1. Unlike the little recognition received by many nineteenthcentury female authors, female authors of the twentieth centuryhave been accepted as talented and necessary contributors tothe literary field.

A. Unlike the little recognition received by many nineteenthcentury female authors, female authors of the twentiethcentury

B. Unlike nineteenth century female authors, who receivedlittle recognition, female authors of the twentieth century

C. Unlike the little recognition received by many nineteenthcentury female authors, the recognition received by femaleauthors of the twentieth century

D. Many nineteenth century female authors receivedlittle recognition, but unlike them, female authors of thetwentieth century

E. While little recognition was received by many nineteenthcentury female authors, that of female authors of thetwentieth century

2. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same way theyapply to established economies, because they are developingand are not in equilibrium.

A. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balancedo not apply to small, emergent economies in the sameway they apply to established economies, because theyare developing and are not in equilibrium

B. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same waythey apply to established economies

C. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,small, emergent economies are not subject to the sameapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance as established economies

D. Because small, emergent economies are developingand are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domesticproduct and trade balance do not apply to them in thesame way they apply to established economies

E. Small, emergent economies are not subject to theapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance in the same way as established economies,because they are developing and are not in equilibrium

Recent research shows that hyenas outperform chimps insolving problems through teamwork. In experiments by a majorU.S. university, spotted hyena pairs were introduced into apen containing two large platforms placed ten feet above theground. From each platform dangled two ropes that whenpulled in unison opened a trapdoor and provided a food reward.The experiment design, with the dual platforms and doubleropes, ensured that the hyenas could not perform the taskindividually or by chance as a pair. Captive hyena pairs weregiven no training in the task, but the first pair took less thantwo minutes to solve the problem. Primates, such as chimps,required extensive training to complete similar tasks.

Researchers found that the size of each hyena party and pairmembership had effects on performance. For example, whenmore than two hyenas were present, the task was solved morequickly, even if the additional hyenas were merely observing.When two dominant hyenas were paired, they performed lesssuccessfully than dominant-subordinate pairs. Thus, socialcontext influenced the hyenas' behavior. Consequently, theresearch shows that social carnivores, defined as animalsthat hunt in packs, may be effective models for exploringcooperative problem solving. Past research focused on large-brained primates, such as chimps, which are capable of highercognitive function, in the assumption that higher cognitivefunction made primates more capable of organized teamwork.However, as study coauthor Christine Drea concludes, thenewer experiments "show that [hyenas] are more hard-wired forsocial cooperation than chimpanzees."

3. It can be inferred from the passage that

A. results in lab studies do not parallel results in the wild.

B. future research in social cognition should focus only onsocial carnivores.

C. chimps are not as smart as hyenas.

D. cooperative problem solving is more instinctive forhyenas than for primates.

E. wolves would perform poorly on a similar team problem-solving task.

4. The author most likely mentions "social context" in order to

A. imply that primates are not social animals.

B. prove that the hyenas' problem-solving skills are greaterthan those of chimps.

C. give an example of how hyenas work together.

D. provide an explanation for why hyenas' problem-solvingabilities varied.

E. show that hyenas perform better with an audience.

5. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Drea'sposition?

A. Even untrained hyenas rarely pulled on the rope if noother hyena was present.

B. Aggression in paired dominant animals interfered withcooperation.

C. The required action in the double-rope experimentimitates the action required to bring down prey in the wild.

D. Success rates were also greater for hyenas inexperiments requiring nonsocial problem-solving skills.

E. Once trained, chimps could perform the double-ropeexperiment faster than hyenas.

African exploration in the late nineteenth century is almostentirely a story of white males: scientists, traders andmissionaries. Mary Henrietta Kingsley stands out as anexception.

Ostensibly, Kingsley planned her first trip to Africa so she couldconduct research on fetishes and complete the academictreatise her father, an explorer, had begun. Privately, Kingsleytold a friend she was traveling to Africa "to die," though she haddreamt of such an adventure since childhood. Nevertheless,she prepared for the trip carefully, interviewing friends, doctors,missionaries, and former explorers, all of whom advised her notto make the trek. Kingsley was undaunted and set off for WestAfrica carrying only £300, and chemicals and specimencases designed to collect samples of unknown fish and insectsfor the British Museum.

Kingsley sailed the coast, finally putting in at the mouth of theCongo. Recognizing that the natives were naturally suspiciousof Europeans traveling without an obvious purpose, Kingsleypurchased cloth and other goods in the port and traveled inlandfor six months as a trader, exchanging goods for food andshelter along the way. During this and her second trip in 1895,Kingsley demonstrated resourcefulness in dealing with suchchallenges as rescuing a native from cannibals, defeatinga leopard with a bucket of water, learning to pilot a nativecanoe up the Ogooue River, and becoming the first whitewoman and third "Englishman" to climb the 14,435 foot MountCameroon. Upon her return to London, Kingsley campaignedfor an enlightened African policy, published her bookTravels inWest Africa and advocated a forum for the serious ethnologicalstudy of Africa. Kingsley's third trip was to Cape Town duringthe 1900 Boer War. There she encountered an epidemic ofdysentery, volunteered to nurse prisoners of war, contractedtyphoid, and died.

6. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A. To demonstrate that even the most seasoned Africanexplorers are at risk due to disease.

B. To outline the early history of African exploration.

C. To establish the need for a more tolerant colonial policy

in 19 th century England.

D. To discuss the achievements of one female explorer.

E. To argue that the contributions made by womenexplorers in Africa were as important as those made bymen.

7. The author suggests that Mary Kingsley may have gone toAfrica for each of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. to serve as an Anglican missionary

B. to complete her father's fetish research

C. to fulfill a childhood dream

D. to collect specimens of fish and insects for the BritishMuseum

E. to die

8. Mary Kingsley's reason for purchasing cloth and othersupplies at the mouth of the Congo was:

A. to be able to trade for food and shelter along the way

B. to earn extra money to finance her trip

C. to assuage the natives' concerns over her motives

D. to acquire examples of fetish sculptures for her father'sresearch

E. to acquaint the natives with European goods

9. Why does the author insert the anecdotes about Kingsley'stravels in paragraph three?

A. To show that she was not afraid of wild beasts.

B. To compare the obstacles faced by female travelerswith those faced by male explorers of the day.

C. To entice you into reading Kinsley's best-selling bookTravels in West Africa.

D. To emphasize the dangers Mary faced in her travels.

E. To illustrate Kingsley's ability to conquer a variety ofchallenges.

10. In the late 1920s, a Classical scholar's linguistic researchproved that Greek minstrels recited Homeric epics not fromrecall of texts memorized word for word, but filling out lines ofverse according to preset metrical formulas.

A. recited Homeric epics not from recall of textsmemorized word for word, but filling

B. did not recite Homeric epics from recall of textsmemorized word for word, but filling

C. recited Homeric epics not by recalling texts memorizedword for word, but by filling

D. did not recite Homeric epics by recalling textsmemorized word for word, but they filled

E. recited Homeric epics not word for word from recall ofmemorized texts, instead they filled

Lactose intolerance arises in individuals who lack the enzymerequired to digest lactose, a carbohydrate found in milk,cheese, and other common dairy products. Bacteria in thedigestive tract metabolize the lactose for their benefit, producingcopious amounts of gas. Individuals who suffer from lactoseintolerance must abstain from consuming dairy products.Typical symptoms associated with lactose intolerance includeflatulence, bloating, and abdominal cramps.

11. The above statements, if true, provide the most support forasserting which of the following?

A. Anyone who suffers from lactose intolerance willexperience abdominal cramps.

B. Abstaining from lactose will cure lactose intolerance.

C. Individuals experiencing flatulence, bloating, andabdominal cramps are lactose-intolerant.

D. Lactose is only found in milk.

E. Not every human body can always digest commontypes of food.

12. In some animal species whose hormone levels have beenstudied, the number of neural receptors for the sex hormoneoxytocin has been found to depend on the concentration ofother sex hormones.

A. the number of neural receptors for the sex hormoneoxytocin has been found to depend on the concentration ofother sex hormones

B. it has been found that the number of neural receptorsfor the sex hormone oxytocin changes as to the others'concentration

C. they have found that the number of neural receptorsfor the sex hormone oxytocin changes depending on theothers' concentration

D. they have found the change in the number of neuralreceptors for the sex hormone oxytocin depending on theconcentration of other sex hormones

E. the number of neural receptors for the sex hormoneoxytocin has been found to change as to the others'concentration

Standard & Poor's sovereign nation debt ratings reflect theopinions of the U.S.-based financial services company on theability and willingness of governments to fulfill their financialobligations. Just as the company publishes credit ratings fornational and international private corporations, so too does itrate governments as long-term borrowers on a scale of AAA toD. AAA to BBB are investment grade, considered stable. BBratings and below are considered to be noninvestment grade,commonly referred to as junk bonds. On the high end (BB),ratings warn investors that a nation is more prone to adverseeconomic conditions than are its investment-grade peers.lower-end ratings can indicate that the government is highlyvulnerable to default (C), has selectively defaulted on one ormore obligations (SD), or is under full default (D) and thus islikely to fail to pay most or all of its obligations.

To be clear, sovereign nation ratings are not country ratings.They reflect only the credit risk of national governments, notprivate issuers within the rated country. Consequently, althoughgovernment-controlled factors, such as the exchange rate orindustry regulations, do undoubtedly affect the private sectoroperating and financial environment, sovereign nation ratingsdo not speak to these factors specifically. But because privatemarkets operate on fear, instinct, and panic as much as onlogic, they do unfortunately react to nation debt ratings. Themerest hint that a nation's debt rating may be downgraded cansend stock markets into a tumble, with short-term private stocksfaring worse than government bonds.

13. The main purpose of the passage is to

A. demonstrate the unfair effects of debt ratings.

B. emphasize the importance of junk bond ratings ingrowing markets.

C. persuade readers to invest in AAA- or BBB-rated debt.

D. question the use of sovereign nation debt ratings.

E. explain a type of debt rating and its influence.

14. With which of the following statements would the authormost likely agree?

A. A financially sound private company may see itsstock lose significant value even if there is no rationalexpectation that the company's financial prospects arepoor.

B. It is unfair to refer to noninvestment grade debt as "junkbonds" because the ratings range from slightly negative tovery negative.

C. The nations of the world should not be graded by aU.S.-based company.

D. Investment in BB-rated nations is well worth the riskbecause payouts can be high.

E. Investors considering private investment opportunitieswithin select nations should ignore the conditions of thatnation's public finances.

15. The author includes the sentence about ""government-controlled factors"" most probably in order to

A. relate the history of sovereign nation debt ratings.

B. discuss the effects of exchange rates on the privatesector.

C. show how government regulation hurts business.

D. contradict the idea that ratings show only governments'credit risk.

E. stress that ratings do not reflect private sector data,despite market reaction.

16. Meteors may start out as very large objects, but in theEarth's atmosphere they burn and break in to much smallerpieces, so that most vaporize completely before they reach theground.

A. in the Earth's atmosphere

B. in the Earth's atmosphere, in which

C. it is in the Earth's atmosphere in which

D. in the Earth's atmosphere where

E. it is in the Earth's atmosphere and

17. The zoologists pointed out that hunters had nearlyexterminated the northern elephant seal 100 years ago, butthey also noted that the seal population has grown dramaticallyin recent years.

A. The zoologists pointed out that hunters had nearlyexterminated the northern elephant seal 100 years ago,but they also noted that the seal population has growndramatically in recent years.

B. There has been dramatic growth in recent years in thenorthern elephant seal population noted by the zoologists,although they also pointed out that hunters had nearlyexterminated the seals 100 years ago.

C. Although northern elephant seals had been, accordingto the zoologists, nearly exterminated 100 years ago, theyalso noted that the seal population has grown dramaticallyin recent years.

D. Hunters had nearly exterminated the northern elephantseal 100 years ago according to the zoologists, but theyalso noted that there has been dramatic growth in the sealpopulation in recent years.

E. Added to noting that the elephant seal population hasgrown dramatically in recent years, the zoologists pointedout that they had been nearly exterminated by hunters 100years ago.

When Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the first recordedestimation of global population in the latter third of the 17thcentury, he reported the number at 13.85 billion people. Despitethis grandiose guess, which was based on Leeuwenhoek'sestimation of the amount of inhabitable land worldwide, anumber of factors, including drought, disease, famine, highinfant mortality, natural disasters, and war, had been keepingthe world population far more in check. In fact, Leeuwenhoekwas off by several orders of magnitude; the actual populationfigure for his time is now estimated at about half a billion.Although this number is relatively small compared to the nearly7 billion people inhabiting the planet today, Leeuwenhoekmade his prediction at a time when the population was rapidlyexpanding.

By 1830, the number of people increased twofold to a billion,and over the next century, the global population doubled againto 2 billion. Since 1930, a tripling of the human populationhas occurred, thanks to the scientific and technologicaladvancements that have significantly improved life expectancyrates around the world. The developments of modern sanitationand health care practices have been particularly influentialin enhancing the average quality and length of human life.Enhanced agricultural techniques provide greater crop yieldsfrom even marginal soil, making devastating food shortagesa rarity around the globe. Particularly benefitting from theseadvances are large families in third-world communities, whoonce suffered high child mortality rates but now see themajority of their children reach adulthood. With each successivegeneration, the global population grows at a rapid pace.

According to the United Nations, Earth's current population ofapproximately 7 billion could swell to 10.5 billion by the year2045; the consequences of such an increase are yet unknown,although some experts predict they are dire. In 1798, Englisheconomist Thomas Malthus postulated that the population

grows faster than the food supply until war and pestilencebalance the numbers, but the only time the world's populationactually declined was when the bubonic plague struck Europein the mid-14th century. Thus far, technology has managedto keep pace with the ever-expanding populace, but whetherinnovations will continue to keep us ahead of the demands ofan enormous global population remains to be seen.

18. It can be inferred from this passage that

A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was incompetent as ascientist.

B. someone born today will witness a tripling of the world'spopulation.

C. the United Nations only recently began keepingpopulation statistics.

D. the theories of Thomas Malthus will ultimately beproved correct.

E. an ever-expanding population could put a strain onworld resources.

19. The author mentions Thomas Malthus's theory in order to

A. provide support for the argument that populationexpansion is unsustainable.

B. demonstrate that science has kept a predictedpopulation collapse at bay.

C. divert the reader with an improbable but fascinatingscientific assertion.

D. illustrate the evolution of thinking on the subject ofpopulation expansion.

E. highlight the weaknesses of 18th-century scientificunderstanding.

20. According to the passage, the factor that has had thegreatest impact on population growth since Anton vanLeeuwenhoek's time has been

A. plagues and other instances of disease.

B. war and natural disasters.

C. scientific and technological innovation.

D. high infant mortality.

E. the tradition of raising large families in the third world.

21. Declining sales are forcing many companies to chooseamong raising prices and reduction of personnel.

A. among raising prices and reduction of personnel

B. among raising prices and reducing of personnel

C. between raising prices and reducing personnel

D. between raising prices or reducing personnel

E. between the rise of prices and the reduction of staff

22. There has been confusion in regards to why the train hasbeen delayed continuously.

A. in regards to why the train has been delayedcontinuously

B. continuously delaying the train's regards

C. as to why the train has been delayed continuously

D. in regards to why the train have been delayedcontinuously

E. as to why the train has been continually delayed

23. One reason some particle physicists are switching toastronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spendingyears constructing environments in which they can conductexperiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-madesupply of environments at their disposal.

A. One reason some particle physicists are switchingto astronomy late in their careers is that they tire ofspending years constructing environments in which theycan conduct experiments; astronomers have an infiniteand ready-made supply of environments at their disposal

B. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supplyof environments at their disposal

C. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while an infinite and ready-made supply of environments isat the disposal of astronomers

D. The fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal is onereason, late in their careers, some particle physicists areswitching to astronomy

E. The existence of an infinite and ready-made supply ofenvironments at the disposal of astronomers comparedwith the fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments suggests one reason some particle physicistsare switching to astronomy late in their careers

As of the model year 1998, the government has requiredautomobile manufacturers to install airbags in all passengerautomobiles manufactured for sale in the United States. Theseairbags have been designed to protect people who are notwearing a seatbelt from injury in an accident. One automobileengineer argues that airbags may be causing an increase inaccidents and injuries due to the false sense of security thatairbags give. Drivers are less likely to drive safely and bothdrivers and passengers are less likely to wear a seatbelt in anautomobile equipped with airbags.

24. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens theengineer's argument?

A. The chances of having an automobile accident aremuch greater in large urban areas and for drivers undertwenty-five years of age.

B. Surveys show that a significant proportion of consumerswho purchased automobiles with air bags installed areaware that the airbags could prevent injuries if they shouldnot be wearing a seatbelt.

C. The rate of automobile accidents and related injuriesper year involving cars manufactured since model year1998 is no greater than that involving cars manufactured inthe ten preceding years.

D. State laws requiring seatbelt use have significantlydecreased the number of fatalities resulting from trafficaccidents.

E. Before the government required airbags in newvehicles, there were fewer accidents per registered vehiclein the United States.

49. Young basketball players in the National BasketballAssociation lack big-game experience to such a large extentas to make it difficult to feature them in a professional leaguebecoming ever more dependent on tournament play.

A. lack big-game experience to such a large extent as tomake it difficult to feature them in a professional leaguebecoming

B. lack big-game experience to a large enough extent thatthey will be difficult to feature in a professional's leaguebecoming

C. lack of big-game experience is so large as to be difficultto feature them in the professional league that becomes

D. are lacking so much in big-game experience as to bedifficult to feature into a professional league becoming

E. are so lacking in big-game experience that it will bedifficult to feature them in a professional league becoming

The psychology of crowds has come under increasing scrutiny.Masses of people jammed into a too-small space tend toexhibit stampede-like behaviors-no matter the time or place.Interestingly, the results of this new understanding may explaina historic event: the Battle of Agincourt. On October 25, 1415, asmall English force of less than 9,000 troops and archers faceda French army that, by some accounts, numbered 50,000. Asubstantial proportion of the French were fully armored knights.But when these two forces clashed, the English won, sufferingonly modest casualties while delivering devastating losses tothe French. Using modern understanding of crowd dynamicsand computer simulations, contemporary researchers have newideas that explain the outcome of the battle.

The French numbers contributed to overcrowding on the field-anarrow plot of recently ploughed land bordered by thick forest.English archers quickly realized that their arrows could notpenetrate the French knights' heavy armor, so they aimed atthe horses instead. As the horses fell, dismounted knightscontinued on foot, joining the French foot soldiers and crowdingthe field. At the same time, French soldiers from behind pressedup against their cohorts at the front. At some point, researcherssuspect, a stampede effect took over, as soldiers from behindtrampled those caught in front. As a result, researchers nowbelieve that the high French casualties were more likely causedby the crushing and smothering effects of a stampeding crowdrather than the military superiority of English troops.

26. It can be inferred from this passage that

A. human responses to overcrowding vary.

B. the French may have been better positioned to win hadthey attacked with a smaller force.

C. computers will replace on-the-ground examination inhistorical research.

D. crowd behavior has evolved in pace with an expandingworld population.

E. the English victory at the Battle of Agincourt can be bestexplained as a matter of luck.

27. The author most likely mentions the knights being"dismounted" in order to

A. create sympathy for the loss of horses at Agincourt.

B. provide an example of superior English tactics in thebattle.

C. paint a dramatic portrait of the confusion and chaos ofmedieval combat.

D. underscore the difficulties faced by all medieval armiesin the face of enemy archers.

E. explain how falling horses aggravated the conditionsthat led to the French defeat.

28. Which statement, if true, would most weaken the conclusiondrawn in the second paragraph?

A. An investigation using period armor and battlefield soilreveals that many French knights probably drowned inthick mud.

B. A compilation of firsthand accounts convincinglydemonstrates that considerable numbers of French knightssurvived the battle.

C. The computer algorithms used to calculate theovercrowding effects at Agincourt in 1415 were based onbehavior studies done on college students in 2010.

D. An archeological study suggests that the Englishdeliberately shaped the battlefield with trenches that wouldcreate an overcrowding effect.

E. Research suggests that computer simulations of historicevents lack credibility.

29. The group of athletes were thrilled to be participating in thenational championships.

A. The group of athletes were thrilled to be participating inthe national championships.

B. The group of athletes were thrilled to be participants ofthe national championships.

C. The group of athletes was thrilled to be participating inthe national championships.

D. Groups of athletes were thrilled to be participating in thechampionships of the nation.

E. Groups of athletes was thrilled to participate in thenational championships.

This year, the athletes at Starvard University performed worseon the speed and agility test than their counterparts did lastyear. Some observers say that funding cuts are behind thedisappointing results. Starvard received less state funding forits strength and conditioning program this year, and as a result,the athletes worked out with worn equipment and received lessindividualized attention than in previous years.

30. Which of the following, if true, best supports the explanationoffered by the observers for the athletes' performance?

A. Athletes at other schools in the same state as Starvardalso performed more poorly on the speed and agility testthis year than last year.

B. Schools other than Starvard experienced drops in statefunding comparable to Starvard's.

C. Academic performance of students at Starvardimproved from last year.

D. The test that the athletes at Starvard took this year wasidentical to the test that the athletes took last year.

E. No new coaches were hired this year at Starvard.

31. According to researchers who developed it, a newcomputer-based system for early diagnosis of heart attacks,which give the physician immediate access to three-dimensional color graphics, will save lives and improve thesurvival chances of others.

A. According to researchers who developed it, a newcomputer-based system for early diagnosis of heartattacks, which give the physician immediate access tothree-dimensional color graphics, will save lives andimprove the survival chances of others.

B. According to researchers who developed it, a newcomputer-based system for early diagnosis of heartattacks will save lives and improve the survival chancesof others, which gives the physician immediate access tothree-dimensional color graphics.

C. According to researchers who developed it, a newcomputer-based system for early diagnosis of heartattacks, which gives the physician immediate accessto three-dimensional color graphics, will save lives andimprove the survival chances of others.

D. According to researchers who developed it, a newcomputer-based system for early diagnosis of heartattacks, which gives the physician immediate accessto graphic three-dimensional colors, will save lives andimprove the survival chances of others.

E. According to researchers who developed it, a newcomputer-based system for early diagnosis of heartattacks, which gives the physician immediate access tothree-dimensional color graphics, will save the lives ofothers and improve the survival chances.

The California ground squirrel must constantly balancethe conflicting demands of self-preservation and predatorassessment. Because predator assessment requires a fairlyhigh degree of proximity and sensory contact, the groundsquirrel can only safely assess predators from whom thereis little to no immediate threat. For example, when avianpredators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle,launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservationmust take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge.Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediatedanger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity forpredator assessment.

Predator assessment might normally be hampered by theinherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But whilesquirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake'sdiet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes.Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in markedcontrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though arattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move muchfaster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebiteis mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that conferresistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels willgenerally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal toa grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are mostsusceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodiescannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom.

This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to changethe dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationshipand approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire usefulinformation regarding size and body temperature. Largersnakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally moredangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster,from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visualcues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the

surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cuesare generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrelwill engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwingin an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax thesnake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake'srattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and bodytemperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel toaccurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups,but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (orlack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging.

32. Which of the following can most reasonably be concludedabout adult ground squirrels on the basis of the passage?

A. They are found exclusively in California.

B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom.

C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake'svenom.

D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order toprotect their young.

E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.

33. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrelgenerally does NOT engage in which of the following?

A. The self-application of snake scent

B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size

C. Biting rattlesnakes

D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators

E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels

34. The author mentions the hunting method of rattlesnakes inorder to

A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a groundsquirrel engaged in predator assessment.

B. give an example of an attack against which the adultground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive.

C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten byrattlesnakes.

D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailedhawk and golden eagle.

E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult Californiaground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.

35. The passage suggests which of the following aboutpredator-prey relationships?

A. They only allow for predator assessment when there isno danger from the predator.

B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predatorassessment.

C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.

D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.

E. They are the same regardless of the species inquestion.

In a recent university newspaper article, the school's athleticdepartment released a statement claiming that contrary torecent charges, the university does not have a funding biasin favor of men's sports. The athletic director confirmed thatwhen a new women's lacrosse program was funded, a men'slacrosse program was subsequently introduced for funding, buthe claimed that this was not a show of bias. Instead, he arguedthat these actions reflect the university's commitment to equallyfinancing men's and women's athletic programs.

36. The answer to which of the following would be most usefulin assessing the validity of the athletic director's claim?

A. Did the university establish a lacrosse program basedon requests from the student population?

B. Did the coach for the women's lacrosse program comefrom a school that did not have a men's lacrosse team?

C. Is the newly added women's lacrosse program requiredto share funding with the men's program?

D. Has attendance at university athletic events beendropping steadily over the last two years?

E. Has the university established an additional women'sathletic program whenever an additional men's athleticprogram has been added?

For over a millennium, the Alps have stood as a solid rampartinhibiting European travel and trade. Before the EuropeanUnion (EU) effectively erased the economic borders betweenthe European nations, this wall did not much matter, as thetrade routes were primarily localized. However, with the openingof the continent's economy, Switzerland began to see heavytruck traffic taking a major toll on its delicate highway passes-roads intended more for tourism than for commerce. Thesolution was a constructive one-figuratively and literally: Dig atunnel. Not just any tunnel would do-only the deepest, longest,most technically difficult hole ever bored: the Gotthard BaseTunnel.

At 35 miles long, this new tunnel is four miles longer thanEurope's next longest contender: the Channel Tunnel betweenEngland and France. However, the real achievement of theGotthard Base Tunnel has not been its length as much as itsimpressive depth. The Channel Tunnel is relatively shallow,while the new Swiss tunnel lies 1.2 miles below the mountainrange's surface. Adding to the challenge presented by thenecessary length and depth of the tunnel, the Gotthard massif,the rock formation through which the builders had to drill, is ageological jigsaw puzzle of folded and refolded layers of rock.The effort, although singularly demanding and expensive, willhave a greater payoff economically than most such endeavors.Trucks will no longer need to burn gas grinding over the summitin low gear, as they will be replaced by fast, direct-route freighttrains. high-speed electric passenger trains, outfitted to carrymassive tons of cargo, will zip across the level tracks at 155miles per hour. Also important for the Swiss economy, the roadthat snakes over the remote Gotthard Pass will once againbe the province of tourists, preserved forever from the heavytrucks that once posed such a threat to this unparalleled scenicattraction.

37. It can be inferred from this passage that

A. the tunnel may help reduce consumption of fossil fuelsin trade traffic.

B. the Swiss will profit from this tunnel more than the restof Europe.

C. digging through a mountain is easier than tunnelingunder a body of water.

D. tourism is a very small part of Switzerland's economy.

E. the European Union forced Switzerland to build theGotthard Base Tunnel.

38. The author most likely mentions the mountain's "folded andrefolded layers of rock" in order to

A. discourage others from attempting similar feats.

B. provide one example of a factor that facilitatedconstruction.

C. describe in detail how the geology of the Gotthardmassif was formed.

D. underscore the difficulty of this engineeringachievement.

E. explain the techniques employed in drilling the GotthardBase Tunnel.

39. Which statement, if true, would most strengthen the author'sargument that the Gotthard Base Tunnel solution was ""aconstructive one-figuratively and literally""?

A. Polls indicate that tourists miss driving over the scenicmountain passes-although not enough to avoid taking thetrains through the tunnel instead.

B. The tunnel will require the same level of upkeep as thehighway passes.

C. A study shows that improving the roads of the Gotthardmassif would have been cheaper than digging the tunnel.

D. The tunnel has generated an explosion of new revenuefrom increased tourism and commerce.

E. Research suggests that in 50 years, the highwaypasses will need to be improved anyway, despite thepresence of the tunnel.

40. Of all the possible threats that affect American nationalsecurity, the possibility of electromagnetic attack is maybe themore difficult for analysis.

A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis

B. is probably the most difficult to analyze

C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis

D. is probably the more difficult to analyze

E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

A recent poll taken at the nation's three-largest businessschools found that more than 85 percent of their studentsintended to pursue a position at a banking or investment firm.Based on the results of this survey, the dean of Zaken BusinessSchool concluded that the market for management positionsin the banking and investment sector would become flooded inthe next few years and that students should be encouraged topursue careers with technology or military consulting firms.

41. Which of the following statements, if true, would mostdamage the dean's conclusion?

A. The poll included more than 7,000 respondentsrepresenting all major age categories.

B. Responses for the poll were received from everystudent attending the three-largest business schools.

C. Students at the three-largest business schools aremuch more likely to be interested in working for bankingor investment firms than are students at other businessschools.

D. Admissions at the three-largest business schools haveincreased by over 50 percent in the last five years.

E. All respondents received a one-year subscription toMBA Times magazine as a thank-you for completing thepoll.

Spokesperson: At a recent meeting of the National CollegiateAthletic Association, member universities agreed to test theirathletes for illegal steroid use by employing frequent randomdrug screenings. Workplace data show that instituting randomdrug tests can reduce drug use by employees by as much as73 percent in only three years. Because all participating schoolswill enforce these drug screenings, we can expect to see ourcurrent steroid use rate of 12 per 100 students drop to just over3 per 100 students in three years.

42. The spokesperson's argument depends on which of thefollowing assumptions?

A. Universities concerned with illegal drug use in theirathletics departments already have a drug-screeningpolicy in effect.

B. The cost to many member universities of the new drug-testing policy is as much as 10 percent of their athleticsbudget.

C. A rate of 3 in 100 students using steroids is better forsports teams than a rate of 12 per 100 students usingsteroids.

D. Collegiate athletes will not be able to use steroids thatgo undetected by typical drug screenings.

E. The National Collegiate Athletic Association will onlyinstitute the new drug screening policy for three years.

The term biomimicry surfaces frequently in scientific circlesto describe a method of using lessons from nature to maketechnological progress. In recent years, human beings havelearned to replicate the strategies of animals in order to improvethe efficiency of products. However, biomimicry is not aninvention of modern scientists but is of the natural world itself.To escape perceived threats and to help ensure speciessurvival, some animals rely on their ability to adopt or mimic theappearance of another species and thus trick their predatorsinto thinking that they are something else.

Some butterflies use biomimicry effectively to ward off predatorswho mistake them for their poisonous cousins: the monarchs.Different species of butterfly can be distinguished by the patternon their wings, and in theory, these patterns alert predatorsto the types of prey that will harm them. The diverse methodsof camouflage have long intrigued animal scientists, but theconcept of biomimicry in general has piqued the interest ofinventors who recognize the value of nature's designs. Abiological mechanism in spiders enables them to produce silkthat is five times stronger than steel, and an equally impressivemechanism unique to the brittle star has the ability to focus lightten times more sharply than a human-made lens.

43. The passage implies that biomimicry in the animal world

A. closely mirrors the human pursuit for technologicalimprovement.

B. is common to animals that exhibit functionally similarbehaviors.

C. serves as a method of interspecies communication.

D. clarifies concepts such as how spiders developedincredibly strong silk.

E. explains why some species are more prone to extinctionthan others.

44. The main purpose of the passage is to

A. describe an animal behavior mechanism aimed at self-defense.

B. rebut those who claim that biomimicry is a humaninvention.

C. describe natural designs that will be used as the basisof technological innovation.

D. show that designs based on the natural world tend to besuperior to more traditional designs.

E. discuss a recent strategy for technological innovationthat is highly similar to a strategy employed by someanimal species.

45. The author states that biomimicry in scientific laboratoriesinvolves

A. tracing the evolution of a specific technological processto an animal behavior.

B. analyzing the effectiveness of a biological process tospecies survival.

C. comparing biological processes in animals and humansto identify functional similarities.

D. modeling natural biological mechanisms and applyingthem to synthetic commodities.

E. studying a natural phenomenon with the intention ofapplying it to human society.

Numerous studies of chemotherapy patients over the lastten years have shown that patients who had regularlyattended support groups or received counseling experiencedsignificantly fewer side effects and shorter recovery timesfrom chemotherapy than did patients who had not. Clearly,although the mainstream scientific community has been slowto acknowledge it, psychological support has an effect on thebody's ability to heal.

46. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen theargument above?

A. The survival rates for chemotherapy patients in thestudy were virtually identical regardless of whether or notthey received support.

B. The patients who did not attend support groups chosenot to do so, even though they were healthy enough toattend.

C. Many medical doctors believe that the mind plays a rolein the causation and prevention of illness.

D. The majority of chemotherapy patients must undergomore than one round of treatment.

E. Some hospitals do not conduct support groups on theirpremises for chemotherapy patients and their families.

47. A new technology does not automatically eliminatepreviously existing technologies; for example, candles are stillwidely used for decoration and for religious rites even withelectric lights being available.

A. even with electric lights being available

B. despite electric lights and their availability

C. in spite of electric lights, which are available

D. in spite of the fact of electric lights being available

E. even though electric lights are available

Any regulatory intervention in a perfectly competitive marketwill distort market forces and result in an inefficient allocationof resources. Therefore, assessing a sales tax on luxury goodsin the United States will result in an inefficient allocation ofresources.

48. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument'sconclusion?

A. Some items are not assessed sales tax.

B. Nations other than the United States allow theimposition of a sales tax on luxury items.

C. The luxury goods market in the United States is notperfectly competitive.

D. The sales tax on a purchase is clearly identified on allsales receipts.

E. Sales taxes help to fund education and public worksinitiatives.

49. Young basketball players in the National BasketballAssociation lack big-game experience to such a large extentas to make it difficult to feature them in a professional leaguebecoming ever more dependent on tournament play.

A. lack big-game experience to such a large extent as tomake it difficult to feature them in a professional leaguebecoming

B. lack big-game experience to a large enough extent thatthey will be difficult to feature in a professional's leaguebecoming

C. lack of big-game experience is so large as to be difficultto feature them in the professional league that becomes

D. are lacking so much in big-game experience as to bedifficult to feature into a professional league becoming

E. are so lacking in big-game experience that it will bedifficult to feature them in a professional league becoming