Ferry Terminal Design Considerations & Principles

7/24/2019 Ferry Terminal Design Considerations & Principles

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II. Review of Related Literature

A. DESIGN PRINCIPLES ON FERRY TERMINALS

1. r!a" De#i$"

1.1 r!a" De#i$" Pri"%i&le#

Each terminal forms part of the ferry network and part of a community. Theguidelines provide a balance between the need for the terminal to be a readilyidentiable part of a passenger transport network and a local community.

The planning and design of large, full interchange terminal facilities may be

proposed on a unique design concept, and should utilize the physical andtopographic conditions to maximize the terminals operational, functional andconstruction e!ectiveness.

The transportation functions and operational requirements of a terminal arethe highest priority consideration in terminal design. "owever, terminal designand precinct planning should also incorporate urban design principles including#

$esign strategies for maximizing integration with the environment

$esign strategies for minimizing negative urban impacts

%ood visibility along corridors leading to the terminal should be provided. The

architectural concept for the new ferry terminals should re&ect their context andbecome recognizable and accepted by users within the local and widercatchment areas as their transit terminal.

The developed concept should consider the heritage value and history of thesite and the surrounding environment as well as possess positive social attributesand serve to enhance the identity of the public transport system to thecommunity. 'inking into existing pedestrian and vehicle networks to provide fastand easy access into and out of the terminal is vital for the terminal to functione(ciently.

1.' Pa#i$ River Ferr( Servi%e Co))ittee *DOTC+ MMDA+ PRRC+ PCG,

The )asig *iver *ehabilitation +ommission )**+- is mandated to ensurethat the )asig *iver is rehabilitated to its historically pristine condition conduciveto transport, recreation and tourism. Thus, the )**+ has completed the masterplan for the rehabilitation of the )asig *iver, to include easement regulations,integration and coordination of all programs pertaining to the )asig *iver,industrial wastewater and sewerage control, and the relocation of riverbanksettlers.


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eeing the )asig *iver as an alternative transport corridor through themetropolis to decongest the tra(c to and from the nearby towns and provinces,the $epartment of Transportation and +ommunications $/T+-, the 0etropolitan0anila $evelopment 1uthority 00$1-, and the )**+ combinedtheir e!orts torevive and develop the transport system utilizing the river and its tributaries, andto extend its operations to the 'aguna de 2ay and 0anila 2ay areas.

The)hilippine +oast %uard )+%- shall continue to spearhead the promotion of

safety, security of transportation, and protection through governance of themarine ecosystem of the )asig *iver and its tributaries in order to sustain aviable, e(cient, and dependable transportation system as an e!ectiveinstrument for national development.

The $/T+, 00$1, and )**+, shall be governed by their respective roles

and responsibilities as embodied in the 0emorandum of 1greement for the

Establishment and /peration of the )asig *iver 3erry ervice.

'. E"viro")e"tal Su#tai"a!le De#i$"

'.1 E"viro")e"tal Su#tai"a!le De#i$" Pri"%i&le#

3erry terminals should be designed in context with the surrounding urban andnatural environment to minimize impact while designing to a level appropriate tothe scale and nature of the network.

0aterials should be considered carefully and preference for renewable andsustainable resources selected where appropriate, with consideration also madeto their durability, and maintainability. 4ey considerations are#

$esign 5 environmental impact and sustainability

0aterials 5 renewable sources, durability, maintainability

+onstruction 5 minimizing environmental impact, maximizing standardized

elements, e(ciencies and economies

)ermeability 5 water collection and run o!

'ighting 5 light spill, levels, typology 6 e(ciency

1udio 5 sound spill

1ccess 5 designs that encourage passengers to walk, cycle, and even car pool

'.' Se%urit( a"d Safet(


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a. Pri"%i&le#

+rime prevention through environmental design is one important strategyto achieve this. 7t aims to provide a safe and secure environment within theferry network through the implementation of crime prevention through

environmental design. The design of the ferry terminals and access within thenetwork and the surrounding environs and the arrangement of streets, parksand other outdoor spaces can in&uence the opportunity for crime and thelevel of fear of crime.

!. Strate$ie#

8atural urveillance 6 1 design concept promoted by features that

maximize visibility of people, parking areas and openings.

Territorial *einforcement 6 )hysical design promoted by features that

dene property lines and distinguish private spaces from public spacesusing landscape plantings, pavement designs, gateway treatments,

and fences. 8atural 1ccess +ontrol 6 1 design concept gained by designing streets,

sidewalks, building entrances and neighborhood gateways to clearlyindicate public routes and discouraging access to private areas withstructural elements.

Target "ardening 6 1ccomplished by features that prohibit entry or

access# window locks, dead bolts for doors, interior door hinges.

%. I)&le)e"tatio"

3erry terminal environs due to their nature are susceptible to issues ofcrime and should be designed with consideration to#

8atural surveillance 5 9see and be seen: 5 people are usually less

likely to commit crime if they are or think they may be- beingwatched. +onversely people are likely to feel safer if they thinksomeone is looking out for them.

Ensuring there are clear sightlines along routes 5 avoiding sudden

corners or blind bends along pedestrian or cyclist routes; plantingdoes not grow to obscure the view or provide hiding places foro!enders.

)roviding good standards of lighting 5 providing consistently placed,

high quality lighting which will not con&ict with planting or createareas of shadow.

Ensuring there is plenty of activity 5 designing pedestrian


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+lear ownership 5 where there is no clear ownership of space,

o!enders can be indistinguishable from legitimate users. Thereforecommunal or 9left over spaces: which no6one assumes ownershipare best avoided.

8ot everywhere can be safe 5 some areas will be 9o! limits:

particularly at night.

'.- S%o&e E"a"%e)e"t

The standards have been reviewed in terms of their cost implications andare considered appropriate in terms of the *egions anticipated expenditurelevels on ferry terminals. The standards set in this chapter also re&ect theoperational requirements of the ferry network and the functionalrequirements of terminals to meet the needs of users. =here another party,for example, a private developer seeks to vary from the standards adopted inthis chapter, this can be considered at the discretion of )asig *iver 3erryystem. $esign exceptions must be agreed to and signed6o! by the relevant

engineer.

The standards should not be varied to reduce scale, quality or constructionstandards or to a!ect any stated priorities, however, enhancements may beconsidered. 7n such cases, the standards in this chapter should be adhered toas far as practicable and be used as a minimum provision. 7n the adoption ofalternative materials and designs, proposals should be guided by thedemands of the environment and principles outlined in this chapter.

'./ 0oli#ti% De#i$"

a. Future &roo"$

1s the design of a remodeled or new terminal evolves, due care must betaken to not preclude further enhancements, changes in patronage orservices. The design must meet the service levels specied to some futuredate that should make provision for increases in services and an increase inthe level of amenities provided.

!. Co"#tru%ta!ilit(

1ll elements of the proposed design may be sub>ect to a review of theirease of construction within a live ferry network and urban environment. Thedesign should allow for o!site fabrication and precast elements that will

minimize the onsite activities

%. Co#t e2e%tive

The principle that solutions should be cost e!ective in capital terms andminimize ongoing operational costs applies to all aspects of terminal design.

-. Fu"%tio"al De#i$" Pri"%i&le#


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-.1 A%%e##i!ilit( a"d Co""e%tivit(

1 ferry terminal should have good connectivity and accessibility to thecommunity it serves, between the available transport modes and within its

precinct. afe and convenient access is fundamental to the attractiveness of theferry network and terminals are the 9front door: of the system.

1ccess for pedestrians should be safe, well lit and convenient for use in

particular by children and passengers with physical disabilities.

1ccess to terminals and ferries for disabled people should be provided in

accordance with the 8ational 2uilding +ode. +onsultation should be madewith representatives of organizations such as the 8ational +ouncil on$isability 1!airs 8+$1-.

1ccess paths connecting to the street and to bus stops and car parks should

also meet universal accessibility criteria. )aths should be wide enough fortwo6way streams of passengers to pass allowing also for wheelchairs and

cycles. 3erry terminals will have common features or themes that identify them as

part of the )asig *iver 3erry 8etwork but, where possible, will also have aconnection to local identity and heritage 6 sub>ect to cost and designpracticality.

=here there are heritage issues, consultation must be undertaken with the

relevant stakeholders e.g. 8ational "istorical +ommission of the )hilippines8"+)- and any relevant local preservation groups. 7nfrastructure such asshelters and seating may be designed to integrate with the heritage characterof the terminal where it exists and will remain.

-.' I"te$ratio"

$esign must be undertaken in consultation with the $/T+ and 00$1 toensure that land6side access footpaths, cycleways, bus stops, car parking, and)ark ? *ide car parks- will facilitate and encourage use of the terminal andservices.

To encourage use of ferry services it is important that modal integrationlinking the various modes of transport- is as seamless as possible and transfersare short, convenient and comfortable. 1 basic ob>ective is to maximize thepotential passenger numbers carried on the ferry network.

The modal hierarchy ranks di!erent modes in priority order and this

determines each modes access to terminals. 'ayout and amenity for thesemodes is determined on the basis of this hierarchy, so that pedestrians, cycleand bus users are rewarded with shorter distances, higher convenience andhigher comfort levels than private car users.

The principles of modal hierarchy are that#

2uses are given priority of access with set down areas located as close as

possible to the terminal entry linked by covered access ways.


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=alking and cycle facilities are planned around the terminal entry with

convenient access paths as part of the approach.

)ark ? *ide is generally the furthest from the terminal. 7deally, walking

distance between the car park and the terminal should be reduced wherethe distance between the terminal entry and the embarkation point islonger than @A meters.

)rovision will be made to allow installation of equipment for integratedticketing, if immediately, at a later stage.

)rovision should be made for secure cycle storage or cycle lockers at all

terminals.

-.- Fu"%tio"alit(

3erry terminals occupy a valued waterfront location and the local communityoften sees them as a neighborhood recreation facility. =here feasible, design canallow for community use for passive recreation but should not facilitateswimming and diving safety concerns- or shing safety, cleanliness, access

concerns-. $esign must take into account local sea and weather conditions andthe vessels to be used and provide what is needed to minimize chances fordamage to the wharf structure or to the ferry vessel and to avoid the possibilityof in>ury to crew or passengers.

7n general, 00$1 will provide a basic, functional ferry terminal in accordancewith these guidelines. 7f a private developer wishes to have a more highlyspecied terminal, $/T+ will expect the extra elements to be funded by the otherparty and that an ongoing maintenance contribution will be made.

Terminals will be designed for e(cient passenger movement to reduce

delays and congestion and for logical passenger &ows from entrance,

through ticketing if provided- to a waiting area, and to the embarkationpoint.

$esign must consider Bwhole of life costs, and provide for easy

maintenance, replacement and repair. +leaning considerations includegra(ti6proof surfaces where feasible and reduced opportunities forvandalism e.g. no access to hydraulic ramps except for boarding


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be made available e.g. for repairs-. This may take some time to achieveas upgrades and renewals are carried out.

-./ A)e"it( Pri"%i&le#

3erry terminals are functional infrastructures that must provide for the safetyand comfort of passengers. The main role of a terminal is to provide for the

e!ective and e(cient movement of people to and from the terminal and ferriesand to provide safety and shelter during waiting periods. %iven the water edgelocations, terminals are often exposed to strong winds and inclement weather.1menity at ferry terminals should be functionally focused, driven from theperspective of the user.

8ew terminal designs and precinct planning must incorporate user amenityfeatures including#

afe, convenient and unobstructed access to all parts of the terminal

infrastructure, including between waiting areas and boarding ramps

)assenger comfort, including reasonable weather protection from wind and

rain; %eneral security and safety including appropriate levels of lighting;

u(cient logical, clear, understandable, easy to read and well located

signage and timetable display board systems;

1dequate and well laid out vehicle access, drop o! and parking facilities with

clear lines of sight and pedestrian access through parking and approachareas;

1doption of good urban design practice and landscaping principles;

1doption of concepts to minimize accidental and willful damage;

+onvenient, safe, and comfortable bus transfer facilities;

Easy recognition and high visibility from and to pedestrian access paths

through the terminal precinct for passengers and crew-

$urable, slip6resistant surfaces with safety barriers where appropriate

-.3 Mai"te"a"%e

a. Life %(%le %o#t#

7n the implementation of the standards contained in this chapter, thoughtmust be given to the overall B'ife +ycle +osts of the proposed design. 1s theexisting ferry terminals are upgraded or new ferry terminals added, the costsof operating and maintaining must be given due consideration in both thedesign and selection of materials and nishes.

!. Mai"tai"a!ilit(

+onsideration should be made in the design of ferry terminals regardingissues of maintenance and ongoing maintainability. Terminal elements shouldbe suitably designed and of durable materials appropriate to the nature of theenvironment to minimize maintenance costs.


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4. PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS ON FERRY TERMINALS

1. 5e( Driver#

1.1 Safet(

afety has two distinct aspects.

C. afety of the terminal environment relates to avoiding hazards such as triphazards, obstructions and avoidance of con&icts between pedestrians andvehicles < vessels.

D. afety also relates to personal security of the user. This has implications forterminal design in terms of sight lines, lighting, avoiding hidden areas,

provision of ++T and design for passive surveillance.

1.' Fu"%tio"alit(

This means designing for the appropriate provision of parking, drop o! areas,bus facilities, ferry berths and pedestrian facilities sized to meet the expecteddemands.

1.- O&eratio"alit(

This relates to ensuring that the design does not inhibit the ability of the

ferries to run on time by a!ecting turn6around, waiting and loading < o!6loadingtimes.

1./ Mai"tai"a!ilit(

Terminals need to be designed to make cleaning and maintenance as easyand as safe as possible. This means using t6for6purpose materials and seekingdesign solutions that provide low levels of maintenance and replacement


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Terminal users will arrive as#

F )edestrian and cycle users

F 7ntermodal passenger transportF $rivers and passengers of private vehicles

The overall appearance of )asig *iver ferry terminals should be bright, clean,e(cient and consistent with a modern public transport system.

-. Ter)i"al6S&e%i% Pla""i"$ a"d De#i$" Co"#ideratio"#

F ite location and geographic < topographic layoutF 'evel of ervice to be provided e.g. full6cover terminal or shelter only-F 3orecast passenger numbersF 3orecast vessel numbers, types, dimensions and tonnage, schedule of

arrivals


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determine the capacity

3reeboard, averageJJJJJ..two D- feet

/perating $raftJJJJJJJ...four K- feet maximum

1ir $raftJJJJJJJJJJJ..ten CA- feet maximum

'engthJJJJJJJJJJJJto consider a.CK

1ccessibilityJJJJJJJJJ..2) LKK +ompliant

+lassJJJJJJJJJJJJJ2uilt under class by any 01*7816accredited

+lassication ociety

1ccess )ointsJJJJJJJJJtwo D- at each side, for ingress and egress,

located approximately three K6H- meters apart

-.' Safet(

1ll ships


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-.3 Se%urit(

1ll shipsected to random security inspection by the )+%. The use of cameras andbinoculars is prohibited while passing the *estricted 1rea.

/. Site S&e%i% De#i$" Co"#ideratio"#

/.1 A)e"itie#

The following information must be provided to the designer in the $esign2rief for each particular 3erry Terminal#

F *esource +onsents 5 status < requirement for < responsibility for obtainingF +onsultation 5 ma>or stakeholder entities < status of consultationF )rior designs 5 any design work carried out to establish planning

constraintsF "eritage constraints and considerationsF 7nterfaces with other modes of transport bus, train, tricycle, etc.-F ite location and geographic


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=ater supply include separate metering for commercial users and

back &ow prevention devices a pre6requite for food license- %as supply

$rainage to include provision for grease traps

Extraction and other "1+ services necessary for most

commercial


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/.9 C(%li"$

1ll ferry terminals should be designed to encourage use by cyclists. ecurecycle parking short term and long term 5 preferably lockable- should be provided

within the terminal precinct, particularly at ma>or ferry terminals. Terminal designshould not be responsive to existing patronage level by cyclists, but should aimto attract and promote increased patronage by cyclists.

/.: Li$ti"$ a"d Power

Terminals should be well lit after dark up to the last trip with 9after hours:lighting adequate for ++T operations and to deter vandalism. 'ighting shouldcover the passenger waiting area and access points, avoiding shadows and glare,and should cover areas containing any equipment, features or walls that may bethe sub>ect of acts of vandalism.

'ighting design should minimize overspill onto ad>acent residential propertiesand prevent lighting pollution i.e. downwards beam only-, however it should alsoprovide a safe transition into the surrounding area. =hile meeting safetyrequirements, lighting should also be as energy e(cient as possible.

pecic power requirements may be required for vending machines, 1T0s,public phones, sullage


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passengers will take after dark. igns indicating the location of the help pointsshould be clearly displayed. +learly visible and signed ++T should be providedat the help points, as part of the overall video monitoring system.

/.= >a(


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The aim is to provide appropriate levels of amenity for customers using theinfrastructure. +ommercial opportunities should be identied throughconsideration of customer segmentation using the facilities in the rst place. 7tshould be kept in mind that the right commercial opportunity with the rightdesign 6 as part of an attractive facility and ambience 6 can and should be used

to attract new customers to the ferry terminal.

+onsideration should be given to#

*etail outlets all forms including kiosks, cafes, dry6cleaning pick up and

drop o!, &owers, shoe repair, key cutting and shops-

Travel agents, real estate agents

ending machines, photo booths

1T0s

)ublic telephones =i63i hotspot and mobile device charging points

1dvertising and promotional opportunities

Temporary exhibition spaces

1ny other commercial opportunity

C. DESIGN APPROAC0ES

1. 4io)i)i%r(

2iomimicry from bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate- is anew discipline that studies natureMs best ideas and then imitates these designsand processes to solve human problems. tudying a leaf to invent a better solarcell is an example. The core idea is that nature has already solved many of theproblems we are grappling with. 1nimals, plants, and microbes are theconsummate engineers. They have found what works, what is appropriate, andmost important, what lasts here on Earth.

'ike the viceroy butter&y imitating the monarch, we humans are imitating the

best adapted organisms in our habitat. =e are learning, for instance, how toharness energy like a leaf, grow food like a prairie, build ceramics like anabalone, self6medicate like a chimp, create color like a peacock, compute like acell, and run a business like a hickory forest.

The conscious emulation of lifeMs genius is a survival strategy for the humanrace, a path to a sustainable future. The more our world functions like the naturalworld, the more likely we are to endure on this home that is ours, but not oursalone.


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'. 4io)i)i%r( i" Ar%ite%tural De#i$"

The possible implications ofarchitectural design where biological

analogues are matched with humanidentied design problems are that thefundamental approach to solving a givenproblem and the issue of how buildingsrelate to each other and the ecosystemsthey are part of is not examined. Theunderlying causes of a non6sustainable oreven degenerative built environment are

not therefore necessarily addressed withsuch an approach.

2iomimetic architecture is acontemporary philosophy of architecturethat seeks solutions for sustainability innature, not by replicating the naturalforms, but by understanding the rulesgoverning those forms. 7t is a multi6disciplinary approach to sustainable design that follows a set of principles ratherthan stylistic codes. 7t is part of a larger movement known as biomimicry, whichis the examination of nature, its models, systems, and processes for the purposeof gaining inspiration in order to solve man6made problems.

-. Su#tai"a!ilit( trou$ 4io)i)eti% A&&li%atio"

2ionic car ins ired b the box sh and tree rowth atterns

B 6

BEastgate 2uilding in "arare, Oimbabwe is a biomimicryof a beehive
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture


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2iomimicry is often described as a tool to increasethe sustainability of human designed products, materialsand the built environment. The three levels ofbiomimicry that may be applied to a design problem aretypically given as form, process and ecosystem. 7n

studying an organism or ecosystem, form and processare aspects of an organism or ecosystem that could bemimicked.

Ecosystem however is what could be studied to lookfor specic aspects to mimic.

Through an examination of existing biomimetictechnologies it is apparent that there are three levels of mimicry;

Or$a"i#) 5 refers to a specic organism like a plant or animal and may

involve mimicking part of or the whole organism

4eavior5 refers to mimicking behavior, and may include translating anaspect of how an organism behaves, or relates to a larger context

E%o#(#te)5 the mimicking of whole ecosystems and the commonprinciples that allow them to successfully function.

=ithin each of these levels, a further ve possible dimensions to the mimicryexist. The design may be biomimetic for example in terms of what it looks likeform-, what it is made out of material-, how it is made construction-, how itworks process- or what it is able to do function-.

Sources:www.prrc.gov.ph


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http://www.coastguard.gov.ph/index.php/memorandums/memorandum-circulars/129-memorandum-circular-no-05-07-pasig-river-safet-securit-and-the-governance-of-its-ecosstemhttp://mmda.gov.ph/news.html!ma2"201#http://dotc.gov.ph/index.php$option%com&'2(view%item(laout%item(id%2)#(*temid%15"

http://dotc.gov.ph/index.php$option%com&'2(view%item(id%)+)(*temid%1""http://dotc.gov.ph/index.php$option%com&'2(view%item(id%#5)(*temid%152http://ppp.gov.ph/$p%7)#9http://www.,iomimicrinstitute.org/a,out-us/what-is-,iomimicr.html

Ferry Terminal Design Considerations & Principles

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