfavorofthecompany’s

Whichofthefollowingisaconsiderationinfavorofthecompany’simplementingitsplantodeveloptheprototype?

A. Thereisaconsiderabledegreeofvariationinshadeofcolorbetweenweedsofdifferentspecies.

B. Theshadeofcolorofsomeplantstendstochangeappreciablyoverthecourseoftheirgrowingseason.

C. Whencropsareweededmanually,overallsizeandleafshapearetakenintoaccountindistinguishingcropplantsfromweeds.

D. Selectionandgeneticmanipulationallowplantsofvirtuallyanyspeciestobeeconomicallybredtohaveadistinctiveshadeofcolorwithoutalteringtheirothercharacteristics.

E. Farmlaborerswhoareresponsibleforthemanualweedingofcropscarryoutotheragriculturaldutiesattimesinthegrowingseasonwhenextensiveweedingisnotnecessary.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Acompanyplanstodevelopanautomatedweedingmachinethatwoulddistinguishweedsfromcropplantsbydifferencesinshadeofcolor.Itissupposedtoreducelaborcostsbyeliminatingtheneedformanualweeding.

Reasoning Whichoptiondescribesaconsiderationthatwouldfavorthecompany’splan?Thepassagesupportstheplanbyclaimingthatthemachinewouldreducelaborcostsbyvirtuallyeliminatingweedingbyhand.Thecorrectoptionwillbeonethataddstothissupport.Laborcostswillbereducedonlyifthemachineworkswell.Themachinereliesonshadeofcolortodistinguishbetweenweedsandcropplants.Ifcropplantscanbebredtohavedistinctivecolorwithoutsacrificingotherqualities,itwouldbemorelikelythatthemachinecouldbeusedeffectively.

A. Greatervariationamongweedplantswouldmakeitmoredifficultforthemachinetodistinguishbetweenweedsandcropplants,andthiswouldmakeitlesslikelythatthemachinewouldbeeffective.

B. Thisoptiontendstodisfavortheeffectivenessofthemachine.Themorechangeablethecolorsoftheplantstobedistinguished,themorecomplexthetaskofdistinguishingbetweenweedsandcropplantsbasedontheircolor.

C. Thisoptiontendstodisfavorthelikelybenefitsofthemachinebecauseitindicatesthatmanualweedingdistinguishesweedsfromcropplantsbyusingcriteriathatthemachinedoesnottakeintoaccount.Ifthemachinedoesnotdistinguishweedsfromcropplantsasaccuratelyandreliablyasmanualweedingdoes,thenthemachineislessapttomakemanualweedingunnecessary.

D. Correct.Makingcropplantseasilydistinguishablefromweedswouldfacilitatetheeffectiveuseoftheweedingmachine.

E. Thisdoesnotfavorthecompany’simplementingtheplantodevelopthemachine.Therewouldstillbetasksotherthanweedingthatwouldrequirehiringstaff.Thustherewouldstillbelaborcostseveniftheneedformanualweedingwereeliminated.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

159. Acertainmayorhasproposedafeeoffivedollarsperdayonprivatevehiclesenteringthecity,claimingthatthefeewillalleviatethecity’strafficcongestion.Themayorreasonsthat,sincethefeewillexceedthecostofround-tripbusfarefrommanynearbypoints,manypeoplewillswitchfromusingtheircarstousingthebus.

Whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,providesthebestevidencethatthemayor’sreasoningisflawed?

A. Projectedincreasesinthepriceofgasolinewillincreasethecostoftakingaprivatevehicleintothecity.

B. Thecostofparkingfeesalreadymakesitconsiderablymoreexpensiveformostpeopletotakeaprivatevehicleintothecitythantotakeabus.

C. Mostofthepeoplecurrentlyridingthebusdonotownprivatevehicles.

D. Manycommutersopposingthemayor’splanhaveindicatedthattheywouldratherenduretrafficcongestionthanpayafive-dollar-per-dayfee.

E. Duringtheaverageworkday,privatevehiclesownedandoperatedbypeoplelivingwithinthecityaccountfor20percentofthecity’strafficcongestion.

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Inordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion,themayorproposesafive-dollardailyfeeonprivatevehiclesenteringthecity.Sincethefeeismorethantheround-tripbusfare,themayorbelievesmanydriverswillswitchtobuses.

Reasoning Whatflawexistsinthemayor’sreasoning?Themayorapparentlybelievesthatsavingmoneyisthedecisiveissuefordrivers.If,however,driversarealreadypayingconsiderablymoreinparkingfeesthantheywouldinfaresasbuscommuters,thensavingmoneyisnottheprimaryreasontheyarechoosingtodrivetheircarsratherthantakethebus.Thissuggeststhatdriversmaynotchangetheirbehaviorsimplytosavemoney.

A. Thisstatementdoesnotindicatewhethertheincreasedcostwilldissuadepeoplefromtakingprivatevehiclesintothecity,andthereforedoesnotindicatewhetherthemayor’sreasoningisflawed.

B. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesaflawinthemayor’sreasoning.

C. Currentbusridersarenotrelevanttothemayor’splan,whichanticipatesonlythatpeoplecurrentlydrivingprivatevehiclesintothecitywillbecomebusriders.

D. Manydriversmaycontinuetocommuteintheirprivatevehicles,butothersmightswitchtobuses.Themayor’splandoesnotanticipateaswitchbyalldrivers.

E. The20percentfigureshowsthatmostcongestioniscausedbyvehiclesenteringfromoutsidethecity;thisdoesnotpointoutaweaknessinthemayor’splan.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

160. ArocaCitycurrentlyfundsitspublicschoolsthroughtaxesonproperty.Inplaceofthissystem,thecityplanstointroduceasalestaxof3percent

onallretailsalesinthecity.Criticsprotestthat3percentofcurrentretailsalesfallsshortoftheamountraisedforschoolsbypropertytaxes.Thecriticsarecorrectonthispoint.Nevertheless,implementingtheplanwillprobablynotreducethemoneygoingtoAroca’sschools.SeverallargeretailershaveselectedArocaCityasthesiteforhugenewstores,andthesearecertaintodrawlargenumbersofshoppersfromneighboringmunicipalities,wheresalesaretaxedatratesof6percentandmore.Inconsequence,retailsalesinArocaCityareboundtoincreasesubstantially.

Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentconcludesisunlikelytoachieveitsgoal;thesecondexpressesthatconclusion.

B. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentconcludesisunlikelytoachieveitsgoal;thesecondpresentsevidenceinsupportofthatconclusion.

C. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentcontendsisthebestavailable;thesecondisaconclusiondrawnbytheargumenttojustifythatcontention.

D. Thefirstpresentsaplanoneofwhoseconsequencesisatissueintheargument;thesecondistheargument’sconclusionaboutthatconsequence.

E. Thefirstpresentsaplanthattheargumentseekstodefendagainstacertaincriticism;thesecondisthatcriticism.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation ArocaCityplanstoswitchthesourceofitspublicschoolfundingfrompropertytaxestoanewlocalsalestax.

Reasoning Whatargumentativerolesdothetwoportionsinboldfaceplayinthepassage?Thefirstboldfaceportionsimplydescribesthecity’splan.Thenexttwosentencesinthepassagedescribeanobservationsomecriticshavemadeinobjectingtotheplanandsaythattheobservationiscorrect.Butthenthesecondboldfaceportionrejectsthecritics’implicitconclusionthattheplanwillreduceschoolfunding.Thefinaltwosentencesinthe

passagepresentreasonstoacceptthestatementinthesecondboldfaceportion,sotheyarepremisessupportingitasaconclusion.

A. Theargumentconcludesthattheplanisunlikelytoreducefundingfortheschools.Thepassagedoesnotmentiontheplan’sgoal,butpresumablythatgoalisnottoreduceschoolfunding.

B. Thesecondboldfaceportionpresentstheargument’sconclusion,notevidencetosupporttheconclusion.Thepassagedoesnotmentiontheplan’sgoal,butpresumablythatgoalisnottoreduceschoolfunding.

C. Thepassagedoesnotsaywhethertheplanisbetterthananyotherpossibleschoolfundingplans.

D. Correct.Theplan’slikelyeffectontheamountofschoolfundingisatissueintheargument,whoseconclusionisthattheplanprobablywillnotreducethatfunding.

E. Thesecondboldfaceportiondoesnotcriticizetheplan,butratherrejectsacriticismoftheplanbystatingthattheplanwillprobablynotreduceschoolfunding.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

161. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

Aphotographofthenightskywastakenwiththecamerashutteropenforanextendedperiod.Thenormalmotionofstarsacrosstheskycausedtheimagesofthestarsinthephotographtoappearasstreaks.However,onebrightspotwasnotstreaked.Evenifthespotwerecaused,asastronomersbelieve,byacelestialobject,thatobjectcouldstillhavebeenmovingacrosstheskyduringthetimetheshutterwasopen,since__________.

A. thespotwasnotthebrightestobjectinthephotograph

B. thephotographcontainsmanystreaksthatastronomerscanidentifyascausedbynoncelestialobjects

C. starsinthenightskydonotappeartoshiftpositionrelativetoeachother

D. thespotcouldhavebeencausedbyanobjectthatemittedaflashthatlastedforonlyafractionofthetimethatthecamerashutterwasopen

E. ifthecamerashutterhadnotbeenopenforanextendedperiod,itwouldhaverecordedsubstantiallyfewercelestialobjects

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Inaphotographofthenightskytakenwiththecamerashutteropenforanextendedperiod,theimagesofstarsappearedasstreaksbecauseofthestars’normalmotionacrossthesky,butonebrightspotwasnotstreaked.

Reasoning Whatwouldmoststronglysuggestthatacelestialobjectmovingacrosstheskycouldhavecausedthespot?Anobjectmovingacrosstheskythatwasbrightthroughoutthetimethecamerashutterwasopenshouldhaveappearedasastreakinthephotograph,justasthestarsdid.Butifthemovingobjectwasbrightforonlyaverybriefmoment,andthusnotforanextendedtimewhilethecamerashutterwasopen,theobject’smovementmaynothavebeencapturedinthephotograph,andthuswouldappearinthephotographasanunstreakedbrightspot.

A. Theargumentisnotabouthowbrightthespotwascomparedtootherobjectsinthephotograph.

B. Streakscausedbynoncelestialobjectssuchassatellitesorairplanesdonotexplainhowonlyoneofmanycelestialobjectsmovingacrosstheskycouldhaveproducedtheunstreakedspot.

C. Thepassageindicatesthatthestarswereshiftingpositionrelativetothecamera,notrelativetooneanother.Inanycase,thisobservationdoesnothelptoexplainhowacelestialobjectthatmaynothavebeenastarbutthatwasmovingacrosstheskycouldhaveproducedtheunstreakedspotinthephotograph.

D. Correct.Asexplainedabove,amovingcelestialobjectthatonlyproducedamomentaryflashoflightwouldproduceanunstreakedbrightspotinthephotograph.

E. Thismaybetrue,giventhatfewercelestialobjectsmighthavemovedintothecamera’srangeofviewifthecamerashutterhadnotbeenopenaslong.Butitdoesnotprovideanyevidencethatamovingcelestialobjectcould

haveproducedtheunstreakedspot.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

162. Economist:Payingextraforfair-tradecoffee—coffeelabeledwiththeFairtradelogo—isintendedtohelppoorfarmers,becausetheyreceiveahigherpriceforthefair-tradecoffeetheygrow.Butthispracticemayhurtmorefarmersindevelopingnationsthanithelps.Byraisingaveragepricesforcoffee,itencouragesmorecoffeetobeproducedthanconsumerswanttobuy.Thislowerspricesfornon-fair-tradecoffeeandthuslowersprofitsfornon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers.

Toevaluatethestrengthoftheeconomist’sargument,itwouldbemosthelpfultoknowwhichofthefollowing?

A. Whetherthereisawayofalleviatingtheimpactoftheincreasedaveragepricesforcoffeeonnon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers’profits

B. Whatproportionofcoffeefarmersindevelopingnationsproducefair-tradecoffee

C. Whethermanycoffeefarmersindevelopingnationsalsoderiveincomefromotherkindsoffarming

D. Whetherconsumersshouldpayextraforfair-tradecoffeeifdoingsolowersprofitsfornon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers

E. Howfair-tradecoffeefarmersindevelopingnationscouldbehelpedwithoutloweringprofitsfornon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Poorfarmersreceivehigherpricesforfair-tradecoffee.Butpayingextraforfair-tradecoffeelowerspricesfornon-fair-tradecoffeeandthuslowersprofitsfornon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers.

Reasoning Whatwouldbemosthelpfultoknowtoevaluatehowwelltheeconomist’sobservationssupporttheconclusionthatbuyingfair-tradecoffeehurtsmorefarmersindevelopingnationsthanithelps?Theeconomistsuggeststhatbuyingfair-tradecoffeebenefitsfarmerswhogrowitbecausetheyreceivehigherprices,butthatithurtsnon-fair-tradecoffeefarmersby

reducingtheirprofits.Sotoknowwhetherthepracticehurtsmorefarmersindevelopingnationsthanithelps,itwouldbehelpfultoknowwhetherdevelopingnationshavemorefarmerswhoproducenon-fair-tradecoffeethanproducefair-tradecoffee.

A. Evenifthereweresomepotentialwayofalleviatingthenegativeimpactfrombuyingfair-tradecoffeeonnon-fair-tradecoffeefarmers,itstillcouldbethatthepracticehurtsmoredeveloping-nationfarmersthanithelps.Alleviatingthenegativeimpactdoesnotentailthatthereisnonegativeimpact.

B. Correct.Iffewerthanhalfofthesefarmersproducefair-tradecoffee,thentheeconomist’sobservationsdosuggestthatbuyingfair-tradecoffeehurtsmorecoffeefarmersindevelopingnationsthanithelps.Butifmorethanhalfdo,thoseobservationssuggestthecontrary.

C. Althoughknowingthiscouldbehelpfulindetermininghowintenselymanyfarmersareeconomicallyaffectedbypeoplebuyingfair-tradecoffee,itisnothelpfulindeterminingwhethermorefarmersarehurtthanarehelped.

D. Theargument’sconclusionisonlyabouttheeconomicimpactofbuyingfair-tradecoffee,notabouthowconsumersshouldorshouldnotrespondtothatimpact.

E. Knowinghowthefair-tradecoffeefarmerscouldpotentiallybehelpedwithouthurtingtheothercoffeefarmersisirrelevanttoassessingwhetherthepracticeofbuyingfair-tradecoffeehurtsmoredeveloping-nationfarmersthanithelps.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

163. Tanco,aleathermanufacturer,useslargequantitiesofcommonsalttopreserveanimalhides.Newenvironmentalregulationshavesignificantlyincreasedthecostofdisposingofsaltwaterthatresultsfromthisuse,and,inconsequence,Tancoisconsideringaplantousepotassiumchlorideinplaceofcommonsalt.ResearchhasshownthatTancocouldreprocesstheby-productofpotassiumchlorideusetoyieldacropfertilizer,leavingarelativelysmallvolumeofwastefordisposal.

Indeterminingtheimpactoncompanyprofitsofusingpotassiumchlorideinplaceofcommonsalt,itwouldbeimportantforTancotoresearchallofthefollowingEXCEPT:

thefollowingEXCEPT:

A. Whatdifference,ifany,istherebetweenthecostofthecommonsaltneededtopreserveagivenquantityofanimalhidesandthecostofthepotassiumchlorideneededtopreservethesamequantityofhides?

B. Towhatextentistheequipmentinvolvedinpreservinganimalhidesusingcommonsaltsuitableforpreservinganimalhidesusingpotassiumchloride?

C. Whatenvironmentalregulations,ifany,constrainthedisposalofthewastegeneratedinreprocessingtheby-productofpotassiumchloride?

D. Howcloselydoesleatherthatresultswhencommonsaltisusedtopreservehidesresemblethatwhichresultswhenpotassiumchlorideisused?

E. Arethechemicalpropertiesthatmakepotassiumchlorideaneffectivemeansforpreservinganimalhidesthesameasthosethatmakecommonsaltaneffectivemeansfordoingso?

EvaluationofaPlan

Situation Newenvironmentalregulationswillincreasethecostsofdisposingofthesaltwaterthatresultsfromtheuseoflargeamountsofcommonsaltinleathermanufacturing.Themanufacturerisconsideringswitchingfromcommonsalttopotassiumchloride,becausetheby-productofthelattercouldbereprocessedtoyieldacropfertilizer,withlittlewasteleftovertobedisposed.

Reasoning Inordertodeterminewhetheritwouldbeprofitabletoswitchfromusingcommonsalttousingpotassiumchloride,whichofthefivequestionsdoesthemanufacturerNOTneedtoanswer?Thechemicalpropertiesmakingpotassiumchlorideaneffectivemeansofpreservinganimalhidesmightbequitedifferentfromthosethatmakecommonsalteffective,butthereisnoparticularreasonforthinkingthatthiswouldimpacttheprofitabilityofswitchingtopotassiumchloride.Therelevanteffectsonthepreservedhidesmightbethesameevenifthepropertiesthatbroughtaboutthoseeffectswerequitedifferent.Thus,withoutmoreinformationthanis

providedinthepassage,thisquestionisirrelevant.

A. Thesavingsinwastedisposalcoststhatwouldbegainedbyswitchingtopotassiumchloridecouldbecancelledoutifthecostofpotassiumchlorideneededfarexceededthatforcommonsalt.

B. Ifswitchingtopotassiumchloridewouldforcethemanufacturertoreplacetheequipmentitusesforpreservinghides,thenitmightbelessprofitabletoswitch.

C. Eventhoughthereissaidtoberelativelylittlewasteassociatedwithusingpotassiumchlorideintheprocess,ifthecostsofthisdisposalareveryhighduetoenvironmentalregulations,itmightbelessprofitabletoswitch.

D. Iftheleatherthatresultsfromtheuseofpotassiumchloridelookssubstantiallydifferentfromthatwhichresultswhencommonsalthasbeenused,thentheleathermightbelessattractivetoconsumers,whichwouldadverselyaffecttheeconomicsofswitchingtopotassiumchloride.

E. Correct.Notethatthequestionasstatedherepresupposesthatpotassiumchlorideandsaltarebotheffectivemeansforpreservinganimalhides—soitdoesnotraiseanyissueastowhetherpotassiumchlorideisadequatelyeffectiveoraseffectiveassalt(clearly,anissueofeffectivenesswouldberelevanttoprofitability).

ThecorrectanswerisE.

164. Colorlessdiamondscancommandhighpricesasgemstones.Atypeoflessvaluablediamondscanbetreatedtoremoveallcolor.Onlysophisticatedtestscandistinguishsuchtreateddiamondsfromnaturallycolorlessones.However,only2percentofdiamondsminedareofthecoloredtypethatcanbesuccessfullytreated,andmanyofthoseareofinsufficientqualitytomakethetreatmentworthwhile.Surely,therefore,thevastmajorityofcolorlessdiamondssoldbyjewelersarenaturallycolorless.

Aseriousflawinthereasoningoftheargumentisthat

A. comparisonsbetweenthepricediamondscommandasgemstonesandtheirvalueforotherusesareomitted

B. informationabouttherarityoftreateddiamondsisnotcombinedwithinformationabouttherarityofnaturallycolorless,gemstonediamonds

C. thepossibilitythatcoloreddiamondsmightbeusedasgemstones,

evenwithouthavingbeentreated,isignored

D. thecurrentlyavailablemethodformakingcolorlessdiamondsfromcoloredonesistreatedasthoughitweretheonlypossiblemethodfordoingso

E. thedifficultythatacustomerofajewelerwouldhaveindistinguishinganaturallycolorlessdiamondfromatreatedoneisnottakenintoaccount

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Coloreddiamondsofatypethatcomprises2percentofallmineddiamondscanbetreatedsothattheyarenoteasilydistinguishablefrommorevaluable,naturallycolorlessdiamonds,butmanyaretoolowinqualityforthetreatmenttobeworthwhile.

Reasoning Whydotheargument’spremisesnotjustifytheconclusionthatthevastmajorityofcolorlessdiamondssoldbyjewelersarenaturallycolorless?Sincethetypeofcoloreddiamondsthatcanbetreatedmakeuponly2percentofallmineddiamonds,andmanydiamondsofthattypearetoolowinqualityfortreatmenttobeworthwhile,thevastmajorityofmineddiamondsmustnotbetreatedtohavetheircolorremoved.However,wearenottoldwhatproportionofallmineddiamondsarenaturallycolorless.Naturallycolorlessdiamondsmaybefarrarereventhantheuncommondiamondsthathavebeentreatedtohavetheircolorremoved.Thus,forallwecantellfromthepassage,itcouldwellbethatmostcolorlessdiamondssoldbyjewelershavebeentreatedtoremoveallcolor.

A. Evenifsometypesofdiamondscommandhigherpricesforusesotherthanasgemstones,thetypesdiscussedinthepassageevidentlycommandhighenoughpricesasgemstonestobesoldassuchbyjewelers.

B. Correct.Theargumentdoesnotworkifnaturallycolorlessdiamondsarerarerthantreateddiamonds,astheymaybeforallwecantellfromtheinformationprovided.

C. Theargument’sconclusionisonlythatjewelerssellmorenaturallycolorlessdiamondsthandiamondstreatedtobecolorless.Whetherjewelerssellanycoloreddiamondsorothergemstonesisirrelevant.

D. Theargumentonlyconcernsthetypesofcolorlessdiamondssoldnow,notthetypesthatmaybesoldinthefutureifothertreatmentmethodsarediscovered.

E. Theargumentdoessuggestthisdifficultybutimpliesthatevensotherearetoofewtreateddiamondsavailableforjewelerstosellinplaceofnaturallycolorlessones.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

165. TheSumptontowncouncilrecentlyvotedtopayaprominentartisttocreateanabstractsculptureforthetownsquare.Criticsofthisdecisionprotestedthattownresidentstendtodislikemostabstractart,andanyartinthetownsquareshouldreflecttheirtastes.Butatowncouncilspokespersondismissedthiscriticism,pointingoutthatotherpublicabstractsculpturesthatthesamesculptorhasinstalledinothercitieshavebeenextremelypopularwiththosecities’localresidents.

Thestatementsabovemoststronglysuggestthatthemainpointofdisagreementbetweenthecriticsandthespokespersoniswhether

A. itwouldhavebeenreasonabletoconsulttownresidentsonthedecision

B. mostSumptonresidentswillfindthenewsculpturetotheirtaste

C. abstractsculpturesbythesamesculptorhavetrulybeenpopularinothercities

D. amoretraditionalsculptureinthetownsquarewouldbepopularamonglocalresidents

E. publicartthattheresidentsofSumptonwouldfinddesirablewouldprobablybefounddesirablebytheresidentsofothercities

ArgumentConstruction

Situation AftertheSumptontowncouncilvotedtopayaprominentsculptortocreateanabstractsculptureforthetownsquare,criticsprotestedthedecision.Atowncouncilspokespersonrespondedtothecritics.

respondedtothecritics.

Reasoning Whatdothecriticsandthespokespersonmainlydisagreeabout?ThecriticsarguethatSumptonresidentsdislikemostabstractartandthatartinthetownsquareshouldreflecttheirtaste.Sincethecriticsareprotestingthetowncouncil’sdecision,theyareclearlyinferringfromtheresidents’generalattitudetowardabstractartthattheresidentswilldislikethespecificsculpturetheprominentsculptorwillcreate.Thespokespersonrepliesbyarguingthatinothercities,sculpturesbythesamesculptorhavebeenverypopularwithlocalresidents.ThespokespersonimplicitlyinfersfromthisthatthesculpturetheprominentsculptorwillcreateforSumptonwillbepopularwithSumptonresidents—andthereforethatthecriticsaremistaken.

A. Neitherthecriticsnorthespokespersonmentionsconsultationwiththetownresidentsonthedecision.

B. Correct.Asexplainedabove,thecriticsraisepointsimplicitlysuggestingthattheresidentswilldislikethesculpture,whereasthespokespersonrespondswithapointimplicitlysupportingtheoppositeconclusion.

C. Thecriticscouldconcedethatthesculptor’sworkhasbeenpopularinothercities,butnonethelessholdthatSumptonresidentshavedifferenttastesfromthoseoftheothercities’residents.

D. ThespokespersongivesnoindicationregardingtheattitudesofSumptonresidentsregardingtraditionalsculpture.

E. Itmaybethatneitherthecriticsnorthespokespersonholdsthisview.ThespokespersonmayholdthatSumptonresidentsareeasiertopleasethanresidentsofmostothercities,whereasthecriticsmayholdthatSumptonresidentsarefarmoretraditionalintheirtastesthanothercities’residents.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

166. Jay:Ofcoursetherearemanygoodreasonstosupporttheexpansionofpreventivemedicalcare,butargumentsclaimingthatitwillleadtogreatersocietaleconomicgainsaremisguided.Someofthegreatestsocietalexpensesarisefromfrequenturgent-careneedsforpeoplewhohaveattainedalonglifeduetopreventivecare.

Sunil:Yourargumentfailsbecauseyouneglecteconomicgainsoutsidethehealthcaresystem:societysuffersaneconomiclosswhenanyofitsproductivememberssufferpreventableillnesses.

Sunil’sresponsetoJaymakeswhichofthefollowingassumptions?

A. Thosewhoreceivepreventivecarearenotmorelikelytoneedurgentcarethanarethosewhodonotreceivepreventivecare.

B. Jayintendsthephrase“economicgains”toreferonlytogainsaccruingtoinstitutionswithinthehealthcaresystem.

C. Productivemembersofsocietyaremorelikelythanotherstosufferpreventableillnesses.

D. Theeconomiccontributionsofthosewhoreceivepreventivemedicalcaremayoutweightheeconomiclossescausedbypreventivecare.

E. Jayisincorrectinstatingthatpatientswhoreceivepreventivemedicalcarearelong-lived.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Someofthegreatestsocietalexpensesarisefromfrequenturgent-careneedsforpeoplewhohavereachedoldagethankstopreventivemedicalcare.Butsocietyalsosufferseconomiclosswhenanyofitsproductivememberssufferpreventableillnesses.

Reasoning WhatisSunilassuminginhisargumentthatJay’sargumentfails?Jayimpliesthatbyhelpingpeoplelivelonger,expandingpreventivemedicalcaremayactuallyincreasetheamountofurgentmedicalcarepeopleneedoverthecourseoftheirlives,andthatsocietalexpensesforthisadditionalurgentcaremayequalorexceedanysocietaleconomicbenefitsfromexpandingpreventivecare.Sunilrespondsbyimplyingthatexpandingpreventivecarewouldallowsocietytoavoideconomiclossesfromlostproductivitycausedbypreventableillnesses.InorderforSunil’sargumenttoestablishthatJay’sargumentfails,thepotentialeconomicbenefitsthatSunilimplieswouldarisefromexpandedpreventivecaremustbegreaterthantheeconomiclossesfromtheincreasedneedfor

urgentcarethatJaypointsout.

A. ThisisnotanassumptionthatunderpinsSunil’ssuggestionthatthesocietaleconomicbenefitsfromexpandedpreventivecaremayexceedanyresultingeconomiclossesfromurgentcare.

B. IfJayintendsthephrase“economicgains”toreferonlytogainswithinthehealthcaresystem,thenSunil’spointabouteconomicgainsoutsidethehealthcaresystemisnotevenrelevanttoJay’sargumentabouteconomicgainswithinit.

C. Evenifproductivemembersofsocietyarenotmorelikelythanotherstosufferpreventableillnesses,itstillmaybetrue,asSunilsuggests,thattheeconomicbenefitsofpreventingproductivemembersofsocietyfromsufferingthoseillnessesmayoutweightheeconomiclossesofdoingso.Inthatcase,Jay’sargumentcouldstillfailinthewaySunilindicates.

D. Correct.SunilmustassumethisinordertorebutJay’sargument.Asexplainedabove,iftheeconomiccontributionsofthosereceivingpreventivecaredefinitelydonotoutweightheeconomiclossescausedbypreventivecare,thenSunil’simplicitpointthatexpandingpreventivecarewouldhelptopreventthelossofsuchcontributionsisinsufficienttorebutJay’sargument.

E. WhetherJayiscorrectorincorrectinthisrespect,SunilmaybecorrectthatJay’sargumentfailsbecauseJayhasneglectedtoconsiderhowpreventivecareproduceslargereconomicgainsoutsidethehealthcaresystem.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

167. Borealowlsrangeoveramuchlargerareathandootherowlsofsimilarsize.Thereasonforthisbehaviorisprobablythatthesmallmammalsonwhichowlsfeedareespeciallyscarceintheforestswhereborealowlslive,andtherelativescarcityofpreyrequirestheowlstorangemoreextensivelytofindsufficientfood.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoconfirmtheexplanationabove?

A. Someborealowlsrangeoveranareaeighttimeslargerthantheareaoverwhichanyotherowlofsimilarsizeranges.

B. Borealowlsrangeoverlargerareasinregionswherefoodofthesorteatenbysmallmammalsissparsethantheydoinregionswheresuch

foodisabundant.

C. Aftertheiryounghatch,borealowlsmusthuntmoreoftenthanbeforeinordertofeedboththemselvesandtheirnewlyhatchedyoung.

D. Sometimesindividualborealowlshuntnearasinglelocationformanyweeksatatimeanddonotrangefartherthanafewhundredyards.

E. Theborealowlrequireslessfood,relativetoitsweight,thanisrequiredbymembersofotherowlspecies.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Thesmallmammalsonwhichowlspreyarerelativelyscarceintheforestswhereborealowlslive.Thatiswhyborealowlsrangemoreextensivelythandoother,similarlysizedowlsinsearchoffood.

Reasoning Whichchoice,iftrue,wouldmosthelpconfirmtheproposedexplanation?Onewaytoconfirmanexplanationisbyfindingfurtherinformationthatonewouldexpecttobetrueiftheexplanationisvalid.Iftheexplanationinthepassageisvalid,thenonewouldexpectthatvariationsinthepopulationdensityofavailablesmall-animalpreyforborealowlswouldbeaccompaniedbyvariationsintherangesoftheborealowls.Naturallythepopulationdensityofavailablesmall-animalpreyislikelytobeaffectedbyhowplentifulfoodisforthosesmallanimals.

A. Thecomparisonbetweendifferentgroupsofborealowlsisnotrelevanttothecomparisonbetweenborealowlsandotherowls.

B. Correct.Thisindicatesthatabundanceoffoodfortheborealowls’small-animalpreyinanarea(andthereforeabundanceofsmallanimalsinthatarea)correlateswithasmallerrangefortheborealowlsthere.Thisstrengthenstheproposedexplanation.

C. Thisoptionconcernsacorrelationbetweenowls’needforfoodandthefrequencywithwhichowlshunt,whereasthephenomenondescribedinthepassageandtheproposedexplanationhavetodowiththerangeoverwhichowlshunt.

D. Ifoneweretoassumethatborealowlsneverhuntnearasinglelocationforweeks,thatwouldinnowayunderminetheproposedexplanation.

E. Ifanything,thisoptiontendstounderminetheproposedexplanation,becauseitsuggeststhepossibilitythatborealowlsneednotmakeupfortherelativescarcityofpreyintheirhabitatsbyrangingoverlargerareas.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

168. Microbiologist:AlethalstrainofsalmonellarecentlyshowedupinaEuropeancountry,causinganoutbreakofillnessthatkilledtwopeopleandinfectedtwenty-sevenothers.Investigatorsblametheseverityoftheoutbreakontheoveruseofantibiotics,sincethesalmonellabacteriatestedwereshowntobedrug-resistant.Butthisisunlikelybecausepatientsinthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredcannotobtainantibioticstotreatillnesswithoutaprescription,andthecountry’sdoctorsprescribeantibioticslessreadilythandodoctorsinanyotherEuropeancountry.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakenthemicrobiologist’sreasoning?

A. Physiciansinthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredhavebecomehesitanttoprescribeantibioticssincetheyarefrequentlyinshortsupply.

B. Peopleinthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredoftenconsumefoodsproducedfromanimalsthateatantibiotics-ladenlivestockfeed.

C. Useofantibioticsintwocountriesthatneighborthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurredhasrisenoverthepastdecade.

D. Drug-resistantstrainsofsalmonellahavenotbeenfoundincountriesinwhichantibioticsarenotgenerallyavailable.

E. Salmonellahasbeenshowntospreadeasilyalongthedistributionchainsofcertainvegetables,suchasrawtomatoes.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Antibiotic-resistantsalmonellacausedanoutbreakofillnessinaEuropeancountrywherepatientsneedprescriptionstoobtainantibioticsandwheredoctorsdispensesuchprescriptionslessreadilythaninotherEuropeancountries.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldmoststronglysuggestthatoveruseofantibioticswaslikelyresponsiblefortheoutbreak,despitethecitedfacts?Themicrobiologistreasonsthatbecausepatientsneedprescriptionstoobtainantibioticsinthecountrywheretheoutbreakoccurred,andthecountry’sdoctorsdispensesuchprescriptionslessreadilythandoctorsinotherEuropeancountriesdo,antibioticsareprobablynotbeingoverusedinthecountry—soantibioticoverusewasprobablynotresponsiblefortheoutbreak.Implicitinthemicrobiologist’sreasoningistheassumptionthatoveruseofantibiotics,ifithadoccurred,couldprobablyhaveresultedonlyfromoverprescribingofantibioticsbyphysicianstotreatillnessinpeopleinthecountryinquestion.Anyevidencecastingdoubtonthiscomplexassumptionwouldsuggestaweaknessinthemicrobiologist’sreasoning.

A. Thisstrengthenstheargumentbyprovidingadditionalevidencethatantibioticsarenotbeingoverprescribedinthecountry.

B. Correct.Thisweakensthemicrobiologist’sargumentbyindicatingthatanassumptionimplicitintheargumentmaybefalse:thesalmonellaoutbreakcouldeasilybyexplainedbyoveruseofantibioticsinlivestockfeed(perhapsimportedfromothercountries).

C. Evenifantibioticusehasriseninthetwoneighboringcountries,antibioticsstillmightbeunderusedinbothcountries.

D. Thissuggeststhatantibiotic-resistantsalmonellaarisesonlyincountrieswhereantibioticsareused;evenifthisweretrueitwouldbequitecompatiblewiththemicrobiologist’sargumentanddoesnotweakenthatargument.

E. Thisdescribesonemechanismbywhichsalmonellacanspreadinapopulation;itsaysnothingaboutwhetheranoutbreakofantibiotic-resistantstrainsofsalmonellamighthavebeencausedbyantibioticoveruse.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

169. Historian:Newtondevelopedmathematicalconceptsandtechniquesthatarefundamentaltomoderncalculus.Leibnizdevelopedcloselyanalogousconceptsandtechniques.Ithastraditionallybeenthoughtthatthesediscoverieswereindependent.Researchershave,however,recently

discoverednotesofLeibniz’sthatdiscussoneofNewton’sbooksonmathematics.SeveralscholarshavearguedthatsincethebookincludesapresentationofNewton’scalculusconceptsandtechniques,andsincethenoteswerewrittenbeforeLeibniz’sowndevelopmentofcalculusconceptsandtechniques,itisvirtuallycertainthatthetraditionalviewisfalse.Amorecautiousconclusionthanthisiscalledfor,however.Leibniz’snotesarelimitedtoearlysectionsofNewton’sbook,sectionsthatprecedetheonesinwhichNewton’scalculusconceptsandtechniquesarepresented.

Inthehistorian’sreasoning,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A. Thefirstisaclaimthatthehistorianrejects;thesecondisapositionthatthatclaimhasbeenusedtosupport.

B. Thefirstisevidencethathasbeenusedtosupportaconclusionaboutwhichthehistorianexpressesreservations;thesecondisthatconclusion.

C. Thefirstprovidesevidenceinsupportofapositionthatthehistoriandefends;thesecondisthatposition.

D. Thefirstandthesecondeachprovideevidenceinsupportofapositionthatthehistoriandefends.

E. Thefirsthasbeenusedinsupportofapositionthatthehistorianrejects;thesecondisaconclusionthatthehistoriandrawsfromthatposition.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation AhistoriandiscussesacontroversyaboutwhetherornotLeibnizdevelopedcalculusconceptsandtechniquesindependentlyofNewton.

Reasoning Whatargumentativerolesdothetwoportionsinboldfaceplayinthepassage?Thefirstfoursentencesofthepassagesimplyprovidebackgroundinformation.Bothboldfacesectionsarewithinthefifthsentence,whichreportsanargumentbyseveralscholars.Thekeywordsinceindicatesthatthefirstboldfacesectionisapremiseinthescholars’argument.A

secondpremiseprecededbyanothersincefollowsinthenextclause.Thefinalclauseofthefifthsentencerevealsthatthesecondboldfacesectionistheconclusionofthescholars’argument.Inthesixthsentence,thehistorianexpressesmisgivingsaboutthescholars’conclusion,forreasonspresentedintheseventhandfinalsentence.

A. ThehistoriandoesnotrejecttheclaimthatNewton’sbookincludesapresentationofNewton’scalculusconceptsandtechniques.Instead,thehistorianmerelypointsoutthatLeibniz’snotesdonotcoverthosesectionsofNewton’sbook.

B. Correct.Thefirstboldfacesectionisoneoftwopremisesinthescholars’argument,andthesecondboldfacesectionisthatargument’sconclusion.Inthefollowingsentencethehistorianexpressesreservationsaboutthatconclusion.

C. Thehistoriandoesnotdefendthescholars’conclusionbutratherexpressesmisgivingsaboutit.

D. Thesecondboldfacesectionisthescholars’conclusionanddoesnotpresentanyevidence.Nordoesitsupportthehistorian’spositionthatamorecautiousconclusioniscalledfor.

E. Thesecondboldfacesectionpresentsnotthehistorian’sconclusionbutratherthescholars’conclusion,aboutwhichthehistorianexpressesmisgivings.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

170. Forovertwocenturies,noonehadbeenabletomakeDamascusblades—bladeswithadistinctiveserpentinesurfacepattern—butacontemporaryswordmakermayjusthaverediscoveredhow.UsingironwithtraceimpuritiesthatpreciselymatchedthosepresentintheironusedinhistoricDamascusblades,thiscontemporaryswordmakerseemstohavefinallyhitonanintricateprocessbywhichhecanproduceabladeindistinguishablefromatrueDamascusblade.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportforthehypothesisthattraceimpuritiesintheironareessentialfortheproductionofDamascusblades?

A. TherearesurfacefeaturesofeveryDamascusblade—includingthe

bladesproducedbythecontemporaryswordmaker—thatareuniquetothatblade.

B. TheironwithwhichthecontemporaryswordmakermadeDamascusbladescamefromasourceofironthatwasunknowntwocenturiesago.

C. Almostallthetoolsusedbythecontemporaryswordmakerwereupdatedversionsoftoolsthatwereusedbyswordmakersovertwocenturiesago.

D. ProductionofDamascusbladesbyswordmakersofthepastceasedabruptlyafterthoseswordmakers’originalsourceofironbecameexhausted.

E. AlthoughDamascusbladeswererenownedformaintainingasharpedge,theblademadebythecontemporaryswordmakersuggeststhattheymayhavemaintainedtheiredgelesswellthanbladesmadeusingwhatisnowthestandardprocessformakingblades.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation AswordmakermayhaverecentlyrediscoveredhowtomakeDamascusbladesusingironwithtraceimpuritiesmatchingthoseintheironfromwhichhistoricDamascusbladeswerewrought.

Reasoning WhatevidencewouldsuggestthatthetraceimpuritiesareessentialforproducingDamascusblades?ThepassagesaystheswordmakerseemstohavecreatedbladesindistinguishablefromhistoricDamascusbladesbyusingironwiththesametraceimpuritiesfoundinthoseblades.Butthatdoesnotprovethetraceimpuritiesareessentialtotheprocess.EvidencesuggestingthatDamascusbladeshaveneverbeenmadefromironwithoutthetraceimpuritieswouldsupportthehypothesisthatthetraceimpuritiesareessentialtotheirmanufacture.

A. Damascusbladescouldvaryintheirsurfacefeatureswhetherornottraceimpuritiesareessentialfortheirmanufacture.

B. Whateverthesourceoftheironthecontemporaryswordmakerused,itcontainsthesametraceimpuritiesastheironhistoricallyusedtomakeDamascusblades,whichiswhatthehypothesisisabout.

C. Ifanything,thismightcastdoubtonthehypothesisbysuggestingthatthespecialtoolsratherthanthetraceimpuritiescouldaccountforthedistinctivefeaturesofDamascusblades.

D. Correct.Thissuggeststhatwhenthehistoricswordmakerslostaccesstothespecialironwithitstraceimpurities,theycouldnolongermakeDamascusblades.Thus,itsupportsthehypothesisthatthetraceimpuritiesarenecessaryformanufacturingDamascusblades.

E. EvenifDamascusbladesmaintainedtheiredgeslesswellthanmostcontemporarybladesdo,thetraceimpuritiesmaynothavebeenessentialformanufacturingthem.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

171. Imagesfromground-basedtelescopesareinvariablydistortedbytheEarth’satmosphere.Orbitingspacetelescopes,however,operatingaboveEarth’satmosphere,shouldprovidesuperblydetailedimages.Therefore,ground-basedtelescopeswillsoonbecomeobsoleteforadvancedastronomicalresearchpurposes.

Whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,wouldcastthemostdoubtontheconclusiondrawnabove?

A. Anorbitingspacetelescopeduetobelaunchedthisyearisfarbehindscheduleandoverbudget,whereasthelargestground-basedtelescopewasbothwithinbudgetandonschedule.

B. Ground-basedtelescopeslocatedonmountainsummitsarenotsubjecttothekindsofatmosphericdistortionwhich,atlowaltitudes,makestarsappeartotwinkle.

C. Bycarefulchoiceofobservatorylocation,itispossibleforlarge-aperturetelescopestoavoidmostofthekindofwindturbulencethatcandistortimagequality.

D. Whenlarge-aperturetelescopesarelocatedathighaltitudesneartheequator,theypermitthebestEarth-basedobservationsofthecenteroftheMilkyWayGalaxy,aprimetargetofastronomicalresearch.

E. Detailedspectralanalyses,uponwhichastronomersrelyfordeterminingthechemicalcompositionandevolutionaryhistoryofstars,requiretelescopeswithmorelight-gatheringcapacitythanspacetelescopescanprovide.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Earth’satmospheredistortsimagesfromground-basedtelescopes,whereasspacetelescopesorbitingabovetheatmosphereshouldprovidesuperblydetailedimages.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldunderminetheclaimthatground-basedtelescopeswillsoonbecomeobsoleteforadvancedastronomicalresearch?Theargumentimplicitlyassumesthatadvancedastronomicalresearchcanbeaccomplishedmoreeffectivelywiththemoredetailed,lessdistortedimagesproducedbyspacetelescopesandthatthereforealmostalladvancedastronomicalresearchwillsoonbeconductedwithspacetelescopes.Thisreasoningwouldbeunderminedbyevidencethatground-basedtelescopeshavesubstantialadvantagesforadvancedastronomicalresearchdespitetheirdistortedimagesorbyevidencethatspacetelescopeswillnotsoonbecomecommonoraffordableenoughtosupportmostadvancedastronomicalresearch.

A. Evenifthisistrue,theremaybeseveralorbitingspacetelescopesthatwillbe,orhavebeen,launchedonscheduleandwithinbudget,sothisoptiondoesnotcastdoubtontheconclusionoftheargument.

B. Ground-basedtelescopesonmountainsummitsarestillsubjecttomoreatmosphericdistortionthanarespacetelescopesorbitingabovetheatmosphere.

C. Atmosphericdistortionoftelescopicimagesmayresultmainlyfromfactorsotherthanwindturbulence.

D. EventhebestEarth-basedobservationsofthecenteroftheMilkyWayGalaxymaybevastlyinferiortospace-basedobservations.

E. Correct.Thisindicatesaninherentlimitationofspace-basedtelescopes:unlikeEarth-basedtelescopes,theylackthelight-gatheringcapacitythat

astronomersneedtoperformoneoftheirprimarytasks,i.e.,detailedspectralanalyses.SoEarth-basedtelescopesareunlikelytosoonbecomeobsolete.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

172. Generallyscientistsentertheirfieldwiththegoalofdoingimportantnewresearchandacceptastheircolleaguesthosewithsimilarmotivation.Therefore,whenanyscientistwinsrenownasanexpounderofsciencetogeneralaudiences,mostotherscientistsconcludethatthispopularizershouldnolongerberegardedasatruecolleague.

Theexplanationofferedaboveforthelowesteeminwhichscientificpopularizersareheldbyresearchscientistsassumesthat

A. seriousscientificresearchisnotasolitaryactivity,butreliesonactivecooperationamongagroupofcolleagues

B. researchscientiststendnottoregardascolleaguesthosescientistswhoserenowntheyenvy

C. ascientistcanbecomeafamouspopularizerwithouthavingcompletedanyimportantresearch

D. researchscientistsbelievethatthosewhoarewellknownaspopularizersofsciencearenotmotivatedtodoimportantnewresearch

E. noimportantnewresearchcanbeaccessibletooraccuratelyassessedbythosewhoarenotthemselvesscientists

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Researchscientistsdesiretodoimportantnewresearchandtreatascolleaguesjustthosewhohaveasimilardesire.Whenascientistbecomespopularamongageneralaudienceforexplainingprinciplesofscience,otherscientistshavelessesteemforthispopularizer,nolongerregardingsuchascientistasaseriouscolleague.

Reasoning Whatassumptiondoresearchscientistsmakeaboutscientistswhobecomepopularizers?Thecommunityofscientistssharesacommongoal:todoimportantnewresearch.Whatwouldcausethiscommunitytodisapproveofapopularizerandtoceasetoregardthepopularizerasacolleague?Itmustbe

becausemanyscientistsbelievethatbecomingapopularizerisincompatiblewithdesiringtodoimportantnewresearch.

A. Manyscientistsmakethisassumption,ofcourse—butitisnotanassumptiononwhichtheexplanationspecificallydepends.Theexplanationconcernsthescientists’motivation,nottheirstyleofdoingresearch.

B. Thisstatementgivesanotherreasonthatscientistsmayrejectapopularizer,butbecauseitisnotthereasonimpliedinthepassage,itisnotassumed.

C. Evenifthisistrue,itdoesnotaddressthecoreissueoftheargument:whatscientistsbelieveaboutthemotivationofpopularizers.

D. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiesanassumptiononwhichtheexplanationforscientists’rejectionofpopularizersdepends.

E. Thepassageisnotconcernedwithwhethernonscientistscanunderstandnewresearch,butratherwiththebeliefsandmotivationsofscientistswhorejectpopularizersascolleagues.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

173. Urbanplanner:Whenacitylosespopulationduetomigration,propertytaxesinthatcitytendtorise.Thisisbecausetherearethenfewerresidentspayingtomaintainaninfrastructurethatwasdesignedtosupportmorepeople.Risingpropertytaxes,inturn,drivemoreresidentsaway,compoundingtheproblem.SincethecityofStonebridgeisstartingtolosepopulation,thecitygovernmentshouldthereforerefrainfromraisingpropertytaxes.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheurbanplanner’sargument?

A. IfStonebridgedoesnotraisetaxesonitsresidentstomaintainitsinfrastructure,thecitywillbecomemuchlessattractivetoliveinasthatinfrastructuredecays.

B. Stonebridgeatpresentbenefitsfromgrantsprovidedbythenationalgovernmenttohelpmaintaincertainpartsofitsinfrastructure.

C. IfthereisasmallincreaseinpropertytaxesinStonebridgeandaslightlylargerproportionoftotalrevenuethanatpresentisallocatedtoinfrastructuremaintenance,thefundingwillbeadequateforthatpurpose.

D. DemographersprojectthatthepopulationofaregionthatincludesStonebridgewillstarttoincreasesubstantiallywithinthenextseveralyears.

E. ThepropertytaxesinStonebridgearesignificantlylowerthanthoseinmanylargercities.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Whenacitylosespopulationduetomigration,fewerresidentsremaintopaytomaintainthecity’sinfrastructure,sopropertytaxestendtorise.Theserisingpropertytaxesthendriveevenmoreresidentsaway.ThecityofStonebridgeisstartingtolosepopulation,soStonebridge’sgovernmentshouldnotraisepropertytaxes.

Reasoning Whatwouldweakentheurbanplanner’sjustificationforconcludingthatStonebridge’sgovernmentshouldrefrainfromraisingpropertytaxes?TheurbanplannerimplicitlyreasonsthatraisingpropertytaxesinStonebridgeinordertomaintainthecity’sinfrastructurewouldmakethecityloseevenmoreresidents,leavingevenfewerpayingtomaintaintheinfrastructure,andthatthiswouldworsenthefundingproblemthetaxincreasewouldhavebeenintendedtosolve.Theurbanplanner’sargumentwouldbeweakenedbyanyevidencethatraisingpropertytaxesinStonebridgewouldnotdriveresidentsawayorthatrefrainingfromraisingpropertytaxeswouldcausethesameproblemsasraisingthemwouldcause,orworse.

A. Correct.ThissuggeststhatrefrainingfromraisingpropertytaxescoulddrivemoreresidentsoutofStonebridgethanraisingthemwould,andthuswouldnothelpthecityavoidtheproblemtheurbanplannerdescribes.

B. Thisdoesslightlyweakentheargumentbecausethegrantsmaystillbeprovidedtomaintaincertainpartsoftheinfrastructure,evenifincreasedpropertytaxesdrivemoreresidentsaway.Butlosingmoreresidentscouldstillmakeithardertoraiseenoughfundstomaintaintherestofthecity’sinfrastructure,astheurbanplannerargues.

C. Evenifthisapproachwouldaddresstheimmediatemaintenancefundingproblem,thesmallincreaseinpropertytaxescouldstilldrivemoreresidentsaway,forcingadditionalfuturetaxincreasesonthosewhoremain,justastheurbanplannersuggests.

D. Thisdoesslightlyweakentheargument,buttheresidentswhowillmovetotheregionmightstillavoidmovingtoStonebridgeifthepropertytaxestherearetoohigh,andthosewholiveinStonebridgemightstillmovetoothercitiesintheregion.

E. ResidentsfleeingStonebridgebecauseofhighpropertytaxeswouldlikelyavoidmovingtothemanylargercitieswithevenhigherpropertytaxes,buttheymightbehappytomovetomanyotherplaceswithlowpropertytaxes.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

174. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

Utraniawasformerlyamajorpetroleumexporter,butinrecentdecadeseconomicstagnationandrestrictiveregulationsinhibitedinvestmentinnewoilfields.Inconsequence,Utranianoilexportsdroppedsteadilyasoldfieldsbecamedepleted.Utrania’scurrentlyimprovingeconomicsituation,togetherwithless-restrictiveregulations,willundoubtedlyresultintherapiddevelopmentofnewfields.However,itwouldbeprematuretoconcludethattherapiddevelopmentofnewfieldswillresultinhigheroilexports,because__________.

A. thepriceofoilisexpectedtoremainrelativelystableoverthenextseveralyears

B. theimprovementintheeconomicsituationinUtraniaisexpectedtoresultinadramaticincreaseintheproportionofUtranianswhoownautomobiles

C. mostoftheinvestmentinnewoilfieldsinUtraniaisexpectedtocomefromforeignsources

D. newtechnologyisavailabletorecoveroilfromoldoilfieldsformerlyregardedasdepleted

E. manyofthenewoilfieldsinUtraniaarelikelytobeasproductiveasthosethatweredevelopedduringtheperiodwhenUtraniawasamajoroilexporter

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Acountrythathadbeenamajoroilexporterhasseenitsexportsdeclineinrecentdecadesduetoeconomicstagnation,afailuretoinvestinnewfields,andthesteadydepletionofitsoldfields.Butlooserregulationsandanimprovingeconomywillbringrapiddevelopmentofnewoilfieldsinthecountry.

Reasoning Whichoftheoptionswouldmostlogicallycompletetheargument?ThepassagedescribestheconditionsthatledtoUtrania’snolongerbeingamajoroilexporter:alackofinvestmentinnewoilfieldsduetoastagnanteconomyandrestrictiveregulations.Thepassagethensaysthatduetochangedregulatoryandeconomicconditions,therewillnowberapiddevelopmentofnewoilfields.Nonetheless,thismightnotbringaboutanincreaseinUtrania’soilexports.Tologicallycompletetheargument,onemustexplainhowoilexportsmightnotincreaseevenwhentheconditionthatledtodecreasedoilexportshasbeenremoved.Supposetherewereanincreaseindomesticoilconsumption.AdramaticincreaseintherateofcarownershipinUtraniacouldreasonablybeexpectedtosignificantlyincreasedomesticoilconsumption,whichcouldeatuptheaddedoilproductionfromthenewfields.

A. Thischoiceisincorrect.ThereisnoreasonwhystableoilpricesshouldpreventUtrania’soilexportsfromincreasing.

B. Correct.AnincreaseincarownershipwouldincreaseUtrania’soilconsumption—andthissupportstheclaimthatoilexportsmightnotincrease.

C. Ifanything,thissuggeststhatoilexportsshouldincrease.Soitwouldnotbeagoodchoiceforcompletionoftheargument.

D. TheadventofnewtechnologyallowingoiltobeextractedfromfieldspreviouslythoughttobedepletedwouldmeanthatthereisevenmorereasontothinkthatUtrania’soilexportswillincrease.

E. Thisdoesnothelptoexplainwhyexportswouldnotincrease.Onthecontrary,itsuggeststhatthenewfieldswillleadtoincreasedexports.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

175. Theuseofgrowth-promotingantibioticsinhogfarmingcanweakentheireffectivenessintreatinghumansbecausesuchusecanspreadresistancetothoseantibioticsamongmicroorganisms.ButnowtheSmeeCompany,oneofthelargestporkmarketers,maystopbuyingporkraisedonfeedcontainingtheseantibiotics.Smeehas60percentoftheporkmarket,andfarmerswhoselltoSmeewouldcertainlystopusingantibioticsinordertoavoidjeopardizingtheirsales.SoifSmeemakesthischange,itwillprobablysignificantlyslowthedeclineinantibiotics’effectivenessforhumans.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheargumentabove?

A. Othermajorporkmarketerswillprobablystopbuyingporkraisedonfeedcontaininggrowth-promotingantibioticsifSmeenolongerbuyssuchpork.

B. Thedeclineinhoggrowthduetodiscontinuationofantibioticscanbeoffsetbyimprovedhygiene.

C. Authoritiesarepromotingtheuseofantibioticstowhichmicroorganismshavenotyetdevelopedresistance.

D. Aphaseoutofuseofantibioticsforhogsinonecountryreducedusagebyover50percentoverfiveyears.

E. IfSmeestopsbuyingporkraisedwithantibiotics,thefirm’scostswillprobablyincrease.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Usinggrowth-promotingantibioticsinhogfarmingcanproducewidespreadresistancetoantibioticsamongmicroorganisms,therebymakingtheantibioticslesseffectiveintreatinghumans.TheSmeeCompany,aporkmarketerwith60percentoftheporkmarket,maystopbuyingporkraisedonfeedcontainingtheseantibiotics.

Reasoning WhatadditionalevidencewouldmosthelptosupporttheconclusionthatifSmeemakesthechange,itwillsignificantlyslowthedeclineinantibiotics’effectivenessforhumans?We

arealreadyinformedthatifSmeemakesthechange,itwilleliminatetheuseofantibioticsinhogfeedbyfarmerssupplyingatleast60percentoftheporkmarket.TheargumentwouldbestrengthenedbyevidencethatSmee’sdecisionwouldindirectlycauseuseoftheantibioticstostopmorebroadly,forexampleinhogfarmssupplyingsignificantlymorethan60percentofthetotalamountofporkmarketed.

A. Correct.ThissuggeststhatifSmeemakesthechange,hogfarmerssupplyingothermajorporkmarketerswillalsohavetostopusingantibioticsinhogfeed,makingthechangemorewidespreadandthusprobablymoreeffective.

B. Evenifthedeclineinhoggrowthfromdiscontinuingtheantibioticscannotbeoffset,manyhogfarmerswillstillhavetostopusingtheantibioticsasaresultofSmee’sdecision.Ontheotherhand,evenifthedeclinecanbeoffsetwithimprovedhygiene,thatchangemightbetooexpensiveordifficulttobeworthitsbenefitsformosthogfarmers.

C. Whatevernewantibioticsauthoritiesarepromoting,microorganismsmaysoondevelopresistancetothemaswell.Smeemayormaynotrefusetobuyporkraisedonfeedcontainingthesenewantibiotics.

D. ThisisevidencethatSmee’sdecisionmaysignificantlyreduceantibioticuseinhogs,butitprovidesnoevidenceofhowthisreductionmayaffectantibiotics’effectivenessforhumans.

E. Ifanything,thisprovidesreasontosuspectthatSmeewillnotstickwiththechangeforlongafterthecostsincrease,soitweakensratherthanstrengthenstheargumentthatthechangewillsignificantlyslowthedeclineinantibiotics’effectiveness.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

176. Inanexperiment,volunteerswalkedindividuallythroughadark,abandonedtheater.Halfofthevolunteershadbeentoldthatthetheaterwashauntedandtheotherhalfthatitwasunderrenovation.Thefirsthalfreportedsignificantlymoreunusualexperiencesthantheseconddid.Theresearchersconcludedthatreportsofencounterswithghostsandothersupernaturalentitiesgenerallyresultfrompriorexpectationsofsuchexperiences.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyweakenthe

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyweakentheresearchers’reasoning?

A. Noneofthevolunteersinthesecondhalfbelievedthattheunusualexperiencestheyreportedweresupernatural.

B. Allofthevolunteersinthefirsthalfbelievedthattheresearchers’statementthatthetheaterwashauntedwasalie.

C. Beforebeingtoldaboutthetheater,thevolunteerswithineachgroupvariedconsiderablyintheirpriorbeliefsaboutsupernaturalexperiences.

D. Eachunusualexperiencereportedbythevolunteershadacausethatdidnotinvolvethesupernatural.

E. Theresearchersdidnotbelievethatthetheaterwashaunted.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Volunteersinanexperimentwalkedthroughadark,abandonedtheater.Thosewhohadbeentoldthetheaterwashauntedreportedmoreunusualexperiencesthanthosewhohadbeentolditwasunderrenovation.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldmoststronglysuggestthattheexperimentalresultsdonotindicatethatreportsofsupernaturalencountersresultfrompriorexpectationsofsuchexperiences?Theresearcherassumesthatthehalfofthevolunteerswhohadbeentoldthetheaterwashauntedweremoreinclinedtoexpectsupernaturalexperiencesinthetheaterthanweretheotherhalfofthevolunteers.Basedonthisassumptionandthegreaterincidenceofreportsofunusualexperiencesamongthefirsthalfofthevolunteers,theresearcherconcludesthatpriorexpectationofsupernaturalexperiencesmakespeoplemorelikelytoreportsuchexperiences.Theresearchers’reasoningwouldbeweakenedbyevidencethatthevolunteersdidnotactuallyhavetheexpectationstheresearchersassumedthemtohave,orbyevidencethatanysuchexpectationsdidnotinfluencetheirreports.

A. Thisstrengthenstheargumentbyindicatingthatthevolunteerswhomtheresearchersdidnotleadtoexpectsupernaturalexperiencesreportednosuchexperiences.

B. Correct.Ifnoneofthevolunteersbelievedtheresearchers’claimthatthetheaterwashaunted,thentheimplicitassumptionthatseveralofthosevolunteersexpectedsupernaturalexperiencesinthetheaterisflawed,andsotheinferencethattheirpriorexpectationsprobablyaccountfortheirreportsofsupernaturalexperiencesisflawed.

C. Thisiscompatiblewiththeresearchers’inferenceanddoesnotundermineit.Evenifthevolunteers’initialbeliefsaboutsupernaturalexperiencesvaried,theresearchers’claimsaboutthetheatermighthavestronglyinfluencedhowmanyvolunteersineachgroupexpectedtohavesuchexperiencesinthetheaterspecifically.

D. Theresearchersarguethatthevolunteers’priorexpectationsaccountforallthereportsofunusualexperiences,andthisiscompatiblewiththerebeingnogenuinesupernaturaloccurrencesinthetheater.

E. Whatevertheresearcherspersonallybelievedaboutthetheater,theymightstillhavesuccessfullyinfluencedthevolunteers’beliefsaboutit.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

177. Inordertoreducedependenceonimportedoil,thegovernmentofJalicahasimposedminimumfuel-efficiencyrequirementsonallnewcars,beginningthisyear.Themorefuel-efficientacar,thelesspollutionitproducespermiledriven.AsJalicansreplacetheiroldcarswithcarsthatmeetthenewrequirements,annualpollutionfromcartrafficislikelytodecreaseinJalica.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument?

A. InJalica,domesticallyproducedoilismoreexpensivethanimportedoil.

B. TheJalicangovernmentdidnotintendthenewfuel-efficiencyrequirementtobeapollution-reductionmeasure.

C. Somepollution-controldevicesmandatedinJalicamakecarslessfuel-efficientthantheywouldbewithoutthosedevices.

D. Thenewregulationrequiresnochangeinthechemicalformulationof

fuelforcarsinJalica.

E. Jalicanswhogetcarsthataremorefuel-efficienttendtodomoredrivingthanbefore.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation TheJalicangovernmentisrequiringallnewcarstomeetminimumfuel-efficiencyrequirementsstartingthisyear.Carsthataremorefuelefficientproducelesspollutionpermiledriven.

Reasoning WhatevidencewouldsuggestthatannualpollutionfromcartrafficwillnotdecreaseinJalica,despitethenewpolicy?Airpollutionfromcartrafficisunlikelytodecreaseifthenewstandardswillresultinmorecarsontheroadormoremilesdrivenpercar;orifairpollutionfromcartrafficinJalicaisincreasingbecauseofunrelatedfactorssuchasgrowingnumbersofJalicanswhocanaffordcars,constructionofmoreroads,etc.Evidencethatanyofthesefactorsispresentwouldcastdoubtontheargument’sconclusionandthusweakentheargument.

A. Thequestionatissueisnotwhetherthenewpolicywillreducedependenceonimportedoilasthegovernmentintends,butratherwhetheritwillreduceairpollutionfromcartraffic.

B. Agovernmentpolicymayhaveconsequencesthatthegovernmentdidnotintendittohave.

C. Evenifthesepollution-controldevicesmakecarslessfuelefficient,thenewfuel-efficiencystandardsmaystillimprovecars’averagefuelefficiencyandtherebyreduceairpollution.

D. Evenifthefuelisunchanged,thenewfuel-efficiencystandardsmaystillresultincarsusinglessfuelandmaytherebyreduceairpollution.

E. Correct.Ifthenewfuel-efficientcarsaredrivenmoremilesperyearthanoldercarsare,theymayproduceasmuchormorepollutionperyearthanoldercarsdoeventhoughtheyproducelesspollutionpermiledriven.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

178. Plantingsofcottonbioengineeredtoproduceitsowninsecticideagainstbollworms,amajorcauseofcropfailure,sustainedlittlebollwormdamageuntilthisyear.Thisyeartheplantingsarebeingseriouslydamagedbybollworms.Bollworms,however,arenotnecessarilydevelopingresistancetothecotton’sinsecticide.Bollwormsbreedoncorn,andlastyearmorecornthanusualwasplantedthroughoutcotton-growingregions.Soitislikelythatthecottonissimplybeingoverwhelmedbycorn-bredbollworms.

Inevaluatingtheargument,whichofthefollowingwoulditbemostusefultoestablish?

A. Whethercorncouldbebioengineeredtoproducetheinsecticide

B. Whetherplantingsofcottonthatdoesnotproducetheinsecticidearesufferingunusuallyextensivedamagefrombollwormsthisyear

C. Whetherothercropsthathavebeenbioengineeredtoproducetheirowninsecticidesuccessfullyresistthepestsagainstwhichtheinsecticidewastoprotectthem

D. Whetherplantingsofbioengineeredcottonarefrequentlydamagedbyinsectpestsotherthanbollworms

E. Whetherthereareinsecticidesthatcanbeusedagainstbollwormsthathavedevelopedresistancetotheinsecticideproducedbythebioengineeredcotton

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Althoughplantingsofcottonbioengineeredtoproduceaninsecticidetocombatbollwormswerelittledamagedbythepestsinpreviousyears,theyarebeingseverelydamagedthisyear.Sincethebollwormsbreedoncorn,andtherehasbeenmorecornplantedthisyearincotton-growingareas,thecottonisprobablybeingoverwhelmedbythecorn-bredbollworms.

Reasoning Inevaluatingtheargument,whichquestionwoulditbemostusefultohaveanswered?Theargumentstatesthatthebioengineeredcottoncropfailuresthisyear(1)havelikelybeenduetotheincreasedcornplantingsand(2)notduetothepestshavingdevelopedaresistancetotheinsecticide.This

alsoimplies(3)thatthefailuresarenotduetosomethirdfactor.

Itwouldbeusefultoknowhowthebioengineeredcottonisfaringincomparisontotherestofthisyear’scottoncrop.Ifthebioengineeredcottonisfaringbetteragainstthebollworms,thatfactwouldsupporttheargumentbecauseitwouldsuggestthattheinsecticideisstillcombatingbollworms.If,ontheotherhand,thebioengineeredcottonisbeingmoreseverelyravagedbybollwormsthanisothercotton,thatsuggeststhatthereissomethirdcausethatisprimarilyatfault.

A. Thiswouldprobablybeusefulinformationtothosetryingtoalleviatethebollwormprobleminbioengineeredcotton.Butwhethersuchcorncouldbedevelopedhasnobearingonwhatiscausingthebioengineeredcottontobedamagedbybollwormsthisyear.

B. Correct.Ifbollwormdamageonnon-bioengineeredcottonisworsethanusualthisyear,thenbollworminfestationingeneralissimplyworsethanusual,sopesticideresistancedoesnotneedtobeinvokedtoexplainthebollwormattacksonthebioengineeredcotton.

C. Evenifothercropsthathavebeenbioengineeredtoresistpestshavenotsuccessfullyresistedthem,thatfactwouldnotmeanthatthesameistrueofthiscotton.Furthermore,thefactsalreadysuggestthatthebioengineeredcottonhasresistedbollworms.

D. Whetherothertypesofpestsoftendamagebioengineeredcottonhasnobearingonwhybollwormsaredamagingthistypeofcottonmorethisyearthaninthepast.

E. This,too,mightbeusefulinformationtothosetryingtoalleviatethebollwormprobleminbioengineeredcotton,butitisnotparticularlyusefulinevaluatingtheargument.Eveniftherearepesticidesthatcouldbeusedagainstbollwormsthathavedevelopedresistancetotheinsecticideofthebioengineeredcotton,thatdoesnotmeanthatsuchpesticidesarebeingusedthisyear.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

179. Typicallyduringthunderstormsmostlightningstrikescarryanegative

electriccharge;onlyafewcarryapositivecharge.Thunderstormswithunusuallyhighproportionsofpositive-chargestrikestendtooccurinsmokyareasnearforestfires.Thefactthatsmokecarriespositivelychargedsmokeparticlesintotheairaboveafiresuggeststhehypothesisthattheextrapositivestrikesoccurbecauseofthepresenceofsuchparticlesinthestormclouds.

Whichofthefollowing,ifdiscoveredtobetrue,mostseriouslyunderminesthehypothesis?

A. Otherkindsofrarelightningalsooccurwithunusuallyhighfrequencyinthevicinityofforestfires.

B. Thepositive-chargestrikesthatoccurnearforestfirestendtobenomorepowerfulthanpositivestrikesnormallyare.

C. Apositive-chargestrikeisaslikelytostartaforestfireasanegative-chargestrikeis.

D. Thunderstormsthatoccurindriftingcloudsofsmokehaveextrapositive-chargestrikesweeksafterthechargeofthesmokeparticleshasdissipated.

E. Thetotalnumberoflightningstrikesduringathunderstormisusuallywithinthenormalrangeinthevicinityofaforestfire.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Thunderstormswithunusuallyhighproportionsofpositive-chargelightningstrikestendtooccurinsmokyareasnearforestfires.Smokecarriespositivelychargedparticlesintotheairabovefires,suggestingthatsmokeparticlesinstormcloudsareresponsibleforthehigherproportionofpositivestrikes.

Reasoning Whatwouldcastdoubtonthehypothesisthattheextrapositive-chargelightningstrikesinthunderstormsnearforestfiresresultfrompositivelychargedsmokeparticlescarriedintothestormclouds?Thehypothesiswouldbeweakenedbyevidencethatthepositivelychargedsmokeparticlesdonotenterthestormcloudsinthefirstplace,orthattheydonotretaintheirchargeinthecloudslongenoughtoproduceaneffect,orthattheirpositivechargecannotaffectthechargesof

thestorm’slightningstrikesinanycase,orthatsomeotherfactortendstomakethelightningstrikesabovethesestormspositivelycharged.

A. Itcouldbethatpositivelychargedsmokeparticlescausetheseotherkindsofrarelightning,too,sothisdoesnotseriouslyunderminethehypothesis.

B. Thehypothesisisnotaboutthepowerofthepositive-chargelightningstrikes,onlyaboutwhyahighproportionofthemoccurinthunderstormsnearforestfires.

C. Thehypothesisisaboutwhypositive-chargestrikestendtooccurinsmokyareasnearforestfiresthathavealreadystartedbeforethestrikesoccur.Furthermore,anequallikelihoodofpositive-chargeandnegative-chargestrikesstartingfirescannotexplainacorrelationbetweenfiresandpositive-chargestrikesspecifically.

D. Correct.Thismeansthatevenwhendriftingcloudsofsmokepersistforweeksafterafire,whenthechargeoftheirparticleshasalreadydissipated,thesmokesomehowstillmakesthestrikespositivelychargedinanythunderstormsarisingwithinit.Ifso,somefactorotherthanpositivelychargedsmokeparticlesmustaffectthestrikes’charge.

E. Thisinformationdoesnotunderminethehypothesis.Thehypothesisdoesnotconcernthepossibilitythattheremightbemorelightningstrikesinthevicinityofforestfires;ratheritconcernstheproportionofallsuchlightningstrikesthatarepositivelycharged.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

180. ManygardenersbelievethatthevarietyofclematisvinethatismostpopularamonggardenersinNorthAmericaisjackmanii.Thisbeliefisapparentlycorrectsince,oftheonemillionclematisplantssoldperyearbythelargestclematisnurseryinNorthAmerica,tenpercentarejackmanii.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A. Thenurserysellsmorethantendifferentvarietiesofclematis.

B. ThelargestclematisnurseryinNorthAmericasellsnothingbutclematisplants.

C. Someofthejackmaniisoldbythenurseryaresoldtogardeners

outsideNorthAmerica.

D. MostNorthAmericangardenersgrowclematisintheirgardens.

E. ForallnurseriesinNorthAmericathatspecializeinclematis,atleasttenpercentoftheclematisplantstheysellarejackmanii.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation OftheclematisplantssoldbythelargestclematisnurseryinNorthAmerica,10percentarejackmanii,whichmanygardenersbelievetobethemostpopularvarietyofclematisinNorthAmerica.

Reasoning Whatmustbetrueinorderforthefactthat10percentoftheclematissoldatthenurseryarejackmaniitoprovideevidencethatjackmaniiisthemostpopularvarietyofclematisinNorthAmerica?TheargumentassumesthatsalesofdifferentvarietiesofclematisatthenurseryreflecttherelativelevelsofpopularityofthosevarietiesamongNorthAmericangardeners.Italsoassumesthatjackmaniiisthebest-sellingclematisvarietyatthenursery,anassumptionwhichrequiresthatlessthan10percentofthenursery’sclematissalesareofanyonevarietyotherthanjackmanii.

A. Correct.Supposethenurserysoldtenorfewervarietiesofclematis.Thenatleastonevarietyotherthanjackmaniiwouldhavetoaccountforatleast10percentofthenursery’sclematissales,sojackmaniiwouldnotbethebest-sellingclematisvarietyatthenurseryastheargumentassumes.

B. Theargumentonlyconcernshowpopularjackmaniiisrelativetoothervarietiesofclematis,notrelativetoanyplantsotherthanclematisthatthenurserymaysell.

C. Ifanything,thiswouldweakentheargumentbysuggestingthatthenursery’sjackmaniisalesmightreflectjackmanii’spopularityoutsideNorthAmericamorethanitspopularitywithinNorthAmerica.

D. ThiswouldindicatethatclematisisapopularplantamongNorthAmericangardeners,notthatjackmaniiisthemostpopularvarietyofclematis.

E. Evenifjackmaniiaccountsforlessthan10percentofclematissalesatafew

individualnurseries,itmaystillaccountfor10percentormoreofNorthAmericanclematissalesoverall.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

181. Since1990thepercentageofbacterialsinusinfectionsinAqadestanthatareresistanttotheantibioticperxicillinhasincreasedsubstantially.Bacteriacanquicklydevelopresistancetoanantibioticwhenitisprescribedindiscriminatelyorwhenpatientsfailtotakeitasprescribed.Sinceperxicillinhasnotbeenindiscriminatelyprescribed,healthofficialshypothesizethattheincreaseinperxicillin-resistantsinusinfectionsislargelyduetopatients’failuretotakethismedicationasprescribed.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrueofAqadestan,providesmostsupportforthehealthofficials’hypothesis?

A. Resistancetoseveralothercommonlyprescribedantibioticshasnotincreasedsince1990inAqadestan.

B. AlargenumberofAqadestanisneverseekmedicalhelpwhentheyhaveasinusinfection.

C. Whenitfirstbecameavailable,perxicillinwasmuchmoreeffectiveintreatingbacterialsinusinfectionsthananyotherantibioticusedforsuchinfectionsatthetime.

D. Manypatientswhotakeperxicillinexperienceseveresideeffectswithinthefirstfewdaysoftheirprescribedregimen.

E. Aqadestanihealthclinicsprovideantibioticstotheirpatientsatcost.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation InAqadestanthepercentageofbacterialsinusinfectionsresistanttotheantibioticperxicillinhasbeenincreasingeventhoughperxicillinhasnotbeenindiscriminatelyprescribed.

Reasoning Whatevidencemoststronglysuggeststhatthemainreasonperxicillin-resistantsinusinfectionsarebecomingmorecommonisthatpatientsarefailingtotakeperxicillinasprescribed?Anyevidencesuggestingthatpatientshaveinfactbeenfailingtotakeperxicillinasprescribedwouldsupportthehypothesis,aswouldanyevidencecastingdoubtonother

possibleexplanationsfortheincreasingproportionofperxicillin-resistantsinusinfections.

A. Thissuggeststhatsomefactorspecifictoperxicillinisincreasingbacterialresistancetoit,butthatcouldbetruewhetherornotthefactorispatients’failuretotakeperxicillinasprescribed.

B. Ifanything,thisweakenstheargumentbysuggestingthatmostpeoplewithsinusinfectionsareneverprescribedperxicillin,andthatthereforerelativelyfewpeoplearegettingprescriptionsandthenfailingtofollowthem.

C. Therelativeeffectivenessofperxicillinwhenitfirstbecameavailabledoesnotsuggestthatthereasonitisnowbecominglesseffectiveisthatmanypatientsarefailingtotakeitasprescribed.

D. Correct.Thesesideeffectswoulddiscouragepatientsfromtakingperxicillinasprescribed,sotheirexistenceprovidesevidencethatmanypatientsarenottakingitasprescribed.

E. Iftheclinicsdonotchargeextraforperxicillin,thatwouldmakeitmoreaffordableandhenceeasierformanypatientstotakeasprescribed.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

182. Psychologist:Inastudy,researchersgave100volunteersapsychologicalquestionnairedesignedtomeasuretheirself-esteem.Theresearchersthenaskedeachvolunteertoratethestrengthofhisorherownsocialskills.Thevolunteerswiththehighestlevelsofself-esteemconsistentlyratedthemselvesashavingmuchbettersocialskillsthandidthevolunteerswithmoderatelevels.Thissuggeststhatattaininganexceptionallyhighlevelofself-esteemgreatlyimprovesone’ssocialskills.

Thepsychologist’sargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonwhichofthefollowinggrounds?

A. Itfailstoadequatelyaddressthepossibilitythatmanyofthevolunteersmaynothaveunderstoodwhatthepsychologicalquestionnairewasdesignedtomeasure.

B. Ittakesforgrantedthatthevolunteerswiththehighestlevelsofself-esteemhadbettersocialskillsthandidtheothervolunteers,evenbeforetheformervolunteershadattainedtheirhighlevelsofself-esteem.

C. Itoverlooksthepossibilitythatpeoplewithveryhighlevelsofself-esteemmaytendtohavealessaccurateperceptionofthestrengthoftheirownsocialskillsthandopeoplewithmoderatelevelsofself-esteem.

D. Itreliesonevidencefromagroupofvolunteersthatistoosmalltoprovideanysupportforanyinferencesregardingpeopleingeneral.

E. Itoverlooksthepossibilitythatfactorsotherthanlevelofself-esteemmaybeofmuchgreaterimportanceindeterminingthestrengthofone’ssocialskills.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Inapsychologicalstudyof100volunteers,thosefoundtohavethehighestself-esteemconsistentlyratedthemselvesashavingmuchbettersocialskillsthandidthosefoundtohavemoderateself-esteem.

Reasoning Whatiswrongwiththepsychologistcitingthestudy’sresultstojustifytheconclusionthatexceptionallyhighself-esteemgreatlyimprovessocialskills?Thepsychologistreasonsthatthestudyshowsacorrelationbetweenveryhighself-esteemandhowhighlyoneratesone’ssocialskills,andthatthiscorrelationinturnsuggeststhatveryhighself-esteemimprovessocialskills.Thisargumentisvulnerabletoatleasttwocriticisms:First,theargumentassumesthatthevolunteers’ratingsoftheirownsocialskillsaregenerallyaccurate.Butveryhighself-esteemmightinmanycasesresultfromatendencytooverestimateoneselfandone’sskills,includingone’ssocialskills.Second,theargumentfailstoaddressthepossibilitythatgoodsocialskillspromotehighself-esteemratherthanviceversa,aswellasthepossibilitythatsomethirdfactor(suchasasunnydispositionorfortunatecircumstances)promotesbothhighself-esteemandgoodsocialskills.

A. Anexperiment’ssubjectsdonothavetounderstandtheexperiment’sdesigninorderfortheexperimentalresultstobeaccurate.

B. Tothecontrary,theargumentconcludesthatthevolunteerswiththehighestself-esteemattainedtheirenhancedsocialskillsasaresultofattainingsuchhighself-esteem.

C. Correct.Asexplainedabove,veryhighself-esteemmayoftenresultfromatendencytooverestimateoneselfingeneral,andthustooverestimateone’ssocialskills.

D. Agroupof100volunteersislargeenoughforanexperimenttoprovideatleastalittlesupportforatleastsomeinferencesregardingpeopleingeneral.

E. Asexplainedabove,theargumentoverlooksthepossibilitythatsomethirdfactormayplayasignificantroleindeterminingthestrengthofone’ssocialskills.Butevenifsomefactorotherthanself-esteemismoreimportantindeterminingthestrengthofsocialskills,thatwouldstillbecompatiblewithveryhighself-esteembeingofsomeimportanceinimprovingone’ssocialskills.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

183. Aproductthatrepresentsacleartechnologicaladvanceovercompetingproductscangenerallycommandahighprice.Becausetechnologicaladvancestendtobequicklysurpassedandcompanieswanttomakelargeprofitswhiletheystillcan,manycompanieschargethemaximumpossiblepriceforsuchaproduct.Butlargeprofitsonthenewproductwillgivecompetitorsastrongincentivetoquicklymatchthenewproduct’scapabilities.Consequently,thestrategytomaximizeoverallprofitfromanewproductistochargelessthanthegreatestpossibleprice.

Intheargumentabove,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?

A. Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoarguethatacertainstrategyiscounterproductive;thesecondpresentsthatstrategy.

B. Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtosupportthestrategythattheargumentrecommends;thesecondpresentsthatstrategy.

C. Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtohelpexplainthepopularityofacertainstrategy;thesecondpresentsthatstrategy.

D. Thefirstisanassumption,rejectedbytheargument,thathasbeenusedtojustifyacourseofaction;thesecondpresentsthatcourseofaction.

E. Thefirstisaconsiderationthathasbeenusedtojustifyadoptingacertainstrategy;thesecondpresentstheintendedoutcomeofthatstrategy.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Often,whenacompanycomesoutwithaninnovativeproduct,itwillpricetheproductashighasitcantomaximizeprofitsbeforethecompetitorsquicklycatchup.Butthisisnotagoodstrategybecausetheveryhighpriceofthenewproductonlyencouragescompetitorstomatchthetechnologicaladvancemorequickly.

Reasoning Whichoptionbestdescribestherolesthattheboldfaceportionsplayintheargument?Thistypeofitemconcernsonlytheargument’sstructure—thewayitisintendedtowork,notthequalityoftheargumentorwhatmightstrengthenorweakentheargument.Soevenifaboldfaceportioncouldbeusedbytheargumentinacertainway,allthatmattersisitsactualintendedrole.Thefactthattechnologicaladvancestendtobequicklysurpassedservestopartlyexplainwhymanycompanieschargethemaximumpossiblepriceforsuchaproduct.Inotherwords,thefirstboldfaceportionhelpsexplainthepopularityofthestrategypresentedinthesecondboldfaceportion.Theconclusionoftheargument,however,isthatthestrategyexemplifiedinthislatterboldfaceportionisunwise,sotheargumentasawholeopposesthatstrategy.

A. Althoughthefirstboldfaceportioncouldbeusedaspartofanargumentthatthestrategypresentedinthesecondboldfaceportioniscounterproductive,thatisnothowitisusedhere.Rather,itimmediatelyfollowsthewordbecauseandservestoexplaintheoccurrenceofwhatisdescribedinthesecondboldfaceportion.

B. Thisisclearlywrongbecausethesecondboldfaceportionpresentsthestrategythattheargumentopposes.

C. Correct.Itistheonlychoicethatisconsistentwiththeanalysisofthereasoningpresentedabove.

D. Thefirstboldfaceportionisnotanassumptionrejectedbytheargument;rather,itisaffirmedintheargument.

E. Theargumentdoesnotexpresslyclaimthatthefirstboldfaceportionhasbeenusedtojustifythestrategyofsettingthepriceashighaspossible,althoughitimpliesthatthisispartofthejustificationthatthoseadoptingthestrategywouldgive.Moreclearly,thesecondboldfaceportiondoesnotdescribetheintendedoutcomeofthestrategy,butratherthemeansofbringingaboutthatintendedoutcome(maximizingprofits,bymeansofhighprices).

ThecorrectanswerisC.

184. Gortlandhaslongbeennarrowlyself-sufficientinbothgrainandmeat.However,aspercapitaincomeinGortlandhasrisentowardtheworldaverage,percapitaconsumptionofmeathasalsorisentowardtheworldaverage,andittakesseveralpoundsofgraintoproduceonepoundofmeat.Therefore,sincepercapitaincomecontinuestorise,whereasdomesticgrainproductionwillnotincrease,Gortlandwillsoonhavetoimporteithergrainormeatorboth.

Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A. ThetotalacreagedevotedtograinproductioninGortlandwillnotdecreasesubstantially.

B. ThepopulationofGortlandhasremainedrelativelyconstantduringthecountry’syearsofgrowingprosperity.

C. ThepercapitaconsumptionofmeatinGortlandisroughlythesameacrossallincomelevels.

D. InGortland,neithermeatnorgrainissubjecttogovernmentpricecontrols.

E. PeopleinGortlandwhoincreasetheirconsumptionofmeatwillnotradicallydecreasetheirconsumptionofgrain.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Acountrypreviouslyself-sufficientingrainandmeatwillsoonhavetoimportoneortheotherorbothbecauseitsconsumptionofmeathasrisenaspercapitaincomehasrisen.Ittakesseveralpoundsofgraintoproduceonepoundofmeat.

Ittakesseveralpoundsofgraintoproduceonepoundofmeat.

Reasoning Whatconditionsmustbetruefortheconclusiontobetrue?Meatconsumptionisrising.Whataboutgrainconsumption?Asharpreductionintheamountofgraindirectlyconsumedbymeateaterscouldcompensateforincreasedmeatconsumption,makingtheconclusionfalse.Ifpeopledidradicallydecreasetheirgrainconsumption,itmightnotbenecessarytoimportgrainormeat.Sincetheargumentconcludesthattheimportsarenecessary,itassumesthatdirectconsumptionofgrainbythosewhobegintoeatmeatwillnotplunge.

A. Theargumentmakesnoassumptionsabouttheacreagedevotedtograin;itassumesonlythatthedemandforgrainwillrise.

B. Theargumentisbasedonrisingpercapitaincome,notpopulationlevels.

C. Theargumentinvolvesonlymeatconsumptioningeneral,notitsdistributionbyincomelevel.

D. Sincetheargumentdoesnotrefertopricecontrols,itcannotdependonanassumptionaboutthem.

E. Correct.Thisstatementproperlyidentifiestheassumptionthatthosewhobegintoeatmeatdonotthengreatlydecreasetheirdirectconsumptionofgrains.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

185. PoliticalAdvertisement:

MayorDelmont’scriticscomplainaboutthejobsthatwerelostinthecityunderDelmont’sleadership.Yetthefactisthatnotonlyweremorejobscreatedthanwereeliminated,buteachyearsinceDelmonttookofficetheaveragepayforthenewjobscreatedhasbeenhigherthanthatyear’saveragepayforjobscitywide.SoitstandstoreasonthatthroughoutDelmont’stenuretheaveragepaycheckinthiscityhasbeengettingsteadilybigger.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargumentintheadvertisement?

A. Theunemploymentrateinthecityishighertodaythanitwaswhen

MayorDelmonttookoffice.

B. Theaveragepayforjobsinthecitywasataten-yearlowwhenMayorDelmonttookoffice.

C. EachyearduringMayorDelmont’stenure,theaveragepayforjobsthatwereeliminatedhasbeenhigherthantheaveragepayforjobscitywide.

D. MostofthejobseliminatedduringMayorDelmont’stenurewereindecliningindustries.

E. Theaveragepayforjobsinthecityiscurrentlylowerthanitisforjobsinthesuburbssurroundingthecity.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation EveryyearsinceMayorDelmonttookoffice,averagepayfornewjobshasexceededaveragepayforjobscitywide.So,theaveragepaycheckinthecityhasbeenincreasingsinceDelmonttookoffice.

Reasoning Whichoption,iftrue,wouldmostseriouslyweakentheargument?Ifaveragepayfornewjobscontinuallyexceedsthatforjobsgenerally,newjobspaybetter(onaverage)thanoldjobsthatstillexist.Butsupposethefollowingoccurred.Everyyearallofthehighestpayingjobsareeliminatedandreplacedwithsomewhatlower-payingjobsthatstillpaymorethantheaveragejob.Theresultwouldbethateveryyeartheaveragepayforanewjobwouldbegreaterthanthatforexistingjobs,buttheaveragepayforalljobswouldnonethelessdecrease.Thus,ifeveryyearduringthemayor’stenurethejobsthatwereeliminatedpaidbetteronaveragethanjobscitywide,thatwouldseriouslyweakentheargument:theconclusioncouldbefalseeveniftheinformationonwhichitisbasedistrue.

A. Thepercentageofpeopleinthecitywhohaveajobhasnodirectbearingonwhethertheaveragepayforjobscitywideisincreasingordecreasing.

B. Whethertheaveragepaywaslowwhenthemayortookofficeincomparison

tothetenprecedingyearsisimmaterialtothecomparisonaddressedintheargument’sconclusion.

C. Correct.ThisinformationweakenstheargumentbecauseitopensupthepossibilitythatthejobseliminatedhadhigheraveragepaythanthejobscreatedduringMayorDelmont’stenure.ThisinturnwouldmeanthattheaveragepaywasnotincreasingduringMayorDelmont’stenure.

D. This,too,hasnobearingontheargument,becausewehavenoinformationabouttheaveragepayforjobsinthosedecliningindustries.

E. Thisisalsoirrelevant.Nocomparisonismade(orimplied)intheargumentbetweenjobsinthecityandjobsinthesuburbs.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

186. TopreventanewlybuiltdamontheChiffRiverfromblockingtherouteoffishmigratingtobreedinggroundsupstream,thedamincludesafishpass,amechanismdesignedtoallowfishthroughthedam.Beforetheconstructionofthedamandfishpass,severalthousandfishadayswamupriverduringspawningseason.Butinthefirstseasonaftertheproject’scompletion,only300perdaymadethejourney.Clearly,thefishpassisdefective.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument?

A. FishthathavemigratedtotheupstreambreedinggroundsdonotreturndowntheChiffRiveragain.

B. Onotherriversintheregion,theconstructionofdamswithfishpasseshasledtoonlysmalldecreasesinthenumberoffishmigratingupstream.

C. Theconstructionofthedamstirreduppotentiallytoxicriversedimentsthatwerecarrieddownstream.

D. PopulationsofmigratoryfishintheChiffRiverhavebeendecliningslightlyoverthelast20years.

E. Duringspawningseason,thedamreleasessufficientwaterformigratoryfishbelowthedamtoswimupstream.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Anewdamincludesamechanismcalledafishpassdesignedtoallowfishtomigrateupstreampastthedamtotheir

toallowfishtomigrateupstreampastthedamtotheirbreedinggrounds.Thenumberofmigratingfishfellfromseveralthousandperdaybeforethedamwasbuilttothreehundredperdayinthefirstseasonafteritwasbuilt,indicating—accordingtotheargument—thatthefishpassisdefective.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldsuggestthatthefishpassisnotdefective?Theargumentimplicitlyreasonsthatadefectivefishpasswouldmakeitdifficultforthefishtomigrate,whichwouldexplainwhythenumberofmigratingfishfellwhenthedamwascompleted.Anyevidencesuggestinganalternativeexplanationforthereducednumberofmigratingfish,suchasanenvironmentalchangethatoccurredwhenthedamwasbuilt,wouldcastdoubtontheargument’sreasoning.

A. Adefectivefishpasscouldpreventmostofthefishfrommigratingupstreamregardlessofwhetherthosethatsucceedeverreturndownstream.

B. Thiswouldsuggestthatdamswithproperlyfunctioningfishpassesdonotgreatlyreducethenumberofmigratingfish,soitwouldprovidefurtherevidencethatthefishpassinthisparticulardamisdefective.

C. Correct.Thissuggeststhatthetoxicsedimentsmayhavepoisonedthefishandreducedtheirpopulation.Asmallerfishpopulationcouldbesufficienttoexplainthereducednumberoffishmigrating,whichcastsdoubtontheargument’sassumptionthattheexplanationfortheirdecliningnumbersinvolvesthefishpass.

D. Aslightandgradualongoingdeclineinmigratoryfishpopulationswouldnotexplainanabruptandextremedeclinerightafterthedamwasbuilt.

E. Thissupportstheargument’sproposedexplanationforthedecliningfishpopulationbyrulingoutthealternativeexplanationthatthedamdoesnotreleaseenoughwaterforthefishtomigrate.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

187. Musiccritic:Fewerandfewermusiciansarestudyingclassicalmusic,decreasingthelikelihoodthatthosewithrealaptitudeforsuchmusicwillbeperformingit.Audienceswhoheartheseperformanceswillnotappreciateclassicalmusic’sgreatnessandwillthusdecamptoothergenres.Sotomaintainclassicalmusic’scurrentmeagerpopularity,we

mustencouragemoreyoungmusicianstoenterthefield.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakensthemusiccritic’sreasoning?

A. Musicianswhochoosetostudyclassicalmusicdosobecausetheybelievetheyhaveanaptitudeforthemusic.

B. Classicalmusic’scurrentmeagerpopularityisattributabletotheprofusionofothergenresofmusicavailabletolisteners.

C. Mostpeoplewhoappreciateclassicalmusiccometodosothrougholdrecordingsratherthanliveperformances.

D. Itispossibletoenjoythemusicinaparticulargenreevenwhenitisperformedbymusicianswhoarenotideallysuitedforthatgenre.

E. Thecontinuedpopularityofagivengenreofmusicdependsinpartontheaudience’sbeingabletounderstandwhythatgenreattaineditsoriginalpopularity.

ArgumentEvaluation

Situation Fewermusiciansarestudyingclassicalmusic.Thisreducesthelikelihoodthatthoseperformingthemusicwillhaverealaptitudeforit,whichinturnreducesaudience’sappreciationofclassicalmusicperformances.

Reasoning Whatevidencewouldcastthemostdoubtonthesupportprovidedfortheconclusionthatencouragingmoreyoungmusicianstostudyclassicalmusicisnecessaryinordertomaintainthegenre’smeagerpopularity?Themusiccritic’sargumentisthatbecausefewertalentedclassicalmusiciansareperforming,audienceshearingtheirperformanceswillfailtoappreciatethegenre,andthuswillabandonit.Thecriticreasonsthattosolvethisproblem,itwillbenecessarytoencouragemoreyoungmusicianstostudyclassicalmusicsothataudienceswilleventuallybeexposedtomoretalentedclassicalperformersanddecidethegenreisworthwhileafterall.Theargumentwouldbeweakened,forexample,byevidencethathearingunremarkableliveperformancesdoesnotreallydrivemanypeopleawayfromclassicalmusic,or

thatthenumberofaudiencemembershearinggreatperformancesdoesnotdependmuchonthenumberoftalentedperformers,orthatencouragingyoungmusicianstostudyclassicalmusiciseitherineffectiveornottheonlyeffectivewaytoincreasethenumberoftalentedclassicalperformers.

A. Thisdoesnotweakenthecritic’sreasoning.Howevermuchconfidencemusiciansstudyingclassicalmusichaveintheirowntalent,adeclineinthetotalnumberofclassicalmusicianswillprobablyresultinadeclineinthenumberoftrulytalentedclassicalmusicians,justasthecriticassumes.

B. Thecriticisonlyproposingawaytoatleastmaintainclassicalmusic’scurrentmeagerpopularity,whichmightbeaccomplishedeveniftheprofusionofothergenrespreventsclassicalmusic’spopularityfromincreasing.

C. Correct.Thissuggeststhatclassicalmusic’smeagerpopularitycouldatleastbemaintainedbyencouragingpeopletolistentogreatoldrecordingsofclassicalmusicratherthanbyincreasingthesupplyofgreatliveperformances.

D. Thisdoesweakentheargumentslightly.Butevenifafewaudiencemembersmanagetoenjoymediocreclassicalmusicperformances,theymightstillbemorestronglydrawntoothergenreswithmoretalentedperformers.

E. Listenersexposedtomoreimpressiveliveperformancesofclassicalmusicbytalentedperformerswouldprobablybetterunderstandwhyclassicalmusicwasoncepopularthanwouldlistenersexposedonlytomediocreclassicalperformances.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

188. CommemorativeplaquescastfrombrassareacharacteristicartformoftheBenincultureofWestAfrica.Somescholars,notingthattheoldestsurvivingplaquesdatetothe1400s,hypothesizethatbrass-castingtechniqueswereintroducedbythePortuguese,whocametoBeninin1485A.D.ButPortugueserecordsofthatexpeditionmentioncast-brassjewelrysenttoBenin’skingfromneighboringIfe.SoitisunlikelythatBenin’sknowledgeofbrasscastingderivedfromthePortuguese.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargument?

A. ThePortugueserecordsdonotindicatewhethertheirexpeditionof1485includedmetalworkers.

B. ThePortuguesehadnocontactwithIfeuntilthe1500s.

C. Inthe1400sthePortuguesedidnotusecastbrassforcommemorativeplaques.

D. Asearlyas1500A.D.,BeninartistsweremakingbrassplaquesincorporatingdepictionsofEuropeans.

E. Copper,whichisrequiredformakingbrass,canbefoundthroughoutBeninterritory.

ArgumentConstruction

Situation Theoldestsurvivingcast-brassplaquesfromtheBeninculturedatetothe1400s.RecordsofaPortugueseexpeditiontoBeninin1485mentioncast-brassjewelrysenttoBenin’skingfromneighboringIfe.

Reasoning Whatadditionalevidence,whencombinedwiththeargument’spremises,wouldmosthelpsupporttheconclusionthatBenin’sknowledgeofbrasscastingdidnotderivefromthePortuguese?Theargumentisthatsincetheexpeditionrecordsindicatethatcast-brassjewelryfromIfewasalreadyknowninBeninwhenthePortuguesefirstcamethere,Benin’sknowledgeofbrasscastingprobablydidnotderivefromthePortuguese.Thisargumentassumesthatreceivingthebrass-castjewelryfromIfecouldhavetransmittedknowledgeofbrasscastingtoBenin,andalsothatknowledgeofbrasscastinginIfedidnotitselfderivefromthePortuguese.Anyevidencesupportingeitheroftheseassumptionswouldstrengthentheargument.

A. ThisiscompatiblewithaPortugueseoriginforbrass-castinginBenin.Theexpeditionmightwellhaveincludedmetalworkerseveniftherecordsdonotmentionwhetheritdid.Furthermore,otherPortugueseexpeditionswithmetalworkersmighthavequicklyfollowedtheinitialexpedition.

B. Correct.IfthePortuguesehadnocontactwithIfebefore1500,thenIfe’s

earlierknowledgeofbrasscastingdidnotderivedirectlyfromthePortuguese.Thisincreasesthelikelihoodthatknowledgeofbrass-castinginBenindidnotderivefromthePortuguese,evenifitderivedfromIfe.

C. ThisiscompatiblewithaPortugueseoriginforbrass-castinginBenin.EvenifthePortuguesedidnotusecastbrassforcommemorativeplaques,theycouldhaveuseditforjewelryorotheritemstheybroughttoBeninormanufacturedthere,andthustheycouldhavetransmittedtheknowledgetotheBeninculture.

D. ThisleavesopenthepossibilitythattheBeninculturelearnedaboutbrasscastingfromthePortuguesein1485andstartedusingittoproduceplaquesofthistypeby1500.

E. EvenifcopperhasalwaysbeencommonintheBeninterritory,brass-castingtechniquescouldhavebeenintroducedbythePortuguese.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

5.0SentenceCorrection

5.0SentenceCorrectionSentencecorrectionquestionsappearintheVerbalsectionoftheGMAT®exam.TheVerbalsectionusesmultiple-choicequestionstomeasureyourabilitytoreadandcomprehendwrittenmaterial,toreasonandevaluatearguments,andtocorrectwrittenmaterialtoconformtostandardwrittenEnglish.BecausetheVerbalsectionincludespassagesfromseveraldifferentcontentareas,youmaybegenerallyfamiliarwithsomeofthematerial;however,neitherthepassagesnorthequestionsassumedetailedknowledgeofthetopicsdiscussed.SentencecorrectionquestionsareintermingledwithcriticalreasoningandreadingcomprehensionquestionsthroughouttheVerbalsectionofthetest.Youwillhave75minutestocompletetheVerbalsectionorabout1¾minutestoanswereachquestion.

Sentencecorrectionquestionspresentastatementinwhichwordsareunderlined.Thequestionsaskyoutoselectthebestexpressionoftheideaorrelationshipdescribedintheunderlinedsectionfromtheansweroptions.Thefirstanswerchoicealwaysrepeatstheoriginalphrasing,whereastheotherfourprovidealternatives.Insomecases,theoriginalphrasingisthebestchoice.Inothercases,theunderlinedsectionhasobviousorsubtleerrorsthatrequirecorrection.ThesequestionsrequireyoutobefamiliarwiththestylisticconventionsandgrammaticalrulesofstandardwrittenEnglishandtodemonstrateyourabilitytoimproveincorrectorineffectiveexpressions.

Youshouldbeginthesequestionsbyreadingthesentencecarefully.Notewhetherthereareanyobviousgrammaticalerrorsasyoureadtheunderlinedsection.Thenreadthefiveanswerchoicescarefully.Iftherewasasubtleerroryoudidnotrecognizethefirsttimeyoureadthesentence,itmaybecomeapparentafteryouhavereadtheanswerchoices.Iftheerrorisstillunclear,seewhetheryoucaneliminatesomeoftheanswersasbeingincorrect.Rememberthatinsomecases,theoriginalselectionmaybethebestanswer.

5.1BasicEnglishGrammarRulesSentencecorrectionquestionsaskyoutorecognizeandpotentiallycorrectatleastoneofthefollowinggrammarrules.However,theserulesarenotexhaustive.IfyouareinterestedinlearningmoreaboutEnglishgrammarasa

exhaustive.IfyouareinterestedinlearningmoreaboutEnglishgrammarasawaytopreparefortheGMATexam,thereareseveralresourcesavailableontheInternet.

Agreement

StandardEnglishrequireselementswithinasentencetobeconsistent.Therearetwotypesofagreement:noun-verbandpronoun.

Noun-verbagreement:Singularsubjectstakesingularverbs,whereaspluralsubjectstakepluralverbs.Examples:Correct:“Iwalktothestore.”Incorrect:“Iwalkstothestore.”Correct:“Wegotoschool.”Incorrect:“Wegoestoschool.”Correct:“Thenumberofresidentshasgrown.”Incorrect:“Thenumberofresidentshavegrown.”Correct:“Themasseshavespoken.”Incorrect:“Themasseshasspoken.”

Pronounagreement:Apronounmustagreewiththenounorpronounitreferstoinperson,number,andgender.Examples:Correct:“Whenyoudream,youareusuallyasleep.”Incorrect:“Whenonedreams,youareusuallyasleep.”Correct:“Whenthekidswenttosleep,theysleptlikelogs.”Incorrect:“Whenthekidswenttosleep,hesleptlikealog.”

Diction

Wordsshouldbechosentoreflectcorrectlyandeffectivelytheappropriatepartofspeech.Thereareseveralwordsthatarecommonlyusedincorrectly.Whenansweringsentencecorrectionquestions,payattentiontothefollowingconventions.

Among/between:Amongisusedtorefertorelationshipsinvolvingmorethantwoobjects.Betweenisusedtorefertorelationshipsinvolvingonlytwoobjects.Examples:Correct:“Wedividedourwinningsamongthethreeofus.”Incorrect:“Wedividedourwinningsbetweenthethreeofus.”Correct:“SheandIdividedthecakebetweenus.”Incorrect:“SheandIdividedthecakeamongus.”

As/like:Ascanbeaprepositionmeaning“inthecapacityof,”butmoreoftenisaconjunctionofmannerandisfollowedbyaverb.Likeisgenerallyusedasa

prepositionandthereforeisfollowedbyanoun,anobjectpronoun,oraverbendingining.Examples:Correct:“Iworkasalibrarian.”Incorrect:“Iworklikealibrarian.”Correct:“DoasIsay,notasIdo.”Incorrect:“DolikeIsay,notlikeIdo.”Correct:“Itfeltlikeadream.”Incorrect:“Itfeltasadream.”Correct:“Peoplelikeyouinspireme.”Incorrect:“Peopleasyouinspireme.”Correct:“There’snothinglikebikingonawarm,autumnday.”Incorrect:“There’snothingasbikingonawarmautumnday.”

Massandcountwords:Masswordsarenounsquantifiedbyanamountratherthanbyanumber.Countnounscanbequantifiedbyanumber.Examples:Correct:“Weboughtaloafofbread.”Incorrect:“Weboughtonebread.”Correct:“Hewishedmemuchhappiness.”Incorrect:“Hewishedmemanyhappinesses.”Correct:“Wepassedmanybuildings.”Incorrect:“Wepassedmuchbuildings.”

Pronouns:MyselfshouldnotbeusedasasubstituteforIorme.Examples:Correct:“MomandIhadtogotothestore.”Incorrect:“Momandmyselfhadtogotothestore.”Correct:“HegavethepresenttoDadandme.”Incorrect:“HegavethepresenttoDadandmyself.”

GrammaticalConstruction

Goodgrammarrequirescompletesentences.Beonthelookoutforimproperlyformedconstructions.

Fragments:Partsofasentencethataredisconnectedfromthemainclausearecalledfragments.Example:Correct:“Wesawthedoctorandhisnurseattheparty.”Incorrect:“Wesawthedoctorattheparty.Andhisnurse.”

Run-onsentences:Arun-onsentenceistwoormoreindependentclausesthatruntogetherwithoutproperpunctuation.Examples:Correct:“JoseCansecoisstillafearedbatter;mostpitchersdon’twanttofacehim.”Incorrect:“JoseCansecoisstillafearedbattermostpitchersdon’twanttofacehim.”

Constructions:Avoidwordy,redundantconstructions.Example:Correct:“Wecouldnotcometothemeetingbecauseofaconflict.”Incorrect:“Thereasonwecouldnotcometothemeetingisbecauseofaconflict.”

Idiom

Itisimportanttoavoidnonstandardexpressions,althoughEnglishidiomssometimesdonotfollowconventionalgrammaticalrules.Becarefultousethecorrectidiomwhenusingtheconstructionsandpartsofspeech.

Prepositions:Specificprepositionshavespecificpurposes.Examples:Correct:“Shelikestojoginthemorning.”Incorrect:“Shelikestojogonthemorning.”Correct:“Theyrangedinagefrom10to15.”Incorrect:“Theyrangedinagefrom10upto15.”

Correlatives:Wordcombinationssuchas“notonly...butalso”shouldbefollowedbyanelementofthesamegrammaticaltype.Examples:Correct:“Ihavecallednotonlytothankherbutalsototellheraboutthenextmeeting.”Incorrect:“IhavecallednotonlytothankherbutalsoItoldheraboutthenextmeeting.”

Formsofcomparison:Manyformsfollowpreciseconstructions.Fewerreferstoaspecificnumber,whereaslessthanreferstoacontinuousquantity.Between...andisthecorrectformtodesignateachoice.Fartherreferstodistance,whereasfurtherreferstodegree.Examples:Correct:“Therewerefewerchildreninmyclassthisyear.”Incorrect:“Therewerelesschildreninmyclassthisyear.”Correct:“TherewaslessdevastationthanIwastold.”Incorrect:“TherewasfewerdevastationthanIwastold.”Correct:“Wehadtochoosebetweenchocolateandvanilla.”Incorrect:“Wehadtochoosebetweenchocolateorvanilla.”(Itisalsocorrecttosay,“Wehadtochoosechocolateorvanilla.”)Correct:“IranfartherthanJohn,buthetookhisweighttrainingfurtherthanIdid.”Incorrect:“IranfurtherthanJohn,buthetookhisweighttrainingfartherthanIdid.”

LogicalPredication

Watchoutforphrasesthatdetractfromthelogicalargument.

Modificationproblems:Modifiersshouldbepositionedsoitisclearwhatwordorwordstheyaremeanttomodify.Ifmodifiersarenotpositionedclearly,theycancauseillogicalreferencesorcomparisonsordistortthemeaningofthestatement.

Examples:Correct:“IputthecakethatIbakedbythedoor.”Incorrect:“IputthecakebythedoorthatIbaked.”Correct:“Readingmymind,shegavemethedeliciouscookie.”Incorrect:“Readingmymind,thecookieshegavemewasdelicious.”Correct:“IntheMiddleAges,theworldwasbelievedtobeflat.”Incorrect:“IntheMiddleAges,theworldwasflat.”

Parallelism

Constructingasentencethatisparallelinstructuredependsonmakingsurethatthedifferentelementsinthesentencebalanceeachother;thisisalittlebitlikemakingsurethatthetwosidesofamathematicalequationarebalanced.Tomakesurethatasentenceisgrammaticallycorrect,checktoensurethatphrases,clauses,verbs,andothersentenceelementsparalleleachother.

Examples:Correct:“Itookabath,wenttosleep,andwokeuprefreshed.”Incorrect:“Itookabath,sleeping,andwakinguprefreshed.”Correct:“Theonlywaytoknowistotaketheplunge.”Incorrect:“Theonlywaytoknowistakingtheplunge.”

RhetoricalConstruction

Goodsentencestructureavoidsconstructionsthatareawkward,wordy,redundant,imprecise,orunclear,evenwhentheyarefreeofgrammaticalerrors.

Example:Correct:“Beforeweleftonvacation,wewateredtheplants,checkedtoseethatthestovewasoff,andsettheburglaralarm.”Incorrect:“Beforewelefttogoonourvacation,wewatered,checkedtobesurethatthestovehadbeenturnedoff,andsetit.”

VerbForm

Inadditiontowatchingforproblemsofagreementorparallelism,makesurethatverbsareusedinthecorrecttense.Bealerttowhetheraverbshouldreflectpast,

verbsareusedinthecorrecttense.Bealerttowhetheraverbshouldreflectpast,present,orfuturetense.

Example:Correct:“Iwenttoschoolyesterday.”“Igotoschooleveryweekday.”“Iwillgotoschooltomorrow.”

Eachtensealsohasaperfectform(usedwiththepastparticiple—e.g.,walked,ran),aprogressiveform(usedwiththepresentparticiple—e.g.,walking,running),andaperfectprogressiveform(alsousedwiththepresentparticiple—e.g.,walking,running).

Presentperfect:Usedwithhasorhave,thepresentperfecttensedescribesanactionthatoccurredatanindefinitetimeinthepastorthatbeganinthepastandcontinuesintothepresent.Examples:Correct:“Ihavetraveledallovertheworld.”(atanindefinitetime)Correct:“Hehasgonetoschoolsincehewasfiveyearsold.”(continuesintothepresent)

Pastperfect:Thisverbformisusedwithhadtoshowtheorderoftwoeventsthattookplaceinthepast.Example:Correct:“BythetimeIleftforschool,thecakehadbeenbaked.”

Futureperfect:Usedwithwillhave,thisverbformdescribesaneventinthefuturethatwillprecedeanotherevent.Example:Correct:“Bytheendoftheday,Iwillhavestudiedforallmytests.”

Presentprogressive:Usedwitham,is,orare,thisverbformdescribesanongoingactionthatishappeningnow.Example:Correct:“Iamstudyingforexams.”“Thestudentisstudyingforexams.”“Wearestudyingforexams.”

Pastprogressive:Usedwithwasorwere,thisverbformdescribessomethingthatwashappeningwhenanotheractionoccurred.Example:Correct:“Thestudentwasstudyingwhenthefirealarmrang.”“Theywerestudyingwhenthefirebrokeout.”

Futureprogressive:Usedwithwillbeorshallbe,thisverbtensedescribesanongoingactionthatwillcontinueintothefuture.

Example:Correct:“ThestudentswillbestudyingforexamsthroughoutthemonthofDecember.”

Presentperfectprogressive:Usedwithhavebeenorhasbeen,thisverbtensedescribessomethingthatbeganinthepast,continuesintothepresent,andmaycontinueintothefuture.Example:Correct:“Thestudenthasbeenstudyinghardinthehopeofacingthetest.”

Pastperfectprogressive:Usedwithhadbeen,thisverbformdescribesanactionofsomedurationthatwascompletedbeforeanotherpastactionoccurred.Example:Correct:“Beforethefirealarmrang,thestudenthadbeenstudying.”

Futureperfectprogressive:Usedwithwillhavebeen,thisverbformdescribesafuture,ongoingactionthatwilloccurbeforeaspecifiedtime.Example:Correct:“Bytheendofnextyear,thestudentswillhavebeenstudyingmathforfiveyears.”

5.2StudySuggestionsTherearetwobasicwaysyoucanstudyforsentencecorrectionquestions:

Readmaterialthatreflectsstandardusage.

OnewaytogainfamiliaritywiththebasicconventionsofstandardwrittenEnglishissimplytoread.Suitablematerialwillusuallybefoundingoodmagazinesandnonfictionbooks,editorialsinoutstandingnewspapers,andthecollectionsofessaysusedbymanycollegeanduniversitywritingcourses.

Reviewbasicrulesofgrammarandpracticewithwritingexercises.

Beginbyreviewingthegrammarruleslaidoutinthischapter.Then,ifyouhaveschoolassignments(suchasessaysandresearchpapers)thathavebeencarefullyevaluatedforgrammaticalerrors,itmaybehelpfultoreviewthecommentsandcorrections.

5.3WhatIsMeasuredSentencecorrectionquestionstestthreebroadaspectsoflanguageproficiency:

Sentencecorrectionquestionstestthreebroadaspectsoflanguageproficiency:

Correctexpression

Acorrectsentenceisgrammaticallyandstructurallysound.ItconformstoalltherulesofstandardwrittenEnglish,includingnoun-verbagreement,noun-pronounagreement,pronounconsistency,pronouncase,andverbtensesequence.Acorrectsentencewillnothavedangling,misplaced,orimproperlyformedmodifiers;unidiomaticorinconsistentexpressions;orfaultsinparallelconstruction.

Effectiveexpression

Aneffectivesentenceexpressesanideaorrelationshipclearlyandconciselyaswellasgrammatically.Thisdoesnotmeanthatthechoicewiththefewestandsimplestwordsisnecessarilythebestanswer.Itmeansthattherearenosuperfluouswordsorneedlesslycomplicatedexpressionsinthebestchoice.

Properdiction

Aneffectivesentencealsousesproperdiction.(Dictionreferstothestandarddictionarymeaningsofwordsandtheappropriatenessofwordsincontext.)Inevaluatingthedictionofasentence,youmustbeabletorecognizewhetherthewordsarewellchosen,accurate,andsuitableforthecontext.

5.4Test-TakingStrategies1. Readtheentiresentencecarefully.

Trytounderstandthespecificideaorrelationshipthatthesentenceshouldexpress.

2. Evaluatetheunderlinedpassageforerrorsandpossiblecorrectionsbeforereadingtheanswerchoices.

Thisstrategywillhelpyoudiscriminateamongtheanswerchoices.Remember,insomecasestheunderlinedpassageiscorrect.

3. Readeachanswerchoicecarefully

Thefirstanswerchoicealwaysrepeatstheunderlinedportionoftheoriginalsentence.Choosethisanswerifyouthinkthatthesentenceisbestasoriginallywritten,butdosoonlyafterexaminingalltheotherchoices.

4. Trytodeterminehowtocorrectwhatyouconsidertobewrongwiththeoriginalsentence.

Someoftheanswerchoicesmaychangethingsthatarenotwrong,whereasothersmaynotchangeeverythingthatiswrong.

5. Makesurethatyouevaluatethesentenceandthechoicesthoroughly.

Payattentiontogeneralclarity,grammaticalandidiomaticusage,economyandprecisionoflanguage,andappropriatenessofdiction.

6. Readthewholesentence,substitutingthechoicethatyoupreferfortheunderlinedpassage.

Achoicemaybewrongbecauseitdoesnotfitgrammaticallyorstructurallywiththerestofthesentence.Rememberthatsomesentenceswillrequirenocorrection.Whenthegivensentencerequiresnocorrection,choosethefirstanswer.

5.5TheDirectionsThesearethedirectionsthatyouwillseeforsentencecorrectionquestionswhenyoutaketheGMATexam.Ifyoureadthemcarefullyandunderstandthemclearlybeforegoingtositforthetest,youwillnotneedtospendtoomuchtimereviewingthemonceyouareatthetestcenterandthetestisunderway.

Sentencecorrectionquestionspresentasentence,partorallofwhichisunderlined.Beneaththesentence,youwillfindfivewaysofphrasingtheunderlinedpassage.Thefirstanswerchoicerepeatstheoriginalunderlinedpassage;theotherfouraredifferent.Ifyouthinktheoriginalphrasingisbest,choosethefirstanswer;otherwise,chooseoneoftheothers.

ThistypeofquestiontestsyourabilitytorecognizethecorrectnessandeffectivenessofexpressioninstandardwrittenEnglish.Inchoosingyouranswer,followtherequirementsofstandardwrittenEnglish;thatis,payattentiontogrammar,choiceofwords,andsentenceconstruction.Choosetheanswerthatproducesthemosteffectivesentence;thisanswershouldbeclearandexact,withoutawkwardness,ambiguity,redundancy,orgrammaticalerror.

5.6SampleQuestionsEachofthesentencecorrectionquestionspresentsasentence,partoforallofwhichisunderlined.Beneaththesentenceyouwillfindfivewaysofphrasingtheunderlinedpart.Thefirstoftheserepeatstheoriginal;theotherfouraredifferent.FollowtherequirementsofstandardwrittenEnglishtochooseyour

answer,payingattentiontogrammar,wordchoice,andsentenceconstruction.Selecttheanswerthatproducesthemosteffectivesentence;youranswershouldmakethesentenceclear,exact,andfreeofgrammaticalerror.Itshouldalsominimizeawkwardness,ambiguity,andredundancy.

189. Usingdigitalenhancementsofskullfragmentsfromfiveprehistorichominidsdatingtomorethan350,000yearsago,anthropologistsarguethatthesehumanancestorsprobablyhadhearingsimilartothatofpeopletoday.

A. anthropologistsarguethatthesehumanancestors

B. anthropologistsargue,sothesehumanancestors

C. anthropologistsargue,thesehumanancestors

D. thesehumanancestors,anthropologistsargue,

E. thesehumanancestorsarearguedbyanthropologiststohave

190. Theinteriorministerexplainedthatoneofthevillageplanningproposal’sbestcharacteristicswastheirnotdetractingfromtheproject’soverallbenefitbybeingaburdenonthedevelopmentbudget.

A. oneofthevillageplanningproposal’sbestcharacteristicswastheirnotdetracting

B. oneofthevillage’splanningproposal’sbestcharacteristicswereitsnottaking

C. oneofthebestcharacteristicsofthevillage’splanningproposalwasthatitdidnotdetract

D. abestcharacteristicofthevillageplanningproposalwas,itdidnottake

E. amongthevillageplanningproposal’sbestcharacteristics,onewas,itdidnotdetract

191. Likeants,termiteshaveanelaboratesocialstructureinwhichafewindividualsreproduceandtherestareservingthecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,ortheybattleintruders.

A. areservingthecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,ortheybattle

B. areservingthecolonyinthattheytendjuveniles,gatherfood,build

thenest,orbattle

C. servethecolony,tendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,orbybattling

D. servethecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,bybuildingthenest,orbybattling

E. servethecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,orbattling

192. Globalwarmingissaidtoberesponsibleforextremeweatherchanges,which,liketheheavyrainsthatcausedmorethan$2billionindamagesandledtofloodingthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,andtheheatwaveinthenortheasternandmidwesternUnitedStates,whichwasalsothecauseofagreatamountofdamageanddestruction.

A. which,liketheheavyrainsthatcausedmorethan$2billionindamagesandledtofloodingthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,

B. which,liketheheavyrainsthatthroughoutthestateofCaliforniacausedmorethan$2billionindamagesandledtoflooding,

C. liketheheavyfloodingthat,becauseofrainsthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,causedmorethan$2billionindamages,

D. suchastheheavyfloodingthatledtorainsthroughoutthestateofCaliforniacausingmorethan$2billionindamages,

E. suchastheheavyrainsthatledtofloodingthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,causingmorethan$2billionindamages,

193. ThevoluminouspersonalpapersofThomasAlvaEdisonrevealthathisinventionstypicallysprangtolifenotinaflashofinspirationbutevolvedslowlyfrompreviousworks.

A. sprangtolifenotinaflashofinspirationbutevolvedslowly

B. sprangtolifenotinaflashofinspirationbutwereslowlyevolved

C. didnotspringtolifeinaflashofinspirationbutevolvedslowly

D. didnotspringtolifeinaflashofinspirationbuthadslowlyevolved

E. didnotspringtolifeinaflashofinspirationbuttheywereslowlyevolved

194. Hundredsofspeciesoffishgenerateanddischargeelectriccurrents,in

burstsorassteadyelectricfieldsaroundtheirbodies,usingtheirpowereithertofindandattackprey,todefendthemselves,oralsoforcommunicatingandnavigating.

A. eithertofindandattackprey,todefendthemselves,oralsoforcommunicatingandnavigating

B. eitherforfindingandattackingprey,defendthemselves,orforcommunicationandnavigation

C. tofindandattackprey,fordefense,orcommunicationandnavigation

D. forfindingandattackingprey,todefendthemselves,oralsoforcommunicationandnavigation

E. tofindandattackprey,todefendthemselves,ortocommunicateandnavigate

195. NativetoSouthAmerica,whenpeanutswereintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturytheywerequicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecauseofbeingsosimilartotheBambarragroundnut,apopularindigenousplant.

A. whenpeanutswereintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturytheywerequicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecauseofbeing

B. peanutshavingbeenintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandquicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecauseofbeing

C. peanutswereintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandwerequicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecausetheywere

D. peanuts,introducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandquicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecausetheywere

E. peanuts,introducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandhavingbeenquicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecausetheywere

196. Itstoodtwelvefeettall,weighedninethousandpounds,andwieldedseven-inchclaws,andMegatheriumamericanum,agiantgroundsloth,

mayhavebeenthelargesthuntingmammalevertowalktheEarth.

A. Itstoodtwelvefeettall,weighedninethousandpounds,andwieldedseven-inchclaws,andMegatheriumamericanum,agiantgroundsloth,

B. Itstoodtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,andwieldingseven-inchclaws,Megatheriumamericanumwasagiantgroundslothand

C. ThegiantgroundslothMegatheriumamericanum,havingstoodtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,andwieldingseven-inchclaws,it

D. Standingtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,andwieldingseven-inchclaws,Megatheriumamericanum,agiantgroundsloth,

E. Standingtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,itwieldedseven-inchclaws,andthegiantgroundslothMegatheriumamericanum

197. Delightedbythereportedearningsforthefirstquarterofthefiscalyear,itwasdecidedbythecompanymanagertogiveherstaffaraise.

A. itwasdecidedbythecompanymanagertogiveherstaffaraise

B. thedecisionofthecompanymanagerwastogiveherstaffaraise

C. thecompanymanagerdecidedtogiveherstaffaraise

D. thestaffwasgivenaraisebythecompanymanager

E. araisewasgiventothestaffbythecompanymanager

198. StudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,DNAevidencewasrecoveredbyscientists,whowereabletodeducefromthisthatanepidemicofmalariastruckintheempire’swaningdays.

A. StudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,DNAevidencewasrecoveredbyscientists,whowereabletodeducefromthis

B. InstudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,DNAevidencewasrecoveredbyscientists,whowereabletodeducefromthis

C. ScientistsrecoveredDNAevidencefromstudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,beingabletodeducefromthis

D. SkeletonsunearthednearRomeallowedscientiststorecoverDNA

evidence,andtheywereabletodeducefromit

E. ScientistsstudyingskeletonsunearthednearRomerecoveredDNAevidencefromwhichtheywereabletodeduce

199. CoffeepricesrosesharplyMonday,postingtheirbiggestone-daygaininalmostthreeyears,afteraweekendcoldsnapinBrazilraisedconcernthattherecouldbedamagetotheworld’slargestcropwhenatatimewithsuppliesalreadytight.

A. thattherecouldbedamagetotheworld’slargestcropwhenatatimewithsupplies

B. thattheworld’slargestcropcouldbedamagedatatimesuchaswhensuppliesare

C. thattheworld’slargestcropcouldbedamagedatatimewhensuppliesare

D. oftheworld’slargestcroppossiblybeingdamagedatatimewithsupplies

E. ofpossiblydamagingtheworld’slargestcropatatimethatsupplieswere

200. Growingcompetitivepressuresmaybeencouragingauditorstobendtherulesinfavorofclients;auditorsmay,forinstance,allowaquestionableloantoremainonthebooksinordertomaintainabank’sprofitsonpaper.

A. clients;auditorsmay,forinstance,allow

B. clients,asaninstance,toallow

C. clients,liketoallow

D. clients,suchastobeallowing

E. clients;whichmight,asaninstance,betheallowingof

201. AMarch2000CensusBureausurveyshowedthatMexicoaccountedformorethanaquarterofallforeign-bornresidentsoftheUnitedStates,thelargestshareforanycountrytocontributesince1890,whenabout30percentofthecountry’sforeign-bornpopulationwasfromGermany.

A. thelargestshareforanycountrytocontribute

B. thelargestsharethatanycountryhascontributed

C. whichmakesitthelargestshareforanycountrytocontribute

D. havingthelargestsharetobecontributedbyanycountry

E. havingthelargestsharetohavebeencontributedbyanycountry

202. RecentlydeclassifiedinformationfrommilitarysatellitesinorbitthousandsofmilesabovetheEarthshowtheplanetcontinuallybombardedbylargemeteoroidsthatexplodewiththepowerofatomicbombblasts.

A. showtheplanetcontinuallybombardedby

B. showcontinualbombardingoftheplanetby

C. showacontinualbombardmentoftheplanetfrom

D. showscontinuallythattheplanetisbombardedfrom

E. showsthattheplanetiscontinuallybombardedby

203. ThethemesthatRitaDoveexploresinherpoetryisuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumanconditionwhileoccasionallyshedealswithracialissues.

A. isuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumanconditionwhileoccasionallyshedeals

B. isuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumancondition,alsooccasionallyitdeals

C. areuniversal,theyencompassmuchofthehumanconditionandoccasionallydeals

D. areuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumanconditionwhileoccasionallydealing

E. areuniversal,theyencompassmuchofthehumancondition,alsooccasionallyaredealing

204. Childdevelopmentspecialistsbelievethat,inconfiningbabiesmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkers,muscledevelopmentcanbeinhibited.

A. that,inconfiningbabiesmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkers,muscledevelopmentcanbeinhibited

B. that,intheirconfinementmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,

playpens,andwalkers,muscledevelopmentcanbeinhibitedinbabies

C. thatconfiningbabiesmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkerscaninhibitmuscledevelopment

D. thatbabies,ifconfinedmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkerscaninhibitmuscledevelopment

E. thatstrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkerscan,ifbabiesareconfinedtothemmuchofthetime,resultinmuscledevelopmentbeinginhibited

205. TravelerstoMarswouldhavetoendurelowlevelsofgravityforlongperiodsoftime,avoidlargedosesofradiation,contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenhavingtowardoffcontaminationbyMartianlife-forms.

A. contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenhavingtoward

B. contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenwarding

C. contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenward

D. contendingwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapseventoward

E. contendingwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenwarding

206. ThepersonalincometaxdidnotbecomepermanentintheUnitedStatesuntiltheFirstWorldWar;beforethattimethefederalgovernmentwasdependentontariffstobetheirmainsourceofrevenue.

A. thefederalgovernmentwasdependentontariffstobetheirmainsourceofrevenue

B. thefederalgovernmenthaddependedontariffsasitsmainsourceofrevenue

C. tariffswerewhatthefederalgovernmentwasdependentontobeitsmainsourceofrevenue

D. themainsourceofrevenueforthefederalgovernmentwasdependentontariffs

E. fortheirmainsourceofrevenue,tariffsweredependedonbythefederalgovernment

207. In1776AdamSmithwrotethatitisyoungpeoplewhohave“thecontemptofriskandthepresumptuoushopeofsuccess”neededtofoundnewbusinesses.

A. whohave

B. with

C. having

D. whoarethosewith

E. whoaretheonestohave

208. Thegyrfalcon,anArcticbirdofprey,hassurvivedaclosebrushwithextinction;itsnumbersarenowfivetimesgreaterthanwhentheuseofDDTwassharplyrestrictedintheearly1970’s.

A. extinction;itsnumbersarenowfivetimesgreaterthan

B. extinction;itsnumbersarenowfivetimesmorethan

C. extinction,theirnumbersnowfivefoldwhattheywere

D. extinction,nowwithfivefoldthenumberstheyhad

E. extinction,nowwithnumbersfivetimesgreaterthan

209. InhisUsesofEnchantment(1976),itwaspsychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyareaninstructivereflectionofachild’snaturalandnecessary“killingoff”ofsuccessivephasesinhisorherowndevelopment.

A. itwaspsychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyare

B. itwastheassertionofpsychologistBrunoBettelheimthatwhatisapparentlythecruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyis

C. psychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthatwhatisapparentlythecruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyis

D. psychologistBrunoBettelheimassertedthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyare

E. psychologistBrunoBettelheimassertedthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesisactually

210. Afterweeksofuncertaintyaboutthecoursethecountrywouldpursuetostabilizeitstroubledeconomy,officialsreachedarevisedagreementwiththeInternationalMonetaryFund,pledgingtheenforcementofsubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplineasthatwhichwasoriginallypromisedandtokeepinflationbelowtenpercent.

A. theenforcementofsubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplineasthatwhichwasoriginallypromisedandtokeepinflationbelowtenpercent

B. theenforcementofsubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplinethanoriginallypromisedandkeepinginflationbelowthetenpercentfigure

C. toenforcesubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplinethanoriginallypromisedandtokeepinflationbelowtenpercent

D. toenforcesubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplinethanthatwhichwasoriginallypromisedandkeepinginflationlessthanthetenpercentfigure

E. toenforcesubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplineasthatwhichwasoriginallypromisedandtokeepinflationlessthantenpercent

211. Anewsatellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000milesiscalledPOLAR,givingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.

A. Anewsatellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000milesiscalledPOLAR,givingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.

B. AnewsatellitecalledPOLARthatisgivingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,sweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000miles.

C. Scientistsaregettingtheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,fromanewsatellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000milescalledPOLAR.

D. Sweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000miles,anewsatellitecalledPOLARisgivingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.

E. Sweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000miles,scientists’bestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,iscomingfromanewsatellitecalledPOLAR.

212. Thetreasurymarketdroppedinresponsetoadecreaseinthevalueofthedollarandtocontinuedconcernthattheeconomymightbegrowingasfastastoaccelerateinflationanddriveinterestrateshigher.

A. thattheeconomymightbegrowingasfastas

B. thattheeconomymightbegrowingfastenough

C. withtheeconomy’spossiblygrowingsofastas

D. withthepossibilityoftheeconomygrowingfastenoughsoas

E. withthepossibilityoftheeconomypossiblygrowingfastenough

213. LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelledagainsttheunnaturalcomplexityofhumanrelationsinmodernsociety.

A. LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelled

B. LikeRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas

C. AsRousseau,Tolstoirebelled

D. AsdidRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas

E. Tolstoi’srebellion,asRousseau’s,was

214. Japaneseresearchersareproducingaseriesofrobotsthatcanidentifyhumanfacialexpressions,towhichtheywillthenrespond;theirgoalisprimarilycreatingarobotthatwillempathizewithus.

A. expressions,towhichtheywillthenrespond;theirgoalisprimarilycreating

B. expressions,thenrespondingtothem;primarilytocreate

C. expressionsandthenrespondtothem;theresearchers’primarygoalistocreate

D. expressionsaswellasgivingaresponsetothem;theirprimarygoaliscreationof

E. expressionsandrespondingtothem;primarily,theresearchers’goaliscreating

215. Despiteagrowingpopulation,in1998theUnitedStatesused38billionfewergallonsofwateradaywhencomparingittotheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier.

A. daywhencomparingittotheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier

B. daythanitdidduringtheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier

C. daythanwereusedalmost20yearsearlier,whichhadbeentheall-timehighconsumption

D. day,comparedtoalmost20yearsearlier,thathavingbeentheall-timehighconsumption

E. day,whichisincomparisontotheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier

216. Analystsbelievethatwhereasbaddecisionsbyelectedleaderscancertainlyhurttheeconomy,noadministrationcanreallybesaidtocontrolormanageallofthecomplexandinterrelatedforcesthatdeterminethenation’seconomicstrength.

A. noadministrationcanreallybesaidtocontrol

B. noadministrationcanbesaidthatitreallycontrols

C. thatnoadministrationcanreallybesaidtocontrol

D. thatnoadministrationcanreallybesaidthatitcontrols

E. thatitcannotbesaidthatanyadministrationreallycontrols

217. Exceptforaconcertperformancethatthecomposerhimselfstagedin1911,ScottJoplin’sragtimeoperaTreemonishawasnotproduceduntil1972,sixty-oneyearsafteritscompletion.

A. Exceptforaconcertperformancethatthecomposerhimselfstaged

B. Exceptforaconcertperformancewiththecomposerhimselfstagingit

C. Besidesaconcertperformancebeingstagedbythecomposerhimself

D. Exceptingaconcertperformancethatthecomposerhimselfstaged

E. Withtheexceptionofaconcertperformancewiththestagingdonebythecomposerhimself

218. Nearlyunrivaledintheirbiologicaldiversity,coralreefsprovideahostofbenefitsthatincludesthesupplyofproteinforpeople,protectingshorelines,andtheycontainbiochemicalsourcesfornewlife-savingmedicines.

A. coralreefsprovideahostofbenefitsthatincludesthesupplyofproteinforpeople,protectingshorelines,

B. coralreefsprovideahostofbenefits:theysupplypeoplewithprotein,theyprotecttheshorelines,

C. coralreefsprovideahostofbenefitsthatincludesupplyingproteinforpeople,aswellasshorelineprotection,

D. acoralreefprovidesahostofbenefits;theysupplyproteinforpeople,theprotectingofshorelines,

E. acoralreefprovidesahostofbenefits,includingproteinforpeople,protectingshorelines,

219. Literacyopenedupentirerealmsofverifiableknowledgetoordinarymenandwomenhavingbeenpreviouslyconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforthemselves.

A. havingbeenpreviouslyconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforthemselves

B. whohadpreviouslybeenconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforthemselves

C. previouslyconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforhimselforherself

D. ofwhomithadpreviouslybeenconsideredtheywereincapableofdiscerningtruthforthemselves

E. whohadpreviouslybeenconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforhimselforherself

220. InearlyMesopotamiancivilization,castoroilservednotonlyasa

laxative,butalsoaskin-softeninglotionanditwasaconstructionlubricantforslidinggiantstoneblocksoverwoodenrollers.

A. notonlyasalaxative,butalsoaskin-softeninglotionanditwasaconstruction

B. asnotonlyalaxative,butalsoaskin-softeninglotion,anditwasaconstruction

C. notonlyasalaxativebutalsoasaskin-softeninglotionandasaconstruction

D. asnotonlyalaxativebutasaskin-softeninglotionandinconstruction,asa

E. notonlyasalaxative,butaskin-softeninglotionandinconstruction,a

221. Ananalysisoftreebarkallovertheglobeshowsthatchemicalinsecticideshaveoftenspreadthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereoriginallyused.

A. thatchemicalinsecticideshaveoftenspreadthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereoriginallyused

B. thatchemicalinsecticideshavespread,oftenthousandsofmilesfromtheiroriginaluse

C. chemicalinsecticides,havingoftenspreadthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereusedoriginally

D. chemicalinsecticides,oftenspreadingthousandsofmilesfromwheretheiroriginaluse

E. chemicalinsecticides,oftenspreadingthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereoriginallyused

222. Consumersmaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductstobehazardoussubstances,butmanyofthemcanbeharmfultohealth,especiallyiftheyareusedimproperly.

A. Consumersmaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductstobe

B. Consumersmaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductsbeing

C. Aconsumermaynotthinkoftheirhouseholdcleaningproductsbeing

D. Aconsumermaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductsas

E. Householdcleaningproductsmaynotbethoughtof,byconsumers,as

223. AccordingtotheEconomicDevelopmentCorporationofLosAngelesCounty,ifoneweretocounttheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaasaseparatenation,itwouldhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,thatisbiggerthanthatofAustralia,Mexico,ortheNetherlands.

A. ifoneweretocounttheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaasaseparatenation,itwouldhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,thatis

B. iftheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaiscountedasaseparatenation,ithastheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,thatbeing

C. iftheLosAngelesmetropolitanareawereaseparatenation,itwouldhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,

D. weretheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaaseparatenation,itwillhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,whichis

E. whentheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaiscountedasaseparatenation,ithastheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,thus

224. InitiatedfivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorldonColumbusDay1992,ProjectSETIpledgeda$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence.

A. InitiatedfivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorldonColumbusDay1992,ProjectSETIpledgeda$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence.

B. InitiatedonColumbusDay1992,fivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld,a$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligencewaspledgedbyProjectSETI.

C. InitiatedonColumbusDay1992,fivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld,ProjectSETIpledgeda$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence.

D. Pledginga$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence,theinitiationofProjectSETIfivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorldonColumbusDay1992.

E. Pledginga$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligencefivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld,

onColumbusDay1992,theinitiationofProjectSETItookplace.

225. Accordingtosomeeconomists,theJulydecreaseinunemploymentsothatitwasthelowestintwoyearssuggeststhatthegradualimprovementinthejobmarketiscontinuing.

A. sothatitwasthelowestintwoyears

B. sothatitwasthelowesttwo-yearrate

C. towhatwouldbethelowestintwoyears

D. toatwo-yearlowlevel

E. tothelowestlevelintwoyears

226. DevelopedbyPennsylvania’sPalatineGermansabout1750,Conestogawagons,withhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairieandtheyhadafloorcurvedupwardoneitherendsoastopreventcargofromshiftingonsteepgrades.

A. wagons,withhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairieandtheyhadafloorcurvedupwardoneitherendsoastoprevent

B. wagons,withhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairie,andwithafloorthatwascurvedupwardatbothendstoprevent

C. wagons,whichhadhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairie,andfloorscurvedupwardontheirendssothattheyprevented

D. wagonshadhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairie,andafloorthatwascurvedupwardatbothendstoprevent

E. wagonshadhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairieandfloorscurvingupwardattheirendssothatitprevented

227. TheBaldrickManufacturingCompanyhasforseveralyearsfollowedapolicyaimedatdecreasingoperatingcostsandimprovingtheefficiencyofitsdistributionsystem.

A. aimedatdecreasingoperatingcostsandimproving

B. aimedatthedecreasingofoperatingcostsandtoimprove

C. aimingatthedecreasingofoperatingcostsandimproving

D. theaimofwhichisthedecreasingofoperatingcostsandimproving

E. withtheaimtodecreaseoperatingcostsandtoimprove

228. Somebuildingsthatweredestroyedandheavilydamagedintheearthquakelastyearwereconstructedinviolationofthecity’sbuildingcode.

A. Somebuildingsthatweredestroyedandheavilydamagedintheearthquakelastyearwere

B. Somebuildingsthatweredestroyedorheavilydamagedintheearthquakelastyearhadbeen

C. Somebuildingsthattheearthquakedestroyedandheavilydamagedlastyearhavebeen

D. Lastyeartheearthquakedestroyedorheavilydamagedsomebuildingsthathavebeen

E. Lastyearsomeofthebuildingsthatweredestroyedorheavilydamagedintheearthquakehadbeen

229. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,surgicalcutsmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverfewerfibersandislesslikelytoleaveanunsightlyscar.

A. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,surgicalcutsmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverfewer

B. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,asurgicalcuthavingbeenmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseversless

C. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,asurgicalcutmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseversfewer

D. Withthecollagenfibersinskinliningupinthedirectionoftension,surgicalcutsmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverless

E. Withthecollagenfibersinskinliningupinthedirectionoftension,asurgicalcutmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverfewer

230. InA.D.391,resultingfromthedestructionofthelargestlibraryofthe

ancientworldatAlexandria,latergenerationslostallbuttheIliadandOdysseyamongGreekepics,mostofthepoetryofPindarandSappho,anddozensofplaysbyAeschylusandEuripides.

A. resultingfromthedestructionofthelargestlibraryoftheancientworldatAlexandria,

B. thedestroyingofthelargestlibraryoftheancientworldatAlexandriaresultedand

C. becauseoftheresultofthedestructionofthelibraryatAlexandria,thelargestoftheancientworld,

D. asaresultofthedestructionofthelibraryatAlexandria,thelargestoftheancientworld,

E. Alexandria’slargestlibraryoftheancientworldwasdestroyed,andtheresultwas

231. ThenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetheonlyeyewitnessaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuviusintwoletterstothehistorianTacitus.

A. ThenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetheonlyeyewitnessaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuviusintwoletterstothehistorianTacitus.

B. TothehistorianTacitus,thenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetwoletters,beingtheonlyeyewitnessaccountsofthegreateruptionofVesuvius.

C. TheonlyeyewitnessaccountisintwolettersbythenephewofPlinytheElderwritingtothehistorianTacitusanaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuvius.

D. Writingtheonlyeyewitnessaccount,PlinytheElder’snephewaccountedforthegreateruptionofVesuviusintwoletterstothehistorianTacitus.

E. IntwoletterstothehistorianTacitus,thenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetheonlyeyewitnessaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuvius.

232. Nearlytwotonsofnuclear-reactorfuelhavealreadybeenputintoorbitaroundtheEarth,andthechancesofacollisioninvolvingsuchmaterialincreasegreatlyastheamountofbothspacedebrisandsatellitescontinuetorise.

A. astheamountofbothspacedebrisandsatellitescontinuetorise

B. astherisecontinuesinboththeamountofsatellitesandspacedebris

C. astheamountofspacedebrisandthenumberofsatellitescontinuetorise

D. withthecontinuallyincreasingamountofspacedebrisandthenumberofsatellites

E. withtheamountofspacedebriscontinuingtoincreasealongwiththenumberofsatellites

233. Thoughbeingtiny,blind,andtranslucent,arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishlessenstheirvulnerabilitywiththickenedbonesandarmorplatesontheirsides.

A. Thoughbeingtiny,blind,andtranslucent,arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishlessenstheirvulnerabilitywiththickenedbonesandarmorplatesontheirsides.

B. Thoughtiny,blind,andtranslucent,arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishhasthickenedbonesandarmorplatesonitssidesthatlessenitsvulnerability.

C. Arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishhasthickenedbonesandarmorplatesonitssidesthatlessentheirvulnerability,thoughtiny,blind,andtranslucent.

D. Thickenedbonesandarmorplatesontheirsideslessenthevulnerabilityofarecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishthatistiny,blind,andtranslucent.

E. Tiny,blind,andtranslucent,thickenedbonesandarmorplatesonitssideslessenthevulnerabilityofarecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfish.

234. Arecentcourtdecisionhasqualifieda1998rulingthatworkerscannotbelaidoffiftheyhavebeengivenreasontobelievethattheirjobswillbesafe,providedthattheirperformanceremainssatisfactory.

A. iftheyhavebeengivenreasontobelievethattheirjobswill

B. iftheyaregivenreasonforbelievingthattheirjobswouldstill

C. havingbeengivenreasonforbelievingthattheirjobswould

D. havingbeengivenreasontobelievetheirjobsto

E. givenreasontobelievethattheirjobswillstill

235. ThomasEakins’powerfulstyleandhischoicesofsubject—theadvancesinmodernsurgery,thedisciplineofsport,thestrainsofindividualsintensionwithsocietyorevenwiththemselves—wasasdisturbingtohisowntimeasitiscompellingforours.

A. wasasdisturbingtohisowntimeasitis

B. wereasdisturbingtohisowntimeastheyare

C. hasbeenasdisturbinginhisowntimeastheyare

D. hadbeenasdisturbinginhisowntimeasitwas

E. havebeenasdisturbinginhisowntimeas

236. Aswellasheatandlight,thesunisthesourceofacontinuousstreamofatomicparticlesknownasthesolarwind.

A. Aswellasheatandlight,thesunisthesourceofacontinuousstream

B. Besidesheatandlight,alsothesunisthesourceofacontinuousstream

C. Besidesheatandlight,thesunisalsothesourceofacontinuousstreaming

D. Thesunisthesourcenotonlyofheatandlight,butalsoofacontinuousstream

E. Thesunisthesourceofnotonlyheatandlightbut,aswell,ofacontinuousstreaming

237. ThepsychologistWilliamJamesbelievedthatfacialexpressionsnotonlyprovideavisiblesignofanemotion,actuallycontributingtothefeelingitself.

A. emotion,actuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

B. emotionbutalsoactuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

C. emotionbutalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingitself

D. emotion;theyalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingofit

E. emotion;thefeelingitselfisalsoactuallycontributedtobythem

238. InspiredbytheHelsinkiAccordsandoutragedbytheharshsentences

metedouttoagroupofCzechrockmusicianscalledthePlasticPeopleoftheUniverse,Charter77wasestablishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalstobeahumanrightsgroup.

A. Charter77wasestablishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalstobe

B. Charter77hadbeenestablishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalsas

C. Charter77,establishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionals,was

D. dissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalsestablishedCharter77as

E. dissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalshadestablishedCharter77tobe

239. Accordingtoresearchcoveringthelastdecade,theaveragenumberofroomsaddedbyhigh-endhotelchainswaslowerthanwhatthehotelindustryaveragedidforthisperiod,buttheiroccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterthantheaveragehotel.

A. thanwhatthehotelindustryaveragedidforthisperiod,buttheiroccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterthan

B. thanthehotelindustryaverageforthisperiod,butoccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterforthesechainsthanfor

C. ascomparedtothehotelindustryaverageforthisperiod,butoccupancyandroomratesforthemgrewfasterthanwith

D. ascomparedtowhatthehotelindustryaveragehadbeenforthisperiod,butoccupancyandroomratesforthesechainsgrewfasterthandid

E. ascomparedtothehotelindustryaverageforthisperiod,buttheiroccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterthantheydidfor

240. Ofalltherecordcompaniesinvolvedinearlyjazz,thethreemostprominentwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

A. Ofalltherecordcompaniesinvolvedinearlyjazz,thethreemostprominentwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

B. Threemostprominentrecordcompaniesofalltheonesthatwere

involvedinearlyjazzwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

C. Columbia,Victor,andOKehwere,ofalltherecordcompaniesinvolvedinearlyjazz,thethreeofthemthatweremostprominent.

D. Columbia,Victor,andOKehwerethreemostprominentofalltherecordcompaniesinvolvedinearlyjazz.

E. Outofalltherecordcompaniesthatwereinvolvedinearlyjazz,threeofthemthatwerethemostprominentwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

241. AnalystsblamedMay’ssluggishretailsalesonunexcitingmerchandiseaswellastheweather,colderandwetterthanwasusualinsomeregions,whichslowedsalesofbarbecuegrillsandlawnfurniture.

A. colderandwetterthanwasusualinsomeregions,whichslowed

B. whichwascolderandwetterthanusualinsomeregions,slowing

C. sinceitwascolderandwetterthanusuallyinsomeregions,whichslowed

D. beingcolderandwetterthanusuallyinsomeregions,slowing

E. havingbeencolderandwetterthanwasusualinsomeregionsandslowed

242. Twenty-twofeetlongand10feetindiameter,theAM-1isoneofthemanynewsatellitesthatisapartof15yearseffortofsubjectingtheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfacestodetailedscrutinyfromspace.

A. satellitesthatisapartof15yearseffortofsubjectingtheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfaces

B. satellites,whichisapartofa15-yearefforttosubjecthowEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfacesinteract

C. satellites,partof15yearseffortofsubjectinghowEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfacesareinteracting

D. satellitesthatarepartofaneffortfor15yearsthathassubjectedtheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfaces

E. satellitesthatarepartofa15-yearefforttosubjecttheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfaces

243. Onthetournamentrosterarelistedseveraltennisstudents,mostallofwhichplayasgoodastheirinstructors.

A. mostallofwhichplayasgood

B. mostallofwhomplayasgood

C. almostallofwhichplayaswell

D. almostallofwhomplayasgood

E. almostallofwhomplayaswell

244. RecentlydiscoveredfossilremainsstronglysuggestthattheAustralianegg-layingmammalsoftodayareabranchofthemainstemofmammalianevolutionratherthandevelopingindependentlyfromacommonancestorofmammalsmorethan220millionyearsago.

A. ratherthandevelopingindependentlyfrom

B. ratherthanatypethatdevelopedindependentlyfrom

C. ratherthanatypewhosedevelopmentwasindependentof

D. insteadofdevelopingindependentlyfrom

E. insteadofadevelopmentthatwasindependentof

245. In1974alargeareaofthesurfaceofMercurywasphotographedfromvaryingdistances,whichrevealedadegreeofcrateringsimilartothatoftheMoon’s.

A. whichrevealedadegreeofcrateringsimilartothatoftheMoon’s

B. torevealadegreeofcrateringsimilartotheMoon

C. revealingadegreeofcrateringsimilartothatoftheMoon

D. andrevealedcrateringsimilarindegreetotheMoon

E. thatrevealedcrateringsimilarindegreetothatoftheMoon

246. TheenergysourceonVoyager2isnotanuclearreactor,inwhichatomsareactivelybrokenapart;ratherakindofnuclearbatterythatusesnaturalradioactivedecaytoproducepower.

A. apart;rather

B. apart,butrather

C. apart,butratherthatof

D. apart,butthatof

E. apart;itisthatof

247. Manykitchenstodayareequippedwithhigh-speedelectricalgadgets,suchasblendersandfoodprocessors,whichareabletoinflictasseriousinjuriesasthosecausedbyanindustrialwood-planingmachine.

A. whichareabletoinflictasseriousinjuriesasthose

B. whichcaninflictseriousinjuriessuchasthose

C. inflictinginjuriesasseriousasthathavingbeen

D. capabletoinflictinjuriesasseriousasthat

E. capableofinflictinginjuriesasseriousasthose

248. Underhighpressureandintenseheat,graphite,themoststableformofpurecarbon,changesintothesubstancecommonlyreferredtoasdiamondandremainingthiswaywhetherornottheheatandpressureareremoved.

A. remainingthiswaywhetherornot

B. remaininglikethatevenas

C. remainingassuchwhetherornot

D. remainsinthiswayalthough

E. remainsthusevenwhen

249. Thecomputercompanyreportedstrongsecond-quarterearningsthatsurpassedWallStreet’sestimatesandannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsintendedtoincreasesalesfurther.

A. Thecomputercompanyreportedstrongsecond-quarterearningsthatsurpassedWallStreet’sestimatesandannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsintendedtoincreasesalesfurther.

B. Thereportofthecomputercompanyshowedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,surpassingWallStreet’sestimates,andtheyannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsthattheyintendtoincreasesalesfurther.

C. SurpassingWallStreet’sestimates,thereportofthecomputercompanyshowedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,and,forthepurposeofincreasingsalesfurther,theyannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecuts.

D. Thecomputercompanyreportedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,surpassingWallStreet’sestimates,andannouncingthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsforthepurposeoffurtherincreasingsales.

E. Thecomputercompany,surpassingWallStreet’sestimates,reportedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,whileannouncingthattoincreasesalesfurthertherewouldbethefirstinaseriesofpricecuts.

250. BeingaUnitedStatescitizensince1988andborninCalcuttain1940,authorBharatiMukherjeehaslivedinEnglandandCanada,andfirstcametotheUnitedStatesin1961tostudyattheIowaWriters’Workshop.

A. BeingaUnitedStatescitizensince1988andborninCalcuttain1940,authorBharatiMukherjeehas

B. HavingbeenaUnitedStatescitizensince1988,shewasborninCalcuttain1940;authorBharatiMukherjee

C. BorninCalcuttain1940,authorBharatiMukherjeebecameaUnitedStatescitizenin1988;shehas

D. BeingborninCalcuttain1940andhavingbeenaUnitedStatescitizensince1988,authorBharatiMukherjee

E. HavingbeenborninCalcuttain1940andbeingaUnitedStatescitizensince1988,authorBharatiMukherjee

251. Asaresultofrecordlowtemperatures,thewaterpipesonthethirdfloorfroze,whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,whichreleasedtorrentsofwaterintoofficesonthesecondfloor.

A. whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,whichreleasedtorrentsofwater

B. whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburstandwhichreleasedtorrentsofwater

C. whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,torrentsofwaterwerethenreleased

D. causingtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,thenreleasingtorrentsofwater

E. causingtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburstandreleasetorrentsofwater

252. ArchaeologistsinIrelandbelievethatarecentlydiscoveredchalice,which

datesfromtheeighthcentury,wasprobablyburiedtokeepfrombeingstolenbyinvaders.

A. tokeepfrom

B. tokeepitfrom

C. toavoid

D. inorderthatitwouldavoid

E. inordertokeepfrom

253. Thebankholds$3billioninloansthatareseriouslydelinquentorinsuchtroublethattheydonotexpectpaymentswhendue.

A. theydonotexpectpaymentswhen

B. itdoesnotexpectpaymentswhenitis

C. itdoesnotexpectpaymentstobemadewhentheyare

D. paymentsarenottobeexpectedtobepaidwhen

E. paymentsarenotexpectedtobepaidwhentheywillbe

254. Facedwithanestimated$2billionbudgetgap,thecity’smayorproposedanearly17percentreductionintheamountallocatedthepreviousyeartomaintainthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandtosubsidizehundredsoflocalartsgroups.

A. proposedanearly17percentreductionintheamountallocatedthepreviousyeartomaintainthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandtosubsidize

B. proposedareductionfromthepreviousyearofnearly17percentintheamountitwasallocatingtomaintainthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandforsubsidizing

C. proposedtoreduce,bynearly17percent,theamountfromthepreviousyearthatwasallocatedforthemaintenanceofthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandtosubsidize

D. hasproposedareductionfromthepreviousyearofnearly17percentoftheamountitwasallocatingformaintainingthecity’smajorculturalinstitutions,andtosubsidize

E. wasproposingthattheamounttheywereallocatingbereducedby

nearly17percentfromthepreviousyearformaintainingthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandforthesubsidization

255. Inthetextbookpublishingbusiness,thesecondquarterishistoricallyweak,becauserevenuesarelowandmarketingexpensesarehighascompaniesprepareforthecomingschoolyear.

A. lowandmarketingexpensesarehighascompaniesprepare

B. lowandtheirmarketingexpensesarehighastheyprepare

C. lowwithhighermarketingexpensesinpreparation

D. low,whilemarketingexpensesarehighertoprepare

E. low,whiletheirmarketingexpensesarehigherinpreparation

256. Ms.Chambersisamongtheforecasterswhopredictthattherateofadditiontoarablelandswilldropwhilethoseoflossrise.

A. thoseoflossrise

B. itrisesforloss

C. thoseoflossesrise

D. therateoflossrises

E. therearerisesfortherateofloss

257. Lessthan400SumatranrhinossurviveontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo,andtheyoccupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

A. Lessthan400SumatranrhinossurviveontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo,andtheyoccupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

B. Lessthan400Sumatranrhinos,survivingontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo,occupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

C. Occupyingasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange,theMalaypeninsulaandtheislandsofSumatraandBorneoarewherefewerthan400Sumatranrhinossurvive.

D. Occupyingasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange,fewerthan400SumatranrhinossurviveontheMalaypeninsulaandonthe

islandsofSumatraandBorneo.

E. SurvivingontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo,lessthan400Sumatranrhinosoccupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

258. Certainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace;onereasonissuggestedbythefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

A. Certainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace;onereasonissuggestedbythefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

B. Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace,onereasonthatcertainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveissuggestedbythefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

C. Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace,onereasoncertainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveissuggestedbythefindingthatmuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesarefoundinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethanthosethatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

D. Thefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicalsissuggestiveofonereason,ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace,certainpesticidescanbecomeineffective.

E. Thefindingofmuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninthosethatarefreeofsuchchemicalssuggestsonereasoncertainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace.

259. Whilesomeacademiciansbelievethatbusinessethicsshouldbeintegratedintoeverybusinesscourse,otherssaythatstudentswilltakeethicsseriouslyonlyifitwouldbetaughtasaseparatelyrequiredcourse.

A. onlyifitwouldbetaughtasaseparatelyrequiredcourse

B. onlyifitistaughtasaseparate,requiredcourse

C. ifitistaughtonlyasacourserequiredseparately

D. ifitwastaughtonlyasaseparateandrequiredcourse

E. ifitwouldonlybetaughtasarequiredcourse,separately

260. Whethertheywillscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsonwhetherthechangesthattheirmanagementhasproposedwillbefullyimplemented.

A. Whethertheywillscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsonwhetherthechangesthattheirmanagementhasproposedwillbefullyimplemented.

B. Whethertheyscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorwhethertheydiscontinuetheirbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsonthechangestheirmanagementhasproposed,iffullyimplementedornot.

C. Theireitherscalingbacktheirordersinthefuturetopre-2003levels,ortheiroutrightterminationofbusinesswithus,dependsontheirmanagement’sproposedchangesbeingfullyimplementedornot.

D. Whethertheywillscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsifthechangesthattheirmanagementhasproposedbecomefullyimplemented.

E. Theywilleitherscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levels,ortheywillstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependentonwhetherthechangestheirmanagementhasproposedwillbefullyimplemented,ornot.

261. Until1868andDisraeli,GreatBritainhadnoprimeministersnotcomingfromalandedfamily.

A. Until1868andDisraeli,GreatBritainhadnoprimeministersnotcoming

B. Until1868andDisraeli,GreatBritainhadhadnoprimeministerswhohavenotcome

C. UntilDisraeliin1868,therewerenoprimeministersinGreatBritainwhohavenotcome

D. Itwasnotuntil1868thatGreatBritainhadaprimeminister—Disraeli—whodidnotcome

E. Itwasonlyin1868andDisraelithatGreatBritainhadoneofitsprimeministersnotcoming

262. Around1900,fishermenintheChesapeakeBayarealandedmorethanseventeenmillionpoundsofshadinasingleyear,butby1920,overfishingandtheproliferationofmilldamsandculvertsthathaveblockedshadmigrationsuptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstolessthanfourmillionpounds.

A. thathaveblockedshadmigrationsuptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstoless

B. thatblockedshadfrommigratinguptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstoless

C. thatblockedshadfrommigratinguptheirspawningstreamsreducedlandingstoaloweramount

D. havingblockedshadfrommigratinguptheirspawningstreamsreducedlandingstoless

E. havingblockedshadmigrationsuptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstoanamountlower

263. Byofferinglowerpricesandamenuofpersonalcommunicationsoptions,suchascalleridentificationandvoicemail,thenewtelecommunicationscompanyhasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsoforcedthemtooffercompetitiveprices.

A. hasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsoforcedthem

B. hasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompanies,butitalsoforcedthem

C. hasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsoforcedthesecompanies

D. notonlyhascapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsothesecompanieshavebeenforced

E. notonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompanies,butitalsohasforcedthem

264. Aftersuffering$2billioninlossesand25,000layoffs,thenation’ssemiconductorindustry,whichmakeschipsthatruneverythingfromcomputersandspysatellitestodishwashers,appearstohavemadealong-awaitedrecovery.

A. computersandspysatellitestodishwashers,appearstohave

B. computers,spysatellites,anddishwashers,appearshaving

C. computers,spysatellites,anddishwashers,appearsthatithas

D. computersandspysatellitestodishwashers,appearsthatithas

E. computersandspysatellitesaswellasdishwashers,appearstohave

265. Overarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,monkeysandmarmosetshaveahearingsensitivityremarkablysimilartohumans,abovewhichthesensitivitybeginstodiffer.

A. Overarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,monkeysandmarmosetshaveahearingsensitivityremarkablysimilartohumans

B. Comparedtohumans,thehearingsensitivityofmonkeysandmarmosetsareremarkablysimilaroverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz

C. Comparedtohumansoverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,thehearingsensitivityofmonkeysandmarmosetsisremarkablysimilar

D. Thehearingsensitivityofmonkeysandmarmosets,whencomparedtohumansoverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,isremarkablysimilar

E. Thehearingsensitivityofmonkeys,marmosets,andhumansisremarkablysimilaroverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz

266. Thecomputercompanyhasannouncedthatitwillpurchasethecolor-printingdivisionofarivalcompanyfor$950million,whichispartofadealthatwillmakeitthelargestmanufacturerintheofficecolor-printingmarket.

A. million,whichispartofadealthatwillmake

B. million,apartofadealthatmakes

C. million,apartofadealmaking

D. millionasapartofadealtomake

E. millionaspartofadealthatwillmake

267. Kudzu,anAsianvinethathasgrownrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceintroducingitinthe1920stothwartsoilerosion,hasoverrunmanyhousesandcountlessacresofroadside.

A. thathasgrownrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceintroducingitinthe1920stothwart

B. thathasgrownrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStates,sinceitwasintroducedinthe1920sforthwarting

C. thathasgrownrampantinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceitwasintroducedinthe1920stothwart

D. growingrampantinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceintroducingitinthe1920sforthwarting

E. growingrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStates,sinceitwasintroducedinthe1920stothwart

268. Unabletobuildnestsorcarefortheiryoung,afemalecowbirdlaysupto40eggsayearinthenestsofotherbirds,includingwarblers,vireos,flycatchers,andthrushes.

A. afemalecowbirdlaysupto40eggsayearinthenestsofotherbirds,including

B. afemalecowbirdwillusethenestsofotherbirdstolayupto40eggsayear,includingthoseof

C. femalecowbirdsusethenestsofotherbirdstolayupto40eggsayear,includingthoseof

D. femalecowbirdslayupto40eggsayearinthenestsofotherbirds,including

E. upto40eggsayeararelaidbyfemalecowbirdsinthenestsofotherbirds,including

269. BluegrassmusicianBillMonroe,whoserepertory,viewsonmusicalcollaboration,andvocalstylewereinfluentialongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfromhisown.

A. wereinfluentialongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfrom

B. influencedgenerationsofbluegrassartists,alsoinspiredmanymusicians,includingElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfrom

C. wasinfluentialtogenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoinspirationaltomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicwasdifferentsignificantlyincomparisonto

D. wasinfluentialtogenerationsofbluegrassartists,alsoinspiredmanymusicians,whoincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,themusicofwhomdifferedsignificantlywhencomparedto

E. wereaninfluenceongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,includingElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicwassignificantlydifferentfromthatof

270. Inmanyoftheworld’sregions,increasingpressureonwaterresourceshasresultedbothfromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andfrompollution,sothatthefuturesupplyinsomeofthemorearidareasisaconcerngoingforward.

A. bothfromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andfrompollution,sothatthefuturesupplyinsomeofthemorearidareasisaconcerngoingforward

B. bothfromexpandingdevelopmentorchangesinclimate,andpollution,sothatfuturesuppliesinsomeofthemorearidareasareaconcern

C. fromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andalsofrompollution,sothatthefuturesupplyinsomeofthemorearidareasisamatterofconcerngoingforward

D. fromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andpollution,sothatfuturesuppliesinsomeofthemorearidareasareaconcern

E. fromexpansionofdevelopment,changesinclimate,andfrompollution,sothatsuppliesinsomeofthemorearidareasareafutureconcern

271. Thecomputercompany’spresenttroublesarearesultoftechnological

stagnation,marketingmissteps,andmanagerialblunderssothatseveralattemptstorevisecorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectit.

A. sothatseveralattemptstorevisecorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectit

B. sothatseveralattemptsatrevisingcorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrect

C. inthatseveralattemptsatrevisingcorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectthem

D. thatseveralattemptstorevisecorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrect

E. thatseveralattemptsatrevisingcorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectthem

272. Therootsystemsofmostfloweringperennialseitherbecometoocrowded,whichresultsinlossinvigor,andspreadtoofaroutward,producingabarecenter.

A. whichresultsinlossinvigor,andspread

B. resultinginlossinvigor,orspreading

C. withtheresultoflossofvigor,orspreading

D. resultinginlossofvigor,orspread

E. witharesultinglossofvigor,andspread

273. Intheory,internationalcivilservantsattheUnitedNationsareprohibitedfromcontinuingtodrawsalariesfromtheirowngovernments;inpractice,however,somegovernmentsmerelysubstitutelivingallowancesfortheiremployees’paychecks,assignedbythemtotheUnitedNations.

A. fortheiremployees’paychecks,assignedbythem

B. forthepaychecksoftheiremployeeswhohavebeenassigned

C. forthepaychecksoftheiremployees,havingbeenassigned

D. inplaceoftheiremployees’paychecks,forthoseofthemassigned

E. inplaceofthepaychecksoftheiremployeestohavebeenassignedbythem

274. Industryanalystssaidthattherecentriseinfuelpricesmaybeanearly

signalofthepossibilityofgasolineandheatingoilpricesstayinghigherthanusuallythroughtheendoftheyear.

A. ofthepossibilityofgasolineandheatingoilpricesstayinghigherthanusuallythrough

B. ofthepossibilitythatgasolineandheatingoilpricescouldstayhigherthanusualthroughout

C. ofpricesofgasolineandheatingoilpossiblystayinghigherthanusuallythrough

D. thatpricesofgasolineandheatingoilcouldstayhigherthantheyusuallyarethroughout

E. thatpricesofgasolineandheatingoilwillstayhigherthanusualthrough

275. TheAnasazisettlementsatChacoCanyonwerebuiltonaspectacularscale,withmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructures,ofupto600roomseach,wereconnectedbyacomplexregionalsystemofroads.

A. scale,withmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructures,ofupto600roomseach,were

B. scale,withmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructures,ofupto600roomseach,

C. scaleofmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructuresofupto600rooms,eachthathadbeen

D. scaleofmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructuresofupto600roomsandwitheach

E. scaleofmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructuresofupto600rooms,eachhadbeen

276. EventhoughtheoverallconsumerpriceindexdidnotchangeinApril,indicatingtheabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisehavefallenoverthelastseveralmonths.

A. April,indicatingtheabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisehavefallen

B. April,indicatingthatanygeneralinflationordeflationwereabsent,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisefell

C. Aprilandindicatedthatabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisefell

D. April,havingindicatedtheabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisefell

E. April,whichindicatedthatanygeneralinflationordeflationwereabsent,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisehavefallen

277. DespiteJapan’srelativeisolationfromworldtradeatthetime,theprolongedpeaceduringtheTokugawashogunateproducedanalmostexplosiveexpansionofcommerce.

A. Japan’srelativeisolationfromworldtradeatthetime,theprolongedpeaceduringtheTokugawashogunate

B. therelativeisolationofJapanfromworldtradeatthetimeandtheTokugawashogunate’sprolongedpeace,it

C. beingrelativelyisolatedfromworldtradeatthetime,theprolongedpeaceduringJapan’sTokugawashogunate

D. Japan’srelativeisolationfromworldtradeatthetimeduringtheTokugawashogunate,prolongedpeace

E. itsrelativeisolationfromworldtradethen,prolongedpeaceinJapanduringtheTokugawashogunate

278. Governmentofficialsannouncedthatrestrictionsontheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausenoappreciativeincreaseintheleveloftheriverresultedfromtheintermittentshowersthathadfallenthroughouttheareathedaybefore.

A. restrictionsontheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausenoappreciativeincreaseintheleveloftheriver

B. restrictingtheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausetherehadnotbeenanyappreciativeincreaseintheriver’slevelthat

C. theuseofwaterwouldcontinuetoberestrictedbecausenotanyappreciableincreaseintheriver’slevelhad

D. restrictionsontheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausenoappreciableincreaseintheleveloftheriverhad

E. usingwaterwouldcontinuebeingrestrictedbecausenotanyappreciableincreaseintheleveloftheriver

279. AccordingtoUnitedStatescensusdata,whiletherewasaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkingoutsidethehomein1975,in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofthosemotherswereemployedoutsidethehome.

A. whiletherewasaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkingoutsidethehomein1975,in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofthosemotherswereemployedoutsidethehome

B. therewereaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenwhoworkedoutsidethehomein1975;in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofthosemotherswereemployedoutsidethehome

C. in1975aboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkedoutsidethehome;in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofsuchmotherswereemployedoutsidethehome

D. eventhoughin1975therewereaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenwhoworkedoutsidethehome,almosttwo-thirdsofsuchmotherswereemployedoutsidethehomein2000

E. withaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkingoutsidethehomein1975,almosttwo-thirdsofsuchmotherswereemployedoutsidethehomein2000

280. Cloudsareformedfromtheevaporationoftheoceans’waterthatiswarmedbythesunandriseshighintotheatmosphere,condensingintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust.

A. Cloudsareformedfromtheevaporationoftheoceans’waterthatiswarmedbythesunandriseshighintotheatmosphere,condensingintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust.

B. Cloudsformbythesun’swarmthevaporatingthewaterintheoceans,whichriseshighintotheatmosphere,condensingintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust.

C. Warmedbythesun,oceanwaterevaporates,riseshighintotheatmosphere,andcondensesintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdusttoformclouds.

D. Thewaterintheoceansevaporates,warmedbythesun,riseshighintotheatmosphere,andcondensesintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust,whichformsclouds.

E. Oceanwater,warmedbythesun,evaporatesandriseshighintothe

atmosphere,whichthencondensesintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdusttoformasclouds.

281. Schistosomiasis,adiseasecausedbyaparasiticworm,isprevalentinhot,humidclimates,andithasbecomemorewidespreadasirrigationprojectshaveenlargedthehabitatofthefreshwatersnailsthataretheparasite’shostsforpartofitslifecycle.

A. thefreshwatersnailsthataretheparasite’shostsforpartofitslifecycle

B. thefreshwatersnailsthataretheparasite’shostsinpartoftheirlifecycle

C. freshwatersnailswhichbecometheparasite’shostsforpartofitslifecycles

D. freshwatersnailswhichbecomethehostsoftheparasiteduringtheparasite’slifecycles

E. parasite’shosts,freshwatersnailswhichbecometheirhostsduringtheirlifecycles

282. SorJuanaInésdelaCruzwasmakingthecaseforwomen’sequalitylongbeforethecausehadaname:Borninthemid-seventeenthcenturyinSanMiguelNepantla,Mexico,theconventwastheperfectenvironmentforSorJuanatopursueintellectualpursuits,achievingrenownasamathematician,poet,philosopher,andplaywright.

A. theconventwastheperfectenvironmentforSorJuanatopursueintellectualpursuits,achieving

B. SorJuanafoundtheconventprovidedtheperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuits,andshewentontoachieve

C. theconventprovidedtheperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuitsforSorJuana;goingontoachieve

D. SorJuanafoundtheconventprovidedtheperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuits;achieving

E. theconventwas,SorJuanafound,theperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuits,andshewentontoachieve

283. Bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,in1797–1798Henry

Cavendish’sapparatusenabledhimtoarriveatanastonishinglyaccuratefigurefortheweightoftheearth.

A. Bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,in1797–1798HenryCavendish’sapparatusenabledhim

B. In1797–1798,bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,HenryCavendish’sapparatusenabledhim

C. HenryCavendishdevisedaninstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployeduncommonlyprecisemeasurements,andin1797–1798wasable

D. Havingdevisedaninstrumentfromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemploymentofuncommonlyprecisemeasurements,HenryCavendishin1797–1798wasable

E. Bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,HenryCavendishwasablein1797–1798

284. Thegrowthprojectedforthesestormsindifferentcomputerizedweathermodelsvarieswidely.

A. projectedforthesestormsindifferentcomputerizedweathermodelsvarieswidely

B. forthesestormsisprojectedindifferentcomputerizedmodelsofweathertovarywidely

C. ofthesestorms,projectedindifferentcomputerizedweathermodels,varywidely

D. projectedforthesestorms,whichvarywidelyindifferentcomputerizedweathermodels

E. thatvarieswidelyforthesestormsareprojectedindifferentcomputerizedweathermodels

285. Byusingaprocesscalledecholocationtoanalyzetheechoesofthehigh-pitchedsoundstheyproduce,batscandeterminenotonlythedistancetoanobject,buttheyalsocandetermineitsshapeandsizeandthedirectioninwhichitismoving.

A. candeterminenotonlythedistancetoanobject,buttheyalsocandetermine

B. notonlycandeterminethedistancetoanobjectbutalso

C. candeterminenotonlythedistancetoanobjectbutalso

D. notonlycandetermineitsdistancefromanobjectbutalso

E. candeterminenotonlytheirdistancefromanobject,buttheycanalsodetermine

286. Carbondioxide,whichtrapsheatintheatmosphereandhelpsregulatetheplanet’ssurfacetemperature,isconstantlybeingexchangedbetweentheatmosphereontheonehandandtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheother.

A. exchangedbetweentheatmosphereontheonehandandtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheother

B. exchanged,ontheonehand,betweentheatmosphereandtheoceansandterrestrialplants,ontheother

C. exchangedbetween,ontheonehand,theatmosphere,withtheoceansandterrestrialplants,ontheother

D. exchanged,ontheonehand,amongtheoceansandterrestrialplants,andtheatmosphere,ontheother

E. exchangedamongtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheonehandandtheatmosphereontheother

287. FloatinginthewatersoftheequatorialPacific,anarrayofbuoyscollectsandtransmitsdataonlong-terminteractionsbetweentheoceanandtheatmosphere,interactionsthataffectglobalclimate.

A. atmosphere,interactionsthataffect

B. atmosphere,withinteractionsaffecting

C. atmospherethataffects

D. atmospherethatisaffecting

E. atmosphereasaffects

288. Sixty-fivemillionyearsago,accordingtosomescientists,anasteroidbiggerthanMountEverestslammedintoNorthAmerica,which,causing

plantandanimalextinctions,markstheendofthegeologiceraknownastheCretaceousPeriod.

A. which,causingplantandanimalextinctions,marks

B. whichcausedtheplantandanimalextinctionsandmarks

C. andcausingplantandanimalextinctionsthatmark

D. aneventthatcausedplantandanimalextinctions,whichmarks

E. aneventthatcausedtheplantandanimalextinctionsthatmark

289. Althoughthefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesightedwasinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell,ithadnotbeenannounceduntilFebruary1968.

A. Althoughthefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesightedwasinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell,ithadnotbeenannounceduntilFebruary1968.

B. AlthoughnotannounceduntilFebruary1968,inthesummerof1967graduatestudentJocelynBellobservedthefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesighted.

C. AlthoughobservedbygraduatestudentJocelynBellinthesummerof1967,thediscoveryofthefirstsightedpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,hadnotbeenannouncedbeforeFebruary1968.

D. Thefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesightedwasobservedinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell,butthediscoverywasnotannounceduntilFebruary1968.

E. Thefirstsightedpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,wasnotannounceduntilFebruary1968,whileitwasobservedinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell.

290. Soundcantravelthroughwaterforenormousdistances,preventedfromdissipatingitsacousticenergyasaresultofboundariesintheoceancreatedbywaterlayersofdifferenttemperaturesanddensities.

A. preventedfromdissipatingitsacousticenergyasaresultof

B. preventedfromhavingitsacousticenergydissipatedby

C. itsacousticenergypreventedfromdissipatingby

D. itsacousticenergypreventedfrombeingdissipatedasaresultof

E. preventingitsacousticenergyfromdissipatingby

291. Lastyear,landvaluesinmostpartsofthepinelandsrosealmostsofast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthanwhattheydidoutsidethepinelands.

A. sofast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthanwhattheydid

B. sofast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthan,those

C. asfast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthan,those

D. asfastas,andinsomepartsevenfasterthan,those

E. asfastas,andinsomepartsevenfasterthanwhattheydid

292. TheNorthAmericanmoose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtrees,butpredatorspursuingitmustleaporgoaroundthem.

A. moose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtrees,butpredatorspursuingitmustleaporgoaroundthem

B. moose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtreeswhilepredatorspursuingthemmustleaporgoaround

C. moose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoodsandtostepeasilyoverdownedtrees,butpredatorspursuingthemmustleapoverorgoaroundthem

D. moosehaslonglegs,enablingittomovequicklythroughthewoodsandtostepeasilyoverdownedtreeswhilepredatorspursuingthemmustleaporgoaround

E. moosehaslonglegsthatenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtreeswhilepredatorspursuingitmustleapoverorgoaroundthem

293. EarlyadministrativedecisionsinChina’sMingDynastyeventuallycausedadrasticfallintaxrevenues,areductioninmilitarypreparedness,thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,andfailedtomakesufficientinvestmentinvitaltransportationinfrastructure.

A. thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,andfailed

B. thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,andfailing

C. andthecollapseofthecurrencysystem,alsofailed

D. thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,aswellasfailing

E. andthecollapseofthecurrencysystem,aswellasafailure

294. SeismologistsstudyingtheearthquakethatstrucknorthernCaliforniainOctober1989arestillinvestigatingsomeofitsmysteries:theunexpectedpoweroftheseismicwaves,theupwardthrustthatthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andthestrangeelectromagneticsignalsdetectedhoursbeforethetemblor.

A. theupwardthrustthatthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andthestrangeelectromagneticsignalsdetectedhoursbeforethetemblor

B. theupwardthrustthatthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andstrangeelectromagneticsignalsweredetectedhoursbeforethetemblor

C. theupwardthrustthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andhoursbeforethetemblorstrangeelectromagneticsignalsweredetected

D. onemanwasthrownstraightintotheairbytheupwardthrust,andhoursbeforethetemblorstrangeelectromagneticsignalsweredetected

E. onemanwhowasthrownstraightintotheairbytheupwardthrust,andstrangeelectromagneticsignalsthatweredetectedhoursbeforethetemblor

295. Thetypeofbehaviorexhibitedwhenananimalrecognizesitselfinamirrorcomeswithinthedomainof“theoryofmind,”thusisbeststudiedaspartofthefieldofanimalcognition.

A. of“theoryofmind,”thusisbest

B. “theoryofmind,”andsoisbesttobe

C. ofa“theoryofmind,”thusitisbest

D. of“theoryofmind”andthusisbest

E. ofthe“theoryofmind,”andsoitisbesttobe

296. UnliketheUnitedStates,wherefarmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLankaareconcentratedinthemonsoonmonths,JunetoSeptember,andtheskiesaregenerallyclearfortherestoftheyear.

A. UnliketheUnitedStates,wherefarmerscanusuallydependonrainor

snowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLanka

B. UnliketheUnitedStatesfarmerswhocanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLanka

C. UnlikethoseoftheUnitedStates,wherefarmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,mostpartsofSriLanka’srains

D. IncomparisonwiththeUnitedStates,whosefarmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLanka

E. IntheUnitedStates,farmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,butinmostpartsofSriLanka,therains

297. Inpreparationforthepredictionofamajorearthquakethatwillhitthestate,asatellite-basedcomputernetworkisbeingbuiltbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesforidentifyingearthquakedamageandtopinpointthemostaffectedareaswithintwohoursoftheevent.

A. Inpreparationforthepredictionofamajorearthquakethatwillhitthestate,asatellite-basedcomputernetworkisbeingbuiltbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesforidentifying

B. Inpreparingforthepredictionthatamajorearthquakewillhitthestate,theCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesisbuildingasatellite-basedcomputernetworkthatwillidentify

C. Inpreparingforamajorearthquakethatispredictedtohitthestate,theCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesisbuildingasatellite-basedcomputernetworktoidentify

D. Toprepareforthepredictionofamajorearthquakehittingthestate,asatellite-basedcomputernetworkisbeingbuiltbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicestoidentify

E. Toprepareforamajorearthquakethatispredictedtohitthestate,theCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesisbuildingasatellite-basedcomputernetworkthatwillidentify

298. Oncenumberinginthemillionsworldwide,itisestimatedthatthewolfhasdeclinedto200,000in57countries,some11,000ofthemtobefoundinthelower48UnitedStatesandAlaska.

A. itisestimatedthatthewolfhasdeclinedto200,000in57countries,

some

B. thewolfisestimatedtohavedeclinedto200,000in57countries,withapproximately

C. thewolfhasdeclinedtoanestimateof200,000in57countries,some

D. wolveshavedeclinedtoanestimateof200,000in57countries,withapproximately

E. wolveshavedeclinedtoanestimated200,000in57countries,some

299. Asbusinessgrowsmorecomplex,studentsmajoringinspecializedareaslikethoseoffinanceandmarketinghavebeenbecomingincreasinglysuccessfulinthejobmarket.

A. majoringinspecializedareaslikethoseoffinanceandmarketinghavebeenbecomingincreasingly

B. whomajorinsuchspecializedareasasfinanceandmarketingarebecomingmoreandmore

C. whomajoredinspecializedareassuchasthoseoffinanceandmarketingarebeingincreasingly

D. whomajorinspecializedareaslikethoseoffinanceandmarketinghavebeenbecomingmoreandmore

E. havingmajoredinsuchspecializedareasasfinanceandmarketingarebeingincreasingly

300. Createdin1945toreducepovertyandstabilizeforeigncurrencymarkets,theWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundhave,accordingtosomecritics,continuallystruggledtomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—butneglectedtheirintendedbeneficiariesinthedevelopingworld.

A. continuallystruggledtomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—butneglected

B. continuallystruggledastheytrytomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—whileneglectingthatof

C. continuallystruggledtomeettheirmajorshareholders’expectations—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—butneglected

thatof

D. hadtostrugglecontinuallyintryingtomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—whileneglectingthatof

E. struggledcontinuallyintryingtomeettheirmajorshareholders’expectations—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—andneglecting

301. Unlikeautoinsurance,thefrequencyofclaimsdoesnotaffectthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage,butiftheinsurancecompanyisabletoproveexcessivelossduetoownernegligence,itmaydeclinetorenewthepolicy.

A. Unlikeautoinsurance,thefrequencyofclaimsdoesnotaffectthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage,

B. Unlikewithautoinsurance,thefrequencyofclaimsdonotaffectthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage,

C. Unlikethefrequencyofclaimsforautoinsurance,thepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoveragearenotaffectedbythefrequencyofclaims,

D. Unlikethepremiumsforautoinsurance,thepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoveragearenotaffectedbythefrequencyofclaims,

E. Unlikewiththepremiumsforautoinsurance,thepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverageisnotaffectedbythefrequencyofclaims,

5.7AnswerKey189. A

190. C

191. E

192. E

193. C

194. E

195. C

196. D

197. C

198. E

199. C

200. A

201. B

202. E

203. D

204. C

205. C

206. B

207. A

208. A

209. E

210. C

211. D

212. B

213. A

214. C

215. B

216. A

217. A

218. B

219. B

220. C

221. A

222. D

223. C

224. C

225. E

226. D

227. A

228. B

229. C

230. D

231. E

232. C

233. B

234. A

235. B

236. D

237. C

238. D

239. B

240. A

241. B

242. E

243. E

244. B

245. C

246. B

247. E

248. E

249. A

250. C

251. E

252. B

253. C

254. A

255. A

256. D

257. D

258. A

259. B

260. A

261. D

262. B

263. C

264. A

265. E

266. E

267. C

268. D

269. B

270. D

271. D

272. D

273. B

274. E

275. B

276. A

277. A

278. D

279. C

280. C

281. A

282. B

283. E

284. A

285. C

286. A

287. A

288. E

289. D

290. C

291. D

292. E

293. E

294. A

295. D

296. E

297. C

298. E

299. B

300. A

301. D

5.8AnswerExplanationsThefollowingdiscussionofsentencecorrectionisintendedtofamiliarizeyou

Thefollowingdiscussionofsentencecorrectionisintendedtofamiliarizeyouwiththemostefficientandeffectiveapproachestothesekindsofquestions.TheparticularquestionsinthischapteraregenerallyrepresentativeofthekindsofsentencecorrectionquestionsyouwillencounterontheGMAT.

189. Usingdigitalenhancementsofskullfragmentsfromfiveprehistorichominidsdatingtomorethan350,000yearsago,anthropologistsarguethatthesehumanancestorsprobablyhadhearingsimilartothatofpeopletoday.

A. anthropologistsarguethatthesehumanancestors

B. anthropologistsargue,sothesehumanancestors

C. anthropologistsargue,thesehumanancestors

D. thesehumanancestors,anthropologistsargue,

E. thesehumanancestorsarearguedbyanthropologiststohave

Logicalpredication;Diction

Theverbarguehere,becauseitexpressestheideaofarguingforapositionortheory,shouldbefolloweddirectlybyaclauseintroducedbythat,withoutapause.Verbformsendingwith-ingwithunderstoodsubjects,liketheonebeginningthissentence,musthavetheirsubjectsuppliedelsewhere—preferablybythesubjectofthemainclause.

A. Correct.Argueisfollowedimmediatelybyathatclause,andthesubjectofusingissuppliedbyanthropologists.

B. Argueisnotdirectlyfollowedbyathatclause;moreover,bycontinuingwithso...,thesentencedoesnotcoherentlyexpresstheintendedidea.

C. Argueisnotdirectlyfollowedbyathatclause.

D. Thesubjectofthemainclause,thesehumanancestors,willillogicallybetakenasthesubjectofusing.

E. Thesubjectofthemainclause,thesehumanancestors,willillogicallybetakenasthesubjectofusing.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

190. Theinteriorministerexplainedthatoneofthevillageplanningproposal’sbestcharacteristicswastheirnotdetractingfromtheproject’soverallbenefitbybeingaburdenonthedevelopmentbudget.

A. oneofthevillageplanningproposal’sbestcharacteristicswastheirnotdetracting

B. oneofthevillage’splanningproposal’sbestcharacteristicswereitsnottaking

C. oneofthebestcharacteristicsofthevillage’splanningproposalwasthatitdidnotdetract

D. abestcharacteristicofthevillageplanningproposalwas,itdidnottake

E. amongthevillageplanningproposal’sbestcharacteristics,onewas,itdidnotdetract

Agreement;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thenounphrasebeginningwithoneissingular,asisoneofitsconstituentparts,thevillageplanningproposal,soanypronounsforwhichitistheantecedentshouldbesingular;furthermore,anyverbforwhichthenounphrasebeginningwithone...isthesubjectshouldbeinthesingular.Theverbdetractismoreappropriatetothethoughtbeingexpressedthantake.

A. Thepluralpronountheirhasasingularnounphraseasitsantecedent,namely,thevillageplanningproposal.(Itisillogicaltotaketheantecedentoftheirtobebestcharacteristics.)

B. Thepluralverbweredoesnotagreewiththesingularsubject.Also,theverbtakingshouldbereplacedbytheverbdetracting.

C. Correct.Theverbiscorrectlyinthesingularform.

D. Abestcharacteristicisawkward;theideaisbetterphrasedasoneofthebestcharacteristics.Alsotheverbtakeshouldbereplacedbytheverbdetract.

E. Insteadoftheawkwardsequenceonewas,itdidnot,abetterchoicewouldbewasthatitdidnot.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

191. Likeants,termiteshaveanelaboratesocialstructureinwhichafewindividualsreproduceandtherestareservingthecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,ortheybattleintruders.

A. areservingthecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,ortheybattle

B. areservingthecolonyinthattheytendjuveniles,gatherfood,buildthenest,orbattle

C. servethecolony,tendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,orbybattling

D. servethecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,bybuildingthenest,orbybattling

E. servethecolonybytendingjuveniles,gatheringfood,buildingthenest,orbattling

Parallelism;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thesentencemosteffectivelyusesparallelstructuretocontrasttwotypesoftermitesinthesocialstructureoftermitecolonies:thosewhoreproduce,andthosewhoservethecolonyinanumberofways.Theprogressiveverbformareservingshouldbechangedtosimplepresenttenseservetoparallelreproduce.Inthefinallistofresponsibilities,parallelismdemandsthatallassumethegerundformasobjectsofthepreposition:bytending...gathering...building...orbattling.

A. Theprogressiveverbformareservingisinappropriateforthisgeneralclaimabouttermitebehavior.Itshouldparallelthepreviousverbreproduce.Itisunnecessarytointroduceanewclauseortheybattleintruders,becausebattlingisanotherwaysometermitesservethecolonyandshouldthereforebeexpressedasanotherobjectoftheprepositionby.

B. Inthattheyisanawkwardandwordyconstruction—apoorsubstituteforbyinthiscontext.

C. Theprepositionbyclarifieshowthetermitesservetheircolonyandshouldgovernallofthetaskdescriptions,notjustthefinalone.

D. Thereisnoneedtorepeattheprepositionby,becausealltaskscanbedescribedinaseriesofparallelobjectsofthesamepreposition.Toviolateparallelstructurebyomittingtheprepositionbeforeonegerundbutrepeatingitfortherestconfusesthereader.

E. Correct.Thesentenceusesproperparallelstructureandisclearandconcise.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

192. Globalwarmingissaidtoberesponsibleforextremeweatherchanges,which,liketheheavyrainsthatcausedmorethan$2billionindamagesandledtofloodingthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,andtheheatwaveinthenortheasternandmidwesternUnitedStates,whichwasalsothecauseofagreatamountofdamageanddestruction.

A. which,liketheheavyrainsthatcausedmorethan$2billionindamagesandledtofloodingthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,

B. which,liketheheavyrainsthatthroughoutthestateofCaliforniacausedmorethan$2billionindamagesandledtoflooding,

C. liketheheavyfloodingthat,becauseofrainsthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,causedmorethan$2billionindamages,

D. suchastheheavyfloodingthatledtorainsthroughoutthestateofCaliforniacausingmorethan$2billionindamages,

E. suchastheheavyrainsthatledtofloodingthroughoutthestateofCalifornia,causingmorethan$2billionindamages,

Grammaticalconstruction:Logicalpredication

Thissentenceintroducestheclaimthatglobalwarmingisconsideredtobethecauseofextremeweatherchangesandthenillustratesthesechangeswithtwoexamplesintroducedbythephrasesuchas.Thecorrectcausalsequenceofeventsinthefirstexampleisheavyrain,whichcausedsignificantdamageandflooding.Therelativepronounwhich,referringtochanges,islackingaverbtocompletetherelativeclause.

A. Therelativepronoun,which,iswithoutaverb.Thephrasewhich,liketheheavyrainsincorrectlysuggeststhattheextremeweatherissomethingdifferentfromtheheavyrainsandtheheatwave,andthateachofthesethreephenomenaseparatelycauseddamageanddestruction.

B. Asin(A),therelativepronounhasnoverbtocompletethephrase,andthesequenceofeventsinthefirstexamplepositionscostlydestructionandfloodingastwoseparateorunrelatedresultsoftherain.

C. Thecausalsequenceinthefirstexampleisconfusing,suggesting,somewhatimplausibly,thatheavyfloodingoccurredonitsownbutcauseddamageonlybecauseoftherain.

D. Thesequentiallogicofthefirstexampleisconfused—indicating,

implausibly,thatfloodingcausedheavyrainandthattherain,butnottheflooding,causedmorethan$2billionindamages.

E. Correct.Thisversionofthesentencecorrectlyusesthephrasesuchastointroducethetwoexamplesofextremeweatherchanges,anditcorrectlyidentifiesthesequenceofeventsinthefirstexample.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

193. ThevoluminouspersonalpapersofThomasAlvaEdisonrevealthathisinventionstypicallysprangtolifenotinaflashofinspirationbutevolvedslowlyfrompreviousworks.

A. sprangtolifenotinaflashofinspirationbutevolvedslowly

B. sprangtolifenotinaflashofinspirationbutwereslowlyevolved

C. didnotspringtolifeinaflashofinspirationbutevolvedslowly

D. didnotspringtolifeinaflashofinspirationbuthadslowlyevolved

E. didnotspringtolifeinaflashofinspirationbuttheywereslowlyevolved

Parallelism;Idiom

Theconstructionnot...butshowsacontrast.Thewordsfollowingnotmustbeparallelinconstructiontothewordsfollowingbut.Intheoriginalsentencenotisfollowedbyaprepositionalphrase(inaflashofinspiration),whilebutisfollowedbyaverb(evolved).Tomakethetwocontrastingelementsparallel,notshouldbefollowedbyaverbratherthanaphrase.

A. Theconstructionfollowingnotisnotparalleltotheconstructionfollowingbut.

B. Theconstructionfollowingnotisnotparalleltotheconstructionfollowingbut.

C. Correct.Inthissentence,notisfollowedbytheverbspringjustasbutisfollowedbytheverbevolved.

D. Had...evolvedintroducesanincorrectverbtense.

E. Theconstructionfollowingnotisnotparalleltotheconstructionfollowingbut.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

194. Hundredsofspeciesoffishgenerateanddischargeelectriccurrents,inburstsorassteadyelectricfieldsaroundtheirbodies,usingtheirpowereithertofindandattackprey,todefendthemselves,oralsoforcommunicatingandnavigating.

A. eithertofindandattackprey,todefendthemselves,oralsoforcommunicatingandnavigating

B. eitherforfindingandattackingprey,defendthemselves,orforcommunicationandnavigation

C. tofindandattackprey,fordefense,orcommunicationandnavigation

D. forfindingandattackingprey,todefendthemselves,oralsoforcommunicationandnavigation

E. tofindandattackprey,todefendthemselves,ortocommunicateandnavigate

Idiom;Verbform

Thesentenceexplainsthatfishdischargeelectriccurrentsforseveralpurposes,whicharemostefficientlyandeffectivelydescribedinaparallelstructure:tofindandattack,todefend,ortocommunicateandnavigate.Theuseofeitherisinappropriateinthissentencebecausemorethantwousesofelectriccurrentsarelisted;idiomaticusagerequireseithertobefollowedbyortoidentifyalternatives,notbyalso.

A. Eitherinappropriatelyintroducesalistofmorethantwoalternatives,anditshouldnotbefollowedbyoralso;parallelismrequiresthatforcommunicatingandnavigatingbechangedtotocommunicateandnavigate.

B. Defendisnotparallelwiththelistofgerunds,leavingthereadertowonderhowtomakesenseofdefendthemselves.

C. Thelackofparallelismobscurestherelationshipsamongtheitemsintheseries;itisespeciallyconfusingtolistaninfinitivephrase(tofind...),anobjectofapreposition(fordefense),andnounswithnogrammaticalconnectiontotheverbphrase(communicationandnavigation).

D. Thisanswerchoicealsoviolatesparallelismbymixinganinfinitivewithobjectsoftheprepositionfor.Oralsoisanunidiomatic,contradictoryexpression.

E. Correct.Thedifferentwaysinwhichthevariousspeciesoffishusetheirelectricpowerarecorrectlyexpressedinaseriesofparallelinfinitives.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

195. NativetoSouthAmerica,whenpeanutswereintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturytheywerequicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecauseofbeingsosimilartotheBambarragroundnut,apopularindigenousplant.

A. whenpeanutswereintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturytheywerequicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecauseofbeing

B. peanutshavingbeenintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandquicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecauseofbeing

C. peanutswereintroducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandwerequicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecausetheywere

D. peanuts,introducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandquicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecausetheywere

E. peanuts,introducedtoAfricabyPortugueseexplorersearlyinthesixteenthcenturyandhavingbeenquicklyadoptedintoAfrica’sagriculture,probablybecausetheywere

Grammaticalconstruction;Logicalpredication

TheopeningadjectivalphraseNativetoSouthAmericamustbefollowedimmediatelybythenounitmodifies:peanuts.Thesentencemakestwomainpointsaboutpeanuts—theywereintroducedtoAfricaandtheywerequicklyadoptedthere.Themostefficientwaytomakethesepointsistomakepeanutsthesubjectoftwomainverbs:wereintroducedandwere...adopted.

A. Whenincorrectlyintervenesbetweentheopeningadjectivalphraseandthenounitmodifies,anditisalsounnecessarybecauseearlyinthesixteenthcenturyexplainswhen.Becauseofbeingiswordyandindirect.

B. Thisversionofthesentencehasnomainverb,sincehavingbeenintroducedandquicklyadoptedbothintroduceadjectivalphrases.

C. Correct.Thesentenceisproperlystructuredandgrammaticallycorrect.

D. Thisversionofthesentencehasnomainverbbecauseintroducedandadoptedbothfunctionasadjectives.

E. Thisversionofthesentencehasnomainverbbecauseintroducedandhavingbeen...adoptedfunctionasadjectives.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

196. Itstoodtwelvefeettall,weighedninethousandpounds,andwieldedseven-inchclaws,andMegatheriumamericanum,agiantgroundsloth,mayhavebeenthelargesthuntingmammalevertowalktheEarth.

A. Itstoodtwelvefeettall,weighedninethousandpounds,andwieldedseven-inchclaws,andMegatheriumamericanum,agiantgroundsloth,

B. Itstoodtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,andwieldingseven-inchclaws,Megatheriumamericanumwasagiantgroundslothand

C. ThegiantgroundslothMegatheriumamericanum,havingstoodtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,andwieldingseven-inchclaws,it

D. Standingtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,andwieldingseven-inchclaws,Megatheriumamericanum,agiantgroundsloth,

E. Standingtwelvefeettall,weighingninethousandpounds,itwieldedseven-inchclaws,andthegiantgroundslothMegatheriumamericanum

Grammaticalconstruction;Parallelism

ThepointofthesentenceistodescribeseveralfeaturesofMegatheriumamericanum,toidentifythiscreatureasagiantgroundsloth,andtospeculateaboutitsstatusasthelargesthuntingmammalinEarth’shistory.Megatheriumamericanumisthereforethesolesubjectofthesentence.Whenitsfeaturesarepresentedasparalleladjectivephrasesanditscommonidentificationispresentedasanappositive,asinglemainverb

mayhavebeenisallthatisrequiredtocompletethesentence.Whentheconjunctionandconstructsacompoundsentence,thesubjectsitandgroundslothorMegatheriumamericanumappeartonameseparateentities.

A. ThecompoundsentencestructuresuggeststhatitandMegatheriumamericanumaretwoseparateentities,makingitunclearwhat,ifanything,thepronounrefersto.

B. Asin(A),itandMegatheriumamericanumappeartonamedifferententities.Thisarun-onsentence;thecommaafterclawsisnotsufficienttojointhetwomainclausesinasinglesentence.Theseriesdescribingtheslothisalsononparallel.

C. Thepresent-perfecttenseofthefirstparticipialphraseintheseries(havingstood)isnotparallelwiththe(timeless)presenttenseoftheothertwoparticipials.Theintroductionofthemainsubjectitleavesgroundslothwithoutaverb.

D. Correct.Theseriesofpresent-tenseparticipialphrasesdescribesthemainsubject,Megatheriumamericanum,whichisclarifiedbythecommonnameexpressedasanappositive.

E. Theidentityofitisambiguous,andthesecondsubjectofthecompoundsentencegiantgroundslothappearstonamesomethingotherthanit.Thismakesthesentenceungrammatical.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

197. Delightedbythereportedearningsforthefirstquarterofthefiscalyear,itwasdecidedbythecompanymanagertogiveherstaffaraise.

A. itwasdecidedbythecompanymanagertogiveherstaffaraise

B. thedecisionofthecompanymanagerwastogiveherstaffaraise

C. thecompanymanagerdecidedtogiveherstaffaraise

D. thestaffwasgivenaraisebythecompanymanager

E. araisewasgiventothestaffbythecompanymanager

Logicalpredication;Verbform

Whowasdelighted?Thecompanymanagerwasdelighted.Thelongmodifyingphrasethatintroducesthesentencedescribesaperson,notit,sothedelightedpersonmustbethesubjectofthesentence.Correctingthe

modificationerroralsochangestheconstructionfromthewordypassivevoice,itwasdecidedbyx,tothemoreconciseactivevoice,xdecided;theactivevoiceisgenerallypreferred.

A. Themodifierillogicallydescribesit,notthecompanymanager.Thepassivevoiceiswordy.

B. Themodifierillogicallydescribesthedecision.Theconstructiondecisionofthe...was...iswordy.

C. Correct.Themodifyingphrasecorrectlymodifiesthecompanymanager;usingtheactivevoicecreatesamoreconcisesentence.

D. Themodifierdescribesthestaffratherthanthecompanymanager;thepassivevoiceiswordy.

E. Themodifierillogicallydescribesaraise;thepassivevoiceiswordy.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

198. StudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,DNAevidencewasrecoveredbyscientists,whowereabletodeducefromthisthatanepidemicofmalariastruckintheempire’swaningdays.

A. StudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,DNAevidencewasrecoveredbyscientists,whowereabletodeducefromthis

B. InstudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,DNAevidencewasrecoveredbyscientists,whowereabletodeducefromthis

C. ScientistsrecoveredDNAevidencefromstudyingskeletonsunearthednearRome,beingabletodeducefromthis

D. SkeletonsunearthednearRomeallowedscientiststorecoverDNAevidence,andtheywereabletodeducefromit

E. ScientistsstudyingskeletonsunearthednearRomerecoveredDNAevidencefromwhichtheywereabletodeduce

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

ThesentenceexplainsthatscientistsrecoveredDNAevidencefromskeletons,revealingevidenceofmalaria.Asthesentenceiswritten,theparticipialphrasestudyingskeletonsismisplaced;grammaticallyitmodifiesthesubjectofthemainclause,thusillogicallyindicatingthattheevidencestudiedtheskeletons.

A. Theparticipialphrasestudyingskeletonsillogicallymodifiesevidence.

B. Theparticipialphrasestudyingskeletonsillogicallymodifiesevidence.

C. ThesentenceincorrectlystatesthatDNAevidencewasrecoveredfromstudyingskeletonsratherthanfromtheskeletons;thephrasebeingabletodeducefromthisisawkwardandwordy.

D. Theconstructionskeletons...allowedscientistsgivestheactionofthesentencetotheskeletonsratherthanthescientists;theantecedentofthepronountheyisambiguous,possiblyreferringeithertoscientistsortoskeletons.

E. Correct.Scientistsisthesubjectofthemainclause,andstudyingskeletonscorrectlymodifiesscientists.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

199. CoffeepricesrosesharplyMonday,postingtheirbiggestone-daygaininalmostthreeyears,afteraweekendcoldsnapinBrazilraisedconcernthattherecouldbedamagetotheworld’slargestcropwhenatatimewithsuppliesalreadytight.

A. thattherecouldbedamagetotheworld’slargestcropwhenatatimewithsupplies

B. thattheworld’slargestcropcouldbedamagedatatimesuchaswhensuppliesare

C. thattheworld’slargestcropcouldbedamagedatatimewhensuppliesare

D. oftheworld’slargestcroppossiblybeingdamagedatatimewithsupplies

E. ofpossiblydamagingtheworld’slargestcropatatimethatsupplieswere

Idiom;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentencedescribesconcernaboutapotentialproblem,whichisappropriatelyexpressedinsubjunctivemood(couldbedamaged).Itusestheidiomatatimewhen...toexplainthecurrentconditionsthatmakethepossiblefutureeventareasonforconcern.Thepseudo-subjectthereintroducesunnecessarywordiness.Inthissentence,apassiveverbemphasizesthespeculativenatureofthedamagecausedbythecoldsnap

inBrazil.

A. Thephrasewhenatatimewithisconfusinglyredundantandincorrectlyusestheidiomatatimewhen;thepseudo-subjectthereintroducesunnecessarywordiness.

B. Thephraseatatimesuchaswheniswordyandanincorrectidiom.

C. Correct.Thissentencecorrectlyusesthesubjunctivemoodtoexpressapotentialproblem,andtheidiomatatimewheniscorrect.

D. Theprepositionofafterconcernisanincorrectconstruction,asisatatimewith.

E. Theagencybehinddamagingisambiguous;theverbhasnoclearsubject.Thephraseatatimethatisanincorrectidiom.AsinD,theprepositionofafterconcernisincorrect.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

200. Growingcompetitivepressuresmaybeencouragingauditorstobendtherulesinfavorofclients;auditorsmay,forinstance,allowaquestionableloantoremainonthebooksinordertomaintainabank’sprofitsonpaper.

A. clients;auditorsmay,forinstance,allow

B. clients,asaninstance,toallow

C. clients,liketoallow

D. clients,suchastobeallowing

E. clients;whichmight,asaninstance,betheallowingof

Grammaticalconstruction;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentencecorrectlyjoinstwoindependentclauseswithasemicolon.Thefirstclausemakesageneralization;thesecondclausegivesaparticularexamplethatsupportsthegeneralization.

A. Correct.Thissentencecorrectlyhastwoindependentclauseswithlinkedideasjoinedwithasemicolon.

B. Intryingtocondensetwomainclausesintoone,thisconstructionproducesanungrammaticalsequenceofwordswithnoclearmeaning.

C. Theprepositionlikeshouldnotbeusedtointroducetheinfinitivephrasetoallow...;thecomparativeprepositionlikeisproperlyused

todrawacomparisonbetweentwonouns.

D. Suchastobeallowingisnotacorrectidiomaticexpression.

E. Thesemicolonisfollowedbyawordy,incorrectconstructionratherthananindependentclause.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

201. March2000CensusBureausurveyshowedthatMexicoaccountedformorethanaquarterofallforeign-bornresidentsoftheUnitedStates,thelargestshareforanycountrytocontributesince1890,whenabout30percentofthecountry’sforeign-bornpopulationwasfromGermany.

A. thelargestshareforanycountrytocontribute

B. thelargestsharethatanycountryhascontributed

C. whichmakesitthelargestshareforanycountrytocontribute

D. havingthelargestsharetobecontributedbyanycountry

E. havingthelargestsharetohavebeencontributedbyanycountry

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceclaimsthatthe2000CensusshowedthatatthetimeMexico’scontributiontotheforeign-bornpopulationofUnitedStatesresidentsexceededthatofanyothercountrysince1890.Itmakesthecomparisoninanappositivethatmodifiesmorethanaquarterofallforeign-bornresidentsoftheUnitedStates.

A. Thephraseforanycountrytocontributemakesthesentencewordyandindirect.

B. Correct.Thisformoftheappositiveisthemostefficientwaytoexpressthecomparison.Dependingonwhenthesentencewaswrittenandwhatthewriterintendedtoexpress,theverbformcouldbeeitherhadcontributedorhascontributed.Theuseofhascontributedimpliesthat,fromtheperspectiveofthesentence,thecomparisonbetweenGerman-bornU.S.residentsandthosefromothercountriesstillholdstrue.

C. Theantecedentsoftherelativepronounwhichandthepronounitareambiguous.Alongwiththeprepositionalphrase,thepronounscontributewordinessandindirection.

D. Thisconstructionisawkward,wordy,andindirect,andtheuseofthepresenttenseoftheinfinitiveisinappropriate.

E. Thisconstructionisawkward,wordy,andindirect.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

202. RecentlydeclassifiedinformationfrommilitarysatellitesinorbitthousandsofmilesabovetheEarthshowtheplanetcontinuallybombardedbylargemeteoroidsthatexplodewiththepowerofatomicbombblasts.

A. showtheplanetcontinuallybombardedby

B. showcontinualbombardingoftheplanetby

C. showacontinualbombardmentoftheplanetfrom

D. showscontinuallythattheplanetisbombardedfrom

E. showsthattheplanetiscontinuallybombardedby

Agreement;Idiom

Thesentenceindicatesthatinformationshowstheplanettobecontinuallybombardedbymeteors.However,thepluralverbshowincorrectlycorrespondstothewordsatellitesintheprepositionalphrasefrommilitarysatellites,ratherthantothesingularsubjectinformation.Thecorrectcombinationofsubjectandverbisinformationshows.

A. Thesingularsubjectinformationdoesnotagreewiththepluralverbshow.

B. Thesingularsubjectinformationdoesnotagreewiththepluralverbshow.Theverbalnounbombarding(ratherthanbombardment)isawkwardandunnecessary.

C. Thesingularsubjectinformationdoesnotagreewiththepluralverbshow.Bombardmentfromisanunidiomaticwayofexpressingtheintendedrelationship.Thisconstructionappearstoindicate,illogically,thatsomeoneorsomethinglocatedonthelarge,explodingmeteoroidsissendingthebombardmenttoEarth.

D. Continuallyshouldmodifybombarded,notshows.Bombardmentfromisanunidiomaticwayofexpressingtheintendedrelationship.Thisconstructionappearstoindicate,illogically,thatsomeoneorsomethinglocatedonthelarge,explodingmeteoroidsissendingthe

bombardmenttoEarth.

E. Correct.Thesingularsubjectinformationagreeswiththesingularverbshows.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

203. ThethemesthatRitaDoveexploresinherpoetryisuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumanconditionwhileoccasionallyshedealswithracialissues.

A. isuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumanconditionwhileoccasionallyshedeals

B. isuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumancondition,alsooccasionallyitdeals

C. areuniversal,theyencompassmuchofthehumanconditionandoccasionallydeals

D. areuniversal,encompassingmuchofthehumanconditionwhileoccasionallydealing

E. areuniversal,theyencompassmuchofthehumancondition,alsooccasionallyaredealing

Agreement;Grammaticalconstruction

Thepluralsubjectofthesentence,themes,requiresthepluralverbareinplaceofis.BecausethethemesofDove’spoetryencompassthehumanconditionanddealwithracialissues,thereisnoneedtomakethisacompoundsentencebyintroducinganewgrammaticalsubject,she,inafinalclause.Asinglesubjectwithtwoparallelverbsistheclearestandmostefficientformforthissentence.

A. Thepluralsubjectdisagreeswiththesingularverb.Thesentenceshouldretainthefocusonthesinglesubjectthemesratherthanintroduceanewsubjectandclauseattheend.

B. Thepluralsubjectdisagreeswiththesingularverb.Becausealsooccasionallyitdealswith...introducesanewmainclause,thecommabetweenconditionandalsoisaninsufficientconnector(creatingacommasplice).

C. Thecommabetweenuniversalandtheyisaninsufficientconnector,creatingacommasplice;thesingularverbdealsdoesnotagreewith

thepluralsubjectthey.

D. Correct.Thepluralverbareagreeswiththepluralsubject.Thesentenceiseffectivelywordedandgrammaticallycorrect.

E. Thecommabetweenuniversalandtheycreatesacommasplice.Thereisnosubjectfortheverbaredealing.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

204. Childdevelopmentspecialistsbelievethat,inconfiningbabiesmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkers,muscledevelopmentcanbeinhibited.

A. that,inconfiningbabiesmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkers,muscledevelopmentcanbeinhibited

B. that,intheirconfinementmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkers,muscledevelopmentcanbeinhibitedinbabies

C. thatconfiningbabiesmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkerscaninhibitmuscledevelopment

D. thatbabies,ifconfinedmuchofthetimetostrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkerscaninhibitmuscledevelopment

E. thatstrollers,highchairs,playpens,andwalkerscan,ifbabiesareconfinedtothemmuchofthetime,resultinmuscledevelopmentbeinginhibited

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thepointofthesentenceisthatconfiningbabiescaninhibitmuscledevelopment.Asitiswritten,however,muscledevelopmentisthesubjectofthesentence,andthesentenceappearstobesayingthatmuscledevelopmentconfinesbabiesmuchofthetime.Furthermore,thepassiveconstructioncanbeinhibitedcouldevenbeseenasillogicallysuggestingthatinhibitingdevelopmentisthepurposeofconfinement.Thesentencecanbeexpressedmoreclearlyandconciselybymakingconfiningthesubjectoftheverbcaninhibit:confiningbabies...caninhibitmuscledevelopment.

A. Theintendedmeaningofthesentenceisobscured.Thesentenceappearstoindicatethatmuscledevelopmentconfinesbabiesmuchofthetime,whichsurelyisnotwhatisintended.

B. Theantecedentoftheirshouldbebabies,butgiventhatbabiescomesfarafterthepronoun,thereaderisliabletotaketheantecedentoftheirtobechilddevelopmentspecialists.

C. Correct.Thesentenceclearlyandconciselyindicatesthatconfiningbabies...caninhibitmuscledevelopment.

D. Thewordbabiesisthesubjectoftheverbcaninhibit,suggestingincorrectlythatbabiesinhibittheirownorsomeoneelse’smuscledevelopment.

E. Thissentenceusesanawkwardandwordyconstructiontoindicatethatthesitesofconfinementcanresultinmuscledevelopmentbeinginhibited,wheninfacttheconfinementitselfisthecause.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

205. TravelerstoMarswouldhavetoendurelowlevelsofgravityforlongperiodsoftime,avoidlargedosesofradiation,contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenhavingtowardoffcontaminationbyMartianlife-forms.

A. contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenhavingtoward

B. contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenwarding

C. contendwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenward

D. contendingwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapseventoward

E. contendingwiththechemicallyreactiveMartiansoil,andperhapsevenwarding

Parallelism;Grammaticalconstruction

ThissentenceprovidesalistofthreeconditionsMarstravelerswouldcertainlyhavetocontendwith,alongwithoneadditionalthingtheymighthavetodo—wardoffcontaminationbyMartianlife-forms.Theitemsinthelistaremostclearlyandeffectivelystructuredinparallel—asphrasesbeginningwithinfinitiveverbforms—toendure,(to)avoid,(to)contend,(to)wardoff.Becausethesentenceintroducesalltheseactionsas

somethingtravelerswouldhavetodo,repeatingthehav[ing]toconstructioninthefinalitemofthelistisredundant.

A. Thephrasehavingtoisnotparallelwiththeotheritemsinthelist,anditunnecessarilyrepeatsthesenseoftheintroductoryphrase,whichidentifiesallitemsinthelistasthingstravelerswouldhavetodo.

B. Theverbformwardingisnotparallelwiththeotheritemsinthelist.

C. Correct.Thesentenceusespropergrammarandparallelconstruction.

D. Theparticipialformcontendingviolatestheparallelstructureofthelistofinfinitivephrases.ThereaderismisledintothinkingthatcontendingwithchemicallyreactiveMartiansoildescribeswhattravelerswouldhavetodotoavoidradiationdoses.

E. Theparticipialphrasescontendingwithandwardingoffviolatetheparallelstructureestablishedbythelistofinfinitivephrases.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

206. ThepersonalincometaxdidnotbecomepermanentintheUnitedStatesuntiltheFirstWorldWar;beforethattimethefederalgovernmentwasdependentontariffstobetheirmainsourceofrevenue.

A. thefederalgovernmentwasdependentontariffstobetheirmainsourceofrevenue

B. thefederalgovernmenthaddependedontariffsasitsmainsourceofrevenue

C. tariffswerewhatthefederalgovernmentwasdependentontobeitsmainsourceofrevenue

D. themainsourceofrevenueforthefederalgovernmentwasdependentontariffs

E. fortheirmainsourceofrevenue,tariffsweredependedonbythefederalgovernment

Agreement;Logicalpredication

TheFirstWorldWarisdesignatedaspasttenseintheopeningclauseofthissentence.Therelationshipbetweenthattimeandwhateverhappenedearliercanbemostclearlyindicatedbyusingthepast-perfecttensefortheearlierevents.[T]hefederalgovernmentisasingularsubjectofthesecondclause,soasingularpronoun,itsratherthantheir,mustrefertoit.

Thephrasewasdependentoncausesunnecessarywordiness,asdoesthepassiveconstructioninE.

A. Thepluralpronountheirinappropriatelyreferstothesingularnoungovernment.

B. Correct.Thepronounitsagreeswiththesingularsubjectgovernment,andthepastperfect,activeverbhaddependedrefersclearlytogovernmentactivitypriortotheFirstWorldWar.

C. Thisversionofthesentenceiswordybecauseoftheinvertedwordorderthatmakesthesubjectofthesecondclauseanobjectoftheprepositionon.

D. Thisversionofthesentencenonsensicallymakessourcethesubjectoftheverbwas[dependenton].

E. Thepluralpossessivepronountheirdoesnotagreewithitssingularantecedentgovernment.Infact,becauseoftheplacementoftariffsimmediatelyaftertheopeningprepositionalphrase,theirseemsatfirsttorefertotariffs,whichisillogical.Thepassiveverbformweredependedoniswordyandindirect.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

207. In1776AdamSmithwrotethatitisyoungpeoplewhohave“thecontemptofriskandthepresumptuoushopeofsuccess”neededtofoundnewbusinesses.

A. whohave

B. with

C. having

D. whoarethosewith

E. whoaretheonestohave

Grammaticalconstruction;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceidentifieswhichpeoplehavetheattitudesneededtobesuccessfulentrepreneurs,accordingtotheeconomistAdamSmith.Themainclauseitisyoungpeopleisfollowedbyarelativeclausethatmodifiesyoungpeopleanddefinestheattributesimportanttotheirabilitytofoundbusinesses:caringlittleaboutriskandbeingextremelyoptimisticaboutsucceeding.Theuseoftheidiomaticconstructionitis...whoisa

wayofplacingprimaryemphasisonthequestionthatSmithaddressedwiththequotedwords.

A. Correct.Therelativeclausebeginningwhohavegrammaticallyandconciselyidentifiestherelevantattitudesthatyoungpeoplehave.

B. Inthisversion,therelativeclausemodifyingyoungpeopleisreplacedwithaprepositionalphrase,introducedbywith.Thisclauseappearstomodifyyoungpeoplerestrictively.Thus,thesentencesimplyidentifiesasubcategoryofyoungpeople(thosewiththecontemptofrisk...)anddoesnotclearlyexplainwhichpeoplehavetheattitudesthatSmithidentifies.

C. Replacingtherelativeclausewithaparticipialphraseintroducedbyhavingmakesthesentenceincomplete,sincethepointofthesentenceistoexplainwhichpeoplehavetheattitudesthatSmithidentifies.

D. Insertingthephrasearethosewithmakesthesentenceawkwardandwordy.

E. Thewordgrouparetheonestohaveislessconcisethanthesimpleverbhaveandfailstoconveythemeaningthatisclearlyintended.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

208. Thegyrfalcon,anArcticbirdofprey,hassurvivedaclosebrushwithextinction;itsnumbersarenowfivetimesgreaterthanwhentheuseofDDTwassharplyrestrictedintheearly1970’s.

A. extinction;itsnumbersarenowfivetimesgreaterthan

B. extinction;itsnumbersarenowfivetimesmorethan

C. extinction,theirnumbersnowfivefoldwhattheywere

D. extinction,nowwithfivefoldthenumberstheyhad

E. extinction,nowwithnumbersfivetimesgreaterthan

Agreement;Diction;Logicalpredication

Theoriginalsentencecontainsnoerrors.Thesemicoloncorrectlyconnectsthecloselyrelatedideasinthetwoindependentclauses.Thegyrfalconistheantecedentforitsinthesecondphrase.

A. Correct.Theoriginalsentencecorrectlyusesasingularpronoun,its,torefertothesingularantecedentgyrfalcon,anditproperlyusesthe

constructionitsnumbersare...greaterthan.

B. Theuseofmoreinsteadofgreaterinappropriatelyimpliesthattherearenowmorenumbers,ratherthanmoregyrfalcons.

C. Thepronountheirisplural,andthusincorrect,sincetheantecedentgyrfalconissingular.Fivefoldwhattheywereisawkwardandnonstandardandimpliesthattherearenowmorenumbers,ratherthanmoregyrfalcons.

D. Thepronountheyisplural,andthusincorrect,sincetheantecedentgyrfalconissingular.Thecommaintroducesaconfusingphraseseemingtomodifyextinction.Fivefoldthenumberstheyhadisawkwardandnonstandardandimpliesthattherearenowmorenumbers,ratherthanmoregyrfalcons.

E. Thecommaintroducesaconfusingphraseseemingtomodifyextinction.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

209. InhisUsesofEnchantment(1976),itwaspsychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyareaninstructivereflectionofachild’snaturalandnecessary“killingoff”ofsuccessivephasesinhisorherowndevelopment.

A. itwaspsychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyare

B. itwastheassertionofpsychologistBrunoBettelheimthatwhatisapparentlythecruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyis

C. psychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthatwhatisapparentlythecruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyis

D. psychologistBrunoBettelheimassertedthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyare

E. psychologistBrunoBettelheimassertedthattheapparentlycruelandarbitrarynatureofmanyfairytalesisactually

Agreement;Rhetoricalconstruction

ThesentenceattributestopsychologistBrunoBettelheimaparticularviewregardingthenatureoffairytales.Theconstructionitwaspsychologist

BrunoBettelheim’sassertionthatlackstheclarityanddirectnessofthemoreactiveconstructionBrunoBettelheimassertedthat.Thesubjectofthesubordinateclausecontainingnatureofmanyfairytalesactuallyareisthesingularnounnature,notthepluralnounintheprepositionalphraseoffairytales.Thus,theverbofthatclauseshouldbeis,notare.

A. ItwaspsychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthatiswordyandawkward.PresumablythisphraseisintendedtobeequivalenttoBettelheimassertedthat(justasitismyopinionthatisanotherwayofsayingIbelievethat).However,giventhesurroundingstructureofthesentence,itappearstorefertosomeunnamedentityorconditionthatoccursinBettelheim’sbook,andtheentiresequencewas...developmentappearstobepredicatedofthesubjectit.Thepluralverbaredoesnotagreewiththesingularsubjectnature.

B. ItwaspsychologistBrunoBettelheim’sassertionthatiswordyandawkward.PresumablythisphraseisintendedtobeequivalenttoBettelheimassertedthat(justasitismyopinionthatisanotherwayofsayingIbelievethat).However,giventhesurroundingstructureofthesentence,itappearstorefertosomeunnamedentityorconditionthatoccursinBettelheim’sbook,andtheentiresequencewas...developmentappearstobepredicatedofthesubjectit.Thepluralverbaredoesnotagreewiththesingularsubjectnature.

C. Accordingtothemostplausibleparsingofthesentence,everythingthatfollowsassertedthatisintendedtoexpressBettelheim’sassertion.Onthatinterpretation,though,thesentenceisungrammatical;thesubjectofthemainclause,assertion,isnotpairedwithaverb.Iftheverbiswerepairedwiththesubjectassertion,thesentencewouldbenonsensical.

D. Thepluralverbaredoesnotagreewiththesingularsubjectnature.

Correct.TheconstructionBrunoBettelheimassertedgivesvigortothemainclause,andthesingularverbisagreeswiththesubjectnatureinthesubordinateclause.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

210. Afterweeksofuncertaintyaboutthecoursethecountrywouldpursuetostabilizeitstroubledeconomy,officialsreachedarevisedagreementwiththeInternationalMonetaryFund,pledgingtheenforcementofsubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplineasthatwhichwasoriginally

promisedandtokeepinflationbelowtenpercent.

A. theenforcementofsubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplineasthatwhichwasoriginallypromisedandtokeepinflationbelowtenpercent

B. theenforcementofsubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplinethanoriginallypromisedandkeepinginflationbelowthetenpercentfigure

C. toenforcesubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplinethanoriginallypromisedandtokeepinflationbelowtenpercent

D. toenforcesubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplinethanthatwhichwasoriginallypromisedandkeepinginflationlessthanthetenpercentfigure

E. toenforcesubstantiallygreaterbudgetdisciplineasthatwhichwasoriginallypromisedandtokeepinflationlessthantenpercent

Logicalpredication;Parallelism

Thissentenceexplainsthetwo-partstrategyanunnamedcountryagreedtopursueinordertostabilizeitseconomy.Nominalization(theenforcementof...)andanincorrectformofcomparison(asthatwhichwas...)intheaccountofthefirststrategycausesexcessivewordinessandindirectionandmakestheaccountofthefirststrategynonparallelwiththeaccountofthesecondstrategy.Toreducewordinessandachieveparallelism,bothstrategiespledgedbythecountryshouldbepresentedininfinitiveform(toenforce...andtokeep...).Thesentencealsoneedstoemploythecorrectcomparativeformgreaterdisciplinethan....

A. Thetwostrategies(theenforcementofandkeeping)arenotpresentedinparallelform;thenominalizedpresentationofthefirststrategyiswordyandindirect,andthecomparativeformisincorrect.

B. Thetwostrategies(theenforcementofandkeeping)arenotpresentedinparallelform.

C. Correct.Thecomparativeformiscorrect,andthetwostrategiesarepresentedinparallelform,asinfinitivescompletingtheverbpledged.

D. Thetwostrategiesarenotpresentedinparallelform,andthecomparativeformisunnecessarilywordy.

E. Thecomparativeformisincorrectandwordy.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

211. Anewsatellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000milesiscalledPOLAR,givingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.

A. Anewsatellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000milesiscalledPOLAR,givingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.

B. AnewsatellitecalledPOLARthatisgivingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,sweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000miles.

C. Scientistsaregettingtheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,fromanewsatellitesweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000milescalledPOLAR.

D. Sweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000miles,anewsatellitecalledPOLARisgivingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield.

E. Sweepingoverthepolesataltitudesofupto32,000miles,scientists’bestlookyetatthemagnetosphere,theregionofspaceundertheinvisibleinfluenceofEarth’smagneticfield,iscomingfromanewsatellitecalledPOLAR.

Logicalpredication;Grammaticalconstruction

Thepointofthesentenceisthatanewsatelliteisgivingscientiststheirbestlookyetatthemagnetosphere.Asthesentenceiswritten,theparticipialphrasegivingscientists...magnetosphereillogicallymodifiestheprecedingclauseAnew...iscalledPOLAR,suggestingillogicallythatthenamingofthesatelliteiswhatprovidesscientistswithalookatthemagnetosphere.Thesentencecanbeconstructedmoreclearlywithsatelliteasthesubjectofthemainclauseandisgivingasitsverb.

A. Theparticipialphrasegivingscientists...magnetosphereillogicallymodifiesthewholeprecedingclause,ratherthansatellite.

B. Thesubjectsatellitehasnocorrespondingverbthatwouldcreatean

independentclause;thewordthatintroducesasubordinateclause,andtheoverallresultismerelyasentencefragment.

C. ThemodifiercalledPOLARisawkwardlyplacedtoofarawayfromthewordsatellite,whichitisintendedtomodify;initscurrentincorrectposition,itappearstomodifyaltitudes.

D. Correct.Thesentenceisconstructedclearlywithsatelliteandisgivingasthesubjectandverbofthemainclause,andthemodifiersareplacedappropriatelynearthewordstheyaremeanttomodify.

E. Sweepingincorrectlymodifieslook,andthemainsubjectlookisawkwardlypairedwiththeverbiscomingfrom.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

212. Thetreasurymarketdroppedinresponsetoadecreaseinthevalueofthedollarandtocontinuedconcernthattheeconomymightbegrowingasfastastoaccelerateinflationanddriveinterestrateshigher.

A. thattheeconomymightbegrowingasfastas

B. thattheeconomymightbegrowingfastenough

C. withtheeconomy’spossiblygrowingsofastas

D. withthepossibilityoftheeconomygrowingfastenoughsoas

E. withthepossibilityoftheeconomypossiblygrowingfastenough

Idiom;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceexpressesapossibleconditionrelatedtotherelativespeedoftheeconomy’sgrowth.Thepossibleconditionisexpressedsuccinctlythroughthemodalverbmightinthesubordinateclausethattheeconomymightbegrowing.However,thecorrectidiomforexpressingtherelativespeedisfastenoughtoprecipitatenegativeeconomicconsequences—notasfastas.

A. Asfastasisnotthecorrectidiom.

B. Correct.Thepossibleconditionisexpressedsuccinctlyusingthemodalverbmight,andidiomsareusedcorrectly.

C. Concernwithisnotthecorrectidiom;thephraseseconomy’spossiblygrowingandsofastastoarewordyandawkward.

D. Concernwithisnotthecorrectidiom;thephrasepossibilityofthe

economygrowingfastenoughsoastoiswordyandawkward.

E. Concernwithisnotthecorrectidiom;possibilityandpossiblyareunnecessarilyandawkwardlyrepetitive.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

213. LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelledagainsttheunnaturalcomplexityofhumanrelationsinmodernsociety.

A. LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelled

B. LikeRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas

C. AsRousseau,Tolstoirebelled

D. AsdidRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas

E. Tolstoi’srebellion,asRousseau’s,was

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Theprepositionlikecorrectlycomparestwoequalnouns,inthiscase,twowriters.Thecomparisonmustbebetweentwoequalelements;itcannotbebetweenapersonandanevent.Theoriginalsentenceisdirect,clear,andconcise.

A. Correct.Thetwowritersarecomparedclearlyandsuccinctlyinthissentence.

B. Tolstoi’srebellionratherthanTolstoiiscomparedtoRousseau.

C. Whenusedasaconjunction,asshouldintroduceclauses,notphrasesornouns.

D. Tolstoi’srebellioniscomparedtoRousseau.Tobecorrect,thisconstructionwouldhavetobeasdidRousseau,Tolstoirebelled,butthisisawordyalternative.

E. Tolstoi’srebellion...wasagainstisawkwardandwordy;Tolstoirebelledagainstismoredirect.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

214. Japaneseresearchersareproducingaseriesofrobotsthatcanidentifyhumanfacialexpressions,towhichtheywillthenrespond;theirgoalisprimarilycreatingarobotthatwillempathizewithus.

A. expressions,towhichtheywillthenrespond;theirgoalisprimarily

creating

B. expressions,thenrespondingtothem;primarilytocreate

C. expressionsandthenrespondtothem;theresearchers’primarygoalistocreate

D. expressionsaswellasgivingaresponsetothem;theirprimarygoaliscreationof

E. expressionsandrespondingtothem;primarily,theresearchers’goaliscreating

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceusestwocompleteclausestopresenttwomaintopics—thecapabilitiesofrobotsdesignedbyJapaneseresearchersandthegoalthatmotivatesthisdesign.Thefirstclausemosteffectivelyusesasuccessionofparallelverbstodescribewhattherobotscando:identifyexpressionsandrespondtothem.Beginningthesecondclausewiththepossessivepronountheircreatesambiguity,becauseitisnotclearwhetherthepronounreferstotherobotsortheresearchers.

A. Thepronounstheyandtheirinthisversionofthesentenceareambiguous,possiblyreferringtobothresearchersandrobots.

B. Thephrasethenrespondingtothemshouldbeconvertedtoamainverbtoparallelidentifyandtomakeclearthattherobotscandothesetwothings.Thesemicolonshouldbefollowedbyacompleteclause,butinthisversionofthesentenceitisfollowedbyanadverbialphrase.

C. Correct.Thewordingisconciseandunambiguous.

D. Thephraseaswellasgivingaresponsetothemiswordy;thepronountheirisambiguous.

E. Respondingisthewrongverbform—itshouldbeaninfinitivetoparallelidentify.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

215. Despiteagrowingpopulation,in1998theUnitedStatesused38billionfewergallonsofwateradaywhencomparingittotheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier.

A. daywhencomparingittotheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier

B. daythanitdidduringtheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier

C. daythanwereusedalmost20yearsearlier,whichhadbeentheall-timehighconsumption

D. day,comparedtoalmost20yearsearlier,thathavingbeentheall-timehighconsumption

E. day,whichisincomparisontotheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier

Rhetoricalconstruction;Logicalpredication

Whenmakingadirectcomparison(inthiscase,withfewer),thestandardwaytoexpresstheobjectofcomparisoniswiththan.Here,thesentenceusesfewer...whencomparingitto,whichnotonlyisunidiomatic,butalsocreatesanillogicalpredication:UnitedStatesistheonlypossiblesubjectfortheverbcomparing(surelythesentencedoesn’tmeantosaytheUnitedStatesused38billionfewergallonsatthetimeitwasmakingsomecomparison!).Also,whatistheantecedentofithere?Grammatically,thereisnoclearcandidate.

A. Insteadofusingfewer...than,thisversionusestheunidiomaticfewer...whencomparingitto,whichalsointroducesalogicalpredicationproblem.

B. Correct.Fewerthaniscorrect,andthisversionofthesentencehasnologicalpredicationproblems.

C. Thishasalogicalpredicationproblem:becausetherelativeclausebeginningwithwhichimmediatelyfollowsalmost20yearsearlier,itseemsthatthetimeperiodisbeingdescribedashavingbeentheall-timehighconsumption.

D. Fewerthanispreferabletofewer...comparedto;also,thereisalogicalpredicationproblem:becausethephrasebeginningwiththatimmediatelyfollowsalmost20yearsearlier,itseemsthatthetimeperiodisbeingdescribedashavingbeentheall-timehighconsumption.

E. Thisisawkwardlyandconfusinglyworded.RatherthancomparingtheUnitedStates’waterusagein1998toitswaterusagenearly20yearsearlier,thisappearsillogicallytocomparetheUnitedStates’water

usagein1998toaperiodoftime,namelytheperiodofall-timehighestconsumptionalmost20yearsearlier.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

216. Analystsbelievethatwhereasbaddecisionsbyelectedleaderscancertainlyhurttheeconomy,noadministrationcanreallybesaidtocontrolormanageallofthecomplexandinterrelatedforcesthatdeterminethenation’seconomicstrength.

A. noadministrationcanreallybesaidtocontrol

B. noadministrationcanbesaidthatitreallycontrols

C. thatnoadministrationcanreallybesaidtocontrol

D. thatnoadministrationcanreallybesaidthatitcontrols

E. thatitcannotbesaidthatanyadministrationreallycontrols

Grammaticalconstruction;Verbform

Thepointofthissentenceistoexplainanalysts’commontwo-partbeliefaboutthelimitedpowerofelectedofficialstocontrolanationaleconomy.Itpresentsthisbeliefasthedirectobjectinthemainclause,[a]nalystsbelieve,andintroducesitwiththesubordinatingconjunctionthat,whichgovernsboththepositivedependentclause(decisions...canhurt)introducedbywhereas,andthesubsequentnegativeindependentclause(noadministrationcan...besaidtocontrol...).Theadditionalappearancesofthatinsomeoftheversionsofthesentenceareungrammatical.

A. Correct.Introducedbythesubordinatingconjunctionthat,thecomplexclausesuccinctlycontrastsleaders’powerstohurttheeconomywiththeirinabilitytocontrolalleconomicforces.

B. Theidiomcanbesaidtowouldbeappropriate,butnoadministrationcanbesaidthatitisungrammatical.

C. Therepetitionofthatisungrammatical,sincebothclausesaregovernedbytheinitialappearanceofthatafter[a]nalystsbelieve.

D. Thisversionofthesentencecombinesthemistakesdescribedin(B)withthosedescribedin(C).

E. Therepetitionofthatisungrammatical,sincebothclausesaregovernedbythefirstappearanceofthat.Theappearanceofitmakes

thesentenceunnecessarilywordyandconvoluted.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

217. Exceptforaconcertperformancethatthecomposerhimselfstagedin1911,ScottJoplin’sragtimeoperaTreemonishawasnotproduceduntil1972,sixty-oneyearsafteritscompletion.

A. Exceptforaconcertperformancethatthecomposerhimselfstaged

B. Exceptforaconcertperformancewiththecomposerhimselfstagingit

C. Besidesaconcertperformancebeingstagedbythecomposerhimself

D. Exceptingaconcertperformancethatthecomposerhimselfstaged

E. Withtheexceptionofaconcertperformancewiththestagingdonebythecomposerhimself

Idiom;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentencerequiresattentiontoidiomandtoconciseness.Exceptforiscorrectlyfollowedbyanoun,concertperformance;thatthecomposerhimselfstagedisaclausethatclearlyandconciselydescribestheperformance.

A. Correct.Inthissentence,thecorrectidiomisusedinaclearandconciseexpression.

B. With...itisanawkwardandwordyconstruction,andstagingsuggestsongoingactionratherthanactioncompletedin1911.

C. Beingstagedsuggestsongoingratherthancompletedaction.

D. Exceptingusuallyappearsinnegativeconstructions;itisnotthecorrectidiominthissentence.

E. Thissentenceisawkwardandwordy.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

218. Nearlyunrivaledintheirbiologicaldiversity,coralreefsprovideahostofbenefitsthatincludesthesupplyofproteinforpeople,protectingshorelines,andtheycontainbiochemicalsourcesfornewlife-savingmedicines.

A. coralreefsprovideahostofbenefitsthatincludesthesupplyofproteinforpeople,protectingshorelines,

B. coralreefsprovideahostofbenefits:theysupplypeoplewithprotein,theyprotecttheshorelines,

C. coralreefsprovideahostofbenefitsthatincludesupplyingproteinforpeople,aswellasshorelineprotection,

D. acoralreefprovidesahostofbenefits;theysupplyproteinforpeople,theprotectingofshorelines,

E. acoralreefprovidesahostofbenefits,includingproteinforpeople,protectingshorelines,

Parallelism;Agreement

Whenlistingseveralitems(here,benefitsofcoralreefs),theyshouldbeexpressedinaparallelway,suchasbyusingallnounphrasesorallfullclauses.Also,pronounsubjectsinoneclausethatrefertothesubjectofaprecedingclauseshouldagreeinnumber.

A. Thethreeitemsafterincludesarenotparallel(thesupply;protectingshorelines;theycontain).

B. Correct.Thethreeitemsafterbenefitsareparallel(theysupply;theyprotect;theycontain).Thesubjectofthenextclause(they)iscorrectlypluralgiventhatitsantecedentiscoralreefs.

C. Thethreeitemsafterincludearenotparallel:supplying,shorelineprotection,theycontain.

D. Thethreeitemsafterbenefitsarenotparallel(theysupply;theprotectingof;theycontain),andinthenextclausetheyistheincorrectpronoungiventhattheantecedenthereisthesingularacoralreef.

E. Thethreeitemsafterbenefitsarenotparallel(protein;protecting;theycontain),andinthenextclausetheyistheincorrectpronoungiventhattheantecedenthereisthesingularacoralreef.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

219. Literacyopenedupentirerealmsofverifiableknowledgetoordinarymenandwomenhavingbeenpreviouslyconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforthemselves.

A. havingbeenpreviouslyconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforthemselves

B. whohadpreviouslybeenconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthfor

themselves

C. previouslyconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforhimselforherself

D. ofwhomithadpreviouslybeenconsideredtheywereincapableofdiscerningtruthforthemselves

E. whohadpreviouslybeenconsideredincapableofdiscerningtruthforhimselforherself

Rhetoricalconstruction;Agreement

Thephrasebeginningwithhavingbeenmodifiesthenounphraseordinarymenandwomen.Incaseslikethis,itisbesttouseafullrelativeclause,startingwiththatorarelativepronounsuchaswhichorwho,insteadofaclausewiththe-ingformoftheverb.Also,themselvesisthecorrectformofareflexivepronountoreferbacktothepluralnounphraseordinarymenandwomen.

A. Aphrasestartingwiththe-ingverbform,insteadofwiththatorwho,isawkwardinthiscontext.

B. Correct.Arelativeclausecorrectlybeginningwithwhoisused,andthemselvesisthecorrectformforthereflexivepronoun.

C. Himselforherselfisnotthecorrectformforthepluralreflexivepronoun.

D. Thoughtherelativeandreflexivepronounsaregrammaticallycorrect,therelativeclause(theclausethatstartswithofwhom)isunnecessarilylongandcomplex.

E. Himselforherselfisnotthecorrectformforthepluralreflexivepronoun.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

220. InearlyMesopotamiancivilization,castoroilservednotonlyasalaxative,butalsoaskin-softeninglotionanditwasaconstructionlubricantforslidinggiantstoneblocksoverwoodenrollers.

A. notonlyasalaxative,butalsoaskin-softeninglotionanditwasaconstruction

B. asnotonlyalaxative,butalsoaskin-softeninglotion,anditwasaconstruction

C. notonlyasalaxativebutalsoasaskin-softeninglotionandasaconstruction

D. asnotonlyalaxativebutasaskin-softeninglotionandinconstruction,asa

E. notonlyasalaxative,butaskin-softeninglotionandinconstruction,a

Parallelism;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thesentenceindicatesthreeusesforcastoroil.Thefirsttwoarecorrectlyjoinedusingthecorrelativeconjunctionnotonly,butalso.However,thethreeusesarenotlistedinparallelgrammaticalform.Thesentencewouldbebetterwiththreeadverbphrasesbeginningwithas:asalaxative,asaskin-softeninglotion,andasaconstructionlubricant.

A. Thethreeusesforcastoroilarenotlistedinparallelgrammaticalformsincethefirstisanadverbphrase,thesecondisanounphrase,andthethirdisanindependentclause,whichisungrammaticallyconjoinedtotheprecedingpartofthesentencewithoutaninterveningcomma.

B. Thethreeusesforcastoroilarenotlistedinparallelgrammaticalformsincethefirsttwoarenounphrasesandthethirdisanindependentclause.

C. Correct.Thethreeusesforcastoroilarelistedasparalleladverbphrases,andthecorrelativeconjunctionnotonly,butalsoisconstructedcorrectly.

D. Thethreeusesforcastoroilarenotlistedinparallelgrammaticalform.Theplacingofnotonlyafterasisincorrect;thephraseinconstructionisalsoincorrectlyplaced.

E. Thewordasismissingfromthesecondandthirdelementsofthecorrelativeconjunction,sothethreeusesforcastoroilarenotlistedcorrectlyinparallelgrammaticalform.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

221. Ananalysisoftreebarkallovertheglobeshowsthatchemicalinsecticideshaveoftenspreadthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereoriginallyused.

A. thatchemicalinsecticideshaveoftenspreadthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereoriginallyused

B. thatchemicalinsecticideshavespread,oftenthousandsofmilesfromtheiroriginaluse

C. chemicalinsecticides,havingoftenspreadthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereusedoriginally

D. chemicalinsecticides,oftenspreadingthousandsofmilesfromwheretheiroriginaluse

E. chemicalinsecticides,oftenspreadingthousandsofmilesfromwheretheywereoriginallyused

Grammaticalconstruction;Diction

Toexpresstheintendedmeaning,showscanbefollowedbyaclausebeginningwiththat.Anotheroptionwouldbetousethespecialclausetypeshow+nounphrase+ingverbform,suchasshowchemicalinsecticidesspreadingmanymiles—butthereshouldbenopauseinthemiddleofaconstructionofthislattertype.Ifthereissuchapause,thenchemicalinsecticidesbecomesthedirectobjectofshow,andthefollowingverb-ingphraseisanawkwardattemptatamodifierofthisobject.Notealsothatifsomethingspreads,itspreadsfromaplaceoranentity;otherwaysofexpressingthisideaintheanswerchoicesareawkwardorillogical.Verbswithoutovertsubjects(suchasspreadinghere)normallyaretobeunderstoodashavingthesamesubjectasthemainclause.

A. Correct.Showiscorrectlyfollowedbyathatclause,andaplaceiscorrectlyidentified(fromwhere)asthesourceofthespread.

B. Showisfollowedbyathatclause,butinsecticidesareillogicallysaidtohavespreadfromause,ratherthanfromaplace.

C. Showcansometimestakeadirectobject(here,chemicalinsecticides).However,theconstructionusedheremakesanalysisthesubjectofhaving.Thusitappearstosay,illogically,thattheanalysisshowsthattheanalysisitselfhasspreadfromwheretheinsecticideswereused.

D. Showcansometimestakeadirectobject(here,chemicalinsecticides).However,theconstructionusedheremakesanalysisthesubjectofspreading.Thus,itappearstosay,illogically,thattheanalysisshowsthattheanalysisitselfoftenspreadsfromwheretheinsecticideswereused.Also,wheretheiroriginaluseisgrammaticallyincorrect(wheretheywereoriginallyusedisacorrectalternative).

E. Showcansometimestakeadirectobject(here,chemicalinsecticides).However,theconstructionusedheremakesanalysisthesubjectofspreading.Thus,itappearstosay,illogically,thattheanalysisshowsthattheanalysisitselfoftenspreadsfromwheretheinsecticideswereused.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

222. Consumersmaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductstobehazardoussubstances,butmanyofthemcanbeharmfultohealth,especiallyiftheyareusedimproperly.

A. Consumersmaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductstobe

B. Consumersmaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductsbeing

C. Aconsumermaynotthinkoftheirhouseholdcleaningproductsbeing

D. Aconsumermaynotthinkofhouseholdcleaningproductsas

E. Householdcleaningproductsmaynotbethoughtof,byconsumers,as

Idiom;Agreement

Thesentenceusesanidiomthatiscorrectlyexpressedasthinkofxasy.Theuseoftobeisincorrect.

A. Tobeisincorrectintheidiomtothinkofxasy.

B. Beingisincorrectintheidiomtothinkofxasy.

C. Beingisincorrectintheidiomtothinkofxasy.Theirdoesnotagreewithaconsumer.

D. Correct.Thissentenceusestheidiomcorrectly:thinkofhouseholdproductsas.

E. Thepassive-voiceconstructionisawkwardandwordy.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

223. AccordingtotheEconomicDevelopmentCorporationofLosAngelesCounty,ifoneweretocounttheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaasaseparatenation,itwouldhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,thatisbiggerthanthatofAustralia,Mexico,ortheNetherlands.

A. ifoneweretocounttheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaasaseparatenation,itwouldhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnational

product,thatis

B. iftheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaiscountedasaseparatenation,ithastheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,thatbeing

C. iftheLosAngelesmetropolitanareawereaseparatenation,itwouldhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,

D. weretheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaaseparatenation,itwillhavetheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,whichis

E. whentheLosAngelesmetropolitanareaiscountedasaseparatenation,ithastheworld’seleventhlargestgrossnationalproduct,thus

Diction;Verbform

Thepointofthissentenceistoexplaintheimplicationsofacontrary-to-factstateofaffairs(LosAngelesmetropolitanareaasanation).Thesubjunctiveverbformisneeded(were...wouldhave).Toattributethisproposedstateofaffairstothecalculationsofananonymousagent(one)causesunnecessarywordiness.TheimplicationofthehypotheticalsituationisthattheLosAngelesareawouldhavetheeleventh-largestgrossnationalproduct(GNP)intheworld,aGNPthatisfurtherdescribedaslargerthantheGNPofanyofthreenationsnamed.Thisdescriptiveinformationismostefficientlypresentedasaterminaladjectivephrase.

A. Byintroducingthesubjectone,theopeningclausebecomesunnecessarilywordyandindirect.Therelativeclauseattheendofthesentencecausesadditionalwordiness.Thepresentindicativeverbformisinthephrasethatisbiggerthan...isinconsistentwiththeconditionalcontextestablishedearlierinthesentence(were...would).SinceLosAngelesisnotanation,itsnationalproductispurelyhypotheticalandcontrarytofact.

B. Becausetheifclauseintroducesasituationthatiscontrarytofact,theverbsiscountedandhasshouldbesubjunctiveandconditional,respectively(werecountedandwouldhave).Therelativepronounphrasethatbeingisawkward,wordy,andrepetitive.

C. Correct.Thesubjunctivemoodoftheverbsisappropriatetothecontrary-to-factsituationbeingdescribed,andtheterminaladjectivephrasewithoutanintroductoryrelativepronounisanappropriatewayofmakingthecomparisonamongGNPs.

D. Althoughtheopeningsubjunctiveverbisappropriate,itmustbefollowedbyaconditionalverbinthemainclause;therelativeclauseattheendofthesentence,beginningwithwhichis,isindirectandwordy.Asin(A),isisnotthemostappropriateverbformtoexpressacounterfactualcondition.

E. Theverbsiscounted...hasareincorrectfordescribingacontrary-to-factsituation.Beginningthefinaladjectivephrasewiththewordthusmakestherelationshipofthephrasetotherestofthesentenceunclear.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

224. InitiatedfivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorldonColumbusDay1992,ProjectSETIpledgeda$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence.

A. InitiatedfivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorldonColumbusDay1992,ProjectSETIpledgeda$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence.

B. InitiatedonColumbusDay1992,fivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld,a$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligencewaspledgedbyProjectSETI.

C. InitiatedonColumbusDay1992,fivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld,ProjectSETIpledgeda$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence.

D. Pledginga$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligence,theinitiationofProjectSETIfivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorldonColumbusDay1992.

E. Pledginga$100millioninvestmentinthesearchforextraterrestrialintelligencefivecenturiesafterEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorld,onColumbusDay1992,theinitiationofProjectSETItookplace.

Logicalpredication;Grammaticalconstruction

Theoriginalsentencebecomesillogicalwhenphrasesdonotmodifywhattheyareintendedtomodify.ThissentencemistakenlysaysthatEuropeansarrivedintheNewWorldonColumbusDay1992.ItalsosaysthatProjectSETIwasinitiatedfivecenturiesafter...ColumbusDay1992.Tomakethemodifiersgrammaticallyandlogicallycorrect,thesentencemayberevised:InitiatedonColumbusDay1992,fivecenturiesafterEuropeans

arrivedintheNewWorld,ProjectSETI....

A. ProjectSETIcannothavebeeninitiatedfivecenturiesafter...1992,nordidEuropeansfirstarrivein1992.

B. Initiated...modifies$100millioninvestmentinsteadofProjectSETI.

C. Correct.Themodifiersaregrammaticallyandlogicallycorrectinthissentence.

D. Pledging...incorrectlymodifiestheinitiation.Thisisasentencefragment.

E. Pledging...incorrectlymodifiestheinitiation.EuropeansappeartohavearrivedonColumbusDay1992.Theconstructionisawkward,unbalanced,andimprecise.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

225. Accordingtosomeeconomists,theJulydecreaseinunemploymentsothatitwasthelowestintwoyearssuggeststhatthegradualimprovementinthejobmarketiscontinuing.

A. sothatitwasthelowestintwoyears

B. sothatitwasthelowesttwo-yearrate

C. towhatwouldbethelowestintwoyears

D. toatwo-yearlowlevel

E. tothelowestlevelintwoyears

Idiom;Rhetoricalconstruction

Inthissentence,decreaseisusedasanounandcannotgrammaticallybemodifiedbytheadverbialsothat.Thesimpleprepositionalphrasetothelowestlevelintwoyearsisaprecise,concisealternative.

A. Theuseofsothatitwastomodifyanounisungrammatical,anditcouldrefertoeitherdecreaseorunemployment.

B. Theuseofsothatitwastomodifyanounisungrammatical.Itcouldrefertoeitherdecreaseorunemployment,andthewordrateisunclear.

C. Useoftheconditionalwouldtostateafactisnonstandard;lowestshouldrefertoanounsuchaslevel.

D. Themeaningoftoatwo-yearlowlevelisunclear,andthephraseis

unidiomatic.

E. Correct.Thissentenceusesaclear,simplephrasethatconveysanunambiguousmeaning.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

226. DevelopedbyPennsylvania’sPalatineGermansabout1750,Conestogawagons,withhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairieandtheyhadafloorcurvedupwardoneitherendsoastopreventcargofromshiftingonsteepgrades.

A. wagons,withhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairieandtheyhadafloorcurvedupwardoneitherendsoastoprevent

B. wagons,withhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairie,andwithafloorthatwascurvedupwardatbothendstoprevent

C. wagons,whichhadhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairie,andfloorscurvedupwardontheirendssothattheyprevented

D. wagonshadhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairie,andafloorthatwascurvedupwardatbothendstoprevent

E. wagonshadhighwheelscapableofcrossingruttedroads,muddyflats,andthenonroadsoftheprairieandfloorscurvingupwardattheirendssothatitprevented

Logicalpredication;Parallelism;Grammaticalconstruction

ThemainsubjectofthissentenceisConestogawagonsandthemainverbishad.Theopeningparticipialphrasedescribestheoriginofthewagons,andtherestofthesentencedescribesthefeaturestheypossessed.Thesefeaturesmustbepresentedinparallelformasobjectsoftheverbhad.Thesentencefirstpresentedisafragment;theprepositionalphrasewith...leavesthesubjectConestogawagonswithoutaverb.Whentheverbhadfinallyappears,anewsubjecttheyhasbeenunnecessarilyintroduced.

A. Thesubjectwagonsiswithoutaverb.Theintroductionofanewsubjecttheyisunnecessary.Giventheabsenceofhadafterwagonsandofacommaafterprairie,itisalsoungrammatical.

B. Thisversionofthesentencehasnomainverbforthesubjectwagons.

C. Asin(A)and(B),thisversionofthesentencefailstoprovideamainverbforthesubjectwagons.

D. Correct.Themainverbhadcompletesthesubjectwagonsandaccommodatesthetwodirectobjects,wheelsandafloor.Thecommaafterprairiehelpstoclarifythatfloorsisadirectobjectofhad,parallelwithhighwheels.

E. Thereferentforitisambiguous.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

227. TheBaldrickManufacturingCompanyhasforseveralyearsfollowedapolicyaimedatdecreasingoperatingcostsandimprovingtheefficiencyofitsdistributionsystem.

A. aimedatdecreasingoperatingcostsandimproving

B. aimedatthedecreasingofoperatingcostsandtoimprove

C. aimingatthedecreasingofoperatingcostsandimproving

D. theaimofwhichisthedecreasingofoperatingcostsandimproving

E. withtheaimtodecreaseoperatingcostsandtoimprove

Parallelism;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thiscorrectsentenceusesthegrammaticallyparallelelementsdecreasingandimprovingtodescribethetwoaimsofthecompany’spolicy.

A. Correct.Decreasingandimprovingaregrammaticallyparallel;aimedatisacorrectandconciseexpression.

B. Thedecreasingandtoimprovearenotparallel.

C. Usingthebeforedecreasingcreatesagerund,whichisnotparalleltotheparticipleimproving.

D. Theaimofwhichisawkwardandwordy;thedecreasingisnotparalleltoimproving.

E. Withtheaimtoisnotthecorrectidiom;thecorrectidiomiswiththeaimoffollowedbyaningverbformsuchasdecreasing.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

228. Somebuildingsthatweredestroyedandheavilydamagedintheearthquakelastyearwereconstructedinviolationofthecity’sbuildingcode.

A. Somebuildingsthatweredestroyedandheavilydamagedintheearthquakelastyearwere

B. Somebuildingsthatweredestroyedorheavilydamagedintheearthquakelastyearhadbeen

C. Somebuildingsthattheearthquakedestroyedandheavilydamagedlastyearhavebeen

D. Lastyeartheearthquakedestroyedorheavilydamagedsomebuildingsthathavebeen

E. Lastyearsomeofthebuildingsthatweredestroyedorheavilydamagedintheearthquakehadbeen

Diction;Verbform

Thebuildingscannotbebothdestroyedandheavilydamagedatthesametime;theymustbeoneortheother.Theideasofthissentencearemostclearlyexpressedusingtwoverbtenses:thesimplepast,were,fortheearthquakeoccurringlastyear;andthepastperfect,hadbeen,forthetimepriortothatwhenthebuildingswereconstructed.

A. Thebuildingsareillogicallysaidtobebothdestroyedanddamaged.

B. Correct.Thissentenceproperlystatesthatthebuildingswereeitherdestroyedordamagedandclarifiesthattheyhadbeenconstructedbeforetheearthquakestruck.

C. Buildingscannotbebothdestroyedanddamaged.Theverbtensemakesitseemthattheywereconstructedaftertheearthquake.

D. Theverbtenseillogicallyindicatesthatthebuildingshavebeenconstructedsincetheearthquake.

E. Thisstructureindicatesthatconstructionofthebuildings,ratherthantheearthquake,occurredlastyear.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

229. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,surgicalcutsmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverfewerfibersandislesslikelytoleaveanunsightlyscar.

A. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,surgicalcutsmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverfewer

B. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,asurgicalcuthavingbeenmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseversless

C. Becausethecollagenfibersinskinlineupinthedirectionoftension,asurgicalcutmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseversfewer

D. Withthecollagenfibersinskinliningupinthedirectionoftension,surgicalcutsmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverless

E. Withthecollagenfibersinskinliningupinthedirectionoftension,asurgicalcutmadealongtheseso-calledLanger’slinesseverfewer

Agreement;Diction

Thissentenceexplainsacausalconnectionbetweenthealignmentofcollagenfibersandtheimpactofaparticulartypeofsurgicalcut.Becauseisappropriatetoexpressthatcausalrelationship.Thesingularverbinthephraseislesslikelytoleaverequiresasingularsubject(cut)andmustbecoordinatedwithanothersingularverb(severs).Becausefibersarecountable,thecorrectmodifierisfewerratherthanless.

A. Thepluralsubjectcutsdoesnotagreewiththesingularverbis.

B. Theverbformhavingbeenmadeisinconsistentwiththepresenttenseverbsevers;lessinappropriatelymodifiescountablefibers.

C. Correct.Theadverbialconjunctionbecauseaccuratelycapturesthecausalrelationshipexpressedbythesentence.Thesingularsubjectcutagreeswiththesingularverbsseversandis,andfewerappropriatelymodifiescountablefibers.

D. Theprepositionwithdoesnotcapturethecausalrelationshipexpressedbythesentence;thepluralsubjectcutsdoesnotagreewiththesingularverbs(seversandis);andlessisaninappropriatemodifierforcountablefibers.

E. Asin(D),theprepositionwithfailstocapturethecausalrelationshipbetweenalignmentoffibersandscarring.Thepluralverbseverdoesnotagreewiththesingularsubjectcutandthesubsequentsingularverbis.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

230. InA.D.391,resultingfromthedestructionofthelargestlibraryoftheancientworldatAlexandria,latergenerationslostallbuttheIliadandOdysseyamongGreekepics,mostofthepoetryofPindarandSappho,anddozensofplaysbyAeschylusandEuripides.

A. resultingfromthedestructionofthelargestlibraryoftheancientworldatAlexandria,

B. thedestroyingofthelargestlibraryoftheancientworldatAlexandriaresultedand

C. becauseoftheresultofthedestructionofthelibraryatAlexandria,thelargestoftheancientworld,

D. asaresultofthedestructionofthelibraryatAlexandria,thelargestoftheancientworld,

E. Alexandria’slargestlibraryoftheancientworldwasdestroyed,andtheresultwas

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction;Grammaticalconstruction

Becauseitisintroducedbyaparticiple,thephrasethatbeginsresultingfromillogicallymodifieslatergenerations.Substitutingtheidiomasaresultofforresultingfromcorrectsthiserror.ThelargestlibraryoftheancientworldatAlexandriaisbothcumbersomeandambiguousbecauseitsuggeststhattheancientworldwaslocatedat(andonlyat)Alexandria.Thisproblemisbestcorrectedbybreakingtheseriesofphrasesintotwodistinctparts:thelibraryatAlexandria,thelargestoftheancientworld.Here,thesecondphraseclearlymodifiesthefirst.

A. Resultingfromillogicallymodifieslatergenerations.Theseriesofprepositionalphrasesisconfusingandambiguous.

B. Thedestroyingofiswordyandawkward.Andcreatesasecondmainclause,whichwouldneedtobeappropriatelypunctuatedwithacommabeforeand.

C. Becauseoftheresultofisredundant.

D. Correct.Asaresultofbeginsthephraseclearlyandcorrectlyinthissentence;thelibraryratherthantheancientworldisproperlylocated

atAlexandria;thelargestoftheancientworldcorrectlymodifieslibrary.

E. Alexandria’slargestlibraryoftheancientworldisanillogicalreference.Theresultwasmustbefollowedbythat.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

231. ThenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetheonlyeyewitnessaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuviusintwoletterstothehistorianTacitus.

A. ThenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetheonlyeyewitnessaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuviusintwoletterstothehistorianTacitus.

B. TothehistorianTacitus,thenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetwoletters,beingtheonlyeyewitnessaccountsofthegreateruptionofVesuvius.

C. TheonlyeyewitnessaccountisintwolettersbythenephewofPlinytheElderwritingtothehistorianTacitusanaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuvius.

D. Writingtheonlyeyewitnessaccount,PlinytheElder’snephewaccountedforthegreateruptionofVesuviusintwoletterstothehistorianTacitus.

E. IntwoletterstothehistorianTacitus,thenephewofPlinytheElderwrotetheonlyeyewitnessaccountofthegreateruptionofVesuvius.

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thechallengeinthissentenceliesinthecorrectplacementofaprepositionalphrase.Intheoriginalversion,theplacementofintwoletterstothehistorianTacitusappearstosuggestthatVesuviuseruptedinthelettersthemselves.Placingthephraseatthebeginningofthesentencesolvestheproblem.

A. ThesentencesuggeststhattheeruptionofVesuviustookplaceinthelettersthemselves.

B. BeginningthesentencewithtothehistorianTacitusisclumsyandunclear.Theverbphrasebeing...seemsillogicallytomodifythenephew,creatingtheawkwardsuggestionthatthenephewwastheeyewitnessaccounts.

C. Thesentence’smeaningisunclearduetoanextendedsequenceof

prepositionalphrases.

D. Anaccountisanarrativerecord;toaccountformeanstobethecauseof.Usingbothinthesamesentenceisconfusingandheresuggeststhatthenephewcausedtheeruption.ThesentencealsosuggeststhattheeruptionofVesuviustookplaceinthelettersthemselves.

E. Correct.Theplacementoftheprepositionalphraseatthebeginningofthesentenceclarifiesthemeaningofthesentence;theconstructionoftherestofthesentenceisstraightforward.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

232. Nearlytwotonsofnuclear-reactorfuelhavealreadybeenputintoorbitaroundtheEarth,andthechancesofacollisioninvolvingsuchmaterialincreasegreatlyastheamountofbothspacedebrisandsatellitescontinuetorise.

A. astheamountofbothspacedebrisandsatellitescontinuetorise

B. astherisecontinuesinboththeamountofsatellitesandspacedebris

C. astheamountofspacedebrisandthenumberofsatellitescontinuetorise

D. withthecontinuallyincreasingamountofspacedebrisandthenumberofsatellites

E. withtheamountofspacedebriscontinuingtoincreasealongwiththenumberofsatellites

Diction;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceopenswithamainclausestatingacondition(twotonsofnuclear-reactorfuelorbitingtheEarth)andfollowsthiswithasecondmainclausestatingpossibleconsequencesofcombiningthiscondition(amountofspacedebris)withasecondcondition(risingnumberofsatellites).Becausedebrisisnotacountablenoun,itmustbedescribedasanamount;satellitesarecountable,sotheymustbereferredtoasanumber,notanamount.

A. Amountisaninappropriatedescriptorforsatellites.

B. Amountisaninappropriatedescriptorforsatellites.Bothshouldbefollowedbytwonouns,buthereitisfollowedbyonlyone,sothecomparisonisgrammaticallyincorrect.

C. Correct.Thesentenceisunambiguousandgrammaticallycorrectandusesamountandnumbercorrectly.

D. Byattachingtheadjectiveincreasingonlytoamountofspacedebris,thesentencefailstoindicatethatthenumberofsatellitesisalsogrowing.Thisleavesthefunctionofandthenumberofsatellitesuncertainandconfusing.

E. Thisversionofthesentenceisindirect,wordy,andconfusing.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

233. Thoughbeingtiny,blind,andtranslucent,arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishlessenstheirvulnerabilitywiththickenedbonesandarmorplatesontheirsides.

A. Thoughbeingtiny,blind,andtranslucent,arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishlessenstheirvulnerabilitywiththickenedbonesandarmorplatesontheirsides.

B. Thoughtiny,blind,andtranslucent,arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishhasthickenedbonesandarmorplatesonitssidesthatlessenitsvulnerability.

C. Arecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishhasthickenedbonesandarmorplatesonitssidesthatlessentheirvulnerability,thoughtiny,blind,andtranslucent.

D. Thickenedbonesandarmorplatesontheirsideslessenthevulnerabilityofarecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfishthatistiny,blind,andtranslucent.

E. Tiny,blind,andtranslucent,thickenedbonesandarmorplatesonitssideslessenthevulnerabilityofarecentlydiscoveredspeciesofcatfish.

Logicalpredication;Agreement

Thepointofthesentenceistoexplaintwosetsoffeaturesofacatfishspecies,onethatmakesthespeciesseemvulnerable,andtheotherthatreducesitsvulnerability.Thesentenceaswrittenintroducestheunnecessaryparticipialbeingandincorrectlyreferstothesingularspecieswiththepluralpossessivepronountheir.

A. Theparticipialbeingmakesthesentenceunnecessarilywordy.The

pluralpronountheirhasnoclearantecedent;itcannotrefertospecies,becausethesentencehasalreadyestablished,withthesingularverblessens,thatitisusingspeciesasasingularnoun.Also,thesentenceillogicallysaysthatthespecies(notitsphysicalcharacteristics)lessenstheirvulnerability.

B. Correct.Theopeningsetofadjectivesintroducedbythecontrastivetermthoughisefficientandsetsupacontrastbetweenthefeaturesthatmakethespeciesvulnerableandthosethatmakeitlessvulnerable.Thesingularpronounitscorrectlyreferstothesingularnounspecies.

C. Thereferentforthepluralpossessivepronountheirisunclear;itisalsounclearwhatthesetofadjectivesintroducedbythoughissupposedtomodify.Thesentencestructuresuggests,nonsensically,thattheymodifyarmorplates.

D. Thisversionofthesentenceconfusinglyreferstospeciesasbothplural(theirsides)andsingular(thatis).

E. Theopeningsetofadjectives(tiny,blind,andtranslucent)nonsensicallydescribesbonesandplates.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

234. Arecentcourtdecisionhasqualifieda1998rulingthatworkerscannotbelaidoffiftheyhavebeengivenreasontobelievethattheirjobswillbesafe,providedthattheirperformanceremainssatisfactory.

A. iftheyhavebeengivenreasontobelievethattheirjobswill

B. iftheyaregivenreasonforbelievingthattheirjobswouldstill

C. havingbeengivenreasonforbelievingthattheirjobswould

D. havingbeengivenreasontobelievetheirjobsto

E. givenreasontobelievethattheirjobswillstill

Verbform;Idiom

Thissentenceassertsthatacourtdecisionhasqualifieda1998ruling.Itthengoesontoexplaintheseriesofconditionsstipulatedbythatruling:workerscannotbelaidoffiftheyhavebeengiven(prior)reasontobelievethatcontinuedsatisfactoryjobperformancewill(always)ensurethattheirjobsaresafe.Toexpressthesecomplicatedtemporalrelationships,thepresenttensepassiveverbcannotbelaidoffdescribestheassurance

providedbytheruling;thepresent-perfect,passiveverbdescribesthepriorconditionhavebeengiven...,andthefuturetenseverbwillbedescribestheoutcometheworkerscanexpect.Theidiomreasontobelievesuccinctlydescribestheassurancegiventoworkers.

A. Correct.Thesequenceofconditionsmakessense,andtheidiomiscorrect.

B. Thepresenttensearegivenfailstoclarifythattheassuranceofjobsecuritymustprecedetheworkers’confidencethattheycannotbelaidoff.Thephrasereasonforbelieving(singular,withnoarticle)isunidiomaticandinthiscontextisinappropriate.

C. Thisversionappearstobepresentinghavingbeengivenreason...asarestrictivemodifieroflaidoff.Thismakesthesentenceveryawkwardandhardtomakesenseof,anditobscurestherequisitenatureofthecondition(thatworkershadbeengivenpriorreasontothinktheirjobsweresafe).Reasonforbelievingisunidiomatic.

D. Withoutacommaafteroff,itisunclearwhathavingbeengivenreason...modifies;thestringofinfinitivephrasesisawkwardandconfusing.

E. Asin(D),itisunclearwhattheparticipialphrase(inthiscase,givenreasontobelieve)issupposedtomodify.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

235. ThomasEakins’powerfulstyleandhischoicesofsubject—theadvancesinmodernsurgery,thedisciplineofsport,thestrainsofindividualsintensionwithsocietyorevenwiththemselves—wasasdisturbingtohisowntimeasitiscompellingforours.

A. wasasdisturbingtohisowntimeasitis

B. wereasdisturbingtohisowntimeastheyare

C. hasbeenasdisturbinginhisowntimeastheyare

D. hadbeenasdisturbinginhisowntimeasitwas

E. havebeenasdisturbinginhisowntimeas

Agreement;Verbform

Thecompoundsubjectofthissentence,styleandchoices,isfollowedbysingularverbs,wasandis,andasingularpronoun,it.Thecompoundsubjectrequiresthepluralverbswereandareandthepluralpronounthey.

A. Theverbsandpronounaresingular,butthesubjectisplural.

B. Correct.Verbs(were,are)andpronoun(they)agreewiththepluralsubjectinthissentence.

C. HasbeenissingularandillogicallyindicatesthatEakins’timecontinuestoday.

D. Hadbeenindicatesatimeanteriortosomeotherpasttime;itwasissingularandthewrongtense.

E. HavebeenillogicallyindicatesthatEakins’timecontinuesintothepresentday.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

236. Aswellasheatandlight,thesunisthesourceofacontinuousstreamofatomicparticlesknownasthesolarwind.

A. Aswellasheatandlight,thesunisthesourceofacontinuousstream

B. Besidesheatandlight,alsothesunisthesourceofacontinuousstream

C. Besidesheatandlight,thesunisalsothesourceofacontinuousstreaming

D. Thesunisthesourcenotonlyofheatandlight,butalsoofacontinuousstream

E. Thesunisthesourceofnotonlyheatandlightbut,aswell,ofacontinuousstreaming

Idiom;Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Theunderlinedsectionmustberevisedtoeliminatemodificationerrorsandtoclarifymeaningbyusingparallelconstruction.Aswellasheatandlightcannotlogicallymodifythesun,asgrammarrequires;thesentenceseemstosuggestthatheat,light,andthesunarethesourceofthesolarwind.Thesentencecanbeimprovedbyemployingtheconstructionnotonlyx...butalsoy;xandyshouldbeparallel.

A. Aswellasheatandlightismisplacedandpotentiallyconfusing.

B. Besidesheatandlightisconfusing.Thewordorderofalsothesunisawkward.

C. Besidesheatandlightisunclear.Streamingshouldbethemore

straightforwardstream.

D. Correct.Thissentenceusesthenotonly...butalsoconstructiontosolvethemodificationerror;ofheatandlightisparalleltoofacontinuousstream.

E. Aswellisincorrectinthenotonly...butalsoconstruction.Heatandlightisnotparalleltoofacontinuousstreaming.Streamingshouldbethemorestraightforwardstream.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

237. ThepsychologistWilliamJamesbelievedthatfacialexpressionsnotonlyprovideavisiblesignofanemotion,actuallycontributingtothefeelingitself.

A. emotion,actuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

B. emotionbutalsoactuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

C. emotionbutalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingitself

D. emotion;theyalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingofit

E. emotion;thefeelingitselfisalsoactuallycontributedtobythem

Idiom;Grammaticalconstruction

Thissentenceshoulddependonthecorrelativeconstructionnotonlyx...butalsoy,wherexandyareparallel.However,thefaultyconstructionintheoriginalsentencedoesnotproperlyincludethesecondelement,butalso,andsoproducesasentencefragment.Jamessaysthatfacialexpressionshavetwoeffects:theyprovideasignofemotionandtheycontributetoemotion.Thus,inthissentence,notonlyshouldbefollowedby(x)provideavisiblesignofanemotion,andbutalsoshouldbefollowedby(y)actuallycontributetothefeelingitself.

A. Thenotonly...butalsoconstructionisviolated,creatingasentencefragment.

B. Butalsoactuallycontributingisnotparalleltonotonlyprovide;becausecontributingisaparticipleandnotaverb,theresultisasentencefragment.

C. Correct.Thenotonly...butalsoconstructionisparallel,resultinginacompletesentence.

D. Thenotonlyconstructionneedstobecompletedwithbutalsoandshouldnotbeinterruptedbyasemicolon.Thefeelingofitisawkwardandwordy.

E. Useofthesemicoloninthenotonly...butalsoconstructionisnotcorrect;thepassivevoiceisalsoactuallycontributedtoisawkwardandnotparalleltoprovide.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

238. InspiredbytheHelsinkiAccordsandoutragedbytheharshsentencesmetedouttoagroupofCzechrockmusicianscalledthePlasticPeopleoftheUniverse,Charter77wasestablishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalstobeahumanrightsgroup.

A. Charter77wasestablishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalstobe

B. Charter77hadbeenestablishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalsas

C. Charter77,establishedbydissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionals,was

D. dissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalsestablishedCharter77as

E. dissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalshadestablishedCharter77tobe

Logicalpredication;Verbform

ThissentenceexplainswhatinspiredagroupofpeopletoestablishahumanrightsgroupcalledCharter77.Thepassiveconstructioninthemainclauseillogicallymakestheopeningphrase(inspired...andoutraged)describeCharter77.ThesentencesaysthatCharter77wasestablishedbyagroupofpeople.Thus,Charter77refersinthiscontexttotheorganizationasanabstractentity,nottoitsfoundersormembers.Theintendedmeaningpresumablyisthatthedissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionalswerebothinspiredandoutragedandwerethuspromptedtostartCharter77.

A. TheopeningadjectivalphraseinappropriatelydescribesCharter77insteadofthepeoplewhostartedit.Theidiomaticexpressionestablished...asispreferabletothenonstandardandsomewhat

unclearestablished...tobe....

B. Thepast-perfectverbformhadbeenestablishedisconfusingafterthepasttensephrasemetedouttoagroup....Additionally,like(A),thisversionofthesentencecreatesanopeningthatsomewhatillogicallymodifiesCharter77.

C. Asin(A)and(B),theopeningphraseillogicallydescribesCharter77insteadofthepeoplewhowereinspiredandoutragedandthuspromptedtostartCharter77.

D. Correct.Theopeningphrasecorrectlydescribesthesubjectdissidentwriters,philosophers,andotherprofessionals,andtheactiveverbestablishedpreventsunnecessarywordiness.

E. AlthoughtheopeningphrasedescribesthepeoplewhostartedCharter77,thepast-perfecttenseofthemainclauseisconfusing,makingthetemporalrelationshipsamongtheeventsunclear.Theidiomaticexpressionestablished...asispreferabletothenonstandardandsomewhatunclearestablished...tobe.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

239. Accordingtoresearchcoveringthelastdecade,theaveragenumberofroomsaddedbyhigh-endhotelchainswaslowerthanwhatthehotelindustryaveragedidforthisperiod,buttheiroccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterthantheaveragehotel.

A. thanwhatthehotelindustryaveragedidforthisperiod,buttheiroccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterthan

B. thanthehotelindustryaverageforthisperiod,butoccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterforthesechainsthanfor

C. ascomparedtothehotelindustryaverageforthisperiod,butoccupancyandroomratesforthemgrewfasterthanwith

D. ascomparedtowhatthehotelindustryaveragehadbeenforthisperiod,butoccupancyandroomratesforthesechainsgrewfasterthandid

E. ascomparedtothehotelindustryaverageforthisperiod,buttheiroccupancyandroomratesgrewfasterthantheydidfor

Logicalpredication;Agreement;Idiom

Thissentencecomparesoneaverage,numberofroomsaddedbyhigh-endhotelchains,withanother,hotelindustryaverage[numberofroomsadded],andthenitmakesanothercomparison:rateofgrowthinoccupancyandroomratesforhigh-endchainswiththesesamemeasuresintheaveragehotel.Inthesentenceasoriginallypresented,thereferentoftheirisunclear.Thepronounappearsasifitmightrefer,nonsensically,torooms.

A. Thephrasethanwhatthehotelindustryaveragedidiswordyandimprecise.Thesentenceattemptstocompareunlikeclauses:number...waslowerwithindustryaveragedid.Italsoillogicallycomparesthegrowthinoccupancyandroomrateswithgrowthoftheaveragehotel.Thereferentforthepluralpossessivepronountheirisunclear.

B. Correct.Thesentencecorrectlycomparesoneaveragenumberwithanotherandgrowthinoccupancyandroomratesforthesechainsandfortheaveragehotel.

C. Thecomparativephraseascomparedto...isanincorrectidiom.Thereferentforthemisambiguous.Thecomparisonbetweenthespeedofgrowthforthem,ontheonehand,andwiththeaveragehotel,ontheotherhand,doesnotmakesense.

D. Like(C),thisversionofthesentenceusesanincorrectidiom(ascomparedto)tomaketheinitialcomparison.Inthesecondcomparison,asin(A),thissentencenonsensicallycomparesthegrowthinoccupancyandroomrateswithgrowthoftheaveragehotel.

E. Like(C)and(D),thisversionofthesentenceopenswithanincorrectidiom(ascomparedto);thesecondcomparisoniswordy,andthereferentfortheyisambiguous.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

240. Ofalltherecordcompaniesinvolvedinearlyjazz,thethreemostprominentwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

A. Ofalltherecordcompaniesinvolvedinearlyjazz,thethreemostprominentwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

B. ThreemostprominentrecordcompaniesofalltheonesthatwereinvolvedinearlyjazzwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

C. Columbia,Victor,andOKehwere,ofalltherecordcompanies

involvedinearlyjazz,thethreeofthemthatweremostprominent.

D. Columbia,Victor,andOKehwerethreemostprominentofalltherecordcompaniesinvolvedinearlyjazz.

E. Outofalltherecordcompaniesthatwereinvolvedinearlyjazz,threeofthemthatwerethemostprominentwereColumbia,Victor,andOKeh.

Diction;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceaimstoemphasizethespecialprominenceofjustthreespecificcompanies,asopposedtoallothercompanies.Wherethreemostprominentcompaniesisnotprecededbyadefinitearticle,itisunidiomatic.Toindicatethatthesethreeweremoreprominentthananyothers,itshouldsaythethreemostprominentcompanies.Iftheintentionwere,instead,toindicatethatthesecompaniesweremerelyamonganumberofhighlyprominentones,itshouldsaythreeofthemostprominentcompanies.Also,ingeneral,oneshouldavoidrelativeclauseconstructionswhensimpleadjectivescanexpressthesameideamoresimply.

A. Correct.Thethree...isused,andprominentmodifiestheunderstoodcompaniesinaconciseway.

B. Theisomittedbeforethree,andofalltheonesthatwereinvolvedisinferiortoasimplerexpressionsuchasofalltheonesinvolved.

C. Thethreeofthemthatweremostprominentislongandawkward;thethreemostprominentisshorterandsimpler.

D. Theisomittedbeforethree.

E. Notonlyistheomitted,butthreeofthemthatwerethemostprominentistoolongandcomplex,comparedtothethreemostprominent.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

241. AnalystsblamedMay’ssluggishretailsalesonunexcitingmerchandiseaswellastheweather,colderandwetterthanwasusualinsomeregions,whichslowedsalesofbarbecuegrillsandlawnfurniture.

A. colderandwetterthanwasusualinsomeregions,whichslowed

B. whichwascolderandwetterthanusualinsomeregions,slowing

C. sinceitwascolderandwetterthanusuallyinsomeregions,which

slowed

D. beingcolderandwetterthanusuallyinsomeregions,slowing

E. havingbeencolderandwetterthanwasusualinsomeregionsandslowed

Logicalpredication;Diction

Thesentencemustclearlyindicatethattheinclementweatherhadslowedretailsales.Relativepronouns,suchaswhich,shouldfollowascloselyaspossiblethenounstowhichtheyrefer.Theadjectiveusual,ratherthantheadverbusually,isrequiredwhenmodifyinganoun.Thephrasewetterthanusualiscorrectandconcise.

A. Theinsertionofwasisunnecessaryandmisleading.Thereferentofwhichisunclear,becauseregions,notweather,isthenearestnoun.

B. Correct.Thissentenceisconcise,correct,andidiomatic,andwhichhasaclearreferent,theweather.

C. Withthelinkingverbwas,theadjectiveusualisneededinplaceoftheadverbusually.Thereferentofwhichisunclearbecauseregions,notweather,isthenearestnoun.

D. Thisconstructionisunclearandcanbeseenasunintentionallyindicatingthattheanalystswerecolderandwetter.Theadjectiveusualshouldbeusedinsteadoftheadverbusuallytomodifythenounweather.

E. Thisconstructionisunclearandcanbeseenasunintentionallyindicatingthattheanalystswerecolderandwetter.Theinsertionofwasisunnecessaryandmisleading.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

242. Twenty-twofeetlongand10feetindiameter,theAM-1isoneofthemanynewsatellitesthatisapartof15yearseffortofsubjectingtheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfacestodetailedscrutinyfromspace.

A. satellitesthatisapartof15yearseffortofsubjectingtheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfaces

B. satellites,whichisapartofa15-yearefforttosubjecthowEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfacesinteract

C. satellites,partof15yearseffortofsubjectinghowEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfacesareinteracting

D. satellitesthatarepartofaneffortfor15yearsthathassubjectedtheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfaces

E. satellitesthatarepartofa15-yearefforttosubjecttheinteractionsofEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andlandsurfaces

Rhetoricalconstruction;Logicalpredication

ThissentencedescribesonesatelliteandidentifiesitaspartofalargerspaceprojectdesignedtoscrutinizeEarth’socean,land,andatmosphericinteractions.Therelativepronounthatreferstosatellites,soitshouldbefollowedbyapluralverb.Theidiomaticexpressionisefforttoratherthaneffortof.Thecorrectadjectivaltermis15-yearratherthan15years.

A. Therelativepronounthatreferstosatellites,soitshouldbefollowedbythepluralverbare;efforttoisthecorrectidiomaticexpression;asanadjective,15yearsbecomes15-year.

B. Inthisversionofthesentence,itisunclearwhattherelativepronounwhichrefersto—ifitreferstosatellites,itshouldbefollowedbyapluralverb.Presentingtheobjectoftheverbsubjectasaphrasebeginningwithhowandendingwiththeverbinteractproducesasentencethatseemstobeabouthowvariousconditionsreacttodetailedscrutinyfromspace.

C. Thissentencetooseemstobemakinganonsensicalstatementabouthowconditionsareinteractingtodetailedscrutiny.ItisnotclearwhetherpartreferstosatellitesortheAM-1.

D. Thisversioniswordyandconfusingbecauseofthesequenceofrelativeclausesbeginningwiththat.

E. Correct.Thesentenceisclearlywordedandlogicallycoherent.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

243. Onthetournamentrosterarelistedseveraltennisstudents,mostallofwhichplayasgoodastheirinstructors.

A. mostallofwhichplayasgood

B. mostallofwhomplayasgood

C. almostallofwhichplayaswell

D. almostallofwhomplayasgood

E. almostallofwhomplayaswell

Idiom;Diction

Thestandardformal,writtenwordtoexpressaquantityjustshortofeverythingisalmost,notmost.Withanimateentitiessuchaspeople,who(m)ispreferredoverwhich.Forallbutafewexceptionalverbs,adverbialmodifiers(well)arecorrectasopposedtoadjectivalones(good).

A. Noneofmost,which,orgoodarethepreferredforms.

B. Mostandgoodarenotthecorrectstandardforms.

C. Althoughalmostandwellarefine,whichisnot.

D. Althoughalmostandwhomarefine,goodisnot.

E. Correct.Allofalmost,whom,andwellarecorrect.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

244. RecentlydiscoveredfossilremainsstronglysuggestthattheAustralianegg-layingmammalsoftodayareabranchofthemainstemofmammalianevolutionratherthandevelopingindependentlyfromacommonancestorofmammalsmorethan220millionyearsago.

A. ratherthandevelopingindependentlyfrom

B. ratherthanatypethatdevelopedindependentlyfrom

C. ratherthanatypewhosedevelopmentwasindependentof

D. insteadofdevelopingindependentlyfrom

E. insteadofadevelopmentthatwasindependentof

Idiom;Parallelism

Theoriginalpointisthatthemammalsmentionedarethoughttobeanoffshootofthemainstemofmammalianevolutionandnotadescendentofacommonancestorof[all]mammals.Thissentencemakesacontrastusingtheconstructionxratherthanyorxinsteadofy;xandymustbeparallelineithercase.Themammalsare(x)abranchratherthan(y);hereyshouldconsistofanarticleandanountomatchabranch.Thesecondhalfofthecontrastmayberewrittenatypethatdevelopedindependentlyfromtocompletetheparallelconstruction.Theidiomindependentlyfrom

isdifferentinmeaningfromtheidiomindependentof;thelogicofthissentencerequirestheuseofindependentlyfrom.

A. Developingindependentlyfromisnotparalleltoabranch.

B. Correct.Thisidiomaticallycorrectsentenceproperlyusesatypeinparalleltoabranch.

C. Theverbdevelopedispreferabletotheawkwardandwordyrelativeclauseusingthenoundevelopment;independentofdistortstheoriginalmeaning.

D. Developingindependentlyfromisnotparalleltoabranch.

E. Whileadevelopmentmayappeartoparallelabranch,adevelopmentthatwasindependentof...expressesameaningcontrarytothatexpressedintheoriginalsentence.Theverbdevelopedispreferabletothenoundevelopment.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

245. In1974alargeareaofthesurfaceofMercurywasphotographedfromvaryingdistances,whichrevealedadegreeofcrateringsimilartothatoftheMoon’s.

A. whichrevealedadegreeofcrateringsimilartothatoftheMoon’s

B. torevealadegreeofcrateringsimilartotheMoon

C. revealingadegreeofcrateringsimilartothatoftheMoon

D. andrevealedcrateringsimilarindegreetotheMoon

E. thatrevealedcrateringsimilarindegreetothatoftheMoon

Logicalpredication;Parallelism

Thissentence’ssecondclause,expressingwhattheimagingofMercuryshowed,mustbelinkedtothefirstclauseinagrammaticallycorrectway.Thisisbestdoneeitherbyanappositiverelativeclause(requiringtherelativemarkerwhich),orbyaclausestartingwithanonfiniteverb(torevealorrevealing).Also,whateverissaidtobesimilartoadegreeofcratering(onMercury)shouldalsobeadegreeofcratering(ontheMoon);thismustbeexpressedclearly.

A. Theuseofwhichiscorrect,butthatoftheMoon’sisinferiortothatoftheMoon,becausethepossessive’sandthatoftheredundantly

expressthesameidea.ThatoftheMoon’sappearstorefer,illogically,tocrateringofsomeunspecifiedthingthatbelongstotheMoon,notcrateringoftheMoonitself.

B. Torevealisacceptable,buttotheMoonincorrectlycomparesaphysicalentity(theMoon)toadegreeofcratering.

C. Correct.Revealingisagoodwaytostartthesecondclause,andtothatoftheMoonproperlycontraststwodegreesofcratering.

D. Andisincorrectasawaytointroducethesecondclause;totheMoonmakesthewrongsortofcomparison.

E. Thatisnotthecorrectwaytointroduceanappositiverelativeclause.Thatistypicallyusedrestrictively,whereasthecommaprecedingitmakestheensuingclausenonrestrictive.Thisleavesthemeaningunclear.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

246. TheenergysourceonVoyager2isnotanuclearreactor,inwhichatomsareactivelybrokenapart;ratherakindofnuclearbatterythatusesnaturalradioactivedecaytoproducepower.

A. apart;rather

B. apart,butrather

C. apart,butratherthatof

D. apart,butthatof

E. apart;itisthatof

Grammaticalconstruction;Logicalpredication

Thecorrectversionofthissentencefocusesonacontrastbyusingtheconstructionnotx,butrathery.Acomma,notasemicolon,shouldseparatethetwoparallelpartsofthecontrast;usingasemicolonresultsinasentencefragmentunlessasubjectandverbareprovidedintheconstructionthatfollowsthesemicolon.

A. Usingasemicolonresultsinasentencefragment.

B. Correct.Thissentenceisgrammaticalandlogicallycoherent.Thecontrastisclearlydrawnintheconstructionnotanuclearreactor...,butratherakindofnuclearbattery.

C. Thatofhasnoreferentandresultsinanillogicalconstruction.

D. Thatofhasnoreferent.

E. Nowordisusedtoindicatecontrast;thatofhasnoreferent.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

247. Manykitchenstodayareequippedwithhigh-speedelectricalgadgets,suchasblendersandfoodprocessors,whichareabletoinflictasseriousinjuriesasthosecausedbyanindustrialwood-planingmachine.

A. whichareabletoinflictasseriousinjuriesasthose

B. whichcaninflictseriousinjuriessuchasthose

C. inflictinginjuriesasseriousasthathavingbeen

D. capabletoinflictinjuriesasseriousasthat

E. capableofinflictinginjuriesasseriousasthose

Idiom;Agreement

Thepointofthissentenceistheclaimthatcommonkitchenappliancescanbeasdangerousasanindustrialwood-planingmachine.Itmakesthispointbycomparingtheinjuries(plural)causedbyblendersandfoodprocessorswiththose(alsoplural)causedbythewood-planingmachine.Anefficientwaytomakethiscomparisonistousetheidiomcapableof,anadjectivephraseratherthanarelativeclause,afterblendersandfoodprocessors.

A. Thetermablesuggestsagency,whichkitchengadgetsdonothave.Thephraseasseriousinjuriesasthoseisnon-idiomatic,apparentlycomparinginjuriesratherthanthedegreeofseriousnessofinjuries.Therelativeclausemakesthesentenceunnecessarilywordy.

B. Like(A),thissentenceintroduceswordinesswitharelativeclause;thecomparativephrasesuchasnonsensicallysuggeststhatinjuriescausedbyashopmachineareexamplesofthosecausedbykitchengadgets.

C. Itisnotclearwhattheparticipialinflictingmodifies.Thesentencesuggeststhatkitchengadgetsinevitablyinflictinjuries;thesingularrelativepronounthateitherincorrectlyreferstoapluralnoun,injuries,orimplausiblyindicatesthatindustrialwood-planingmachineshaveonlyevercausedasingleinjury.

D. Asin(C),thesingularpronounthateitherdisagreeswiththepluralnouninjuriesorimplausiblyindicatesthatindustrialwood-planingmachineshaveonlyevercausedasingleinjury.Thephrasecapabletoisnotidiomatic.

E. Correct.Thisversionofthesentencecorrectlycomparestheseriousnessofonetypeofinjurywiththeseriousnessofanother(asseriousasthose),andthephrasecapableofisacorrectidiom.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

248. Underhighpressureandintenseheat,graphite,themoststableformofpurecarbon,changesintothesubstancecommonlyreferredtoasdiamondandremainingthiswaywhetherornottheheatandpressureareremoved.

A. remainingthiswaywhetherornot

B. remaininglikethatevenas

C. remainingassuchwhetherornot

D. remainsinthiswayalthough

E. remainsthusevenwhen

Parallelism;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentencetellsoftwothingsthathappentographiteunderintenseheatandpressure,andthesearebestpresentedasparallelpredicates—changesandremains.Thusisthemosteconomicalwaytosaythisway,likethat,assuch,orinthisway.

A. Remainingshouldbeamainverb,parallelwithchanges.

B. Remainingshouldbeparallelwiththeothermainverb,changes;evenassuggeststhemeaningofwhile,whichisnottheintentofthesentence.

C. Remainingshouldbeparallelwithchanges;whetherornotisunnecessarilywordy.

D. Inthiswayisunnecessarilywordy;althoughindicatesthattheheatandpressurearealwaysordefinitelyremoved,butthismakeslittlesenseinrelationtotherestofthesentence.

E. Correct.Thesentencecoherentlyreferstothepossibilityofheatandpressurebeingremoved.Thesentenceisclearandconciseand

properlyusesparallelverbforms.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

249. Thecomputercompanyreportedstrongsecond-quarterearningsthatsurpassedWallStreet’sestimatesandannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsintendedtoincreasesalesfurther.

A. Thecomputercompanyreportedstrongsecond-quarterearningsthatsurpassedWallStreet’sestimatesandannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsintendedtoincreasesalesfurther.

B. Thereportofthecomputercompanyshowedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,surpassingWallStreet’sestimates,andtheyannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsthattheyintendtoincreasesalesfurther.

C. SurpassingWallStreet’sestimates,thereportofthecomputercompanyshowedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,and,forthepurposeofincreasingsalesfurther,theyannouncedthefirstinaseriesofpricecuts.

D. Thecomputercompanyreportedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,surpassingWallStreet’sestimates,andannouncingthefirstinaseriesofpricecutsforthepurposeoffurtherincreasingsales.

E. Thecomputercompany,surpassingWallStreet’sestimates,reportedstrongsecond-quarterearnings,whileannouncingthattoincreasesalesfurthertherewouldbethefirstinaseriesofpricecuts.

Logicalpredication;Idiom

Thepointofthesentenceistodescribetwoactionsofthecomputercompany:itsearningsreportanditsannouncementofapricecut.Topresentthisinformationmostefficiently,thesentencerequiresasingularsubject“thecomputercompany”andcompoundverbs(reportedandannounced).Toindicatethatitisthecompany’searningsandnotthereportthatsurpassedWallStreet’sestimates,therelativeclausethatsurpassed...mustimmediatelyfollowearnings.

A. Correct.Thesentencemakesclearthatthecompanyisresponsibleforreportingitsearningsandannouncingitssalesplan;theplacementoftherelativeclausethatsurpassed...makesitclearthatthecompany’searnings,notthereport,surpassedWallStreet’sestimate.

B. Becausethiscompoundsentenceopensthefirstclausewiththesubject

thereport,andrelegatesthecomputercompanytothepositionofobjectofapreposition,thereferentofthesubjectofthesecondclausetheyisobscured—particularlysincetheyispluralandtheintendedreferentcompanyissingular.Thefunctionofthatinthefinalclauseisambiguousandconfusing.

C. Theplacementoftheopeningmodifiersurpassing...makesitmodifyreportratherthanestimate.Thepluralpronountheydoesnotagreewithitsintendedantecedent,company.

D. Surpassing...andtheparallelphraseannouncing...bothappeartomodifytheentireopeningclause,representingparallelfunctionsofthecompany’sreportofitsearnings.

E. Theplacementofsurpassing...makesthatphrasemodifyreported....Theconjunctionwhileindicatesthattheannouncementandthereportoccurredsimultaneously.Thephrasetherewouldbe...introducesunnecessarywordinessandindirection.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

250. BeingaUnitedStatescitizensince1988andborninCalcuttain1940,authorBharatiMukherjeehaslivedinEnglandandCanada,andfirstcametotheUnitedStatesin1961tostudyattheIowaWriters’Workshop.

A. BeingaUnitedStatescitizensince1988andborninCalcuttain1940,authorBharatiMukherjeehas

B. HavingbeenaUnitedStatescitizensince1988,shewasborninCalcuttain1940;authorBharatiMukherjee

C. BorninCalcuttain1940,authorBharatiMukherjeebecameaUnitedStatescitizenin1988;shehas

D. BeingborninCalcuttain1940andhavingbeenaUnitedStatescitizensince1988,authorBharatiMukherjee

E. HavingbeenborninCalcuttain1940andbeingaUnitedStatescitizensince1988,authorBharatiMukherjee

Verbform;Rhetoricalconstruction

Being...since1988andborninCalcuttain1940isanawkward,wordyconstruction,whichpresentsanunclearandpotentiallyconfusingchronologicalorder.Sinceinthecorrectversionofthesentencethe

originalphrase(being...)hasbeenmadeintoamainclause,asemicolonshouldseparateitfromthesecondmainclausebeginningshehaslived.

A. Thephrasesareexpressedinanillogicalandpotentiallyconfusingsequence.

B. Havingbeensuggeststhatthecitizenshipcamechronologicallybeforethebirth.Thepronounsheisthesubjectofthefirstclause;sincetheauthor’snameismentionedonlyafterthesemicolon,shehasnoclearreferent.

C. Correct.Inthissentence,thesequenceofeventsisexpressedlogically,grammatically,andconciselyineachindependentclause.

D. Theprogressiveverbformsbeingbornandhavingbeenillogicallysuggestcontinuousactionandfailtoestablishalogicaltimesequence.Thesentenceiswordyandawkward.

E. Theprogressiveverbformshavingbeenbornandbeingillogicallysuggestcontinuousactionandfailtoestablishalogicaltimesequence.Thesentenceiswordyandawkward.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

251. Asaresultofrecordlowtemperatures,thewaterpipesonthethirdfloorfroze,whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,whichreleasedtorrentsofwaterintoofficesonthesecondfloor.

A. whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,whichreleasedtorrentsofwater

B. whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburstandwhichreleasedtorrentsofwater

C. whichcausedtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,torrentsofwaterwerethenreleased

D. causingtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburst,thenreleasingtorrentsofwater

E. causingtheheadsofthesprinklersystemtoburstandreleasetorrentsofwater

Logicalpredication;Grammaticalconstruction

Thissentencedescribesacausalsequenceofeventsleadingtofloodedsecond-flooroffices.Oneofthesteps,sprinklerheadsbursting,was

presumablysimultaneouswiththereleaseoftorrentsofwater,soitisbesttopresenttheseeventsasactionsattachedtothesamesubject(headsofthesprinklersystem).Thesentenceasgivenattemptstoexplainthesequenceinachainofrelativeclauses,usingthepronounwhichtointroducesuccessivesteps.Theprecisereferentofthisrelativepronounissomewhatobscure—itappearstorefertotheentireprecedingclause—andthesequenceseparatesthesimultaneousburstingofheadsandreleasingofwaterintotwotemporallyseparateevents.

A. Thereferentofthesecondwhichisobscure,andthesentenceimplausiblyseparatesburstingheadsandreleasingoftorrentsintotwotemporallyseparateevents.

B. Joiningtherelativepronounswiththeconjunctionandmakesthefreezingofthewaterpipesthesubjectofbothcaused...andreleased....Thus,itseemstoindicate,somewhatimplausibly,thatthefreezingofthepipesdirectlyreleasedtorrentsofwaterindependentlyofitscausingthesprinklerheadstoburst.

C. Thepassiveverbwere...releasedobscuresthecausalsequencebehindthereleasingoftorrentsofwater.Theintroductionofanewindependentclausewithoutaconjunctionisungrammaticalandmakesthisversionarun-onsentence.

D. Asin(B),thestructureofthisversionmakesthefreezingofthepipesthesubjectofbothcausing...andreleasing....Theintroductionofthesequentialmarkerthendividestheburstingofheadsandreleasingoftorrentsofwaterintotwoseparateeventsinthesequence.Itindicates,implausibly,thatthepipes’freezingdirectlyreleasedtorrentsofwaterafterithadalsocausedthesprinklerheadstoburst.

E. Correct.Theeliminationoftherelativepronounsclarifiesthecausalsequenceofevents,andthedoubleinfinitivestoburstand(to)releaseunderscoresthesimultaneityoftheseevents.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

252. ArchaeologistsinIrelandbelievethatarecentlydiscoveredchalice,whichdatesfromtheeighthcentury,wasprobablyburiedtokeepfrombeingstolenbyinvaders.

A. tokeepfrom

B. tokeepitfrom

C. toavoid

D. inorderthatitwouldavoid

E. inordertokeepfrom

Grammaticalconstruction;Logicalpredication

Thephrasetokeepfrombeingstolenisincompleteanddoesnotindicatewhatmightbestolen.Insertingapronounmakesitclearthatitisthechalicethatmightbestolen.

A. Thepronounitisneededforclarity.

B. Correct.Thesentenceisclarifiedbyinsertingthewordit,whichrefersbacktochalice.

C. Thissuggeststhatthechaliceactstopreventitsowntheft.Thepronounitisneededforclarity.

D. Thissuggeststhatthechaliceactstopreventitsowntheft.Thepronounitisneededforclarity.Inorderthatitwouldiswordy.

E. Thepronounitisneededforclarity.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

253. Thebankholds$3billioninloansthatareseriouslydelinquentorinsuchtroublethattheydonotexpectpaymentswhendue.

A. theydonotexpectpaymentswhen

B. itdoesnotexpectpaymentswhenitis

C. itdoesnotexpectpaymentstobemadewhentheyare

D. paymentsarenottobeexpectedtobepaidwhen

E. paymentsarenotexpectedtobepaidwhentheywillbe

Agreement;Logicalpredication;Verbform

Thepluralpronountheycannotbeusedtorefertothesingularnounbank.Thestructureoftheydonotexpectpaymentswhendueisawkwardandunclear.

A. Bankrequiresthesingularpronounit,notthepluralpronounthey.Thestructureofwhenduecreatesambiguityinmeaning.

B. Paymentsisapluralnoun,sothesingularitisisincorrect.

C. Correct.Inthiscorrectsentence,pronounsandtheirreferentsagree,asdosubjectsandtheirverbs.Theadditionofthemodifyingphrasetobemadeclarifiesthemeaningofthesentence.

D. Theactivevoiceispreferablehere,sincethepassivevoiceleavesitunclearwhodoesnotexpectthepaymentstobemade.Payments...tobepaidisredundant.Arenottobeincorrectlysuggeststhatthewriterisprescribingthatthepaymentsnotbeexpected.

E. Theactivevoiceispreferablehere,sincethepassivevoiceleavesitunclearwhodoesnotexpectthepaymentstobemade.Payments...tobepaidisredundant.Willbeisnotthecorrectverbform.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

254. Facedwithanestimated$2billionbudgetgap,thecity’smayorproposedanearly17percentreductionintheamountallocatedthepreviousyeartomaintainthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandtosubsidizehundredsoflocalartsgroups.

A. proposedanearly17percentreductionintheamountallocatedthepreviousyeartomaintainthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandtosubsidize

B. proposedareductionfromthepreviousyearofnearly17percentintheamountitwasallocatingtomaintainthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandforsubsidizing

C. proposedtoreduce,bynearly17percent,theamountfromthepreviousyearthatwasallocatedforthemaintenanceofthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandtosubsidize

D. hasproposedareductionfromthepreviousyearofnearly17percentoftheamountitwasallocatingformaintainingthecity’smajorculturalinstitutions,andtosubsidize

E. wasproposingthattheamounttheywereallocatingbereducedbynearly17percentfromthepreviousyearformaintainingthecity’smajorculturalinstitutionsandforthesubsidization

Rhetoricalconstruction;Parallelism

Theoriginalsentencecontainsnoerrors.Itusestheparallelconstructiontomaintainandtosubsidizetoshowclearlythetwoareaswherethe17percentreductioninfundswillbeapplied.Inaddition,the17percent

reductioniscloselyfollowedbytheamountallocatedthepreviousyear,makingitclearwhatisbeingreducedby17percent.

A. Correct.Thesentenceusesparallelconstructionandawell-placedmodifier.

B. Tomaintainandforsubsidizingarenotparallel.Thesentenceisimprecise,anditdoesnothaveaclearantecedent.

C. Forthemaintenanceandtosubsidizearenotparallel,andthesentenceiswordy.

D. Formaintainingandtosubsidizearenotparallel,itdoesnothaveaclearantecedent,andthesentencestructuremakesitunclearjustwhatthewriterisclaiming.

E. Maintainingandthesubsidizationarenotparallel,theydoesnothaveaclearantecedent,andthesentencestructuremakesitunclearjustwhatthewriterisclaiming.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

255. Inthetextbookpublishingbusiness,thesecondquarterishistoricallyweak,becauserevenuesarelowandmarketingexpensesarehighascompaniesprepareforthecomingschoolyear.

A. lowandmarketingexpensesarehighascompaniesprepare

B. lowandtheirmarketingexpensesarehighastheyprepare

C. lowwithhighermarketingexpensesinpreparation

D. low,whilemarketingexpensesarehighertoprepare

E. low,whiletheirmarketingexpensesarehigherinpreparation

Parallelism;Logicalpredication

Thissentenceiscorrectlywritten.Itusesparallelstructuretogivetworeasonswhytextbookpublishershaveweaksecondquarters:revenuesarelowandexpensesarehigh.Theconstructionascompaniesprepareforthecomingschoolyearisclear,asopposedtotheawkwardconstructionsusingtheambiguouspluralpronounstheyandtheir.

A. Correct.Thissentenceusestheparallelformsarelow...arehighandemploystheunambiguouscompaniesasthesubjectofprepare.

B. Theirseemsillogicallytorefertorevenues.Thesubjectofprepareis

theambiguousthey.

C. Higherisnotparalleltolow,anditgivesnoindicationofwhatthecomparisonissupposedtobe(Higherthanwhat?).Thisconstructionmakesitappear,illogically,thatthelowrevenueshavehighermarketingexpenses.

D. Higherisnotparalleltolowandisillogical.Theinfinitiveconstructiontoprepare...isawkward.

E. Higherisnotparalleltolowandisillogicalsincenocomparisonisbeingmade;theirhasnoclearreferent.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

256. Ms.Chambersisamongtheforecasterswhopredictthattherateofadditiontoarablelandswilldropwhilethoseoflossrise.

A. thoseoflossrise

B. itrisesforloss

C. thoseoflossesrise

D. therateoflossrises

E. therearerisesfortherateofloss

Logicalpredication;Parallelism

Theforecasterismakingpredictionsabouttwodifferentrates.Theforecastchangesintheratescanbecomparedusingtheconstructiontherateofxwilldropwhiletherateofyrises;xandyshouldbeparallel.

A. Thereisnoreferentforthose.

B. Itreferstotherateofaddition,creatinganonsensicalstatement.

C. Thereisnoreferentforthose.Oflossesshouldbesingulartoparallelofaddition.

D. Correct.Thissentenceusesaconstructionthatclearlystatesthepredictedchangesintherates;theratesareexpressedinparallelways.

E. Therearerisesforiswordyandunidiomatic.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

257. Lessthan400SumatranrhinossurviveontheMalaypeninsulaandonthe

islandsofSumatraandBorneo,andtheyoccupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

A. Lessthan400SumatranrhinossurviveontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo,andtheyoccupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

B. Lessthan400Sumatranrhinos,survivingontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo,occupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

C. Occupyingasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange,theMalaypeninsulaandtheislandsofSumatraandBorneoarewherefewerthan400Sumatranrhinossurvive.

D. Occupyingasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange,fewerthan400SumatranrhinossurviveontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo.

E. SurvivingontheMalaypeninsulaandontheislandsofSumatraandBorneo,lessthan400Sumatranrhinosoccupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

Diction;LogicalPredication

BecausethenumberofSumatranrhinoshasbeengiven,thecomparativetermfewerratherthanlessshouldbeusedtoaccountfortheirnumbers.Inordertoclarifythathabitatcurrentlyoccupiedbytherhinosisbutasmallfractionoftheirformerrange,theinformationabouttheirdwindlinghabitatismostefficientlypresentedinanopeningparticipialphrasedescribingtherhinos,followedbyamainclauseinwhichthenumberofsurvivingrhinosisthesubject,withthepredicateexplainingwheretherhinoscurrentlylive.Bypresentingtheinformationaboutthepopulationandrangeofrhinosintwoseparateindependentclauses,thesentenceaswrittendoesnotclarifythattheformerrangeoftherhinosonceextendedbeyondthepeninsulaandtheislands.

A. LessisinappropriatefordescribingthespecificnumberofsurvivingSumatranrhinos.Theseparateindependentclausesobscurethefactthattherhinos’rangeusedtoextendbeyondthepeninsulaandthetwoislands.Thereferentoftheyisunclear.

B. LessisinappropriatefordescribingthespecificnumberofsurvivingSumatranrhinos.Byusinganonrestrictivephrasesurviving...,the

sentencesuggeststhatfewerthan400rhinos—perhapsonlyaportionofthetotalnumber—occupyasmallfractionofthespecies’formerrange.

C. Theopeningparticipialphrasesomewhatillogicallymodifiespeninsulaand...islandsratherthantherhinos.

D. Correct.Theopeningparticipialphrasecorrectlymodifiesfewerthan400...rhinos,aphrasethatusesthecorrectcomparativeterm.

E. Thecomparativetermlessisinappropriatefordescribingthenumberofrhinos.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

258. Certainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace;onereasonissuggestedbythefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

A. Certainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace;onereasonissuggestedbythefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

B. Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace,onereasonthatcertainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveissuggestedbythefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

C. Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace,onereasoncertainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveissuggestedbythefindingthatmuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesarefoundinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethanthosethatarefreeofsuchchemicals.

D. Thefindingthattherearemuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninsoilsthatarefreeofsuchchemicalsissuggestiveofonereason,ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace,certainpesticidescanbecomeineffective.

E. Thefindingofmuchlargerpopulationsofpesticide-degradingmicrobesinsoilswitharelativelylonghistoryofpesticideusethaninthosethatarefreeofsuchchemicalssuggestsonereasoncertainpesticidescanbecomeineffectiveifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplace.

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thesentenceiscorrectlyconstructed;ithastwoindependentclausesconnectedbyasemicolon.Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplaceclearlyandcorrectlymodifiescertainpesticides.

A. Correct.Thesentenceiscorrectlyconstructed;themodifierifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplaceiscorrectlyplaced.

B. Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplacemodifiesonereasonwhenitshouldmodifycertainpesticides.

C. Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplacemodifiesonereasonwhenitshouldmodifycertainpesticides.Theabsenceofininthephrasethanthose...makesthecomparisonunclear.

D. Ifusedrepeatedlyinthesameplaceambiguouslymodifiesonereasonwhenitshouldclearlymodifycertainpesticides.

E. Thecomparisonthefindingofmuchlargerpopulations...thaninthosethat...isimproperlyconstructedinawaythatmakesthefindingappeartoreferawkwardlytoadiscoveryoflargerpopulationsratherthantoaresearchconclusionaboutthepresenceofsuchpopulations.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

259. Whilesomeacademiciansbelievethatbusinessethicsshouldbeintegratedintoeverybusinesscourse,otherssaythatstudentswilltakeethicsseriouslyonlyifitwouldbetaughtasaseparatelyrequiredcourse.

A. onlyifitwouldbetaughtasaseparatelyrequiredcourse

B. onlyifitistaughtasaseparate,requiredcourse

C. ifitistaughtonlyasacourserequiredseparately

D. ifitwastaughtonlyasaseparateandrequiredcourse

E. ifitwouldonlybetaughtasarequiredcourse,separately

Rhetoricalconstruction;Verbform;Diction

Conditionalconstructionsrequirespecificverbtenses.Forapresentcondition,likethisdebatebetweenacademicians,thesubordinateclauseintroducedbyifusesthepresentindicative,andthemainclauseusesthefuturetense:ywillhappen(mainclause)onlyifxhappens(subordinateclause).Logically,thecourseistobebothseparateandrequired,sothetwoadjectivesshouldequallymodifythenounandthusbeseparatedbyacomma:separate,requiredcourse.

A. Theverbtenseintheifclauseisincorrect.Theadverbseparatelyshouldbetheadjectiveseparate.

B. Correct.Thissentencehasthecorrectverbtense,andthetwoadjectivesequallymodifythenoun.

C. Theplacementofonlydistortsthemeaning;itshouldprecedeif.Acourserequiredseparatelyisunclear.

D. Theverbtenseintheifclauseisincorrect.Theplacementofonlydistortsthemeaning.

E. Theverbtenseintheifclauseisincorrect.Theplacementofonlydistortsthemeaning.Theadjectiveseparateshouldbeusedinsteadoftheadverbseparatelyandshouldprecedethenoun.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

260. Whethertheywillscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsonwhetherthechangesthattheirmanagementhasproposedwillbefullyimplemented.

A. Whethertheywillscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsonwhetherthechangesthattheirmanagementhasproposedwillbefullyimplemented.

B. Whethertheyscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorwhethertheydiscontinuetheirbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsonthechangestheirmanagementhasproposed,iffullyimplementedornot.

C. Theireitherscalingbacktheirordersinthefuturetopre-2003levels,ortheiroutrightterminationofbusinesswithus,dependsontheirmanagement’sproposedchangesbeingfullyimplementedornot.

D. Whethertheywillscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levelsorstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependsifthechangesthattheirmanagementhasproposedbecomefullyimplemented.

E. Theywilleitherscalebacktheirorderstopre-2003levels,ortheywillstopdoingbusinesswithusaltogetherdependentonwhetherthechangestheirmanagementhasproposedwillbefullyimplemented,ornot.

Rhetoricalconstruction;Diction

Thissentenceexpressesadependencybetweentwosetsofoptions:thefirstisscalingbackordersversusstoppingallbusiness,andthesecondisfullyimplementingchangesversusnotfullyimplementingchanges.Ineachcase,themostsuccinctwaytoexpressthetwooptionsisthewhetherX(orY)construction,whichimmediatelyandclearlysignalsthepresenceoftwoopposedoptions.Inlinkingthetwosetsofoptions,dependordependentrequirestheprepositionon.

A. Correct.Eachsetofoptionsisexpressedconciselywithasinglewhether,anddependisfollowedbyon.

B. Thefirstsetofoptionsisexpressedbymeansofasecond,redundantandillogicalwhether;thesecondsetisexpressedinanunclearway,unnecessarilydelayingtheidentificationofthetwooptionsuntiltheveryend.Dependsonthechanges...iffullyimplementedornotmakesthemeaningunclear.Thiscouldbeanawkwardwayoftryingtosaythattheoutcomedependsonwhetherthechangeswillbemade,butitcouldjustasplausiblybeanattempttosaythattheoutcomedependsonthechanges,regardlessofwhetherthechangeswillbefullyimplemented.

C. Bothsetsofoptionsareexpressedwithoutwhether,andthefirstsetdoesnotevenexplicitlysaythatthereissuchanoption.Asaresult,theexistenceoftwodependentsetsofoptionsisunclearuntiltheendofthesentence.

D. Thefirstsetofoptionsiscorrectlyexpressedwithwhether,butthesecondisnot;also,dependlacksafollowingprepositionon.

E. Bothsetsofoptionsareexpressedwithoutwhether,andthefirstsetdoesnotevenexplicitlysignaltheexistenceofoptions,sotheexistenceoftwodependentsetsofoptionsisunclearuntiltheendofthesentence.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

261. Until1868andDisraeli,GreatBritainhadnoprimeministersnotcoming

fromalandedfamily.

A. Until1868andDisraeli,GreatBritainhadnoprimeministersnotcoming

B. Until1868andDisraeli,GreatBritainhadhadnoprimeministerswhohavenotcome

C. UntilDisraeliin1868,therewerenoprimeministersinGreatBritainwhohavenotcome

D. Itwasnotuntil1868thatGreatBritainhadaprimeminister—Disraeli—whodidnotcome

E. Itwasonlyin1868andDisraelithatGreatBritainhadoneofitsprimeministersnotcoming

Verbform;Idiom

ThissentenceexplainshowDisraelimarkedaturningpointinBritishhistory:hewasthefirstprimeministerwhodidnotcomefromthelandedgentry.Theplacementofthedoublenegativeiscrucial.Whilenoprimeministersnotcomingfrom...ishardtountangle,[n]otuntil...thatGreatBritainhadaprimeministerwhodidnotcome...separatesthenegativesintoseparateclauses,makingthemeasiertodecode.Anappropriatewaytoexpressthetemporalrelationshipistousetheidiomaticphrasenotuntil...that.

A. Thephrasenoprimeministersnotcomingisunnecessarilyconfusing.Itisalsoconfusingtofollowtheprepositionuntilwithtwoverydifferenttypesofobjects—adateandaperson.

B. Asin(A),thedoublenegativeandunlikeobjectsoftheprepositionalphrasestartingwithuntilareconfusing.Additionally,theverbformhavenotcome,whichisthepresent-perfecttense,isinappropriatefollowingthepastperfecthadhadinthiscontext.

C. Thepresent-perfecttense(havenotcome)isinappropriateafterthepasttensewereinthiscontext.UntilDisraeliisimpreciseandincomplete.BeforeDisraeli’stermin1868...orUntilDisraelibecameprimeminsterin1868wouldwork.

D. Correct.Thisversioncorrectlyusestheidiomaticconstructionnotuntil...that,anditcorrectlyusespasttensethroughout.

E. Whileitmakessensetosaythatahistoricalchangeoccurredin1868,itdoesnotmakesensetosaythatitoccurredinDisraeli.Itisunidiomatictosayhadoneofitsprimeministersnotcoming.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

262. Around1900,fishermenintheChesapeakeBayarealandedmorethanseventeenmillionpoundsofshadinasingleyear,butby1920,overfishingandtheproliferationofmilldamsandculvertsthathaveblockedshadmigrationsuptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstolessthanfourmillionpounds.

A. thathaveblockedshadmigrationsuptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstoless

B. thatblockedshadfrommigratinguptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstoless

C. thatblockedshadfrommigratinguptheirspawningstreamsreducedlandingstoaloweramount

D. havingblockedshadfrommigratinguptheirspawningstreamsreducedlandingstoless

E. havingblockedshadmigrationsuptheirspawningstreamshadreducedlandingstoanamountlower

Diction;Verbform

Thepointofthissentenceistoexplainhowoverfishingandinterferencewithshadspawningstreamsaffectedthesizeofshadlandings.Thesentencemakesthispointbycomparingthesizesofannuallandingsbeforeandafter1920.Thesentencemostefficientlycomparesthepoundageofpre-andpost-1920landingswiththecomparativeform[from]morethan...tolessthan....

A. Thepresent-perfecttenseofhaveblockedinappropriatelydescribesaneventthatcausedsomethingtohappenbefore1920.Inaddition,migrationsuptheirspawningstreamsisincorrect.

B. Correct.Thecomparisonofpoundageisefficientlyexplained,andthesequenceoftensesmakessense.Despiteapossiblesuperficialappearanceofacomparisonbetweencountablethings(pounds),lessismoreappropriatethanfewerforthecomparison.Thefishermenlandeddifferentamountsoffish;theydidnotlandthenumberofpoundsin

termsofwhichthoseamountsaremeasured.

C. Thecomparativeexpressiontoaloweramountisunnecessarilywordy.Thepast-perfectformhadreducedwouldmakethetemporalrelationshipssomewhatclearerthandoesthepasttensereduced.

D. Thepresent-perfectparticipialphrase,havingblocked...streams,shouldbesetoffincommas;asitstands,itdoesnotmakesense.Thepast-perfectformhadreducedwouldmakethetemporalrelationshipssomewhatclearerthandoesthepasttensereduced.

E. Thepresent-perfectparticipialphrasemustbesetoffwithcommas;thepronountheir,whichisalsoin(A),nonsensicallyreferstomigrations,andthecomparativeexpressiontoanamountlowerisunnecessarilywordy.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

263. Byofferinglowerpricesandamenuofpersonalcommunicationsoptions,suchascalleridentificationandvoicemail,thenewtelecommunicationscompanyhasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsoforcedthemtooffercompetitiveprices.

A. hasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsoforcedthem

B. hasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompanies,butitalsoforcedthem

C. hasnotonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsoforcedthesecompanies

D. notonlyhascapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompaniesbutalsothesecompanieshavebeenforced

E. notonlycapturedcustomersfromotherphonecompanies,butitalsohasforcedthem

Parallelism,Verbform

Thesentenceintendstoshowtheeffectofthenewtelecommunicationscompanyontheotherphonecompanies.Intheoriginalsentence,however,theantecedentofthepronounthemisunclear;itmayrefertocompaniesortocustomers.Ifitreferstocustomers,thesentencestructureillogicallyhasthenewcompanyforcingcustomerstooffercompetitiveprices.

A. Thereferentofthemisunclear.

B. Thereferentofthemisunclear,andtheuseofitisredundant.

C. Correct.Theverbsareparallelinthissentence,andthesecompaniesisclearlytheobjectoftheverbforced.

D. Thesentencedoesnotmaintainparallelism,unnecessarilychangingfromactivevoice(hascaptured)topassivevoice(havebeenforced).

E. Thereferentofthemisunclear.Capturedandhasforcedarenotparallelinverbtense,andtheuseofitisredundant.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

264. Aftersuffering$2billioninlossesand25,000layoffs,thenation’ssemiconductorindustry,whichmakeschipsthatruneverythingfromcomputersandspysatellitestodishwashers,appearstohavemadealong-awaitedrecovery.

A. computersandspysatellitestodishwashers,appearstohave

B. computers,spysatellites,anddishwashers,appearshaving

C. computers,spysatellites,anddishwashers,appearsthatithas

D. computersandspysatellitestodishwashers,appearsthatithas

E. computersandspysatellitesaswellasdishwashers,appearstohave

Idiom;Grammaticalconstruction;Verbform

Thissentencecorrectlymakesuseoftheidiomaticexpressionfrom...to...todescribetherangeofproductsmadebythesemiconductorindustry.Themainverbappearsisintransitiveandismostefficientlyfollowedbytheinfinitiveformtohavemade,whichintroducesadescriptionofthesubject,thesemiconductorindustry.

A. Correct.Thesentenceisgrammaticallycorrectandusestheidiomaticexpressioncorrectly.

B. Thephraseeverythingfromanticipatesidiomaticcompletionwiththesecondprepositionto;withoutthetoitcouldrefertocomponentscomingfromthelisteditems,butthisreadingisunlikely;appearshavingisanincorrectverbformandmakestheclauseungrammatical.

C. Thisversionisunidiomaticbecausefromisnotcompletedbyto;appearsthatithasisanawkwardandincorrectverbform.

D. Appearsthatithasisanincorrectverbform.

E. Aswellasisawkwardandimprecisehere;itisthewrongcompletionfortheidiomaticexpressionfrom...to....

ThecorrectanswerisA.

265. Overarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,monkeysandmarmosetshaveahearingsensitivityremarkablysimilartohumans,abovewhichthesensitivitybeginstodiffer.

A. Overarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,monkeysandmarmosetshaveahearingsensitivityremarkablysimilartohumans

B. Comparedtohumans,thehearingsensitivityofmonkeysandmarmosetsareremarkablysimilaroverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz

C. Comparedtohumansoverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,thehearingsensitivityofmonkeysandmarmosetsisremarkablysimilar

D. Thehearingsensitivityofmonkeysandmarmosets,whencomparedtohumansoverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz,isremarkablysimilar

E. Thehearingsensitivityofmonkeys,marmosets,andhumansisremarkablysimilaroverarangeoffrequenciesfrom100to5,000hertz

Logicalpredication;Agreement

Thissentenceexpressestwoideas:thesimilarityinmonkey,marmoset,andhumanhearinginthestatedfrequencyrange,andthedivergenceinhearingsensitivityabovethatrange.Thesecondideaisintroducedbyabovewhich.Abovewhichshouldbeimmediatelyprecededbytheantecedentofwhich,thatis,the100–5,000Hzrange.Also,thesubjectandverbmustagreeinnumber.

A. Inthisconstruction,abovewhich...illogicallymodifieseitherhumansorahearingsensitivityremarkablysimilartohumans,ratherthanthefrequencyrange.

B. Thesingularsubjectinthisversion,thehearingsensitivity...,isnotaccompaniedbythecorrectsingularverbform(is).

C. Abovewhichisincorrectlyprecededbysimilar,ratherthanbythe

expressionofthefrequencyrange.Thesentenceappears,illogically,tocomparehumansoverarangeoffrequencieswithmonkeys’andmarmosets’hearingsensitivity.

D. Abovewhichisincorrectlyprecededbysimilar,ratherthanbytheexpressionofthefrequencyrange.Thesentenceappears,illogically,tocomparehumansoverarangeoffrequencieswithmonkeys’andmarmosets’hearingsensitivity.

E. Correct.Abovewhichiscorrectlyprecededbyarangeoffrequencies...,andtheverbisisinitspropersingularform.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

266. Thecomputercompanyhasannouncedthatitwillpurchasethecolor-printingdivisionofarivalcompanyfor$950million,whichispartofadealthatwillmakeitthelargestmanufacturerintheofficecolor-printingmarket.

A. million,whichispartofadealthatwillmake

B. million,apartofadealthatmakes

C. million,apartofadealmaking

D. millionasapartofadealtomake

E. millionaspartofadealthatwillmake

Rhetoricalconstruction;Verbform

Therelativepronounwhichrequiresaclearantecedent,butnoneappearsintheoriginalversionofthesentence.Thecompany’sannouncementisentirelygearedtothefuture—itwillpurchasethedivisionaspartofadealthatwillmakeitthelargestmanufacturer.

A. Thereisnoantecedentfortherelativepronounwhich.

B. Likearelativepronoun,theappositivephrase(apart...)musthaveanounornounphraseasaclearantecedent;theverbmakesshouldbefuturetense.

C. Theappositivephraserequiresaclearantecedent;makingdoesnotindicatefuturetense.

D. Thissentenceisalittleawkward(thearticleainapartisunnecessary)andsayssomethingratherdifferent;asapartofadealtomake

suggeststhatthedealitselfincludesmakingthecompanythelargestmanufacturerratherthanitsbeingtheoutcomeofthedeal.

E. Correct.Thefuturetenseisusedthroughoutandthesentencestructureisclear.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

267. Kudzu,anAsianvinethathasgrownrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceintroducingitinthe1920stothwartsoilerosion,hasoverrunmanyhousesandcountlessacresofroadside.

A. thathasgrownrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceintroducingitinthe1920stothwart

B. thathasgrownrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStates,sinceitwasintroducedinthe1920sforthwarting

C. thathasgrownrampantinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceitwasintroducedinthe1920stothwart

D. growingrampantinthesouthernUnitedStatessinceintroducingitinthe1920sforthwarting

E. growingrampantlyinthesouthernUnitedStates,sinceitwasintroducedinthe1920stothwart

Idiom;Logicalpredication

Thesentencedescribesthedestructive,out-of-controlgrowthoftheinvasivevinekudzuinthesouthernUnitedStates.Becausethesentencedoesnotindicatewhointroducedthevinetothatregion,thepassiveconstructionitwasintroducedshouldbeusedinsteadofintroducingit.

A. Thereisnoclearsubjectfortheverbintroducing.Thisconstructionappearstoindicatethatkudzuintroduceditselforsomeother,unspecifiedthing.

B. Theadverbialclausesinceitwasintroducedinthe1920sshouldnotbesetofffromhasgrownrampantly,whichitmodifies.Also,introduced...forthwartingisnotidiomatic.Introduced...tothwartisthecorrectidiom.

C. Correct.Thesentencecorrectlyusesthepassiveconstructionitwasintroducedandtheidiomwasintroduced...tothwart.

D. Sinceintroducingitillogicallyindicatesthatthevineintroduceditself.

Introducing...forthwartingisunidiomatic.

E. Theadverbialclausesinceitwasintroducedinthe1920sshouldnotbesetofffromhasgrownrampantly,whichitmodifies.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

268. Unabletobuildnestsorcarefortheiryoung,afemalecowbirdlaysupto40eggsayearinthenestsofotherbirds,includingwarblers,vireos,flycatchers,andthrushes.

A. afemalecowbirdlaysupto40eggsayearinthenestsofotherbirds,including

B. afemalecowbirdwillusethenestsofotherbirdstolayupto40eggsayear,includingthoseof

C. femalecowbirdsusethenestsofotherbirdstolayupto40eggsayear,includingthoseof

D. femalecowbirdslayupto40eggsayearinthenestsofotherbirds,including

E. upto40eggsayeararelaidbyfemalecowbirdsinthenestsofotherbirds,including

Agreement;Logicalpredication

Thissentencedescribesthebehavioroffemalecowbirds,butitbeginsbyreferringtothebirdsinplural(theiryoung)andthenshiftsunexpectedlytosingular(afemalecowbird).Thebestconstructionreferstothebirdsconsistentlyinpluralandplacesmodifiersnearthewordstheymodify.

A. Thesentenceshiftsunexpectedlyfromthepluraltheiryoungtothesingularafemalecowbird.

B. Thesentenceshiftsunexpectedlyfromthepluraltheiryoungtothesingularafemalecowbird.Theparticipialphraseincludingthoseofincorrectlymodifieseggs,illogicallyindicatingthatcowbirdslaytheeggsofotherbirds.

C. Theparticipialphraseincludingthoseofincorrectlymodifieseggs,illogicallyindicatingthatcowbirdslaytheeggsofotherbirds.

D. Correct.Thesentenceconsistentlyreferstocowbirdsinthepluralandplacesmodifiersinthecorrectlocation.

E. ThemodifierUnable...youngincorrectlymodifieseggs.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

269. BluegrassmusicianBillMonroe,whoserepertory,viewsonmusicalcollaboration,andvocalstylewereinfluentialongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfromhisown.

A. wereinfluentialongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfrom

B. influencedgenerationsofbluegrassartists,alsoinspiredmanymusicians,includingElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicdifferedsignificantlyfrom

C. wasinfluentialtogenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoinspirationaltomanymusicians,thatincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicwasdifferentsignificantlyincomparisonto

D. wasinfluentialtogenerationsofbluegrassartists,alsoinspiredmanymusicians,whoincludedElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,themusicofwhomdifferedsignificantlywhencomparedto

E. wereaninfluenceongenerationsofbluegrassartists,wasalsoaninspirationtomanymusicians,includingElvisPresleyandJerryGarcia,whosemusicwassignificantlydifferentfromthatof

Agreement;Rhetoricalconstruction;Grammaticalconstruction

TheoriginalsentencelogicallyintendstoexplainthatMonroe’sworkinfluencedgenerationsofartistsinhisownmusicalfieldandthatheinspiredmanymusiciansinothermusicalfields.Whoorwhatinfluencedorinspiredwhommustbemoreclearlystated.Additionally,theoriginalsentencelacksprecision,beingoverlywordyandusingphrasesthatarenotidiomatic.Conciseandconsistentverbforms,aswellastheuseofsubordinatephrasesratherthanclauses,improvetheprecisionofthesentence.

A. Thephrasewereinfluentialoniswordyandisnotidiomatic;theuseofverbformswere(thepredicateofrepertory,views,andstyle)andwas(thepredicateofMonroe)isconfusing.

B. Correct.Theuseoftheconciseverbformsofinfluencedandinspired

simplifiesandclarifiesthesentence.Theconciseuseofincludingavoidsthepronounerrorandunnecessarywordiness.

C. Thesubjectandverbdonotagreeinrepertory,views,andstyle...was(compoundsubjectwithsingularverb).Wasinfluentialtoanddifferent...incomparisontoareunnecessarilywordy.

D. Thereisincorrectsubject-verbagreementinrepertory,views,andstyle...was(compoundsubjectwithsingularverb).Wasinfluentialtoandinwhencomparedtoareunnecessarilywordy.Themusicofwhomiscumbersomeandstilted.

E. Thephrasewereaninfluenceoniswordyandnotidiomatic.Thephraseswasalsoaninspirationtoandwassignificantlydifferentareunnecessarilywordy.Thephrasefromthatofisunclearandconfusing.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

270. Inmanyoftheworld’sregions,increasingpressureonwaterresourceshasresultedbothfromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andfrompollution,sothatthefuturesupplyinsomeofthemorearidareasisaconcerngoingforward.

A. bothfromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andfrompollution,sothatthefuturesupplyinsomeofthemorearidareasisaconcerngoingforward

B. bothfromexpandingdevelopmentorchangesinclimate,andpollution,sothatfuturesuppliesinsomeofthemorearidareasareaconcern

C. fromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andalsofrompollution,sothatthefuturesupplyinsomeofthemorearidareasisamatterofconcerngoingforward

D. fromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andpollution,sothatfuturesuppliesinsomeofthemorearidareasareaconcern

E. fromexpansionofdevelopment,changesinclimate,andfrompollution,sothatsuppliesinsomeofthemorearidareasareafutureconcern

Parallelism;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thesentenceliststhreefactorsthathaveincreasedpressureonwater

resourcesandexpressesconcernforfuturewatersuppliesinaridregions.Theprepositionbothcreatesconfusionsinceitindicatestwofactors,whenthesentenceactuallyliststhree.Ifexpandingdevelopmentandchangesinclimatearesupposedtobegroupedtogether—implausibly—asasinglefactor,theyshouldbeconjoinedbyand,notseparatedbycommas.Thesentencecouldbeconstructedmostclearlybylistingallthreefactorsinparallelformasobjectsoftheprepositionfrom:fromexpandingdevelopment,changesinclimate,andpollution.

A. Theprepositionbothcreatesconfusionsinceitindicatestwofactors,whenthesentenceactuallyliststhree.

B. Bothindicatesthattherearetwofactors.Iftheentiredisjunctionexpandingdevelopmentorchangesinclimateisintended—somewhatimplausibly—tobethefirstofthetwofactors,thecommabeforeandpollutionmakesitsrelationshiptotheprecedingportionofthesentenceunclear.

C. Repetitionoftheprepositionfromdisruptstheparallelismofthelistandmakesthemeaningunclear.

D. Correct.Thethreefactorsarelistedinparallelformasobjectsoftheprepositionfrom.

E. Repetitionoftheprepositionfromdisruptstheparallelismofthelistandmakesthemeaningunclear.Futuresomewhatimplausiblymodifiesconcernratherthansupplies.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

271. Thecomputercompany’spresenttroublesarearesultoftechnologicalstagnation,marketingmissteps,andmanagerialblunderssothatseveralattemptstorevisecorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectit.

A. sothatseveralattemptstorevisecorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectit

B. sothatseveralattemptsatrevisingcorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrect

C. inthatseveralattemptsatrevisingcorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectthem

D. thatseveralattemptstorevisecorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrect

E. thatseveralattemptsatrevisingcorporatestrategieshavefailedtocorrectthem

Agreement;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceliststhreecausesofthecompany’stroublesandassertsthatstrategiestocorrectthecausesoftheproblemshavefailed.Theclearest,mostefficientwaytoexplainthisistorefertothecauseswiththerelativepronounthat,positioningitasanobjectoftheverbfailedtocorrect.

A. Thesingularpronounithasnoclearantecedent;theconjunctionsotypicallyindicatesthataconsequencewillfollow,butthisisnotthecase.

B. Theconjunctionsoisinappropriatebecausenoconsequencesaregiven;theverbcorrecthasnoobject.

C. Inthatisaninappropriateconnectorbecauseitisnotfollowedbyanindicationofhowthecompany’stroublesresultfromthethreeproblemslistedinthefirstpartofthesentence.

D. Correct.Thesentenceisclearlyandefficientlyworded,andthereferentofthepronounthatisclear.

E. Becauseattemptsisthesubjectofthefinalclause,andthatistheobjectofitsverb(havefailedtocorrect),thepronounthemhasnofunction.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

272. Therootsystemsofmostfloweringperennialseitherbecometoocrowded,whichresultsinlossinvigor,andspreadtoofaroutward,producingabarecenter.

A. whichresultsinlossinvigor,andspread

B. resultinginlossinvigor,orspreading

C. withtheresultoflossofvigor,orspreading

D. resultinginlossofvigor,orspread

E. witharesultinglossofvigor,andspread

Idiom;Parallelism

Thissentenceusestheconstructioneitherxory;xandymustbegrammaticallyparallel.Inthiscase,andspreadmustbeorspread.The

antecedentofwhichisunclear;replacingwhichresultswithresultingclarifiesthemeaning.

A. Eitherisincorrectlyfollowedbyand;whichhasnoclearreferent.

B. Orspreadingisnotparalleltoeitherbecome.

C. Withtheresultofiswordyandawkward.Orspreadingisnotparalleltoeitherbecome.

D. Correct.Thephraseresultinginlossofvigorconciselymodifiesthefirstclause;theeither/orconstructioniscorrectandparallelinthissentence.

E. Eitherisincorrectlyfollowedbyand;witharesultinglossiswordy.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

273. Intheory,internationalcivilservantsattheUnitedNationsareprohibitedfromcontinuingtodrawsalariesfromtheirowngovernments;inpractice,however,somegovernmentsmerelysubstitutelivingallowancesfortheiremployees’paychecks,assignedbythemtotheUnitedNations.

A. fortheiremployees’paychecks,assignedbythem

B. forthepaychecksoftheiremployeeswhohavebeenassigned

C. forthepaychecksoftheiremployees,havingbeenassigned

D. inplaceoftheiremployees’paychecks,forthoseofthemassigned

E. inplaceofthepaychecksoftheiremployeestohavebeenassignedbythem

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Itisdifficulttotellwhichpartsofthissentencegotogetherbecauseoferrorsandconfusionintheunderlinedportion.Livingallowancesisthecounterpartofpaychecks,soitisbettertosaygovernments...substitutelivingallowancesforthepaychecksoftheiremployeesbecauseitmakesthesubstitutionclearer.Thischangealsomakesiteasiertocorrectthemodificationerrorthatappearsinthephraseassignedbythem,whichincorrectlymodifiespaychecksratherthanemployees.Themodifyingclausewhohavebeenassignedclearlydescribesemployeesandfitsintotheremainingpartofthesentence,totheUnitedNations.

A. Assignedbythemincorrectlyandillogicallymodifiespaychecks.

B. Correct.Inthissentence,themeaningisclearer,becausepaychecksisseparatedfromemployees.Therelativeclauseclearlymodifiesemployees.

C. Havingbeenassignedillogicallymodifiesgovernments.

D. Thecorrectconstructionissubstitutesxfory,notsubstitutesxinplaceofy.Theconstructionfollowingpaychecksiswordyandawkward.

E. Thecorrectconstructionissubstitutesxfory,notsubstitutesxinplaceofy.Theconstructionfollowingemployeesiswordyandawkward.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

274. Industryanalystssaidthattherecentriseinfuelpricesmaybeanearlysignalofthepossibilityofgasolineandheatingoilpricesstayinghigherthanusuallythroughtheendoftheyear.

A. ofthepossibilityofgasolineandheatingoilpricesstayinghigherthanusuallythrough

B. ofthepossibilitythatgasolineandheatingoilpricescouldstayhigherthanusualthroughout

C. ofpricesofgasolineandheatingoilpossiblystayinghigherthanusuallythrough

D. thatpricesofgasolineandheatingoilcouldstayhigherthantheyusuallyarethroughout

E. thatpricesofgasolineandheatingoilwillstayhigherthanusualthrough

Verbform;Idiom

Thissentencedescribesanalysts’predictionaboutpricesforgasolineandheatingoil.Thespeculativenatureoftheanalysts’commentsiscommunicatedthroughthemodalverbmaybe,sothereisnoneedtoreiteratethatideawiththewordyphraseofthepossibilityof.Thecorrectidiomtocontrastpriceswiththenormishigherthanusual—notusually,aswritten.Thecorrectidiomtoindicatethespanoftimefromthepresenttotheendoftheyearisthroughtheendoftheyear.Asimplefuturetenseverbwouldconciselycommunicatetheanalysts’prediction:priceswillstayhigherthanusualthroughtheendoftheyear.

A. Theunnecessaryphraseofthepossibilityofmakesthesentencewordy;

higherthanusuallyisnotaproperidiom.

B. Theunnecessaryphraseofthepossibilitythatmakesthesentencewordy;throughouttheendoftheyearisnotaproperidiom.

C. Possiblyisredundantwithmayandisnotneededtoindicatethespeculativenatureoftheprediction;higherthanusuallyisnotaproperidiom.

D. Theconditionalverbtensecouldstayisincorrectsincethemodalverbmayhasalreadyintroducedtheconceptofpossibility;throughouttheendoftheyearisnotaproperidiom.

E. Correct.Thesimplefuturetenseverbwillstayexpressestheanalysts’prediction,andidiomsareusedcorrectly.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

275. TheAnasazisettlementsatChacoCanyonwerebuiltonaspectacularscale,withmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructures,ofupto600roomseach,wereconnectedbyacomplexregionalsystemofroads.

A. scale,withmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructures,ofupto600roomseach,were

B. scale,withmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructures,ofupto600roomseach,

C. scaleofmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructuresofupto600rooms,eachthathadbeen

D. scaleofmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructuresofupto600roomsandwitheach

E. scaleofmorethan75carefullyengineeredstructuresofupto600rooms,eachhadbeen

Logicalpredication;Grammaticalconstruction

Thissentencemakesaclaimaboutthescale(size,extent)oftheAnasazisettlementsandthenillustratesthatclaimwithadescriptionofthesettlements’structures.Thesecondpartofthesentence,introducedbytheprepositionwith,describesthestructuresfirstintermsoftheirroomsandthenintermsoftheroadsthatconnectthemtogether.Todescribethenounstructures,theparticipialformconnectedshouldbeused,turningtheverbintoanadjective.

A. Theverbwereconnectedhasnosubject,sincestructuresistheobjectoftheprepositionwith.

B. Correct.Thesentenceislogicallycoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.

C. Thecommaprecedingeachmakeseachasubject,butithasnoverb,sincethatisthesubjectofhadbeenconnected.

D. Thissentencesuggeststhatthescaleorsizeofthesettlementsismadeupofstructures,ratherthanusesthestructuresasanexampleofthesettlements’grandscale;italsononsensicallyindicatesthateachroomisconnectedbyacomplexsystemofroads.

E. Thisrun-onsentencesuffersfromacommasplice,asthephrasefollowingthecommaisamainclause;thereferentofthepronouneachisambiguous.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

276. EventhoughtheoverallconsumerpriceindexdidnotchangeinApril,indicatingtheabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisehavefallenoverthelastseveralmonths.

A. April,indicatingtheabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisehavefallen

B. April,indicatingthatanygeneralinflationordeflationwereabsent,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisefell

C. Aprilandindicatedthatabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisefell

D. April,havingindicatedtheabsenceofanygeneralinflationordeflation,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisefell

E. April,whichindicatedthatanygeneralinflationordeflationwereabsent,pricesinseveralcategoriesofmerchandisehavefallen

Rhetoricalconstruction;Agreement

Coordinatednounphrasesinwhichsingularnounsarelinkedbyorareconsideredsingular,sowhenthephraseanygeneralinflationordeflationisasubject,itrequiresasingularverb.Oneoftheanswerchoicesincorrectlyusesthewordthat.Anotherphrasingproblemiswithindicating/indicated.Indicatingworkswellasaverbformintheoptionswhereitoccurs.

A. Correct.Anygeneralinflationordeflationisnotasubject(itfunctionsastheobjectoftheprepositionof),sothereisnopotentialagreementproblem.

B. Wereisincorrectastheagreeingformofbe;itshouldbeis.

C. Ifthatistakenasademonstrativeadjectivemodifyingabsence,itisinappropriate(thewordtheisrequired);ifitismeantasasubordinatingconjunction,itisincorrectbecauseitisnotfollowedbyaclause.

D. Havingindicatedisunclearandunnecessarilylong.Itappearstosay,somewhatillogically,thattheindicationoccurredatsomeunspecifiedtimepriortothelackofchangeinApril.Indicatingworkswellaloneandwouldbeapreferableverbformhere.

E. Wereherecouldonlybemeanteitherasapluralpast-tenseverborasasingularsubjunctive-moodverb(appropriateonlyincertainconditionalcontexts);ineithercaseitisincorrect.Also,indicatingworkswell,andthewhich-clauseisunnecessary.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

277. DespiteJapan’srelativeisolationfromworldtradeatthetime,theprolongedpeaceduringtheTokugawashogunateproducedanalmostexplosiveexpansionofcommerce.

A. Japan’srelativeisolationfromworldtradeatthetime,theprolongedpeaceduringtheTokugawashogunate

B. therelativeisolationofJapanfromworldtradeatthetimeandtheTokugawashogunate’sprolongedpeace,it

C. beingrelativelyisolatedfromworldtradeatthetime,theprolongedpeaceduringJapan’sTokugawashogunate

D. Japan’srelativeisolationfromworldtradeatthetimeduringtheTokugawashogunate,prolongedpeace

E. itsrelativeisolationfromworldtradethen,prolongedpeaceinJapanduringtheTokugawashogunate

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Allpredicatesmusthaveaclearsubject;inthissentence,thelogicalsubjectoftheverbproducedistheprolongedpeace.Duringisaconcise

waytointroducetherelevanttimeperiodofthispeace(theperiodoftheTokugawashogunate);thephraseatthetimeclearlyreferstothesametimeperiod.

A. Correct.Thesubjectofproducedisclearlyandlogicallyidentified;duringsuccinctlyprovidesthetimeframe.

B. Thephraseatthetimeleavesituncertainwhattimeisbeingreferredto.Thesubjectitofproduceddoesnotclearlyidentifythisverb’slogicalsubject,sinceitissingularyetseemstobeintendedtorefertotwosituationspreviouslymentioned,isolationandprolongedpeace.

C. BeingrelativelyisolatedismostlikelymeanttorefertoJapan’sisolation,butsincegrammaticallyitmustmodifytheprolongedpeace(thesubjectofthemainclause),thesentencewouldhaveanillogicalandunintendedmeaning.

D. Ifatthetimeistobeusedinsteadofduring,itshouldbefollowedbyof;thebetterchoiceistosimplyuseduringbyitself.

E. Theuseofthenafterworldtradeisawkwardandredundant,becauseduringlaterinthesentencesuppliesthetimeframeforbothJapan’sisolationandtheperiodofpeace.Thestructureofthesentenceleavesit(s)withoutaclearreferent.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

278. Governmentofficialsannouncedthatrestrictionsontheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausenoappreciativeincreaseintheleveloftheriverresultedfromtheintermittentshowersthathadfallenthroughouttheareathedaybefore.

A. restrictionsontheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausenoappreciativeincreaseintheleveloftheriver

B. restrictingtheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausetherehadnotbeenanyappreciativeincreaseintheriver’slevelthat

C. theuseofwaterwouldcontinuetoberestrictedbecausenotanyappreciableincreaseintheriver’slevelhad

D. restrictionsontheuseofwaterwouldcontinuebecausenoappreciableincreaseintheleveloftheriverhad

E. usingwaterwouldcontinuebeingrestrictedbecausenotany

appreciableincreaseintheleveloftheriver

Rhetoricalconstruction;Logicalpredication;Verbform

Thissentenceexplainstherationalebehindagovernmentalannouncementmadeatsomepointinthepast.Themostefficientwaytoexpressthemeaningoftheannouncementistouserestrictionsasthesubjectoftheclauseintroducedbythatandtouseanegativesubject(noappreciableincrease)andapositiveverbinthesubordinateclausethatfollows.

A. Itmakesnosensetosaythatahypotheticalincreaseinriverlevelisappreciative.Thepasttenseoftheverbresultedinthiscontextdoesnotasclearlyexpressthetemporalrelationshipsbetweentheannouncementandtheothereventsaswouldthepastperfecthadresulted.

B. Theuseofthereandthenegativeverbmakethedependentclauseunnecessarilywordyandindirect;therelativepronounthatappearstorefernonsensicallytolevel.Itmakesnosensetosaythatahypotheticalincreaseinriverlevelisappreciative.

C. Bymakinguseofwaterinsteadofrestrictionsthesubjectofthethatclause,thisversionofthesentencenecessitatestheuseofawordyandindirectpassiveinfinitivephrasetoberestricted.Thesentencebecomesevenmorewordyandconvolutedwiththeintroductionofanawkward,unidiomaticnegativesubject(notanyappreciableincrease)ofthedependentclause.

D. Correct.Thesentenceisdirectandefficient,andthepast-perfectverbhadresultedappropriatelyexpressesthesequenceofevents.

E. Thephraseusingwater...beingrestrictediswordyandimprecise,andtheunidiomaticnegativesubject(notanyappreciableincrease)ofthedependentclauseintroducesfurtherindirectionandwordiness.Thepasttenseoftheverbresultedinthiscontextdoesnotasclearlyexpressthetemporalrelationshipsbetweentheannouncementandtheothereventsaswouldthepastperfecthadresulted.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

279. AccordingtoUnitedStatescensusdata,whiletherewasaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkingoutsidethehomein1975,in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofthosemotherswereemployedoutsidethehome.

A. whiletherewasaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkingoutsidethehomein1975,in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofthosemotherswereemployedoutsidethehome

B. therewereaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenwhoworkedoutsidethehomein1975;in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofthosemotherswereemployedoutsidethehome

C. in1975aboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkedoutsidethehome;in2000,almosttwo-thirdsofsuchmotherswereemployedoutsidethehome

D. eventhoughin1975therewereaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenwhoworkedoutsidethehome,almosttwo-thirdsofsuchmotherswereemployedoutsidethehomein2000

E. withaboutone-thirdofmotherswithyoungchildrenworkingoutsidethehomein1975,almosttwo-thirdsofsuchmotherswereemployedoutsidethehomein2000

Idiom;Logicalpredication

Thesentencepresentstwopiecesofdata,onefromthe1975censusandonefromthe2000census.Itdoesnotattempttoexplainalogicalrelationshipbeyondthenumericaldifference.Theincorrectversionsofthesentenceattemptbutfailtomakealogicalconnectionbetweenthetwodata(while...,eventhough...,andwith...)and/orintroduceunnecessarywordinesswiththephrasetherewasortherewere.Themostefficientwaytopresentthetwodataforreadercomparisonisintwoparallelindependentclausesjoinedbyasemicolon.Toavoidtheconfusionofmisplacedorsquintingmodifiers,theseclausesarebeststructuredwithsubjectsdesignatingpercentageofmotherswithchildren,followedbyparticipialphrasesthatindicatethatthesemothersworkedorwereemployedoutsidethehome.

A. Thephrasetherewasintroducesunnecessarywordiness,andthesingularverbwasdoesnotagreewiththepluralpredicatenominativeone-thirdofmotherswithchildren.Theplacementofthemodifierworkingoutsidethehomeimmediatelyafterchildrensuggeststhatthechildrenratherthanthemotherswereexternallyemployed.

B. Therewereintroducesunnecessarywordiness;becauseofitsplacement,therelativeclausewhoworkedoutsidethehomeappearsto

describechildrenratherthanmothers.

C. Correct.Thetwopiecesofdataarepresentedinparallelindependentclauses,joinedbyasemicolon,allowingthereadertonotethenumericaldifference.

D. Theintroductoryphraseeventhoughsuggestsarelationshipbetweenthetwopiecesofdatathatthesentencedoesnotsupport;therewereintroducesunnecessarywordiness;whoworkedoutsidethehomeappearstodescribeyoungchildren.

E. Theintroductorywordwithnonsensicallysuggeststhesimultaneityofthetwopiecesofdata;theplacementofthemodifierworkingoutsidethehomeattachesittoyoungchildrenratherthanmothers.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

280. Cloudsareformedfromtheevaporationoftheoceans’waterthatiswarmedbythesunandriseshighintotheatmosphere,condensingintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust.

A. Cloudsareformedfromtheevaporationoftheoceans’waterthatiswarmedbythesunandriseshighintotheatmosphere,condensingintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust.

B. Cloudsformbythesun’swarmthevaporatingthewaterintheoceans,whichriseshighintotheatmosphere,condensingintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust.

C. Warmedbythesun,oceanwaterevaporates,riseshighintotheatmosphere,andcondensesintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdusttoformclouds.

D. Thewaterintheoceansevaporates,warmedbythesun,riseshighintotheatmosphere,andcondensesintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdust,whichformsclouds.

E. Oceanwater,warmedbythesun,evaporatesandriseshighintotheatmosphere,whichthencondensesintinydropletsonminuteparticlesofdusttoformasclouds.

Rhetoricalconstruction;Logicalpredication

Thissentencedescribesamultistepprocessbywhichoceanwateristransformedintoclouds.Thesestepsaremostclearlypresentedin

chronologicalorder,withoceanwaterasthemainsubjectofthesentence.

A. Thissentenceprovidesnosenseofstepsandillogicallysuggeststhattheoceans’waterevaporatesafteritriseshighintotheatmosphere.

B. Theantecedentfortherelativepronounwhichisambiguous,againsuggestingthatoceansrisehigh.

C. Correct.Thesequenceofstepsinacloud’sformationisclear.

D. Thenonchronologicalorderofthestepsbywhichcloudsareproducedisconfusing,suggestingthatdustformsclouds.

E. Therelativepronounwhichgrammaticallyreferstoatmosphere,creatinganonsensicalclaimthattheatmosphere,ratherthanthewater,condenses.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

281. Schistosomiasis,adiseasecausedbyaparasiticworm,isprevalentinhot,humidclimates,andithasbecomemorewidespreadasirrigationprojectshaveenlargedthehabitatofthefreshwatersnailsthataretheparasite’shostsforpartofitslifecycle.

A. thefreshwatersnailsthataretheparasite’shostsforpartofitslifecycle

B. thefreshwatersnailsthataretheparasite’shostsinpartoftheirlifecycle

C. freshwatersnailswhichbecometheparasite’shostsforpartofitslifecycles

D. freshwatersnailswhichbecomethehostsoftheparasiteduringtheparasite’slifecycles

E. parasite’shosts,freshwatersnailswhichbecometheirhostsduringtheirlifecycles

Rhetoricalconstruction;Agreement

Thissentenceexplainstheincreasedincidenceofschistosomiasisasaconsequenceoftheenlargedhabitatofthekindoffreshwatersnailsthathosttheparasiticwormresponsibleforthedisease.Thedefinitearticleisnecessarybeforefreshwatersnailsbecausethesentenceidentifiesaparticulartypeofsnail,namely,thosethathosttheparasite.Thecorrectprepositiontoexpressdurationincombinationwithhostisfor,notin.As

theparasiteisreferredtoassingular,thepossessivepronouninthefinalphrasemustalsobesingular.

A. Correct.Thesentenceisclearwithallpronounsandverbsinagreement.

B. Theprepositioninisinappropriateforexpressingduration;thepluralpossessivepronountheirdoesnotagreewiththesingularantecedentparasite.

C. Adefinitearticleshouldprecedefreshwatersnailstoidentifyaparticulartypeofsnail;thepluralcyclesisinappropriatebecauseitsreferstoasingularparasite,whichonlyhasonelifecycle.

D. Adefinitearticleisneededbeforefreshwatersnails;repetitionofthewordparasitemakesthefinalphraseunnecessarilywordy;cyclesshouldbesingular.

E. Therepetitionofhostsmakesthefinalphraseunnecessarilywordy;cyclesshouldbesingular;theirhostsshouldbeitshosts;thereferentforthesecondappearanceoftheirisunclear—doesitrefertosnailsortheparasite?

ThecorrectanswerisA.

282. SorJuanaInésdelaCruzwasmakingthecaseforwomen’sequalitylongbeforethecausehadaname:Borninthemid-seventeenthcenturyinSanMiguelNepantla,Mexico,theconventwastheperfectenvironmentforSorJuanatopursueintellectualpursuits,achievingrenownasamathematician,poet,philosopher,andplaywright.

A. theconventwastheperfectenvironmentforSorJuanatopursueintellectualpursuits,achieving

B. SorJuanafoundtheconventprovidedtheperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuits,andshewentontoachieve

C. theconventprovidedtheperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuitsforSorJuana;goingontoachieve

D. SorJuanafoundtheconventprovidedtheperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuits;achieving

E. theconventwas,SorJuanafound,theperfectenvironmentforintellectualpursuits,andshewentontoachieve

Logicalpredication;Grammaticalconstruction

ThissentencefocusesonSorJuanaInésdelaCruz,butthesubjectofitssecondclauseistheconvent.Thiscausesaproblembecausethepredicatesbornandachieving,whichhaveonlyunderstoodsubjects,aregrammaticallypairedwiththeconvent,anillogicalsubject.Also,normallywhereasemicolonisusedtomarktheendofanindependentclause(asinsomeoftheoptions),itshouldbefollowedbyanotherindependentclause.

A. Theconventisthesubjectofthesecondclause,sobothbornandachievingareillogicallyforcedtotakeitastheirsubject.

B. Correct.SorJuanaprovidesthecorrectlogicalsubjectforbornandwentontoachieve;thesecondclauseiscorrectlyintroducedbyand,andisconstructedasafullclausewithasubjectandtensedverb.

C. Astheconventisthesubjectofthesecondclause,bornisillogicallyforcedtotakethatphraseasitssubject.Also,theclauseafterthesemicolonisnotanindependentfullclausewithasubjectandatensedverb;shewentonisrequiredinsteadofgoingon.

D. Theclauseafterthesemicolonisnotanindependentfullclausewithasubjectandatensedverb:sheachievedisrequiredinsteadofachieving.

E. Sincetheconventisthesubjectofthesecondclause,bornmustillogicallytakethatphraseasitssubject.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

283. Bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,in1797–1798HenryCavendish’sapparatusenabledhimtoarriveatanastonishinglyaccuratefigurefortheweightoftheearth.

A. Bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,in1797–1798HenryCavendish’sapparatusenabledhim

B. In1797–1798,bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,HenryCavendish’sapparatusenabledhim

C. HenryCavendishdevisedaninstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployeduncommonlyprecisemeasurements,andin

1797–1798wasable

D. Havingdevisedaninstrumentfromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemploymentofuncommonlyprecisemeasurements,HenryCavendishin1797–1798wasable

E. Bydevisinganinstrumentmadefromarod,wire,andleadballs,andemployinguncommonlyprecisemeasurements,HenryCavendishwasablein1797–1798

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thecoreofthissentence’sideaiseithertheverbenable,whichmusthaveitslogicallycorrectsubjectHenryCavendish’sapparatus,orbeable,withthesubjectHenryCavendish;thesesubjectsmustalsobeabletosupplythecorrectsubjectsforanyotherverbsthathaveunderstoodsubjects.ThesentenceshouldalsoclearlyexpressthetwothingsthatenabledCavendish’saccomplishment(devisingtheinstrumentandemployingprecisemeasurement).

A. Devisingneedsasubjectsuppliedfromelsewhereinthesentence,buttheonlyavailablesubjectistheillogicalHenryCavendish’sapparatus(anapparatusdoesnot“devise”anything).

B. Devisingneedsasubjectsuppliedfromelsewhereinthesentence,buttheonlyoptionistheillogicalHenryCavendish’sapparatus.

C. Connectingthethreepartsofthesentencewithtwooccurrencesofandisawkward;thefirsttwopartsarebestconnectedbyand,butthefinalportionexpressingwhatCavendishachievedwouldbebetterexpressed,forexample,asanewsentencebeginning,In1797–1798,heemployed.

D. Thisvariantseemstosuggest,illogically,thatCavendishdevisedaninstrumentfromseveralobjectsplusemployment;usingemployedinsteadofemploymentofwouldbeonewayofcorrectlypairinghistwoactions.

E. Correct.Theverbsdevising,employing,andwasablehavetheircorrectlogicalsubject(HenryCavendish),andtheactionsofdevisingandemployingarepairedclearly,withbyunderstoodbeforeemploying.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

284. Thegrowthprojectedforthesestormsindifferentcomputerizedweathermodelsvarieswidely.

A. projectedforthesestormsindifferentcomputerizedweathermodelsvarieswidely

B. forthesestormsisprojectedindifferentcomputerizedmodelsofweathertovarywidely

C. ofthesestorms,projectedindifferentcomputerizedweathermodels,varywidely

D. projectedforthesestorms,whichvarywidelyindifferentcomputerizedweathermodels

E. thatvarieswidelyforthesestormsareprojectedindifferentcomputerizedweathermodels

Logicalpredication;Agreement

Thepointofthesentenceisthatthereisgreatvariationinprojectionsofhowthestormsthatitreferstowillgrow.Thestructureofthesentencemakesitclearthatthevariationisinthecomputermodels’projections.

A. Correct.Thesentenceexplainsconciselythatgrowthprojectedindifferentweathermodelsvarieswidely.

B. Growthforthesestormsisunidiomaticandunclear.Theconstructiongrowth...isprojected...tovarymakesitunclearwhetherthemodelsprojectwidelyvaryinggrowthorvaryinhowmuchgrowththeyproject.

C. Theconstructiongrowth...varywidelyplacesthevariationinthegrowthofthestormsratherthanintheprojections.Thepluralverbvarydoesnotagreewiththesingularsubjectgrowth.

D. Ifgrowthprojectedforthesestormsistakenasthesubjectofthesentence,thesubjectisnotpairedwithaverbandthesentenceisgrammaticallyincomplete.

E. Thephrasegrowththatvarieswidelyindicatesthatthevariationisinthegrowthofthestormsratherthanintheprojections.Thepluralverbareprojecteddoesnotagreewiththesingularsubjectgrowth.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

285. Byusingaprocesscalledecholocationtoanalyzetheechoesofthehigh-

pitchedsoundstheyproduce,batscandeterminenotonlythedistancetoanobject,buttheyalsocandetermineitsshapeandsizeandthedirectioninwhichitismoving.

A. candeterminenotonlythedistancetoanobject,buttheyalsocandetermine

B. notonlycandeterminethedistancetoanobjectbutalso

C. candeterminenotonlythedistancetoanobjectbutalso

D. notonlycandetermineitsdistancefromanobjectbutalso

E. candeterminenotonlytheirdistancefromanobject,buttheycanalsodetermine

Parallelism;Logicalpredication

Thissentenceexplainsthatbats’echolocationallowsthemtodetermineboththedistancetoanobjectandotherpiecesofinformation.Thecorrectwaytoconstructthissentenceusingacorrelativeconjunctionistofollownotonlyandbutalsowiththesamepartsofspeech.Usingnounstoindicateallthekindsofinformationbatsgainthroughecholocationprovidesparallelgrammaticalstructureandconcisewording:notonlydistance,butalsoshape,size,anddirection.

A. Introducingthesecondmainclausetheyalsocandeterminemakesthesentencewordyanddisruptsthecorrectformationofthecorrelativeconjunctionnotonly,butalso.

B. Thecorrelativeconjunctionisusedincorrectlybecausenotonlyisfollowedbyaverb,whilebutalsoisfollowedbyalistofnouns.

C. Correct.Thissentenceconciselyusesnotonly,butalsotoconnectaseriesofnouns.

D. Thecorrelativeconjunctionisusedincorrectlybecausenotonlyisfollowedbyaverb,whilebutalsoisfollowedbyalistofnouns.Itsmostplausiblyreferstobats,butonthatinterpretationthesingularpronoundoesnotagreewithitspluralantecedent,andthesentenceindicates,somewhatimplausibly,thatthebatsuseecholocationtodeterminetheirownshape,size,anddirectionofmovement.Alternatively,itscouldrefertosomeotherthingthatisnotnamedinthesentence,butitisimplausibleandconfusingtosaythatthebatsdeterminethedistanceofthatunnamedthingfromanunspecified

object.

E. Introducingthesecondmainclausetheyalsocandeterminemakesthesentencewordyanddisruptsthecorrectconstructiontobeusedwiththecorrelativeconjunction:notonlyisfollowedbyanoun,whilebutalsoisfollowedbyaverb.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

286. Carbondioxide,whichtrapsheatintheatmosphereandhelpsregulatetheplanet’ssurfacetemperature,isconstantlybeingexchangedbetweentheatmosphereontheonehandandtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheother.

A. exchangedbetweentheatmosphereontheonehandandtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheother

B. exchanged,ontheonehand,betweentheatmosphereandtheoceansandterrestrialplants,ontheother

C. exchangedbetween,ontheonehand,theatmosphere,withtheoceansandterrestrialplants,ontheother

D. exchanged,ontheonehand,amongtheoceansandterrestrialplants,andtheatmosphere,ontheother

E. exchangedamongtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheonehandandtheatmosphereontheother

Parallelism;Idiom

ThissentencedescribesanexchangebetweentheatmosphereandtheEarth’ssurfaceusingthepairedphrasesontheonehandandontheother.Precedingbothphraseswithnounscreatesaparallelgrammaticalstructure:theatmosphereontheonehandandtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheother.Althoughthreelocationsarementioned,betweenisthecorrectprepositiontodescribetheexchangesincetheoceansandterrestrialplantsaretreatedasaset,bothmembersofwhicharelocatedontheEarth’ssurface.

A. Correct.TheexchangebetweentheatmosphereandtheEarth’ssurfaceisexpressedusingparallelnounsandthepairedphrasesontheonehandandontheother.

B. Theplacementofallthreenounsbetweenthepairedphrasesonthe

onehandandontheotherobscuresthenatureoftheexchangeandmakesitunclearwhethertheexchangeisamongallthreeofthelocations,betweenthefirstoneandthelasttwo,orbetweenthefirsttwoandthelastone.Ontheonehandappearstoencompassallthreeofthelocations,leavingontheotherdangling.

C. Theprepositionwithdisruptstheexpressionofanexchangebetweentwolocations;theconstructionontheonehandandontheotherisnotinparallelform.

D. Theprepositionamong,theplacementofandtheatmospherebetweencommas,andthelackofparallelismmakethemeaningofthissentenceunclear.

E. Iftherelationshipissupposedtobeamongallthreeofthelocationsmentioned,thebinaryrelationshipindicator(ontheonehand...ontheother)makesnosense.Alternatively,amongcouldappeartodistribute,implicitly,tobothsidesofthecomparison(amongtheoceansandterrestrialplantsontheonehandand(among)theatmosphereontheother).Onthatinterpretation,amongtheatmospheremakesnosense,becauseamongsignalsarelationshipinvolvingmultipleentities,butatmosphereisasingularnounandisnotnormallyconstruedaseitherpluralorcollective.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

287. FloatinginthewatersoftheequatorialPacific,anarrayofbuoyscollectsandtransmitsdataonlong-terminteractionsbetweentheoceanandtheatmosphere,interactionsthataffectglobalclimate.

A. atmosphere,interactionsthataffect

B. atmosphere,withinteractionsaffecting

C. atmospherethataffects

D. atmospherethatisaffecting

E. atmosphereasaffects

Grammaticalconstruction;Agreement

Theunderlinedportionofthesentenceisanappositive,aterminalnounphraserestatingthekindofdatabeingcollectedandprovidingadditionalinformationaboutit.Thisisaclearandeconomicalwaytoprovidetheextrainformation.

extrainformation.

A. Correct.Thesentenceisgrammaticallycorrectandlogicallycoherent.

B. Theprepositionalphrasewith...hasnoclearnounornounphrasetoattachtoandisthereforeungrammatical.

C. Usingtherestrictivethatafteratmosphereillogicallysuggeststhattherearemanyatmospherestodifferentiatefromandtheoneinquestioninthissentenceistheoneaffectingglobalclimate.

D. TherestrictivethatalsofollowsatmosphereasinanswerC.

E. Thephraseasaffectsglobalclimatefunctionsasanadverb,butthereisnoverbforittomodify.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

288. Sixty-fivemillionyearsago,accordingtosomescientists,anasteroidbiggerthanMountEverestslammedintoNorthAmerica,which,causingplantandanimalextinctions,markstheendofthegeologiceraknownastheCretaceousPeriod.

A. which,causingplantandanimalextinctions,marks

B. whichcausedtheplantandanimalextinctionsandmarks

C. andcausingplantandanimalextinctionsthatmark

D. aneventthatcausedplantandanimalextinctions,whichmarks

E. aneventthatcausedtheplantandanimalextinctionsthatmark

Logicalpredication;Agreement

Thissentencedescribesatwo-partsequenceofevents,thesecondofwhichhasledtoaparticularcategorizationofgeologicaltime.Inordertoclarifythatitisnotthefirstevent(asteroidstrike)thatproducedthetimedivision(endoftheCretaceousPeriod),butthefirstevent’sconsequences(biologicalextinctions),thesentenceneedsanappositiveformtorestatethecontentofthemainclause(anevent),followedbyatwo-partchainofrelativeclauses(thatcaused...thatmark...).

A. Theantecedentfortherelativepronounwhichisambiguous;itisthereforeunclearwhatmarkstheendoftheCretaceousPeriod.

B. Theantecedentofwhichisunclear;thecompoundverbscausedandmarksfailtoindicatethattheextinctions,nottheasteroidstrike,aresignificantmarkersofgeologicaltime.

C. Followingtheconjunctionandwithaparticipialratherthanamainverbisgrammaticallyincorrectbecauseitviolatesparallelismandproducesafragmentattheendofthesentence.

D. Which,referringtoextinctions,shouldbefollowedbyapluralverb.

E. Correct.Thesentenceisunambiguous,andtheverbsagreewiththeirsubjects.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

289. Althoughthefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesightedwasinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell,ithadnotbeenannounceduntilFebruary1968.

A. Althoughthefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesightedwasinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell,ithadnotbeenannounceduntilFebruary1968.

B. AlthoughnotannounceduntilFebruary1968,inthesummerof1967graduatestudentJocelynBellobservedthefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesighted.

C. AlthoughobservedbygraduatestudentJocelynBellinthesummerof1967,thediscoveryofthefirstsightedpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,hadnotbeenannouncedbeforeFebruary1968.

D. Thefirstpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,tobesightedwasobservedinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell,butthediscoverywasnotannounceduntilFebruary1968.

E. Thefirstsightedpulsar,orrapidlyspinningcollapsedstar,wasnotannounceduntilFebruary1968,whileitwasobservedinthesummerof1967bygraduatestudentJocelynBell.

Verbform;Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentencepresentsconditionsthatarefollowedbyanunexpectedoutcome:adelayedannouncementofthediscoveryofapulsar.Acompoundsentenceusingacoordinatingconjunctionbutisaneffectivewaytopresenttheconditionsofthefirstpulsarsightingandtheninformationaboutthesubsequentannouncementofthediscovery.Thesentencemustclarifythatitisnotaboutthefirstpulsar,butthefirstpulsar...tobesighted.Theverbsinthesentencemustallbeinpasttense;usingapast-perfectverbtopresentinformationaboutthe

announcementofthediscoveryindicatesthatthisannouncementillogicallytookplacebeforethepulsarwasfirstsighted.

A. Thesubjectoftheopeningdependentclauseispulsar,andtheverbiswas.TheclauseneedstoindicatenotjustthatthepulsarexistedbutthatitwasobservedbyBell;thepast-perfectverbtenseisinappropriateintheconcludingclause.

B. Theopeningparticipialphrasefunctionsasanadjective,butithasnologicalnounornounphrasetoattachto;Bellherselfwasnotannouncedin1968.

C. Grammatically,theopeningparticipialphrasedescribesthefirstnounthatfollows,butitmakesnosensetosaythatthediscoveryofthepulsarwasobserved;discoveryofthefirstsightedpulsarisalsoimprecise;onedoesnotdiscoverafirstsighting.

D. Correct.Thesentencepresentsthesequenceofeventsclearlyandinthepasttense.

E. Thissentencepresentseventsinawaythatisconfusing;asaconjunction,whileindicatessimultaneousevents,butthissentenceisabouteventsthatoccurredinasequence.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

290. Soundcantravelthroughwaterforenormousdistances,preventedfromdissipatingitsacousticenergyasaresultofboundariesintheoceancreatedbywaterlayersofdifferenttemperaturesanddensities.

A. preventedfromdissipatingitsacousticenergyasaresultof

B. preventedfromhavingitsacousticenergydissipatedby

C. itsacousticenergypreventedfromdissipatingby

D. itsacousticenergypreventedfrombeingdissipatedasaresultof

E. preventingitsacousticenergyfromdissipatingby

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

Thissentenceopenswithastatementthatsoundcantravellongdistancesthroughwaterandthenexplainswhythatisso:waterlayersintheoceanpreventacousticenergyfromdissipating.Becausedissipatingisanintransitiveverb,acousticenergycannotbeitsobject.

A. Dissipatingisnotatransitiveverb,soacousticenergycannotfunctionasitsobject.

B. Thisversionofthesentenceiswordy,awkward,andindirect;fromhaving...byerroneouslysuggeststhattheboundariesintheoceanareattemptingtodissipatesoundenergy.

C. Correct.Here,acousticenergyiseffectivelymodifiedbytheparticipialpreventedfromdissipating....

D. Thisversionofthesentenceiswordy,awkward,andindirect;beingdissipatedasaresultofmakesitunclearwhethertheboundariescontributetoenergylossorpreventit.

E. Thisversionofthesentencenonsensicallyexplainsthatsoundpreventsthedissipationofitsownenergy.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

291. Lastyear,landvaluesinmostpartsofthepinelandsrosealmostsofast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthanwhattheydidoutsidethepinelands.

A. sofast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthanwhattheydid

B. sofast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthan,those

C. asfast,andinsomepartsevenfasterthan,those

D. asfastas,andinsomepartsevenfasterthan,those

E. asfastas,andinsomepartsevenfasterthanwhattheydid

Idiom;Parallelism

Thissentencesaysxrosealmostsofasty,whichisnotacorrectidiomaticconstruction;xrosealmostasfastasyisthecorrectidiomforthiscomparison.Thetwoelementsbeingcompared,xandy,mustbeparallel,butthenounlandvalues(x)isnotparalleltowhattheydid(y).Landvaluesinthepinelands(x)mustbecomparedwiththose(thepronouncorrectlyreplacinglandvalues)outsidethepinelands(y).

A. Sofastisusedinsteadofasfast.Whattheydidisnotparalleltolandvalues.

B. Sofastisnotthecorrectidiomforcomparison.

C. Asfastmustbefollowedbyasinthiscomparison.

D. Correct.Asfastasisthecorrectcomparativeconjunctionusedinthissentence;thoseisparalleltolandvalues.

E. Whattheydidisnotparalleltolandvalues.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

292. TheNorthAmericanmoose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtrees,butpredatorspursuingitmustleaporgoaroundthem.

A. moose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtrees,butpredatorspursuingitmustleaporgoaroundthem

B. moose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtreeswhilepredatorspursuingthemmustleaporgoaround

C. moose’slonglegsenableittomovequicklythroughthewoodsandtostepeasilyoverdownedtrees,butpredatorspursuingthemmustleapoverorgoaroundthem

D. moosehaslonglegs,enablingittomovequicklythroughthewoodsandtostepeasilyoverdownedtreeswhilepredatorspursuingthemmustleaporgoaround

E. moosehaslonglegsthatenableittomovequicklythroughthewoods,steppingeasilyoverdownedtreeswhilepredatorspursuingitmustleapoverorgoaroundthem

Logicalpredication;Agreement

ThissentenceexplainstheadvantagesoflonglegstotheNorthAmericanmoose.Sincethesentencecontainsmultiplerelationshipsamongpronouns,nouns,andmodifiers,itisimportantthatthevariouselementsbeclearlyconnected.Thestructureofthesentencemakesitunclearwhethersteppingeasilyoverdownedtreesisintendedtomodifythemainsubject,theNorthAmericanmoose’slonglegs,orthepronounit.AlthoughitpresumablyreferstotheNorthAmericanmoose,itdoessoonlyobliquely,becausemoosedoesnotappearinnounforminthesentence.Thebestwaytoconstructthissentenceistomakemoosethesubjectofthemainclausesothatbothoccurrencesofithaveaclearantecedent.Becausesteppingeasilyoverthemissetoffbycommasfrom

theprecedingandensuingclausesandbecausetheapparentlyintransitiveverbleapintervenesbetweendownedtreesandthem,itisunclearwhetherthemreferstothemoose’slegsorthedownedtrees.Thephraseleaporgoaroundthemshouldsayleapover,becausethepointisthatthepredatorsmusteitherleapoverthedownedtrees(orgoaroundthem),notmerelythatthepredatorsleapintheairorelsegoaroundthetrees.

A. Thefunctionofsteppingeasilyoverdownedtreesisunclearinrelationtotherestofthesentence.Thepronounitrefersonlyobliquelyandunclearlytomoose,becauseonlythepossessiveformmoose’sappearsinthesentence.Furthermore,thefinalphraseshouldsayleapover,notmerelyleap.

B. Thefunctionofsteppingeasilyoverdownedtreesisunclearinrelationtotherestofthesentence.Thepronounitrefersonlyobliquelyandunclearlytomoose,becauseonlythepossessiveformmoose’sappearsinthesentence.Thepluralpronounthemhasnologicalpluralantecedent(surelythepredatorsarenotpursuingthemoose’slegs,butthemooseitself;norarethepredatorspursuingthedownedtrees).Furthermore,thefinalphraseshouldsayleapover,notmerelyleap.

C. Thepluralpronountheminpursuingthemhasnologicalpluralantecedent.

D. Thepluralpronounthemhasnologicalpluralantecedent(moosecanbeusedasaplural,butbecauseinthissentencethesingularverbhasisused,moosemustbeconstruedasbeingsingularhere).Furthermore,thefinalphraseshouldsayleapover,notmerelyleap.

E. Correct.Thepronounitreferstomoose,andthepronounthemreferstotrees.Also,thefinalphrasecorrectlysaysleapoverorgoaroundthem.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

293. EarlyadministrativedecisionsinChina’sMingDynastyeventuallycausedadrasticfallintaxrevenues,areductioninmilitarypreparedness,thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,andfailedtomakesufficientinvestmentinvitaltransportationinfrastructure.

A. thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,andfailed

B. thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,andfailing

C. andthecollapseofthecurrencysystem,alsofailed

D. thecollapseofthecurrencysystem,aswellasfailing

E. andthecollapseofthecurrencysystem,aswellasafailure

Parallelism;Grammaticalconstruction;Rhetoricalconstruction

ThesentenceprovidesalistofeffectsstemmingfromadministrativedecisionsintheMingDynasty.Tomakethemeaningclear,allitemsinthelistshouldbeinparallelgrammaticalform.Thefirstthreearenounphrases—adrasticfall,areduction,andthecollapse—butthefinalitem,failed,isaverb.Topreserveparallelstructure,thefourthitemshouldalsobeanounphrase:afailure.Analternativeinterpretationmighttakefailedasparallelwithcaused,sothatdecisionsisthesubjectofbothverbs,butitisillogicaltosaythatthedecisionsfailedtomakesufficientinvestments.

A. Thelistofeffectsisnotparallelsincethefirstthreeitemsarenounphrasesbutthefourthistheverbfailed.Analternativeinterpretationmighttakefailedasparallelwithcaused,sothatdecisionsisthesubjectofbothverbs,butitisillogicaltosaythatthedecisionsfailedtomakesufficientinvestments.

B. Thelistofeffectsisnotparallelsincethefirstthreeitemsarenounphrasesbutthefourthistheparticiplefailing.

C. Thelistofthreeeffectsisfollowedbytheverbfailed,whichlacksasubject,thusmakingthesentenceungrammatical.

D. Thelistofeffectsisnotparallelsincethefirstthreeitemsarenounphrasesbutthefourthistheparticiplefailing.

E. Correct.Thelistoffoureffectsisexpressedinparallelgrammaticalformusingnounphrases,includingafailure.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

294. SeismologistsstudyingtheearthquakethatstrucknorthernCaliforniainOctober1989arestillinvestigatingsomeofitsmysteries:theunexpectedpoweroftheseismicwaves,theupwardthrustthatthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andthestrangeelectromagneticsignalsdetectedhoursbeforethetemblor.

A. theupwardthrustthatthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andthestrangeelectromagneticsignalsdetectedhoursbeforethetemblor

B. theupwardthrustthatthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andstrangeelectromagneticsignalsweredetectedhoursbeforethetemblor

C. theupwardthrustthrewonemanstraightintotheair,andhoursbeforethetemblorstrangeelectromagneticsignalsweredetected

D. onemanwasthrownstraightintotheairbytheupwardthrust,andhoursbeforethetemblorstrangeelectromagneticsignalsweredetected

E. onemanwhowasthrownstraightintotheairbytheupwardthrust,andstrangeelectromagneticsignalsthatweredetectedhoursbeforethetemblor

Parallelism;Grammaticalconstruction

Someoftheearthquake’smysteriesaredescribedinaseriesofthreecorrectlyparallelelements:(1)theunexpectedpower...,(2)theupwardthrust...,and(3)thestrangeelectromagneticsignals....Eachofthethreeelementsbeginswithanarticle(the),amodifier,andanoun.Thisparallelismiscrucial,buteachmysteryisallowedthefurthermodificationmostappropriatetoit,whetheraprepositionalphrase(1),aclause(2),oraparticipialphrase(3).

A. Correct.Thissentencecorrectlyprovidesaparallelseriesofthreemysteries.

B. Theisomittedbeforestrange.Theverbweredetectedmakesthelastelementnotparalleltotheprevioustwo.

C. Becausetheyusecompleteindependentclauses,thelasttwoelementsarenotparalleltothefirst,andthesentenceisungrammatical.

D. Theconstructionsbeginningonemanandhoursbeforearenotparalleltotheconstructionbeginningtheunexpectedpower.

E. Thegrammaticalconstructionsdescribingthemysteriesarenotparallel.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

295. Thetypeofbehaviorexhibitedwhenananimalrecognizesitselfinamirrorcomeswithinthedomainof“theoryofmind,”thusisbeststudiedaspartofthefieldofanimalcognition.

A. of“theoryofmind,”thusisbest

B. “theoryofmind,”andsoisbesttobe

C. ofa“theoryofmind,”thusitisbest

D. of“theoryofmind”andthusisbest

E. ofthe“theoryofmind,”andsoitisbesttobe

Grammaticalconstruction;Idiom

Thissentencelinkstwoindependentclauses;insuchsentences,theclausesmustnormallybesetofffromeachother(byasemicolon,forexample),orelsethesecondclausemustbeintroducedbyandorsomeotherconjunction,notmerelyanadverblikethus.Also,anounlikedomainnormallyisfollowedbytheprepositionofimmediatelyprecedingthenounphrasedescribingthedomain.

A. Thesecondclauseincorrectlylacksanintroducingconjunction.

B. Thephrasingisbesttobestudiedisawkwardlyunusualandunidiomatic;isbeststudiedisabetterchoice.

C. Thesecondclauseincorrectlylacksanintroducingconjunction.Thephrasea“theoryofmind”wouldrefertooneparticulartheoryratherthan(asintended)toatheoreticaldomain.

D. Correct.Andintroducesthesecondclause,whichusestheconcisewordingbeststudied.

E. Thebeginningofthesecondclauseisredundantandwordy:thewordandisunnecessarybecausetheconjunctionsoisused,andbesttobestudiedisunidiomatic.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

296. UnliketheUnitedStates,wherefarmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLankaareconcentratedinthemonsoonmonths,JunetoSeptember,andtheskiesaregenerallyclearfortherestoftheyear.

A. UnliketheUnitedStates,wherefarmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLanka

B. UnliketheUnitedStatesfarmerswhocanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLanka

C. UnlikethoseoftheUnitedStates,wherefarmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,mostpartsofSriLanka’srains

D. IncomparisonwiththeUnitedStates,whosefarmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,therainsinmostpartsofSriLanka

E. IntheUnitedStates,farmerscanusuallydependonrainorsnowallyearlong,butinmostpartsofSriLanka,therains

Logicalpredication;Rhetoricalconstruction

TheintentofthesentenceistocompareseasonalrainfallpatternsintheUnitedStatesandSriLanka.Therearemanywaystosetupsuchcomparisons:unlikex,y;incomparisonwithx,y;comparedtox,y;andsoon.Thexandybeingcomparedmustbegrammaticallyandlogicallyparallel.Analternativewayofstatingthecomparisonistheuseoftwoindependentclausesconnectedbybut.TheoriginalsentencecomparestheUnitedStatestotherainsinmostpartsofSriLanka;thisillogicalcomparisoncannotconveythewriter’sintention.

A. ThissentenceillogicallycomparestheUnitedStatestotherainsinmostpartsofSriLanka.

B. ComparingUnitedStatesfarmerstotherainsinmostpartsofSriLankaisnotlogical.

C. ThesentenceawkwardlyandillogicallyseemstobecomparingmostpartsoftheUnitedStateswithmostpartsofSriLanka’srains.

D. ThissentencecomparestheUnitedStatesandtherainsinmostpartsofSriLanka.

E. Correct.Thissentenceusestwoindependentclausestomakethecomparison.ThefirstclausedescribesconditionsintheUnitedStates,andthesecondclausedescribesconditionsinSriLanka.Thecomparisonisclearandlogical.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

297. Inpreparationforthepredictionofamajorearthquakethatwillhitthestate,asatellite-basedcomputernetworkisbeingbuiltbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesforidentifyingearthquakedamageandtopinpointthemostaffectedareaswithintwohoursoftheevent.

A. Inpreparationforthepredictionofamajorearthquakethatwillhitthestate,asatellite-basedcomputernetworkisbeingbuiltbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesforidentifying

B. Inpreparingforthepredictionthatamajorearthquakewillhitthestate,theCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesisbuildingasatellite-basedcomputernetworkthatwillidentify

C. Inpreparingforamajorearthquakethatispredictedtohitthestate,theCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesisbuildingasatellite-basedcomputernetworktoidentify

D. Toprepareforthepredictionofamajorearthquakehittingthestate,asatellite-basedcomputernetworkisbeingbuiltbytheCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicestoidentify

E. Toprepareforamajorearthquakethatispredictedtohitthestate,theCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesisbuildingasatellite-basedcomputernetworkthatwillidentify

Logicalpredication;Parallelism

ThissentenceexplainswhattheCaliforniaOfficeofEmergencyServicesisdoingtoprepareforanearthquakethathasbeenpredictedforthestate,butthesentenceappearstoclaimthattheCaliforniaOfficeisdoingthesethingstopreparefortheprediction.Thetwopurposesofthesepreparationsshouldbepresentedinparallelform,butthesentenceaswrittenpresentsoneasaprepositionalphrase(foridentifying)andtheotherasaninfinitive(topinpoint).

A. Inthisversionofthesentence,theopeningphraseillogicallyclaimsthattheCaliforniaOfficeispreparingforaprediction,butlaterinthesentenceitbecomesclearthatthepreparationsaretargetedtotheaftermathofapossibleearthquake,notitsprediction.Thetwopurposesofthepreparationsarenotpresentedinparallelform.

B. Like(A),thisversionofthesentenceidentifiespreparationsforapredictionratherthananearthquake;thetwopurposesofthepreparationsarenotpresentedinparallelform.

C. Correct.Thepreparationsarecorrectlypresentedasbeingforanearthquake,andthetwopurposesofthepreparationsarepresentedinparallelform(toidentifyandtopinpoint).

D. Asin(A)and(B),thebeginningofthissentenceisinconsistentwiththerestofit.Theopeningphraseclaimstodescribepreparationsforaprediction,whereasthelatterpartofthesentenceindicatesthatthepreparationsareforapredictedearthquake.

E. Like(A)and(B),thissentencedoesnotpresentthetwopurposesofthepreparationsinparallelform.

ThecorrectanswerisC.

298. Oncenumberinginthemillionsworldwide,itisestimatedthatthewolfhasdeclinedto200,000in57countries,some11,000ofthemtobefoundinthelower48UnitedStatesandAlaska.

A. itisestimatedthatthewolfhasdeclinedto200,000in57countries,some

B. thewolfisestimatedtohavedeclinedto200,000in57countries,withapproximately

C. thewolfhasdeclinedtoanestimateof200,000in57countries,some

D. wolveshavedeclinedtoanestimateof200,000in57countries,withapproximately

E. wolveshavedeclinedtoanestimated200,000in57countries,some

Logicalpredication;Idiom

Thepredicatenumberedmusthaveitslogicallycorrectsubject,whichiswolves.Althoughthewolfcanbeusedtorefercollectivelytowolvesasacategory,thenounshouldbepluralinthiscasesincethesentencereferstonumbersofthemandsinceagreementisneededbetweenthenounandthepluralpronounthem.Giventhepluralsubject,theverbintheindependentclauseshouldbehavedeclined.Theobjectofdeclinetoshouldbeawordorphrasenaminganumberorestimatednumber(e.g.,aphrasesuchasanestimated200,000),notthephraseanestimate.

A. Thesubjectofthemainclause(it)seemstosupplythesubjectofnumbering,sothelatterdoesnothaveitscorrectlogicalsubject,whichshouldbeawordorphrasereferringtowolves.

B. Thewolfcannotcorrectlybetakenasthesubjectofnumbering,asitissingularandindisagreementwiththemoccurringlaterinthesentence.

C. Thewolfcannotcorrectlybetakenasthesubjectofnumbering,asitissingularanddisagreeswiththelaterthem;also,adeclineisstrictlyspeakingtoanumber,nottoanestimate.

D. Althoughwolvesisacorrectsubjectfornumbering,adeclineshouldbetoanumber,nottoanestimate.

E. Correct.Wolvesisapropersubjectfornumberingandagreeswiththelaterthem.Thedeclineiscorrectlysaidtobetoanumber,anestimated200,000.

ThecorrectanswerisE.

299. Asbusinessgrowsmorecomplex,studentsmajoringinspecializedareaslikethoseoffinanceandmarketinghavebeenbecomingincreasinglysuccessfulinthejobmarket.

A. majoringinspecializedareaslikethoseoffinanceandmarketinghavebeenbecomingincreasingly

B. whomajorinsuchspecializedareasasfinanceandmarketingarebecomingmoreandmore

C. whomajoredinspecializedareassuchasthoseoffinanceandmarketingarebeingincreasingly

D. whomajorinspecializedareaslikethoseoffinanceandmarketinghavebeenbecomingmoreandmore

E. havingmajoredinsuchspecializedareasasfinanceandmarketingarebeingincreasingly

Verbform;Diction

Thesubordinateclauseasbusinessgrowsmorecomplexusesthepresent-tenseverbgrowstodescribeanongoingsituation.Themainclausedescribesaneffectofthisgrowingcomplexity;theverbsinthemainclauseshouldalsousepresent-tenseverbs.Thepresentperfectprogressivehavebeenbecomingisincorrect.Thepreferredwaytointroduceexamplesiswiththephrasesuchas,ratherthanwiththewordlike,whichsuggestsacomparison.

A. Likeshouldbereplacedbysuchas.Havebeenbecomingisanincorrectverbtense.

B. Correct.Inthissentence,majorandarebecomingarepresent-tenseverbs;such...asisthepreferredformforintroducingexamples.

C. Majoredisapast-tenseverb;thoseofisunnecessaryandawkward.Becomingispreferabletobeingfordescribinganunfoldingpatternofevents.

D. Likeshouldbereplacedbysuchas.Thoseofisunnecessaryand

awkward.Havebeenbecomingisanincorrectverbtense.

E. Havingmajoredisanawkwardpastparticiple.Becomingispreferabletobeingfordescribinganunfoldingpatternofevents.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

300. Createdin1945toreducepovertyandstabilizeforeigncurrencymarkets,theWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundhave,accordingtosomecritics,continuallystruggledtomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—butneglectedtheirintendedbeneficiariesinthedevelopingworld.

A. continuallystruggledtomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—butneglected

B. continuallystruggledastheytrytomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—whileneglectingthatof

C. continuallystruggledtomeettheirmajorshareholders’expectations—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—butneglectedthatof

D. hadtostrugglecontinuallyintryingtomeettheexpectationsoftheirmajorshareholders—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—whileneglectingthatof

E. struggledcontinuallyintryingtomeettheirmajorshareholders’expectations—agroupcomprisingmanyoftheworld’srichnations—andneglecting

Idiom;Verbform

ThissentencedescribesacontradictionsomecriticshaveascribedtotheactionsandpoliciesofboththeWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFund:althoughtheywerecreatedtoaddresspovertyinthedevelopingworld,theystruggledtomeettheirmajorshareholders’expectationsandneglectedtheirintendedbeneficiaries.Thecontradictionisbestexpressedbyjoiningthetwopast-tenseverbsstruggledtomeet...andneglected...withthecontrastingconjunctionbut.Theappositivephrasesetoffwithdashesmustimmediatelyfollowthenounitdefines(shareholders).

A. Correct.Theconjunctionbutaccuratelydescribesthecontradictionbetweenwhattheorganizationsdidfortheirmajorshareholdersandwhattheydidnotdofortheirintendedbeneficiaries,andtheappositiveclearlydefinestheimmediatelyprecedingnoun,shareholders.

B. Thepresenttenseofastheytrytomeetisinconsistentwiththerestoftheverbsinthesentence.Thepronounthatseemstohavenoreferentinthephrasewhileneglectingthatof...sincetheonlylikelyantecedentexpectationsisplural.

C. Theappositivegrammaticallybutnonsensicallydescribesexpectationsratherthanshareholders;asin(B),thepronounthatdoesnotagreeinnumberwithitslikelyantecedentexpectations.

D. Like(B),thisversionisunnecessarilywordy,andlike(C),itintroducesthepronounthat,whichdisagreesinnumberwiththeantecedentexpectations.

E. Asin(C),theappositiveseemstodefineexpectationsratherthanshareholders,andtheconjunctionandfailstocapturethecontradictoryrelationshipbetweentheorganizations’actionstowardtheirshareholdersandtheirintendedbeneficiaries.

ThecorrectanswerisA.

301. Unlikeautoinsurance,thefrequencyofclaimsdoesnotaffectthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage,butiftheinsurancecompanyisabletoproveexcessivelossduetoownernegligence,itmaydeclinetorenewthepolicy.

A. Unlikeautoinsurance,thefrequencyofclaimsdoesnotaffectthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage,

B. Unlikewithautoinsurance,thefrequencyofclaimsdonotaffectthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage,

C. Unlikethefrequencyofclaimsforautoinsurance,thepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoveragearenotaffectedbythefrequencyofclaims,

D. Unlikethepremiumsforautoinsurance,thepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoveragearenotaffectedbythefrequencyofclaims,

E. Unlikewiththepremiumsforautoinsurance,thepremiumsfor

personalpropertycoverageisnotaffectedbythefrequencyofclaims,

Logicalpredication;Agreement

Thesentencehasbeenwrittensothatautoinsuranceiscontrastedwiththefrequencyofclaims.Thecorrectcontrastisbetweenthepremiumsforautoinsuranceandthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage.

A. Autoinsuranceisillogicallycontrastedwiththefrequencyofclaims.

B. Unlikewithisanincorrectidiom;autoinsuranceiscontrastedwiththefrequencyofclaims;thesingularsubjectfrequencydoesnotagreewiththepluralverbdo.

C. Thefrequencyofclaimsiscontrastedwiththepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverage.

D. Correct.Thecontrastbetweenthepremiumsforautoinsuranceandthepremiumsforpersonalpropertycoverageisclearlyandcorrectlystatedinthissentence.

E. Unlikewithisanincorrectidiom;thepluralsubjectpremiumsdoesnotagreewiththesingularverbisnotaffected.

ThecorrectanswerisD.

AppendixAAnswerSheets

ReadingComprehensionAnswerSheet1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

CriticalReasoningAnswerSheet106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

153.

154.

155.

156.

157.

158.

159.

159.

160.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

168.

169.

170.

171.

172.

173.

174.

175.

176.

177.

178.

179.

180.

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

186.

187.

188.

SentenceCorrectionAnswerSheet189.

190.

191.

192.

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

199.

200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

211.

212.

213.

214.

215.

216.

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

223.

224.

225.

226.

227.

228.

229.

230.

231.

232.

233.

234.

235.

236.

237.

238.

239.

239.

240.

241.

242.

243.

244.

245.

246.

247.

248.

249.

250.

251.

252.

253.

254.

255.

256.

257.

258.

259.

260.

261.

262.

263.

264.

265.

266.

266.

267.

268.

269.

270.

271.

272.

273.

274.

275.

276.

277.

278.

279.

280.

281.

282.

283.

284.

285.

286.

287.

288.

289.

290.

291.

292.

293.

294.

295.

296.

297.

298.

299.

300.

301.

WILEYENDUSERLICENSEAGREEMENTGotowww.wiley.com/go/eulatoaccessWiley’sebookEULA.