Broadcasting a professional football game allows manymembers of the public to see the game free of charge,and these broadcasts generally do not affect ticket sales.The team owner of a small arena football team has decided toincrease interest in the team by transmitting the games over theInternet. Owners of other sports teams have disagreed with thisaction, contending that fans of the arena team will not wantto attend games if they can instead watch the games on theInternet. However, the arena team owner believes that fansmay become interested in the team by seeing the games on theInternet, and these individuals will be more likely to purchasetickets.

1. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface playwhich of the following roles?

A. The first is a justification that is opposed by the arenateam owner's conclusion; the second is that conclusion.

B. The first recognizes a factor that supports the arenateam owner's plan; the second is a consideration again ofthat plan.

C. The first is a forecast in support of the arena teamowner; the second is data against that forecast.

D. The first is a system of causality that the arena teamowner predicts will be applicable to the situation at hand;the second is a general principle that the arena teamowner believes is factual.

E. The first is data that strengthens the strategy of thearena team owner; the second represents a pattern ofcausality that validates the strategy.

Numerous studies of chemotherapy patients over the lastten years have shown that patients who had regularlyattended support groups or received counseling experiencedsignificantly fewer side effects and shorter recovery timesfrom chemotherapy than did patients who had not. Clearly,although the mainstream scientific community has been slowto acknowledge it, psychological support has an effect on thebody's ability to heal.

2. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen theargument above?

A. The survival rates for chemotherapy patients in thestudy were virtually identical regardless of whether or notthey received support.

B. The patients who did not attend support groups chosenot to do so, even though they were healthy enough toattend.

C. Many medical doctors believe that the mind plays a rolein the causation and prevention of illness.

D. The majority of chemotherapy patients must undergomore than one round of treatment.

E. Some hospitals do not conduct support groups on theirpremises for chemotherapy patients and their families.

For service-minded medical practitioners working ineconomically fragile regions, podoconiosis is an especiallyfrustrating disease because it disfigures and debilitatessufferers yet is easily prevented by the simplest of precautions:wearing closed shoes. The effects of podoconiosis, also calledmossy foot or bigfoot disease, are very similar to those ofelephantiasis, but its etiology differs. Whereas the causes ofelephantiasis include infection and infestation by parasitic filarialworms, podoconiosis results when susceptible individuals walkbarefoot on volcanic soils containing silica microparticles. Incultures where subsistence farmers work barefooted in volcanicsoils, these microparticles slowly work their way into the fleshof the feet. Early symptoms manifest when sufferers are in theirteens, beginning with swelling of the extremities, which mayitch or burn, as microparticles begin to obstruct the lymphaticsystem, leading gradually to fibrosis.

Untreated, podoconiosis advances through stages whosenames describe the appearance of the feet and lowerlegs-water bag, rubbery, wooden-until the limbs becomehyperkeratotic, the epidermis thickened and hardened suchthat patients cannot walk without pain. Treatment varieswith the stage of progression. Elevation and compressionreduce swelling in the water bag stage, but surgery to removeexcess skin and tissue, following by grafting of the newly barearea, is necessary at the more advanced stages; however,opinions on effectiveness vary. Because most sufferers livein remote locations, the disease tends to have progressedbefore treatment is available. Because the disease causesdisfigurement and pain, patients may become reclusive,dependent on others for care, and even socially ostracized.

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author wouldagree that

A. victims of this disease have brought their suffering onthemselves.

B. an emphasis on prevention of this disease is morepractical than an emphasis on treatment.

C. subsistence economies tend to promote disease ingeneral.

D. more medical practitioners should travel to areas wherethis disease occurs to treat sufferers.

E. farming in volcanic soils is a practice that should beabandoned.

4. The author most likely refers to elephantiasis in order to

A. provide a frame of reference to better understand thenature of podoconiosis.

B. highlight the differences in the symptoms of the twodiseases.

C. warn that similar symptoms can be caused by differentconditions.

D. encourage pity for podoconiosis victims because bothdiseases cause suffering.

E. emphasize that elephantiasis is more common thanpodoconiosis.

5. The author would most likely support which of the followingplans of action as a humane and cost-effective way to addresspodoconiosis?

A. Perform further research on the causes ofpodoconiosis.

B. Settle the debate over the efficacy of surgical treatmentfor podoconiosis.

C. Engage in intervention to lessen the occurrence ofpodoconiosis.

D. Encourage sufferers to resume social and economicactivities in their communities.

E. Educate the populations in industrialized nations aboutthe risks of this disease.

According to the mayor, the average decibel level during peaktraffic hours in this city has risen dramatically over the last tenyears. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs willgreatly lower the amount of sound during this time.

10. The mayor's claim relies on which of the followingassumptions?

A. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs will notcost an excessive amount.

B. Over the last few years, there has not been asubstantial change in the number of city taxicabs.

C. City taxicab drivers often use their horns during non-peak traffic hours.

D. Taxicab horns cause almost all of the sound heardduring peak traffic hours.

E. City police do not issue tickets to every taxicab driverwho unnecessarily uses the taxicab's horn.

7. Powered primarily by uranium fission, Oppenheimer andhis contemporaries had developed the nuclear weapons thatprecipitated both the end of World War II and the beginning ofthe Cold War.

A. Oppenheimer and his contemporaries had developedthe nuclear weapons that precipitated both the end ofWorld War II and

B. the nuclear weapons developed by Oppenheimer andhis contemporaries precipitated both the end of World WarII or

C. Oppenheimer and his contemporaries developed thenuclear weapons that precipitated both the end of WorldWar II or

D. the nuclear weapons were developed by Oppenheimerand his contemporaries and precipitated both the end ofWorld War II and also

E. the nuclear weapons developed by Oppenheimer andhis contemporaries precipitated both the end of World WarII and

The federal funds rate (FFR) is the rate of interest at which theUnited States Federal Reserve lends money to U.S. banks andother depository institutions. The FFR was recently lowered,and banks began to loan money at very low interest rates,resulting in an abnormally high level of domestic consumer andcommercial debt. The Federal Reserve has announced that itwill gradually increase the FFR to its previous level. As the FFRincreases, domestic consumer and commercial interest ratesand debt will return to their previous levels.

8. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on theprediction above?

A. Mortgage rates often change in anticipation of changesto the FFR.

B. Easy and inexpensive access to capital allowed manybusinesses to increase capacity, leading to lower levels ofunemployment.

C. According to standard monetary policy, a low FFR cansoften the effects of a recession.

D. Instability in international capital markets, which drivesmoney into the United States and lowers interest rates, islikely to increase in the near future.

E. The government is already considering placing stricterlegal limits on lending practices.

9. Unlike carob, raw cocoa's flavor is quite bitter, requiring largeamounts of sugar and fat to achieve a rich taste in the finishedproduct.

A. carob, raw cocoa's flavor is quite bitter

B. carob, the flavor of raw cocoa is quite bitter

C. carob, raw cocoa has a quite bitter flavor

D. that of carob, cocoa has a flavor that is quite bitter

E. that of carob, bitter is raw cocoa's flavor

According to the mayor, the average decibel level during peaktraffic hours in this city has risen dramatically over the last tenyears. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs willgreatly lower the amount of sound during this time.

10. The mayor's claim relies on which of the followingassumptions?

A. Removing the horns from all of the city taxicabs will notcost an excessive amount.

B. Over the last few years, there has not been asubstantial change in the number of city taxicabs.

C. City taxicab drivers often use their horns during non-peak traffic hours.

D. Taxicab horns cause almost all of the sound heardduring peak traffic hours.

E. City police do not issue tickets to every taxicab driverwho unnecessarily uses the taxicab's horn.

11. Despite his historic reputation as an aggressive risk taker,Anatoly Karpov is deemed the ultimate positional player bysome chess masters.

A. Despite his historic reputation as an aggressive risktaker, Anatoly Karpov is deemed the ultimate positionalplayer by some chess masters.

B. Despite his reputation as an aggressive risk taker,Anatoly Karpov is historically deemed the ultimatepositional player by some chess masters.

C. Despite Anatoly Karpov's historic reputation as anaggressive risk taker, he is deemed by some chessmasters to be the ultimate positional player.

D. Although he is historically regarded as an aggressiverisk taker, some chess masters deem Anatoly Karpov asthe ultimate positional player.

E. Although his reputation is historically regarded as anaggressive risk taker, Anatoly Karpov is deemed as beingthe ultimate positional player by some chess masters.

12. The anteater owes its name to its diet of ants and termites,which it artfully hunts by digging with its sharp claws and dartingtongue, and which meet all of its dietary needs.

A. its diet of ants and termites, which it artfully hunts bydigging with its sharp claws and darting tongue, and whichmeet all of its dietary needs

B. its diet of ants and termites, which the animalartfully hunts and digs up with its sharp claws anddarting tongue, thereby meeting all of its dietary needs

C. the fact its diet consists of ants and termites, which theanimal artfully hunts and digs up with its sharp claws anddarting tongue, thereby meeting all of its dietary needs

D. the fact that the animal digs up ants and termites,having consumed them with its sharp claws and dartingtongue, to meet its dietary need

E. the artful hunting of ants and termites that are dug up bythe animal and consumed with its sharp claws and dartingtongue to meet all of its dietary needs

African exploration in the late nineteenth century is almostentirely a story of white males: scientists, traders andmissionaries. Mary Henrietta Kingsley stands out as anexception.

Ostensibly, Kingsley planned her first trip to Africa so she couldconduct research on fetishes and complete the academictreatise her father, an explorer, had begun. Privately, Kingsleytold a friend she was traveling to Africa "to die," though she haddreamt of such an adventure since childhood. Nevertheless,she prepared for the trip carefully, interviewing friends, doctors,missionaries, and former explorers, all of whom advised her notto make the trek. Kingsley was undaunted and set off for WestAfrica carrying only £300, and chemicals and specimencases designed to collect samples of unknown fish and insectsfor the British Museum.

Kingsley sailed the coast, finally putting in at the mouth of theCongo. Recognizing that the natives were naturally suspiciousof Europeans traveling without an obvious purpose, Kingsleypurchased cloth and other goods in the port and traveled inlandfor six months as a trader, exchanging goods for food andshelter along the way. During this and her second trip in 1895,Kingsley demonstrated resourcefulness in dealing with suchchallenges as rescuing a native from cannibals, defeatinga leopard with a bucket of water, learning to pilot a nativecanoe up the Ogooue River, and becoming the first whitewoman and third "Englishman" to climb the 14,435 foot MountCameroon. Upon her return to London, Kingsley campaignedfor an enlightened African policy, published her bookTravels inWest Africa and advocated a forum for the serious ethnologicalstudy of Africa. Kingsley's third trip was to Cape Town duringthe 1900 Boer War. There she encountered an epidemic ofdysentery, volunteered to nurse prisoners of war, contractedtyphoid, and died.

13. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A. To demonstrate that even the most seasoned Africanexplorers are at risk due to disease.

B. To outline the early history of African exploration.

C. To establish the need for a more tolerant colonial policy

in 19 th century England.

D. To discuss the achievements of one female explorer.

E. To argue that the contributions made by womenexplorers in Africa were as important as those made bymen.

14. The author suggests that Mary Kingsley may have gone toAfrica for each of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. to serve as an Anglican missionary

B. to complete her father's fetish research

C. to fulfill a childhood dream

D. to collect specimens of fish and insects for the BritishMuseum

E. to die

15. Mary Kingsley's reason for purchasing cloth and othersupplies at the mouth of the Congo was:

A. to be able to trade for food and shelter along the way

B. to earn extra money to finance her trip

C. to assuage the natives' concerns over her motives

D. to acquire examples of fetish sculptures for her father'sresearch

E. to acquaint the natives with European goods

16. Why does the author insert the anecdotes about Kingsley'stravels in paragraph three?

A. To show that she was not afraid of wild beasts.

B. To compare the obstacles faced by female travelerswith those faced by male explorers of the day.

C. To entice you into reading Kinsley's best-selling bookTravels in West Africa.

D. To emphasize the dangers Mary faced in her travels.

E. To illustrate Kingsley's ability to conquer a variety ofchallenges.

17. Christopher Columbus, though long regarded as beingthe discoverer of North America or the American Continents,was the subject of recent conjecture that he was not the firstEuropean to land on the continent so often associated with him.

A. as being the discoverer of North America or theAmerican Continents, was the subject of recent conjecturethat he was not the first European to land on the continentso often associated with

B. the discoverer of North America or the AmericanContinents, has been the subject of recent conjecture thathe was not the first European to land on the continent sooften associated to

C. as the discoverer of North America or the AmericanContinents, has been the subject of recent conjecture thathe was not the first European to land on the continent sooften associated with

D. to be the discoverer of North America or the AmericanContinents, was the subject of recent conjecture that hewas not the first European to land on the continent sooften associated with

E. to be the discoverer of North America, was recentlythe subject of conjecture that he had not been the firstEuropean to land on the continent so often associated to

The anaerobic threshold, or AT, is the level of effort at whichlactate begins to accumulate in the bloodstream. Running orperforming other exercise at one's AT leads to physiologicalchanges that enable the body to process more oxygen, andso increases the AT for future exercise. For a recent study,subjects spent at least 20 minutes at a time running at AT, atleast three days per week. All subjects showed increases inoxygen-processing ability, with the greatest increases observedamong those who spent the greatest number of minutes at AT.

18. If the statements above are true, then which of the followingcan be inferred on their basis?

A. Competitive runners and recreational runners willrespond to anaerobic threshold training in the same way.

B. Runners who substitute anaerobic threshold trainingfor some long, slow runs should expect improvements inperformance.

C. Some subjects in the study spent more than an houreach week at anaerobic threshold.

D. The relationship between lactate accumulation andperformance is well understood.

E. Lactate accumulation causes the physiological changesthat lead to improved oxygen processing ability.

19. Overwhelmed by tropical diseases and unfamiliar weather, itwas not unusual for the first British regiments posted to India tolose by deserting or from death so many troops that they wereunable to perform their duties.

A. it was not unusual for the first British regiments postedto India to lose by deserting or from death so many troopsthat they were unable to perform their duties

B. it was not unusual for the first British regiments postedto India to lose to desertion and death so many troops thatthose remaining were unable to perform the regiment'sduties

C. the first British regiments posted to India often lost somany troops to desertion and death that those remainingwere unable to perform the regiment's duties

D. the first British regiments posted to India often lost somany troops by deserting and death that those remainingwere unable to perform their duties

E. the first British regiments posted to India often lost somany troops by deserting and to death that they wereunable to perform the regiment's duties

20. Despite the negative expectations of many financialanalysts, demand for the new cell phone was so great that itsold out only after a day of sales.

A. so great that it sold out only after a day of sales

B. so great that it was sold out after only a day of sales

C. so great that only after a day of sales it sold out

D. great enough that it sold out only after a day of sales

E. great enough that it was sold out after only a day ofsales

21. To run for public office is to invite scrutiny, not only becausevoters have a legitimate interest in the character of theirrepresentative, but also because party politics are inherentlyadversarial.

A. To run for public office is to invite scrutiny, not onlybecause voters have a legitimate interest in the characterof their representative, but also because

B. To run for public office is inviting scrutiny, not onlybecause voters have a legitimate interest in the characterof their representative, but also because

C. Running for public office is inviting scrutiny, becausenot only voters have a legitimate interest in the characterof their representative, but also

D. Running for public office is to invite scrutiny, not onlybecause voters have a legitimate interest in the characterof their representative, and also

E. Running for public office is to invite scrutiny, not onlybecause voters have a legitimate interest in the characterof their representative, but because

Most public employee unions in County X endorse CandidateA, who promises not to cut government-funded social services,but the prison guards' union endorses his opponent, CandidateB, who promises to increase County X's prison capacity. Thisdifference demonstrates that prison guards in County X aremore concerned with matters of crime and punishment thanthey are with social services.

22. Which of the following is an assumption on which theargument above depends?

A. The endorsements made by the prison guards' unionaccurately reflect the political concerns of its members.

B. Prison guards have a more realistic view of the threatposed by criminals than do other public employees.

C. Candidate A and Candidate B differ in their positions ona range of other issues.

D. Public employee unions generally place the economicinterests of their members ahead of the wider public good.

E. It is in the economic interest of most public employeesthat government funding for social services be preserved.

23. Of all the possible threats that affect American nationalsecurity, the possibility of electromagnetic attack is maybe themore difficult for analysis.

A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis

B. is probably the most difficult to analyze

C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis

D. is probably the more difficult to analyze

E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

In an effort to reduce the burden on a local landfill, SantaCristina Grocery has announced that it will soon removedisposable plastic bags from check-out lanes and rely solelyupon paper bags and reusable bags.

24. The answer to which question below would be LEASTimportant in determining how well the policy will serve its statedend?

A. Are paper bags more expensive than plastic bags?

B. How are paper bags disposed of?

C. How many of Santa Cristina's customers live in the areaserved by the landfill?

D. Do Santa Cristina's customers reuse plastic grocerybags for purposes that would otherwise require thepurchase of plastic bags?

E. Which places a greater burden on the landfill, plasticbags or paper bags?

Although many people in the United States enjoy taking dailybaths, taking a bath wastes water and is not ecologicallyfriendly. An average bath requires 30 to 50 gallons of water,whereas a four-minute shower uses only 20 gallons of water, or10 gallons if a low-flow showerhead has been installed. Thus,U.S. citizens should take showers instead of baths in order toreduce depletion of the planet's precious water resources.

25. This argument is predicated on which of the followingassumptions?

A. In the United States, total showers taken consume lesswater than total baths taken.

B. The cost of water has risen over the last few yearsbecause of the increasing scarcity of water.

C. Bath taking has become more popular as people lookfor new ways to reduce stress and relax.

D. Showers are rarely longer than four minutes.

E. Many United States' citizens are not concerned withecology and value personal preference over environmentalbenefit.

26. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same way theyapply to established economies, because they are developingand are not in equilibrium.

A. Formulas for gross domestic product and trade balancedo not apply to small, emergent economies in the sameway they apply to established economies, because theyare developing and are not in equilibrium

B. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,formulas for gross domestic product and trade balance donot apply to small, emergent economies in the same waythey apply to established economies

C. Because they are developing and are not in equilibrium,small, emergent economies are not subject to the sameapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance as established economies

D. Because small, emergent economies are developingand are not in equilibrium, formulas for gross domesticproduct and trade balance do not apply to them in thesame way they apply to established economies

E. Small, emergent economies are not subject to theapplicability of formulas for gross domestic product andtrade balance in the same way as established economies,because they are developing and are not in equilibrium

Last year, the state legislature passed a bedbug control lawthat attempts to halt the spread of bedbugs by aggressivelypolicing hotels and suspending the operations of those foundto have bedbugs. The new law states that hotel premises maybe thoroughly searched at any time if a report of bedbugs inthe hotel is made to the new bedbug prevention commission,or if the commission has any other reason to believe that theremay be bedbugs in the hotel. Consumer protection agenciesapplaud this action, stating that the potential health andfinancial toll of hotel bedbug infestations is a risk against whichthe public must be protected. However, hotel industry groupsvociferously protest the law, predicting that unannouncedinspections will cause tremendous expense to and upheaval intheir businesses.

27. Which of the following is best supported by the passageabove?

A. Previous state consumer protection laws wereineffective in dealing with the hotel bedbug problem.

B. Consumer protection groups, rather than hotel industrygroups, are most able to decide how to best protect thepublic from bedbugs.

C. The bedbug control law conflicts with rights accorded toall businesses in the state.

D. Regulations comparable to the bedbug control law havegreatly reduced the spread of bedbugs in other states.

E. Before the bedbug control law, hotels might not havebeen subject to unannounced searches.

The Piedmont City Council argues that increasing theadmission fee for use of the community pool will allow Piedmontto make significant improvements to the pool facility. Thecouncil points out that at current rates of use, a 20 percentincrease in user fees will provide the capital to replace the agingrestrooms and to add a dedicated diving pool.

28. An answer to which of the following questions would bemost useful in evaluating the council's argument?

A. How have other towns with similar resources financedimprovements to recreational facilities?

B. Is the facility available to users who do not reside inPiedmont?

C. How would the increase in user fees affect rates ofuse?

D. What features are offered by other pools within drivingdistance of Piedmont?

E. What budget does Piedmont have for pools and otherrecreational facilities?

29. Many coast redwoods, or Sequoia sempervirens, oftengrow to more than 300 feet, although the tallest measured, theHyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet.

A. often grow to more than 300 feet, although the tallestmeasured, the Hyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet

B. often grow to more than 300 feet, the tallest measured,the Hyperion Tree, even reaches almost 380 feet

C. grow to more than 300 feet, often, although the tallestmeasured, the Hyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet

D. grow to more than 300 feet, and the tallest measured,the Hyperion Tree, reaches almost 380 feet

E. grow to more than 300 feet, and the Hyperion Tree, thetallest measured, reaches 380 feet almost

30. Hedge funds are so named not because they areparticularly safe, but the investment strategies they exploit wereoriginally developed to manage risk.

A. but the investment strategies they exploit were

B. but also because they exploit investment strategies

C. but because they exploit investment strategies

D. but they exploit investment strategies

E. and also the investment strategies they exploit were

31. One reason some particle physicists are switching toastronomy late in their careers is that they tire of spendingyears constructing environments in which they can conductexperiments; astronomers have an infinite and ready-madesupply of environments at their disposal.

A. One reason some particle physicists are switchingto astronomy late in their careers is that they tire ofspending years constructing environments in which theycan conduct experiments; astronomers have an infiniteand ready-made supply of environments at their disposal

B. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supplyof environments at their disposal

C. Late in their careers, one reason that some particlephysicists are switching to astronomy is suggested by thefact that particle physicists must spend years constructingenvironments in which they can conduct experiments,while an infinite and ready-made supply of environments isat the disposal of astronomers

D. The fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments while astronomers have an infinite and ready-made supply of environments at their disposal is onereason, late in their careers, some particle physicists areswitching to astronomy

E. The existence of an infinite and ready-made supply ofenvironments at the disposal of astronomers comparedwith the fact that particle physicists must spend yearsconstructing environments in which they can conductexperiments suggests one reason some particle physicistsare switching to astronomy late in their careers

To pitch an idea successfully, one has to communicatethe elements of an argument without seeming to argue. Asuccessful pitch sounds more like an extraordinarily briefnarrative than like a syllogism. Therefore, theater training doesmore than debate training in developing the skills necessary topitch an idea.

32. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argumentabove?

A. Successful pitching of an idea requires that the pitcherand his or her audience share a common set of culturalreferences.

B. Neither acting nor debating develops the ability topresent an argument as though it is a story.

C. Pitching an idea is an increasingly important skill evenoutside of the entertainment industry.

D. The most effective way to develop one's ability to pitchan idea is by practicing humorous expository speaking.

E. Training in improvisational theater teaches one toregard interruptions and challenges as opportunities, anelement of successful idea pitching.

33. As soon as regulators are able to require a significantradiation waste-level reduction without it impeding cost-effectivemethods, nuclear reactors will become a viable option for statesand nations seeking alternative power sources.

A. As soon as regulators are able to require a significantradiation waste-level reduction without it impeding cost-effective methods

B. As soon as regulators are able to require a significantradiation waste-level reduction without impeding cost-effective methods

C. As soon as regulators are able to require a significantradiation waste-level reduction without impeding methodsthat are cost-effective

D. As soon as regulators may reduce radiation waste-levels significantly without it acting as an impediment tocost-effective methods

E. As soon as regulators may reduce radiation waste-levels significantly without it impeding cost-effectivemethods

34. Modern economics has determined that long-termeconomic growth is likely a consequence not of spending by thegovernment or executing good monetary policy, but favorablecorporate tax policy that allows for increased hiring, stable cashflows, and long-term planning.

A. spending by the government or executing goodmonetary policy, but

B. spending by the government or executing goodmonetary policy, but that of

C. stimulus spending or executing good monetary policy,but

D. stimulus spending or the execution of good monetarypolicy, but of

E. stimulus spending or the execution of good monetarypolicy, but

35. One attribute of the best professional football teams is thatthey have a tendency to focus more training time on a smaller,simpler set of a number of offensive plays as opposed to otherteams.

A. that they have a tendency to focus more training timeon a smaller, simpler set of a number of offensive plays asopposed to

B. that they have a tendency to have focused greatertraining time on practicing a smaller, simpler set of anumber offensive plays than is the case with

C. they tend to focus more training time on practicing asmaller, simpler set of a number of offensive plays thantoward

D. the tendency to focus a greater amount of training timeon practicing a simple and small set of offensive plays asopposed to

E. that they tend to focus more training time on a smaller,simpler set of offensive plays than do

A severe accident that destroyed an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexicohas led to a large drop in oil drilling and production. Thewholesale price of unrefined crude oil has risen significantly andis not likely to decrease in the near future. As such, the retailprice of home heating oil is guaranteed to increase within threemonths.

36. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens theargument above?

A. Consumers may use other fuels to heat their homes ifthe price of heating oil increases.

B. The owner of the destroyed rig is able to move a newrig to the Gulf of Mexico.

C. Light crude oil will be affected more significantly thandark crude oil.

D. The price of home heating oil has dropped every yearfor the past four years.

E. The vast majority of home heating oil that will be sold bywholesalers to consumers over the next three months waspurchased at a price that was fixed more than a year priorto the rig explosion.

37. As indicated by a large research study of over 10,000employed women, the percentage of women serving as the solewage earners in their households will increase by three timeswithin the next ten years.

A. will increase by three times

B. is likely to triple

C. are likely to increase by three times

D. are likely to triple

E. will increase three times

38. Snake oil is commonly known as an example of poisondisguised as medicine because of such issues as unsafe sideeffects, terrible flavors, and lacking an effectiveness at treatingany of the maladies it claimed to cure.

A. lacking an effectiveness

B. because it was ineffective

C. being ineffective

D. an ineffectiveness

E. that they were ineffective

Adult citizens of the United States should commit moreof their free time to exercising. Most U.S. citizens learnadult exercise habits in childhood from their parents, andstudies show that during the era in which most adultscurrently between the ages of 25 and 65 were living withtheir parents, national exercise patterns were far fromadequate to sustain overall good health. In fact, currentresearch shows that more than half of adult U.S citizensare overweight, and only a minority can meet basicphysical fitness benchmarks. If these inactive adults do notadopt better exercise habits, they will notice a decreasein their mobility and overall health over time, and they willjeopardize their abilities to work and to engage in basicphysical activities.

39. In the argument above, the two portions in boldface playwhich of the following roles?

A. The first is data that the author believes has beendisregarded in the present circumstance; the seconddescribes that circumstance.

B. The first provides the background for the author's mainargument; the second is that argument.

C. The first provides facts to strengthen the author'sconclusion; the second provides proof as to the veracity ofthese facts.

D. The first provides background for the current situation;the second is a forecast based on that situation.

E. The first is data that weakens the author's main point;the second is that main point.

The price of a good and the demand for its substitutes aredirectly related. An increase in the price of a good leads to anincrease in the demand for its substitutes. Conversely, when theprice of a good drops, the demand for its substitutes drops.

40. Which of the following statements provides an example ofthe relationship described above?

A. An increase in the price of computer terminals leads toan increase in the demand for keyboards.

B. An increase in the price of running shoes leads to anincrease in the demand for running shorts.

C. A decrease in the price of olive oil leads to an increasein the price of canola oil.

D. A decrease in the price of hotdogs leads to a decreasein the demand for buns.

E. A decrease in the price of Cola X leads to a decrease inthe demand for Cola Y.

A company sells audio books in two forms: CDs anddownloads. Last year, the company's CD sales totaled $10million and their download sales totaled $6 million. This year,the company's CD sales will be $9 million and their downloadsales will be $7 million. An industry analyst predicts that thecompany's profits will decline, because downloads typically sellfor less than CDs.

41. The analyst's prediction is based on which of the followingassumptions?

A. Audio books in both forms are easy for customers tocopy and share, depriving the company of revenue.

B. The company's shift to download sales is too gradual tokeep pace with changing customer preferences.

C. The slight shift from CDs to downloaded audio booksconfers no market advantage.

D. The low cost of publishing audio books invitescompetition and makes it difficult for the company to makea profit.

E. The cost of producing and distributing downloads is notsignificantly less than the cost of producing and distributingCDs.

The California ground squirrel must constantly balancethe conflicting demands of self-preservation and predatorassessment. Because predator assessment requires a fairlyhigh degree of proximity and sensory contact, the groundsquirrel can only safely assess predators from whom thereis little to no immediate threat. For example, when avianpredators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle,launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservationmust take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge.Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediatedanger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity forpredator assessment.

Predator assessment might normally be hampered by theinherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But whilesquirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake'sdiet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes.Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in markedcontrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though arattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move muchfaster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebiteis mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that conferresistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels willgenerally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal toa grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are mostsusceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodiescannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom.

This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to changethe dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationshipand approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire usefulinformation regarding size and body temperature. Largersnakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally moredangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster,from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visualcues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the

surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cuesare generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrelwill engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwingin an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax thesnake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake'srattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and bodytemperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel toaccurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups,but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (orlack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging.

42. Which of the following can most reasonably be concludedabout adult ground squirrels on the basis of the passage?

A. They are found exclusively in California.

B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom.

C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake'svenom.

D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order toprotect their young.

E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.

43. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrelgenerally does NOT engage in which of the following?

A. The self-application of snake scent

B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size

C. Biting rattlesnakes

D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators

E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels

44. The author mentions the hunting method of rattlesnakes inorder to

A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a groundsquirrel engaged in predator assessment.

B. give an example of an attack against which the adultground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive.

C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten byrattlesnakes.

D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailedhawk and golden eagle.

E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult Californiaground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.

45. The passage suggests which of the following aboutpredator-prey relationships?

A. They only allow for predator assessment when there isno danger from the predator.

B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predatorassessment.

C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.

D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.

E. They are the same regardless of the species inquestion.

This year on Island Z, boat building companies have stoppedpurchasing raw materials, their laborers are struggling to findwork for long patches of time, and specialists such as sonar andradio technicians are making a living off retrofitting old boats.Clearly, there must be fewer new boating enthusiasts visiting orrelocating to Island Z than ever before.

46. Which of the following, if true, best undermines the aboveconclusion?

A. The costs of raw boat materials such as wood andfiberglass have fallen over the past 12 months.

B. Purchases of other durable goods such as cars andhomes have held near historic averages during the past 12months.

C. Island Z recently imported dozens of boats after itsgovernment removed a long standing import tariff onnautical vessels.

D. The median length of a new vessel has increasedgreatly over the last few years.

E. New boater registration on Island Z was up five percentthis year and only two percent last year.

47. According to a survey conducted by the schooladministration, incoming seniors planning to attend collegeprefer not only rigorous courses, like honors and advancedplacement courses, over those that require less work but alsoscience and math courses over those in the humanities.

A. like honors and advanced placement courses, overthose that require less work but also science and mathcourses over

B. such as honors and advanced placement courses, tothose that require less work but also science and mathcourses to

C. like honors and advanced placement courses, to thoserequiring less work but they prefer science and mathcourses to

D. such as honors and advanced placement courses,more than those that require less work but also scienceand math courses more than

E. such as honors and advanced placement courses, morethan those requiring less work and also science and mathcourses more than

According to a leading education journal, less than 2 percentof the nation's universities require the majority of students tocomplete a course in calculus. The editor of the journal citedthis statistic as proof of the further erosion of mathematicalaptitude in the country.

48. Which of the following is an assumption on the part of theeditor?

A. Most universities ought to require students to take high-level math courses.

B. Mathematical aptitude cannot be cultivated by coursesother than calculus.

C. Mathematical aptitude is more important than otherkinds of aptitude.

D. Among universities that do not require a majority of theirstudents to complete a calculus course, most required lessthan 10 percent of the students to take such a course.

E. The trend toward fewer university degree programsrequiring calculus will continue.

49. Until Copernicus' work was published in 1543, the sunrevolving around the earth was a theory that had been stronglysupported by leading scientific minds as well as the CatholicChurch.

A. the sun revolving around the earth was a theory thathad been strongly supported by leading scientific minds aswell as the Catholic Church

B. the sun revolving around the earth, a theory that hadbeen strongly supported by leading scientific minds, wasalso being supported by the Catholic Church

C. many astronomers had believed that the sun revolvingaround the earth was a theory strongly supported byleading scientific minds as well as the Catholic Church

D. many astronomers had believed that the sun revolvedaround the earth, a theory strongly supported by leadingscientific minds as well as the Catholic Church

E. many astronomers believed that the sun revolvingaround the earth was a theory strongly supported byleading scientific minds as well as the Catholic Church