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REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST The Renaissance The Protestant Reformation

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INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST

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Renaissance means rebirth; what was being reborn were the ideas of Classical Greece and Rome, which had been mostly forgotten in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire When the Middle Ages ended, an era called the Renaissance (1300s to the 1600s) began

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The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the Middle Ages and gave rise to the Renaissance

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During the Renaissance, as those Greco-Roman ideas made a comeback, Western Europe experienced a great increase of trade, art, and learning Wealthy patrons like the Medici family in Florence funded the artists of the Renaissance, paying them well to create magnificent art

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The Renaissance was led by a group of scholars and artists called humanists; they placed human beings, rather than God and religion, at the center of their world-view Humanists emphasized the importance of human potential and achievement

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Florence was home to the Medici family, one of the wealthiest families in Europe; they made their fortune through banking People like the Medici were the wealthy patrons who funded the Renaissance

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The Crusades were a series of failed holy wars started by the Catholic Church and fought by Medieval lords and knights; the Crusades helped end feudalism when those lords and knights lost money, land, and power while fighting the Crusades

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Another reason for the decline of feudalism was the spread of the Plague, also known as the Black Death

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From 1337 to 1453, England and France began a series of conflicts over territory that would be called the Hundred Years War During the war, nationalism (loyalty to ones nation) increased as people became more loyal to their king and nation, rather than their local lords ENGLAND FRANCE

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During the Hundred Years War, new military weapons decreased the power of knights as an elite fighting force; this also helped end feudalism

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New weapons such as cannons, crossbows, and longbows decreased the importance of knights

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A side effect of the Crusades was the increase of European demand for luxury goods from Asia

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Effects of the Crusades From the Silk Road trade routes, Europe was introduced to many new things They increased desires for luxury goods like silk, cotton, sugar, and spices They introduced technologies like compass, astrolabe, ship designs, and gunpowder They introduced ideas like Arabic numbers, chemistry, algebra, and telescopes

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Increased trade gave rise to several wealthy Italian city-states The most important Italian city-state was Florence; in this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began

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This map demonstrates an effect of the increase of trade: towns and cities began to grow in Europe

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Greek Classicism: The humanist artists of the Renaissance focused on the cultural achievements of the Greeks and Romans Renaissance Ancient Greek art and Renaissance art both emphasized realism and perfecting the human form

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Perspective: using perspective in paintings allows an artist to create an illusion of depth New styles and techniques of Renaissance art

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Leonardo da Vinci The ultimate Renaissance man was Leonardo da Vinci; this was because he was skilled at many different things He was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, engineer, scientist, alchemist, musician, anatomist, map-maker, and writer

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Donatello Donatellos David was the first large, free- standing sculpture of the Renaissance that could be viewed from all sides since the Roman times

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Leonardo da Vincis greatest masterpiece was the Mona Lisa, which was known for its emotion, detail, and depth

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These are images from da Vincis notebooks, showing his studies of the human body

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Two well-known Michelangelo sculptures, Pieta and David, are considered masterpieces; he is perhaps most well- known for the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo

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Two well-known Michelangelo sculptures, Pieta and David, are considered masterpieces; he is perhaps most well- known for the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

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During the Renaissance, the humanists focused on the importance of the individual Social status was based on wealth you earned and your ability, not birthright A new way of thinking began during the Renaissance called Humanism

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Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi was Florences greatest architect When he built the Cuppolo of Maria del Fiore Cathedral in Florence, he was inspired by Romes classical architecture

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Some of Machiavellis ideas about politics: (1) to be a successful ruler, a prince must be willing to be feared over being loved (2) A ruler should do anything necessary to remain in power (lie, steal, cheat, or kill) (3) He wrote that rulers should do what works best, not necessarily what is good or moral (4) Machiavelli wrote that the ends (achieving a goal) justifies the means (actions taken to achieve that goal) The Prince was a very influential book

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Dismayed at the corruption of the Catholic Church he served, Erasmus wrote In Praise of Folly, which sharply criticized the abuses of Church leaders and called for reform of the Catholic Church

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Renaissance Writers: Dante The influential writer Dante wrote about real people in his lengthy poem The Divine Comedy; he also wrote it in the vernacular, which is common everyday speech

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In the Middle Ages, writings focused on God and religion; the Renaissance focused on secular (non- religious) matters

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The Causes of the Reformation SOCIAL CAUSES: the Renaissance values of humanism and new ideas in art, literature, and science led to the questioning of religion POLITICAL CAUSES: powerful monarchs challenged the Churchs authority ECONOMIC CAUSES: princes and kings were envious of the Catholic Churchs wealth RELIGIOUS CAUSES: corruption among Church officials and in the Churchs practices (such as selling indulgences) led to calls for reform

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Corruption of the Catholic Church There were many ways that the Catholic Church was also growing corrupt: (1) Priests were hypocritical in their actions, often having mistresses and fathering children; this is against Church rules (2) Rather than be educated, priests would buy their way into getting their jobs

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Corruption of the Catholic Church The most corrupt Church practice was the selling of indulgences (indulgence is reducing the penalty for a sin) At first, indulgences were given out by the Church when people did good works However, the Church began giving indulgences in exchange for money

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Martin Luthers belief that salvation was gained only through having faith in God was called Justification by Faith Martin Luther strongly disagreed with the Churchs selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation Martin Luther

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In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against Church practices called the Ninety- Five Theses Thanks to the printing press, the Ninety- Five Theses spread through Europe, causing an incredible controversy

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Martin Luthers actions led to the Protestant Reformation, which was a movement to reform the practices of the Catholic Church; this led to new versions of Christianity The Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches still shared the basic ideas of Christianity, though (such as belief in Jesus and the Bible)

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Henry needed a son to pass the crown to; he wanted to divorce Catherine and marry a younger queen, who could bear him more children The problem is that divorce is not permitted in the Catholic Church, and the pope refused his request for a divorce

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King Henry VIII of England, not the Pope, became the head of his own Church of England (later called Anglicanism)

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Calvin believed in pre- destination: God already knows who will be saved (the saved ones are called the elect) and who will not Out of the numerous reformers, one of the most influential was John Calvin His new version of Christianity would be called Calvinism

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The practices of the Church of England and the Catholic Church were nearly identical There were two major differences between the two Churches; one, divorce is legal in England Second, the king, not the Pope, is the head of Englands Church

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THE COUNCIL OF TRENT In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders called the Council of Trent; its purpose was to review Church practices, make reforms, and emphasize core Catholic beliefs

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Jesuits did much for the Counter-Reformation; the Jesuits focused on THREE GOALS: From the Council of Trent came the Catholics Counter- Reformation, which was opposed to the Protestant Reformation First, Jesuits tried to stop the spread of Protestantism

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Many Jesuit colleges can be found in the world today Secondly, the Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests

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Third, Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to convert non-Christians to Catholicism

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The Protestant Reformation led to a decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church, but it still remained the largest religion in Europe (especially in Italy, Portugal, France, and Spain)

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The Effect of the Printing Press This invention revolutionized the way ideas were spread around Europe

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The penalties for heresy were severe; often the penalties were all manners of horrible torture and execution The Inquisition is one of the darkest parts of history; its purpose was to put heretics (those who go against Church teachings) on trial

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Several different Protestant faiths came about, leaving Europe religiously divided but what remained of the Catholic Church became more unified due to the Council of Trent However, the overall influence of the popes declined, so kings gained more power and formed stronger nations The encouraging of education led to people questioning long-held beliefs This questioning would lead to new ideas as well as numerous wars The Impact of the Reformation

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During the Protestant Reformation, reformers protested Church corruptions and practices in hopes of reforming Christianity

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IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST.

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Originally created by Christopher Jaskowiak

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