Chapter Preview

1. The Renaissance in Italy2. The Renaissance moves North3. The Protestant Reformation4. Reformation Ideas Spread5. The Scientific Revolution

Europeans called it the “Renaissance,” meaning “rebirth,” which began around the 1300’s and reached its peak around the 1500’s.

Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance for several reasons.

Architectural remains, statutes, coins, and inscriptions – were visible reminders of Rome.

In the North, Trade and manufacturing help to turn northern cities into prosperous cities.

A wealthy and powerful merchant class evolves.

Merchants stressed the importance of education and individual achievement.

Florence symbolizes the energy and brilliance of the Renaissance.

Producing a number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

1400’s medicis (meh dee chee) family organized successful banking business, then expanded into manufacturing , mining, and other ventures. 1

Money translates into cultural and political power. Cosimo de Medicis gained control of the Florence government

and became it’s uncrowned ruler for many years. Lorenzo “The Magnificent,” grandson, was a generous patron

or financial supporter of the arts. 2

A time of “creativity” and “change.” 1 People of the time felt it was time for a rebirth after

what they saw as the disorder and disunity of the medieval world. 2

Most Medieval scholars focused on life after death. Renaissance thinkers explored the richness and

variety of the human experience in the here and now.

Emphasis on individual achievement, the person with talent in many fields.

A wide ranging curiosity that led people to explore new worlds Humanism an intellectual movement. 1 Humanist believed that education should stimulate individual

creative powers.

Humanistic Concerns Reflection of human concerns, portrayed religious figures such

as Jesus and Mary but set figures in Greek and Roman backgrounds.

Produced portraits of well-known figures of the day. Sculptures created life-size statutes since ancient times.

New Techniques Rules of perspective – making distant objects smaller than

those close to the viewer, scenes that appear in 3-dimensional.

Women Artist Sofonisba Anguissola 1500’s Italian noblewoman, became court

painter to king Philip II of Spain. 1

Architectures Renaissance artists rejected the Gothic style of the late Middle

Ages. 2 The cathedral in Florence was designed with a majestic dome,

modeled on the dome of the Pantheon in Rome.

Florentine masters were Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Leonardo a genius for inventions. Dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles

work. Paintings for their freshness and realism, most

famous was the “Mona Lisa,” the “Last Super.” 1

Saw himself as a artist but his talents and accomplishments ranged over many areas.2

Made sketches of a submarine and the first airplane.

Raphael Best known for his tender portrayals of the

“Madonna,” and the “Mother of Jesus.”

Castiglione’s Courtier “The Book of the Courtier” by Baldassare Castiglione

describes the manners, skills learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have.3

Castiglione’s Courtier “The Book of the Courtier” by Baldassare Castiglione

describes the manners, skills learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have.3

Maciavelli’s Successful Prince Served as a diplomat while observing kings and princes of

foreign courts.1 In “The Prince,” combined his personal experience of politics

with knowledge from the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power. 2

“The Prince looked at real rulers, such as the Medicis, in an age of ruthless power politics.

Stressed “The end justifies the means.” 3 Saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption. 4 Work continues to spark debates, rises important ethical

questions. 6

Michelangelo, a many sided genius, sculpture, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.

Shaped marble in to masterpieces. 1 Painting masterpiece was the huge mural to

decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. 3

A talented architect, designed the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. 4

Dutch priest Desiderius Erasmus helped spread the Renaissance to northern Europe.

One hundred years later in the 1500’s. The German “Leonardo,” Albrecht Durer, specifically

perfected “engraving” skills. 1 An artist etches a design into a metal plate with acid

in order to make prints. Erasmus had a wide variety of skills.

Erasmus Called for the Bible to be translated into the

vernacular (everyday language of ordinary people). Believed that an individual’s chief duties were to be

open-minded and of good will toward others. 1 “The Praise of Folly,”uses humor to to expose the

ignorant and immoral behavior of the people and clergy.

English humanist, Thomas More Pressed for social change, “Utopia.” The ideal society where people live in

harmony and all are educated. Justice is used to end crime rather

than to eliminate the criminal

Shakespeare – English poet and play writer, wrote 37 plays that are still performed today. 1

Cervantes – Spanish writer, best known for “Don Quixote. 3

In1300’s methods for making paper for print had reached Europe from China.

In Germany, the first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West. 1

The printing press fostered a communication revolution. Information once available to a small percentage of people could now spread to vast numbers.

Abuse in the Church Popes competed with Italian princes for political

power. Long wars were fought to protect the Papal States

against invasions by secular rulers. Popes maintained a lavish lifestyle, patrons of the

arts. 1 Financing such projects, the church increased fees

for services and some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences ( the lessening of the time the soul would have to spend in purgatory).

By the late 1400’s, indulgences could be obtained in exchange for money gifts to the church. 1

Luther’s Protest A German Monk and professor of theology triggered

a revolt, his name Martin Luther. 2 A priest named Johann Tetzel offered indulgences on

the outskirt of town to any Christian who would contribute money. These indulgences would assure entry into heaven and the dead relatives of that person.

Luther became outraged and drew up the 95 Theses.

Luther 95 theses or arguments against indulgences had no basis in the Bible.

No pope had the authority to release souls from purgatory, could only be saved by faith. 1

Luther versus the Church The church asked Luther to recant (give up your

views). Refused, developed a more radical new doctrine,

urging Christians to reject the authority of Rome. 1521, Luther was excommunicated from the church

and refused to recant a second time. Roman Emporer Charles declared Luther an

outlaw and made it a crime for anyone in the empire to aid and shelter Luther.

Luther’s Teachings First – reject the Church doctrine that good deeds

were necessary for salvation, instead salvation was achieved through faith alone.

Second – the Bible is the sole source of religious truth not the Church Council or Pope.

Third – reject that the Pope and Church hierarchy had special powers. 1

Translated the Bible into the German vernacular for the ordinary people could study by themselves. 2.

Spread of Lutheran Ideas By 1530, Lutherans were using a new name

“Protestant,” for those who “protested” against papal authority.

Widespread support due to the clergies agreeing to Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption.

German princes embraced these beliefs for more selfish reasons.1

1524, peasants revolt for social and economic change. Luther strongly favored social order and respect for

political authority, denounced the violent revolt. 2

Peace of Augsburg After years of wars, a settlement was reached called

The Peace of Augsburg, allowed each prince to decide his religion, northern Germany chose Lutheranism and southern Germany remained largely Catholic

John Calvin John Calvin’s ideas had a profound effect on the

direction of the reformation.1 Salvation was gained through faith alone, the Bible

was the only source of religious truth. Predestination, God had long ago determined who

would gain salvation. World was divide into to two kinds of people, saints and sinners.

Set up a “theocracy,” gov. ran by church leaders. 2

1520’s some English clergy were toying with Protestant ideas.

Breaking away from the Catholic church was the idea of King Henry VIII. 1

For denouncing Luther and his practice, the pope awarded him the title “Defender of the Faith.”

Henry married Catherine of Aragon, had daughter Mary of Tudor. 2

Henry asked for a annul, or cancel, his marriage. Pope did not want to offend Holy Roman Emperor

Charles, cousin of Catherine

Church of England Henry took over much of the land, granting some of

the confiscated land to nobility to secure support for the Anglican church, the new church of England.1

More religious turmoil, Henry dies, Edward VI, age 10, inherited the throne.

Henry’s advisor were Protestant, and under Edward, Parliament passed new laws which brought the Protestant reforms to England 2

Mary of Tudor queen of England.

Breaking from Rome

Spurred by his advisors, Henry takes over the English church. 1

Many Catholics refuse to accept the Act of Supremacy.3

More was canonized, or recognized as a saint. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer annulled the King’s

marriage. 4

Church of England Henry took over much of the land, granting some of

the confiscated land to nobility to secure support for the Anglican church, the new church of England.1

More religious turmoil, Henry dies, Edward VI, age 10, inherited the throne.

Henry’s advisor were Protestant, and under Edward, Parliament passed new laws which brought the Protestant reforms to England 2

Mary of Tudor queen of England.

Elizabethan Settlement Mary dies, throne is passed to Elizabeth, slowly

enforced a series of reforms, that later became known as the Elizabethan Settlement.

A compromise, or acceptable middle ground between the Protestant and the Catholics.1

Council of Trent, Pope Paul III, was the leader of the Catholic Reform, to end corruption within the papacy, he appointed reformers to key post.

Formed in 1545 the pope formed “The Council of Trent,” to reaffirm traditional Catholic views. 1

The Inquisition, church court set up during the middle ages. 4

The Society of Jesuits or Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith throughout the known world.1

Ignatius vowed to become a “soldier of God,” drew up a strict program for Jesuits. 2

Teresa of Avila symbolized a renewed faith, entered the convent in her youth. 1

Nuns lived in isolation, eating and sleeping very little, dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation.

The church asked Teresa to reorganize and reform convents and monasteries in Spain.

Canonized. Rome was a far more devout city, Across Catholic

Europe, piety and charity flourished, and some Protestant areas returned to the Catholic church.

Heighten religious passion, persecution was wide spread.

Both the Catholic and Protestants persecuted radicals sects like the Anabaptist.

Tens of thousands of women and men died as victims of witch hunts. 1

People looked for scapegoats or whom they can blame their problems on.

Hard times were thrown on the Jews, Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate quarter of town known as a ghetto.

Greek astronomer Ptolemy, taught that the earth was the center of the universe.

Revolutionary Theory, a Polish scholar stated that the sun was was the center of the universe, heliocentric.

Contemporary scientist refuted this theory because most teachings were based on arguments developed by classical thinkers.

Galileo assembled an astronomical telescope and his discoveries lead to an uproar.1

Church condemned him because his ideas challenged Christian teaching. 2

Inquisition tried Galileo, threaten him with death unless he withdrew his heresies.

Observation and experimentation, science required scientist to collect and accurately measure data.

To explain data, reasoning is used to help propose a logical hypothesis, or possible explanation.

Mathematical calculations were used to convert the observation and experiments into scientific laws.

Step-by-step process became known as scientific method.

English Frances Bacon and French Rene Descartes, two big giants of their time.

Both men rejected ancient teachings and scholarly traditions of medieval times.

Truth is not known at the beginning of an inquiry but at the end, after a long process of investigation.

Isaac Newton, showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun, called gravity.

All motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically.