Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy

The Renaissance, or rebirth, (1300-1500) was a time of change Europeans developed new ideas about the

world during this time

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy

The Renaissance began in Italy and spread

north into the rest of Europe

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy

The Renaissance was influenced by an intellectual movement known as “humanism” Humanists studied the learning of the ancient

Greeks and Romans They hoped that reviving ancient learning would

increase knowledge about the present

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy

Leonardo da Vinci Painter, sculptor, inventor, architect,

musician, and engineer

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy

Michelangelo Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, and

architect

Section 1: The Renaissance In Italy

Raphael Painter Student of Leonardo da Vinci and

Michelangelo

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Johann Gutenberg His printing Press caused great changes in

Europe Such as:

More Europeans learned to read and write Books became cheaper and easier to make People gained knowledge about medicine, geography,

and mining Printed Bibles increased the spread of religious ideas

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Northern Europe took a long time to recover from the Black DeathAs a result, the Renaissance did not

begin there until the 1400sIt slowly spread to Spain, France

Germany and England

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Like Italian humanists, northern humanists believed education was important and studied the ancient Greeks and RomansHowever, they also explored

religious ideas and believed that learning should change society

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

Erasmus was a priest who wanted to reform society and the ChurchHe wrote The Praise of Folly which which

used humor to expose the immoral used humor to expose the immoral behavior of society, including the behavior of society, including the abuses of clergy membersabuses of clergy members

Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in which defined his ideas for an ideal society

Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North

The Northern Renaissance produced many talented writers including:William Shakespeare

-Producer of 37 plays that are still read and performed today

CervantesMaster of Satire, a literary composition, in

which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule.

Best known for writing Don Quixote

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation

During the Renaissance the Roman Catholic Church faced serious problems: Some members of the Church took advantage

of their positions to make themselves wealthy Although a minority of church officials were ever

involved, complaints against these abuses formed the basis of what became the Protestant Reformation

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation

The most serious of abuses committed by Catholic clergy were the sale of indulgences Indulgences – forgave a person for his or her

sins and allowed entrance into Heaven

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation

By the 1500s, many Christians wanted to reform the Church A German

Monk, named Martin Luther wrote 95 arguments against indulgences

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther believed that Christians could only reach heaven through faith in God Because of his radical views and outspoken

ideas, Luther was excommunicated and declared an outlaw

Luther’s actions began what became the Protestant Reformation

His followers set up the Lutheran Church They became known as Protestants

Section 3: The Protestant ReformationJohn Calvin was another important

reformerLike Luther, Calvin believed that

Christians could reach heaven only through faith and God

Calvin also believed that people were born sinners

He preached Predestination, the idea that God decided long ago who would go to heaven

Calvinism spread to Germany, France, Scotland and England

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread

Throughout Europe, Catholic rulers and the Catholic Church fought back against Protestantism

In England, King Henry VIII originally supported the ChurchHowever, when the Pope refused to

annul, or cancel, his marriage Henry VII and the English Parliament took control of the English Church

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread

Henry then set up the Church of England and called it the Anglican ChurchThis church was identical in nearly

every way to the Roman Catholic Church, except that the King took the place of the Pope

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread

The Catholic Counter-ReformationThe Roman Catholic Church

acknowledged that some of Martin Luther’s complaints were valid

The selling of indulgences was stoppedReformers were appointed to key posts to

eliminate corruptionThose found guilty of corruption were

punished and barred from position of authority

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread

The Protestant and Catholic Reformations divided Europe into a Catholic South and a Protestant NorthTerrible religious wars broke out

throughout EuropeBoth sides tortured and killed those

who disagreed with their teachings

Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread

The strong religious feeling contributed to a wave of witch hunting

Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted and expelled, or drove out, Jews

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

Beginning in the 1500s, new ideas about science changed the way Europeans thought about the world This period was called the Scientific

Revolution

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

Since ancient times, people had believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe In the 1500s and 1600s scientists such as

Copernicus and Galileo showed that the planets revolved around the sun

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric model of the universe This states that the sun is the center, and that

the earth revolves around it Galileo continues Copernicus' work by observing

the skies with a homemade telescope

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

At first, these discoveries upset many Europeans However, a new way of thinking about

science began to emerge Scientists began to observe the world around

them and to develop ideas about why things happened

They did experiments to test these ideas

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

This new way of thinking was called the Scientific Method The scientific method uses observation and

experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe

This process allowed scientists to logically find answers through the use of reason

This method of research is the basis for modern science

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton built upon the earlier work of Copernicus and Galileo and used mathematics to describe gravity as the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun He also explained that this

same force is what causes objects to fall to earth.

Section 5: The Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment A Scientific “Revolution” was the Enlightenment

Political and social scholars began to question the workings of society and government

The Enlightenment attempted to explain the purpose of government, and describe the best form of it

The most influential Enlightenment thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau.