The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1:The Italian Renaissance Section 2:The Northern Renaissance...

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The Renaissance and The Renaissance and Reformation Reformation Section 1: Section 1: The Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance Section 2: Section 2: The Northern Renaissance The Northern Renaissance Section 3: Section 3: The Protestant The Protestant Reformation Reformation Section 4: Section 4: The Catholic Reformation The Catholic Reformation Section 5: Section 5: Culture and Daily Life Culture and Daily Life CHAPTER 15

Transcript of The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1:The Italian Renaissance Section 2:The Northern Renaissance...

Page 1: The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1:The Italian Renaissance Section 2:The Northern Renaissance Section 3:The Protestant Reformation Section 4:The.

The Renaissance and The Renaissance and ReformationReformation

Section 1:Section 1: The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance

Section 2:Section 2: The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance

Section 3:Section 3: The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

Section 4:Section 4: The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

Section 5:Section 5: Culture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily Life

CHAPTER 15CHAPTER 15

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►How do art and literature of a society How do art and literature of a society reflect its culture?reflect its culture?

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► In the early to mid 1300s, the Renaissance In the early to mid 1300s, the Renaissance (rebirth) was changing how Europeans would (rebirth) was changing how Europeans would view themselves and their worldview themselves and their world

It was an artistic and philosophical movement sparked It was an artistic and philosophical movement sparked by a renewed interest in Greek and Roman literature by a renewed interest in Greek and Roman literature and lifeand life

Until the Renaissance, Medieval scholars who studied Until the Renaissance, Medieval scholars who studied ancient history tried to tie everything to Christian ancient history tried to tie everything to Christian teachingteaching

The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian RenaissanceThe Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance

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An Era of AwakeningAn Era of Awakening

►Causes – ruins of Roman Empire were Causes – ruins of Roman Empire were in Italy where the Renaissance beganin Italy where the Renaissance began

►Byzantines had preserved Greek and Byzantines had preserved Greek and Roman learningRoman learning trade with Asia and Africa trade with Asia and Africa taught Italians about their achievements taught Italians about their achievements

in science and medicine. in science and medicine.

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Causes of the Renaissance Causes of the Renaissance continuedcontinued

► The humanities – The humanities – ► classical Greek and Roman literature to study classical Greek and Roman literature to study

grammar, history, poetry, and grammar, history, poetry, and ► rhetoric – referred to as humanities and people rhetoric – referred to as humanities and people

who specialized in them were humanists.who specialized in them were humanists.

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Causes of the Renaissance Causes of the Renaissance continuedcontinued

Emphasis on learning, admired human Emphasis on learning, admired human achievementachievement

People should live meaningful lives as well as be People should live meaningful lives as well as be actively involved in affairs such as supporting actively involved in affairs such as supporting arts.arts.

Most were Catholic Christians who felt tension in Most were Catholic Christians who felt tension in their studies and religiontheir studies and religion

Life was preparation for the afterlife as well as a Life was preparation for the afterlife as well as a joy bringing admiration for individual joy bringing admiration for individual achievement.achievement.

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► Petrarch – One of the Petrarch – One of the first humanists and a first humanists and a famous scholar and famous scholar and teacher. teacher. believed it is believed it is

important to lead a important to lead a virtuous, full, and virtuous, full, and active life here on active life here on earthearth

He worried that his He worried that his desire for fame (fairly desire for fame (fairly common) may hurt common) may hurt his changes for his changes for salvationsalvation 7

The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian RenaissanceThe Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance

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Writers continuedWriters continued►Machiavelli – Florentine diplomat and historian Machiavelli – Florentine diplomat and historian

who wrote who wrote The PrinceThe Prince

He sought to describe government in the way it He sought to describe government in the way it actually worked actually worked

argued that a ruler should be concerned only with argued that a ruler should be concerned only with power and political successpower and political success

lack of concern for conventional morality should be lack of concern for conventional morality should be found in the government to make it successfulfound in the government to make it successful

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Writers continuedWriters continued His “view is that it is desirable to be both loved His “view is that it is desirable to be both loved

and feared; but it is difficult to achieve both and and feared; but it is difficult to achieve both and if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer to be feared than loved…Men are less hesitant to be feared than loved…Men are less hesitant about offending or harming a ruler who makes about offending or harming a ruler who makes himself less loved than one who inspires fear…himself less loved than one who inspires fear…Fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that Fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective.”is always effective.”

Machiavelli from Machiavelli from The PrinceThe Prince

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Italian Renaissance ArtistsItalian Renaissance Artists► Art flourished as much as literature during the Art flourished as much as literature during the

Italian Renaissance producing some of the Italian Renaissance producing some of the world’s masterpiecesworld’s masterpieces

► Renaissance artists painted realistic scenes and Renaissance artists painted realistic scenes and images with lifelike human figures images with lifelike human figures

Renaissance painters used perspective – make Renaissance painters used perspective – make distant objects smaller than those in the foreground distant objects smaller than those in the foreground of the painting creating the illusion of depth on flat of the painting creating the illusion of depth on flat canvascanvas

The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian RenaissanceThe Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance

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Italian Renaissance ArtistsItalian Renaissance Artists

► Leonardo da Vinci – Leonardo da Vinci – was an architect, was an architect, engineer, painter, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist sculptor, and scientist making drawings of making drawings of flying machines and flying machines and submarinessubmarines The Last SupperThe Last Supper and and

Mona Lisa Mona Lisa – two of his – two of his greatest worksgreatest works

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Italian Renaissance ArtistsItalian Renaissance Artists

► Michelangelo – Painted Michelangelo – Painted the ceiling of the the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (where Sistine Chapel (where the pope lives in Rome)the pope lives in Rome) Was also a poet, Was also a poet,

sculptor, and designer sculptor, and designer (St. Peters Basilica)(St. Peters Basilica)

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►Telephone gameTelephone game

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The Spread of IdeasThe Spread of Ideas

► Renaissance ideas carried by northern Renaissance ideas carried by northern European students who had studied in Italy European students who had studied in Italy traveled to Germany, the Netherlands, France, traveled to Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Englandand England As wealth increased with increasing commerce, more As wealth increased with increasing commerce, more

people could afford higher education, and many new people could afford higher education, and many new universities were established in these countries.universities were established in these countries.

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern RenaissanceThe Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance

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The Spread of IdeasThe Spread of Ideas

The Printing press was also invented to help The Printing press was also invented to help spread ideas - Johannes Gutenberg – used movable spread ideas - Johannes Gutenberg – used movable type to print books, copies of Bibletype to print books, copies of Bible

Not everyone was happy about the press – scribes Not everyone was happy about the press – scribes who made a living hand copying works realized it who made a living hand copying works realized it threatened their professionthreatened their profession

By 1475 printing presses were operating in many By 1475 printing presses were operating in many European nations, and helped spread humanist European nations, and helped spread humanist ideasideas

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Northern Renaissance WritersNorthern Renaissance Writers►Erasmus (Dutch)- most influential in the Erasmus (Dutch)- most influential in the

NorthNorth studied Christianity as well as classical studied Christianity as well as classical

cultureculture Believed classical culture and Christianity Believed classical culture and Christianity

could be harmonizedcould be harmonized Criticized the church for a lack of spirituality Criticized the church for a lack of spirituality

and felt church was to ceremonial and and felt church was to ceremonial and complicatedcomplicated

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern RenaissanceThe Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance

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Northern Writers ContinuedNorthern Writers Continued► Thomas More Thomas More

(English) - wrote (English) - wrote UtopiaUtopia Criticized governments Criticized governments Utopia meaning “an Utopia meaning “an

ideal place or society” ideal place or society” all male citizens were all male citizens were equal and everyone equal and everyone worked to support worked to support societysociety

More refused to More refused to recognize the king as recognize the king as the supreme head of the supreme head of the church in England the church in England so he was executedso he was executed

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Northern Writers ContinuedNorthern Writers Continued

►William Shakespeare – transformed well-William Shakespeare – transformed well-known stories into dramatic masterpiecesknown stories into dramatic masterpieces He portrayed personality and human He portrayed personality and human

emotions better than most playwrights such emotions better than most playwrights such as as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet,Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and and MacbethMacbeth

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Northern Renaissance ArtistsNorthern Renaissance Artists

► Northern Renaissance merchants brought Italian Northern Renaissance merchants brought Italian Renaissance art home, and painters from the Renaissance art home, and painters from the north studied with Italian mastersnorth studied with Italian masters Flemish school – painters who are given credit with Flemish school – painters who are given credit with

perfecting certain techniques of paint in oil on canvasperfecting certain techniques of paint in oil on canvas►Great attention to detail, facial expressionsGreat attention to detail, facial expressions► Realistic human figures and subject matterRealistic human figures and subject matter

Section 2: The Northern RenaissanceSection 2: The Northern RenaissanceSection 2: The Northern RenaissanceSection 2: The Northern Renaissance

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Northern Renaissance ArtistsNorthern Renaissance Artists

►Portraits reflected the Renaissance Portraits reflected the Renaissance interest in the individualinterest in the individual

►Paintings tended to show the frail and Paintings tended to show the frail and imperfect body more so than the imperfect body more so than the paintings of Italianspaintings of Italians

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►How would you feel if you had worked How would you feel if you had worked hard for a good grade, and then were hard for a good grade, and then were told that you could get that grade only told that you could get that grade only if you paid for it?if you paid for it?

►How does this relate to the church How does this relate to the church selling of indulgences in the 1500s?selling of indulgences in the 1500s?

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Section 3: The Protestant Section 3: The Protestant ReformationReformation

► Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Church had lost Church had lost sight of its spiritual sight of its spiritual mission mission

► Led to the Led to the ReformationReformation

►more interested in more interested in making money than making money than saving soulssaving souls

► pope acted as a pope acted as a political leader political leader instead of setting an instead of setting an example of moralityexample of morality

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Reformation ContinuedReformation Continued

►Tetzel(monk) to raise funds for the Tetzel(monk) to raise funds for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in the northern German statesnorthern German states

►How did he raise funds?How did he raise funds? Sold indulgences to raise moneySold indulgences to raise money Indulgences were pardons for punishment for Indulgences were pardons for punishment for

sinsin The misuse of indulgence outraged humanists The misuse of indulgence outraged humanists

who wanted the church to become more who wanted the church to become more spiritualspiritual

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Luther quit law school and entered a monastery in Luther quit law school and entered a monastery in search of salvation, but found the church gave no search of salvation, but found the church gave no comfort for overcoming sincomfort for overcoming sin

Through his Biblical studies Luther taught that Through his Biblical studies Luther taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner, but inner faith in God and God’s grace saving a sinner, but inner faith in God and God’s grace savedsaved

““Justification by grace through faith” was for everyoneJustification by grace through faith” was for everyone

Martin LutherMartin Luther

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Martin LutherMartin Luther

► Luther’s protest – publicly challenged the Luther’s protest – publicly challenged the selling of indulgences in 95 thesesselling of indulgences in 95 theses Luther did not necessary want to leave the Luther did not necessary want to leave the

Catholic church but he wanted reformCatholic church but he wanted reform Luther argued popes and bishops could not tell Luther argued popes and bishops could not tell

people what to believe, and priests had no people what to believe, and priests had no special role in helping people to salvation special role in helping people to salvation because God viewed all people of faith equallybecause God viewed all people of faith equally

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Martin Luther ContinuedMartin Luther Continued

► Break with the church – Church leaders Break with the church – Church leaders denounced him because he challenged denounced him because he challenged practices of the churchpractices of the church Pope Leo X ex-communicated Luther after declaring Pope Leo X ex-communicated Luther after declaring

him a heretic him a heretic Emperor Charles V attempted to make Luther Emperor Charles V attempted to make Luther

abandon his ideas at Diet of Wormsabandon his ideas at Diet of Worms Charles V outlawed his work and declared Luther an Charles V outlawed his work and declared Luther an

outlaw, but lacked the power to enforce thisoutlaw, but lacked the power to enforce this Frederick the Wise from Luther’s home state hide Frederick the Wise from Luther’s home state hide

Luther until the uproar died downLuther until the uproar died down translated the Bible in Germantranslated the Bible in German

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Luther ContinuedLuther Continued►Protestantism – reformers were called Protestantism – reformers were called

Protestants due to the protestsProtestants due to the protests Luther’s works and ideas spread and he Luther’s works and ideas spread and he

organized a new church (Lutheran), which organized a new church (Lutheran), which was the very simple belief in a “priesthood of was the very simple belief in a “priesthood of all believers”all believers”

Christians were fully capable of interpreting Christians were fully capable of interpreting and understanding the Bible themselvesand understanding the Bible themselves

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The Spread of ProtestantismThe Spread of Protestantism

►Luther caused many people in Europe to Luther caused many people in Europe to want a more simple and direct faithwant a more simple and direct faith German rulers established the Lutheran German rulers established the Lutheran

Church in their statesChurch in their states

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant ReformationThe Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

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The Spread of ProtestantismThe Spread of Protestantism

►Sects are societies of a few people led Sects are societies of a few people led by a preacherby a preacher Sects did not form organized churches, Sects did not form organized churches,

and many did not have clear-cut rules, and many did not have clear-cut rules, membership, discipline, etc.membership, discipline, etc.

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Spread of Protestantism Spread of Protestantism ContinuedContinued

►The Anglican Church – The Anglican Church – The Protestant Reformation in England came The Protestant Reformation in England came

about differently than in Germanyabout differently than in Germany King Henry VIII caused the break between King Henry VIII caused the break between

Rome and England because he desired for a Rome and England because he desired for a divorce because his wife did not give him a divorce because his wife did not give him a sonson

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Spread of Protestantism Spread of Protestantism ContinuedContinued

This caused him to create the Church of This caused him to create the Church of England (also known as the Anglican England (also known as the Anglican Church) with the King as the head of the Church) with the King as the head of the church which did grant the divorcechurch which did grant the divorce

The Church of England kept the The Church of England kept the ceremonies and organizations of the ceremonies and organizations of the Catholic Church and eventually adopted Catholic Church and eventually adopted some Protestant beliefssome Protestant beliefs

It paved the way for the Protestant It paved the way for the Protestant ReformationReformation

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►Calvin was like Luther in that he believed Calvin was like Luther in that he believed faith and the Bible and ceremony was not faith and the Bible and ceremony was not important.important. Calvin also believed in predestination – the Calvin also believed in predestination – the

idea that at the beginning of time God had idea that at the beginning of time God had decided who would be saveddecided who would be saved

Calvin taught that those who were Calvin taught that those who were predestined for salvation were called the predestined for salvation were called the elect forming a special community of people elect forming a special community of people who were expected to follow the highest who were expected to follow the highest moral standards and self-disciplinemoral standards and self-discipline

CalvinismCalvinism

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Calvinism ContinuedCalvinism Continued

► Calvin’s church – Calvin’s church – wrote wrote The Institutes The Institutes of the Christian of the Christian ReligionReligion emphasizing emphasizing predestination, predestination, righteous livingrighteous living By the 1600s By the 1600s

Calvinism was Calvinism was strongly founded in strongly founded in parts of Europeparts of Europe

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►Remember that the Catholic Church Remember that the Catholic Church ignored early criticism from humanists. ignored early criticism from humanists. Predict whether the church would Predict whether the church would continue to ignore threats to its continue to ignore threats to its dominance or respond in some dominance or respond in some manner. Explain the reasoning behind manner. Explain the reasoning behind the predictions. the predictions.

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The Counter-ReformationThe Counter-Reformation► The Catholic Church did not recognize Protestantism as a The Catholic Church did not recognize Protestantism as a

serious threat at first, but eventually realized the need for serious threat at first, but eventually realized the need for changechange

► The Catholic Church’s reform is known as the Counter-The Catholic Church’s reform is known as the Counter-Reformation that began as an attempt to return the Reformation that began as an attempt to return the church to spiritual matters and make doctrines more clearchurch to spiritual matters and make doctrines more clear The Counter Reformation was also a campaign against The Counter Reformation was also a campaign against

the spread of Protestantismthe spread of Protestantism

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic ReformationThe Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

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The Counter-ReformationThe Counter-Reformation

► Tactics of the Counter ReformationTactics of the Counter Reformation Inquisition was brought to Rome, and the pope Inquisition was brought to Rome, and the pope

appointed devout and learned men as cardinals appointed devout and learned men as cardinals and bishopsand bishops (The Counter Reformation Inquisition (The Counter Reformation Inquisition did not focus on punishing Protestants, but did not focus on punishing Protestants, but keeping Catholics within the Church)keeping Catholics within the Church)

Index of Forbidden Books – Index of Forbidden Books – Catholics were Catholics were banned from reading books considered harmful banned from reading books considered harmful to faith and moralsto faith and morals

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Counter Reformation ContinuedCounter Reformation Continued

►The Council of Trent was called to clarify The Council of Trent was called to clarify doctrines, end the abuses surrounding the doctrines, end the abuses surrounding the selling of indulgences, tighten discipline of selling of indulgences, tighten discipline of the clergy, and emphasize the need for the clergy, and emphasize the need for ceremonies because they felt God should be ceremonies because they felt God should be worshipped with Splendorworshipped with Splendor

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Counter Reformation Counter Reformation ContinuedContinued

Ceremonial actions and individual faith Ceremonial actions and individual faith brought salvationbrought salvation

Also emphasized people must depend on Also emphasized people must depend on priests because God granted forgiveness priests because God granted forgiveness only through the churchonly through the church

Stressed free will of every personStressed free will of every person

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Counter Reformation ContinuedCounter Reformation Continued►The strengthen support for the Catholic The strengthen support for the Catholic

church religious orders reformed their church religious orders reformed their rules as new religious orders formedrules as new religious orders formed Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation – JesuitsSoldiers of the Counter-Reformation – Jesuits The Pope recognized the Jesuits as an official The Pope recognized the Jesuits as an official

order of the Catholic Church order of the Catholic Church Jesuit followers took vows of chastity, Jesuit followers took vows of chastity,

poverty, and obedience to the pope, and they poverty, and obedience to the pope, and they stressed educationstressed education

They became effective agents of spreading They became effective agents of spreading CatholicismCatholicism

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Results of the Religious Results of the Religious UpheavalUpheaval

► The movements did not bring tolerance, but The movements did not bring tolerance, but war from about the 1530s through about the war from about the 1530s through about the 1650s1650s Results of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation Results of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation

could not be seen until after the warscould not be seen until after the wars

►Diversity of churches appearedDiversity of churches appeared

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic ReformationThe Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

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►What do you think life was like for What do you think life was like for peasants throughout the Renaissance peasants throughout the Renaissance and the Reformation? and the Reformation?

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SuperstitionsSuperstitions

► Life at this time could take unexpected turns for Life at this time could take unexpected turns for the worse.the worse.

► The world of spirits – believed God was a The world of spirits – believed God was a distant, unknowable force; explained many distant, unknowable force; explained many events that took place as the doings of spirits events that took place as the doings of spirits so nothing was seen as an accident so nothing was seen as an accident

Section 5: Culture and Daily LifeSection 5: Culture and Daily LifeSection 5: Culture and Daily LifeSection 5: Culture and Daily Life

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SuperstitionsSuperstitions

► people looked for explanations of and people looked for explanations of and control over daily lifecontrol over daily life Priests considered happenings either God’s will Priests considered happenings either God’s will

or God’s punishmentor God’s punishment Villagers thought bad spirits – demons –made life Villagers thought bad spirits – demons –made life

difficult (lightning striking a house, pitcher of difficult (lightning striking a house, pitcher of milk spoiled)milk spoiled)

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WitchcraftWitchcraft►Belief in witchcraft – wise people who Belief in witchcraft – wise people who

gave explanations, remedies such as gave explanations, remedies such as spells, potions, etc. were witchesspells, potions, etc. were witches Witch huntingWitch hunting Religious and secular leaders accepted Religious and secular leaders accepted

witches as explanation for problems in the witches as explanation for problems in the world around themworld around them

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Daily LifeDaily Life

► Farming took all dayFarming took all day recreation did occur at timesrecreation did occur at times

► Forms of recreation Forms of recreation drink, sew, do simple chores, or tell storiesdrink, sew, do simple chores, or tell stories Played skittles – a form of bowlingPlayed skittles – a form of bowling Travelers put on showsTravelers put on shows Holidays poked fun at village life with ceremonies Holidays poked fun at village life with ceremonies

Culture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily Life

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The Spread of KnowledgeThe Spread of Knowledge

►Books for the masses – Books for the masses – Broadsides – single printed sheets with a Broadsides – single printed sheets with a

royal decree of some crime or eventroyal decree of some crime or event Almanacs – predictions about the weather Almanacs – predictions about the weather

and prospects for growing cropsand prospects for growing crops

Culture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily Life

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The Spread of KnowledgeThe Spread of Knowledge

►Religious ideas and educationReligious ideas and education printed books became availableprinted books became available primary schools were founded by primary schools were founded by

Protestant and Catholics as they battled Protestant and Catholics as they battled for loyalty of ordinary peoplefor loyalty of ordinary people

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Changes in Daily LifeChanges in Daily Life► The economy – standard of living rose for someThe economy – standard of living rose for some

Manorial system and serfdom declinedManorial system and serfdom declined The black death killed many peopleThe black death killed many people wages could not keep up with the rise in priceswages could not keep up with the rise in prices

►Diet – new spices and vegetables came from Diet – new spices and vegetables came from the eastthe east Meat was scarce and expensiveMeat was scarce and expensive Most people ate with their fingers from a common Most people ate with their fingers from a common

dishdish Forks came in the 1500sForks came in the 1500s

Culture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily LifeCulture and Daily Life

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Daily Life ContinuedDaily Life Continued►Housing – Housing –

people moved from country to citiespeople moved from country to cities had only necessities, few had beds, few windows – had only necessities, few had beds, few windows –

wooden shutters insteadwooden shutters instead

Decline of traditional culture – Decline of traditional culture – peasants moved to the city to escape povertypeasants moved to the city to escape poverty governments helped out in disastergovernments helped out in disaster