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Total Development Solutions

Emergency First AidPlease note - this presentation has been adapted from an

instructor-led training session

it is not designedspecifically for self-learn

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

To enable you to:

Administer basic life saving skills

Deal with sudden injury or illness

Manage a first aid incident effectively

Course Aims

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

To be able to identify correct responses to:

Emergency situations

Non-breathing casualty

Bleeding, burns, fractures, shock

Other sudden injury or illness

Objectives

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1. Introduction

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

First Aidis the initial assistance or treatment

given to someone who is injured

or suddenly taken ill.

What is First Aid?

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Principles of First Aid

Preserve Life

Prevent Condition from getting Worse

Promote Recovery

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Stay Within Your Training!

YOU ARE NOT ADOCTOR!

YOU ARE NOT APHARMICIST!

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

First Aider Role

Assess First Aid Situation Danger

Treatment Required

Administer First Aid

Effectively call the Medical Services

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Care with Confidence

Every casualty needs to feel secure and in safe

hands. Create an air of confidence and

assurance by:

Being in control of your own actions

reaction to the problem.

Acting calmly and logically.

Being gentle but firm. Speaking to the casualty kindly

and in a clear and purposeful way.

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Signs & Symptoms

Signs:Use your Senses

See

Feel

Hear Smell

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Symptoms:

Casualty Reported Sensations

Pain

Lack of Movement

Nausea

Signs & Symptoms

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Age Group Definitions

Adult 7 years +

Child 12 months to 7 years

Infant

Birth to12 months

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

The Golden Hour

Casualties of life-threatening trauma orillness, have a greater chance of survival if

treated within the first hour.

If the heart stops, Brain Damage can occur

after just 3-4 minutes.

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Personal Safety & Hygiene

Physical danger

Hepatitis B/C

HIV

Risk Management

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

What is the Hazard?

What is the Risk?

Hazard & Risk

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

The horse kicking him is the hazard, his position and actionsincrease the likelihood of risk of him being kicked.

The recoil from the rifle is the hazard, his lack of proficiency inhandling the rifle increases risk of injury from the recoil.

Hazard & Risk

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

1. Hazard Identification

2. Risk Assessment who is at risk

3. Risk Control how can we control risk?

4. Risk Elimination can we eliminate risk?

5. Decision Benefits weigh-up

6. Action / No Action - go or no-go?

Applying this risk management process to an

emergency incident throughout the duration of

the event will actively lead to risk reduction.

Dynamic Risk Assessment

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Evaluate

Select Action

Assess Action

Risks versusBenefits

Add Control

Measures?

Re-Assess

Action

Do Not

Proceed

Consider

AlternativeProceed

YES

YES NO


(Based on: HM Fire Inspectorate 1998)

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid


An accident justwaiting to happen!

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Personal Safety & Hygiene

Hepatitis B/C

HIV

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2. Casualty Assessment

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Emergency Call

On the scene of an Accident your aim is to:

Assess Diagnose

Treat

Dispose

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Actions at an Accident Scene

D Danger R Response

A Airway

B Breathing

C Circulation D Disability

Think:

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Multiple Casualties

Be sure to assess ALL casualties:

Those making the most noise are more

likely to survive theyre breathing!

Look for those who are SILENTNon-breathing

Shock

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Primary Survey

Conscious

or

Unconscious?

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

The Conscious Casualty

HISTORY

What happened?

When did it happen? How did it happen?

Has it happened before?

Signs & Symptoms Medication

Inform relatives

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

The Unconscious CasualtyWhy?

Fainting Infantile Convulsions

Shock Heart Attack Stroke Head Injury Asphyxia Poisoning Epilepsy Diabetes

F

I

S

H

S

H

A

P

E

D

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Emergency Actions - Summary

Assess the situation Risk Assessment

Check Casualty All of them!

Check Response Call Help Open Airway (if required)

Breathe for Casualty (if required)

Assess Circulation

Commence CPR (if required)

Treat other injuries Prioritise

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3. CPR

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

CPR Protocols

Adult

1st Priority 30 Compressions

Adult Drowning orChild /Infant

1st Priority 5 Rescue Breathes

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

CPR Protocols

Adult 30:2 Mouth-Mouth Normal Lung Capacity

Child 30:2 Mouth-Mouth 50% Normal Lung Capacity

Infant 30:2 Mouth-Mouth & Nose Like blowing out a candle

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Rescue Breaths - Adult

Is the casualty breathing?

Look rise & fall of chest

Listen

put your ear to their mouth & nose Feel place your hand on their chest

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

CPR - Adult

If not breathing, apply 30 chest compressionsimmediately, followed by 2 rescue breaths

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Rescue Breaths - Child & Infant

E Fi Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

CPR - Child

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E Fi t Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Secondary Survey

Treat other Injuries

Bleeding Burns

Bones

SHOCK

E Fi t Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Recovery Position

E Fi t Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Recovery Position

E Fi t Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Recovery Position

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4. Bleeding

Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Bleeding

Types of Bleeding

Arterial Bright Red - Spurting Venous Dark Red - Flowing

Capillary Medium Red - Trickling

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Types of Wound

INCISED

PUNCTUREDLACERATED

ABRASION

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Treatment

P - Position

E - Examine

E - Elevate

P - Pressure

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Wash hands

Rinse wound with clean water

Dry with towel / lint-free cloth

Cover with sterile dressing

If a foreign object is embedded in thewound, dress around the object

Treatment

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Eye Injuries

Support the Head

Dress Injured Eye

Hospital

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Other Types of Bleeding

Nose Bleeds

Mouth Bleeds

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Shock

Dont forget SHOCK!

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5. Burns

Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Burns

Treatment

Cool Burn AreaApply COOL WATER 10 mins at least

Remove Constrictions (if possible)

DO NOT pull away burnt clothing

Cover burn with STERILE dressing

Hospital

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Burns

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6. Bones

Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Fractures

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Treatment

Steady and Support

Protect

Hospital

Fractures

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7. Shock

Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

There are many causes of shock:

Heavy loss of Fluids BurnsBad News Spinal Cord Injury

Injury Severe Reactions

Blood Loss Hypo/Hyperthermia

Drug Overdose HypoglycaemiaInfection Heart Attack

Shock

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Signs

Rapid Pulse

Pale, Cold & Clammy Skin

Sweating

Shock

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Emergency First Aid

Shock

Treatment:

Lay Down

Loosen Clothing Elevate Legs

Nil By Mouth

No Smoking

Cover with Blanket Medical Assistance

Monitor

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8. Other Injuries & Illnesses

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

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e ge cy st d

Emergency First Aid

Heart Attack

Treatment

Comfort Casualty Call Emergency services

Give Medication

Monitor

Emergency First Aid

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g y

Emergency First Aid

Choking

Signs & Symptoms

General symptoms and signs of asphyxia.Casualty will be unable to speak or breathe and may

be gripping the throat. They may be completely silent.

Congestion of the face and neck with the veinsbecoming prominent, blueness of the lips and mouth.

Possible unconsciousness.

Emergency First Aid

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g y

Emergency First Aid

Choking

Look in Mouth - Get the child to cough ifunsuccessful, give 5 back slaps.

Check their mouth

If unsuccessful:

Give up to 5 Abdominal thrusts

If unsuccessful send for help.

Repeat back slaps and check mouth.

Emergency First Aid

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g y

Emergency First Aid

Choking - Adult

Emergency First Aid

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g y

Emergency First Aid

Choking - Child

Emergency First Aid

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g y

Emergency First Aid

Choking - Infant

Emergency First Aid

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g y

Emergency First Aid

Asthma

Signs

Wheezing

Difficulty Speaking

Gray Blue Skin

Loss of Consciousness

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Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Hyperventilation

Treatment:

Be Firm BUT Reassuring Keep Casualty Quite

Try To Restore Normal Breathing

Paper Bag Seek Medical Advice

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Seizures - Convulsions & Fits

Adult (Epilepsy)

Child (Infections)

Infant (Infections)

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Adult Protect Casualty

Ease Fall

Protect Head

Loosen Tight Clothing

Recovery Position Maintain Casualty Dignity


Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Child and Infant (Infection Related)

Protect from Injury

Cool Child/Infant (Cool gradually)

Sponge with Tepid Water

Recovery Position Medical Assistance


Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Head Injuries

Concussion

Cerebral Compression

Skull Fracture

There may be possible Neck Injury

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Signs and Symptoms

Blow / injury to the head

Dizziness

Nausea

Loss of memory

Headache

Concussionbrief impaired consciousness Pupils unequal size

Drowsiness / Disorientation

Head Injuries

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Treatment

Check Responsiveness

Monitor

DO NOT allow to eat, drink or smoke

Hospital

Head Injuries

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Treat ALL head injuries as Serious

There is risk of Brain Damage

Head Injuries

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Associated with the Softer Structures around Bonesand Joints. Usually Sporting Injuries.

Strains & Sprains

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Strains & Sprains

Treatment:

R REST

I ICE

C COMPRESS

E ELEVATE

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Stings

To relieve pain and swelling apply a cold compress,

surgical spirit or a solution of bicarbonate of soda,

or rub a slice of potato on it (Starch = Alkali). For

jellyfish stings, smooth calamine lotion into the

affected area.

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Stings

FOR STINGS IN THE MOUTH OR THROAT

To reduce the swelling give the casualty ice to suck.

Alternatively, rinse the mouth with cold water or a

solution of water and bicarbonate of soda (oneteaspoon to a glass tumbler).

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Stings

TREATMENT FOR STINGS IN THE SKIN

If the sting has been left deeply embedded

in the skin, LEAVE IT as further attempts

to remove may in fact increase the flow ofpoison. Seek medical assistance.

DO NOT squeeze the poison sac because thiswill force the remaining poison into the skin.

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Stings

If breathing becomes difficult, place casualty in the

Recovery Position.

Call Emergency Services immediately

Anaphylactic Shock

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Swallowed Objects

Reassure the casualty and the parents if the casualty

is a child.

Call Emergency Services immediately

DO NOT give the casualty anythingby mouth.

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

Summary

Safety first! Risk Assessment

Remember DR ABCD

Summary


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Emergency First Aid

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