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KDDC Young Dairy Producers Meeting

Feb 21,2017 Dr. Greg Edwards

Dairy Technical Services Zoetis gregory.edwards@zoetis.com

• Mastitis reduces the profitability of our industry – Most costly disease of dairy

cattle is mastitis – Subclinical mastitis cost alone is

>1 billion annually – Maximize price & minimize cost

• Consumers expect milk to be produced from healthy cows

• There is lots of room for milk quality to improve

Why is Milk Quality Important?

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Zoetis AgStar study

SCC background

Clinical Mastitis

What is impacted by Milk Quality

Agenda

Universal Laws

1. Variation Law - If you change lines (or traffic lanes), the one you were in will always move faster than the one you are in now (works every time).

2. Law of the Result - When you try to prove to someone that a machine won't work, it will.

3. Law of Random Numbers - If you dial a wrong number, you never get a busy signal and someone always answers.

4. Law of Probability -The probability of being watched is directly proportional to the stupidity of your act.

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In a recent study done in partnership of Zoetis and AgStar there were six factors shown to account for 85% of the Net Farm Income (Profit). SCC was #1. The analysis showed that management of SCC has little to do with a Quality Bonus.

The most stunning Finding of the study: For every 100,000 increase in BTSCC – milk yield dropped 5.2 pounds! OR decrease 1# milk / 20000 SCC increase.

Data from a study presented by Dr. Mark Kirkpatrick at the 2016 NMC annual meeting shows that the economic impact from 1st test linear scores above 200,000 SCC is over 1500# of lost milk for that lactation, 17 extra days open & 3X the culling rate in the first 60 DIM as compared to cows with <200,000 SCC at 1st test.

Are you giving your herd SCC enough attention?

Economics of Milk Quality

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Six Degrees of Separation

Dairy Herd Management December 2016

1.Somatic Cell Counts

2.Energy Corrected Milk per Cow

3.Death Losses

4.Net Herd Replacement Costs

5.Pregnancy Rates

6.Heifer Survival

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THE DATA

367 clients from upper Midwest

90 total variables, 54 numeric

81 (not counting censored)

9 years

4.5 year-end records per farm (avg.)

1045 average lactating cows per farm (range from 95 to 4700 )

As SCC increased, ECM yield and 21-day pregnancy risk decreased, while death losses and days open increased. The difference in profit between the highest one third of farms and the lowest one third was $1.14/cwt ECM, or approximately $115,000 per year.

The analysis showed that management of SCC has little to do with revenue generation associated with a quality bonus; rather, it affected production, death loss, veterinary costs, and reproductive performance. Among herds involved in the analysis, a $0.31 differential translated into approximately a 4% difference in income over feed cost.

What are Somatic Cells? Why are they in Milk?

The CMT Test

Somatic Cell Scores Linear Mid SCC Low High CMT

0 12.5 0 18 Neg

1 25 19 35 Neg

2 50 36 71 Neg

3 100 72 141 Neg

4 200 142 283 Neg

5 400 284 565 Trace

6 800 566 1130 1

7 1600 1131 2262 2

8 3200 2263 4522 2

9 6400 4523 8277 3

Use the Springer Heifer population as your baseline indicator of environmental exposure. The goal is to get the mature cow population at/below the heifers in 1st test subclinical infection percentages.

New

Infection

Chronic

NOT Infected

Cured

70

10 10

10

Lactating Cows SCC 2 x 2 Prev SCC vs Current SCC

New

Infection Chronic

Cured NOT

Infected

SCC Effects

• Milk Production

• Reproduction

• Abortions

• Culling

• NFI - Profit

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Consequences of a High Somatic Cell Count (>200,000) at First Test

Mark Kirkpatrick DVM, MS

Managing Veterinarian

Zoetis Dairy Technical Services

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– Disease incidences are recorded as significant CONDITION or EVENT in a cow’s lactational history. These Conditions have an impact on production, efficiency of reproduction and longevity.

– A high 1st Log Linear SCC score is a numerical designation of a CONDITION and potentially should be considered as impactful on a cow’s lactation as Clinical Mastitis.

– High Log Linear SCC Score = 4.0 or a 200,000 Cell Count 1,2,3,4

METHODOLOGY

1. DeGraves, F.J. and J. Fetrow. 1993. Vet. Clin. North Am: Food Anim. Pract. 9(3): 421-434. 2. Harmon, R.J. 1994. J. Dairy Sci. 77:2103-2112. 3. Hillerton, J.E. 1999. Int. Dairy Fed. No.345, pp. 4-6. 4. National Mastitis Council. Guidelines on Normal and Abnormal Raw Milk Based on

Somatic Cell Counts and Signs of Clinical Mastitis. https://nmconline.org/docs/abnmilk.pdf

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MILK PRODUCTION – MASTITIS (1st 60 DIM)

A clinical case of mastitis within

the 1st 60 days of lactation makes

a lasting impact on milk

production (All Lactations)

Herd aggregate proportion

affected = 11.3%

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MILK PRODUCTION – HI LSC1 (Y/N)

Herd aggregate proportion

affected = 22.3%

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What is the Lost Opportunity?

Clinical Mastitis – 1st 60 Days: Calculated Differences in the Curves represents 1007 lbs of milk production or $181 lost milk yield ($18.00/cwt) or $129 Income

Over Feed Costs ($0.13/DM lb)

HI LSC1 at 1st Test: Calculated Differences in the Curves represents 1583 lbs of milk production or $285

lost milk yield or $203 Income Over Feed Costs

($0.13/DM lb)

Critical Elements in Fresh Cow LSC1: 1. Control of the Environment 2. Resolving Underlying Dry Period Infections 3. Use of Internal Teat Sealant 4. Vaccination with a Core Antigen Vaccine

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Kaplan-Meier PL Survivorship Function

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Surv

ivo

rsh

ip S

(t)

Survival TimeTime variable: MDIM Event variable: YNMAST

YNHISCC

0

1

MASTITIS SURVIVAL – HI LSC1 (Y/N)

At a survivorship of 75%, HI LSC1 cattle have mastitis 193

days earlier than their counterparts.

Of All the Cattle in the Herd how quickly do they Develop Mastitis

based off LSC1?

238 – 45 = 193

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Kaplan-Meier PL Survivorship Function

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Surv

ivo

rsh

ip S

(t)

Survival TimeTime variable: MDIM Event variable: YNMAST

YNHISCC

0

1

MASTITIS SURVIVAL – HI LSC1 (Y/N)

Of All the Cattle that Develop Mastitis, how quickly do they have

a case based on LSC1?

At a survivorship of 50%, HI LSC1 cattle

have mastitis 57 days earlier than their

counterparts.

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REPRODUCTIVE SURVIVAL – MASTITIS (Y/N)

Clinical mastitis causes 17 additional days to

become pregnant.

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REPRODUCTIVE SURVIVAL – HI LSC1 (Y/N)

HI LSC1 is virtually identical in effect. Culling practices have a large influence on this outcome.

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Effect of High 1st Test SCC

1st SCC < 200,000

1St SCC > 200,000

Difference

Lost Milk, lbs (Lo – Hi) 1583

Removed by 60 DIM 2.26% a 6.49% b 4.23%

Clinical mastitis 1st 60 DIM

7.85% a 25.61% b 17.76%

Median Days Open 130 a 147 b 17

* a, b denote difference p<0.05

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Effect of Clinical mastitis in first 60 DIM

No mastitis Clinical mastitis

Difference

Lost Milk, lbs (Y/N Mastitis)

1007

Removed by 60 DIM

7.78% a 13.73% b 5.95%

Removed by 120 DIM

10.97% a 20.95% b 9.98%

Median Days Open 129 a 146 b 17

* a, b denote difference p<0.05

Mastitis affect on Milk Loss

SCC affect on Milk Loss

Mastitis and Conception Rates • 8-15% lower conception rates

• 19-25 more days open.

Santos, J.E.P., Cerri, R.L.A., Ballou, M.A., Higginbotham,

G.E., Kirk, J.H. 2004. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 80:31-45.

Clinical Mastitis/Prior to 1st Service Effects on Reproduction

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Days to 1st

AI

S/C Days Open

Clinical Mastitis

No Mastitis

Oliver, University of Tenn.

93

136

71

92

2.9 1.7

Mastitis & Reproduction (subclinical before service, clinical after)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Days 1st AI S/C Days open

Mastitis

No Mastitis94

68

196

85

4.3 1.6

Oliver, University of Tenn.

High SCC before breeding

• Cows with a linear score of greater than 4.5 (300,000) before breeding were twice as likely to lose their embryo by days 35 to 41 compared to cows with linear scores of less than 4.5.

Moore, et al JAVMA, VOL 226, No. 7, April 1, 2005

Santos, J.E.P., Cerri, R.L.A., Ballou, M.A., Higginbotham,

G.E., Kirk, J.H. 2004. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 80:31-45.

Cost of a Case of Clinical Mastitis

• Severity / Stage of Lactation – Milk Loss – Short term and long term – Culling – Death

• Treatment Cost – Drugs – Milk Discard – Labor

• Other Cost – Reduced milk production with Subclinical

mastitis – Elevated SCC – Loss of SCC incentives – Risk of transmission to herd-mates – Greater median Days Open

Generic Clinical Mastitis

• 5 New York Dairy Herds – 18 months • First Lactations – 3,681 Cows

– 448 1st cases of mastitis – LIR 15.2% – 87 / 448 (19.4%) Relapse rate

• Lactations > 1 – 6,699 Cows – 1639 1st cases of mastitis – LIR 35.9% – 551 / 1639 (33.6%) Relapse rate

• Ave Milk Production – 22,000 lb / milk /305 d

Bar, et al. 2008 JDS. 91:2205

Cost of a Generic Case of Clinical Mastitis

Cost per

Case

Percent

Of Cost

Milk Yield Loss $115 64.2

Increased mortality $14 7.8

Treatment related costs $50 28

Total Cost $179

Bar, et al. 2008 JDS. 91:2205

Lost Milk with Generic Clinical

Mastitis in Adult cows

45

55

65

75

85

95

105

1 3 5 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43

Weeks in milk

lbs /

day

Normal

Mastitis

563 523

475

Bar, et al. 2007 JDS. 90:4653

“The Cost of Cure”

The Economic Equation

• Efficacious – Does it really work?

– clinical vs bacterial cures?

• cost of drug / day

• cost of milk discard

• milkings at risk for a residue violation

• Relapses & SCC response

Objectives of Mastitis Therapy

• Return to Saleable Milk ASAP

– Establish Clinical Cure • Limit Udder Damage

– Minimize long - term milk loss • Achieve bacteriological cure

– Prevent spread of mastitis – Prevent relapses

• Reduce Somatic Cell Count

• Reduce culls and deaths

• Avoid drug residue

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Cum

ulat

ive

Cure

Rat

e (%

)Last SCC ≥200,000

Cumulative Cure Rate 33%

CLINICAL MASTITIS TREATMENT DECISIONS AND CURE MONITORING USING DHIA SCC DATA

CCR = 22% CCR = 35% CCR = 28% CCR = 28%

Times MAST Lactation DIM Dry Log

Lago, A., Rhoda, D., Cook, N.B. University of Wisconsin – AABP 2001

Goals for Your Farm

Herd BTSCC , <125K

% of Herd with Clinical MAST , <2%

VALUE

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KDDC Young Dairy Producers Meeting

Feb 21,2017 Dr. Greg Edwards

Dairy Technical Services Zoetis gregory.edwards@zoetis.com