Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

Main Idea

Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious

movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes

in religion and politics across Europe.

The Protestant Reformation

Content Statement 5: Describe how the Scientific

Revolution’s impact on religious, political, and cultural

institutions challenged how people viewed the world.

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3Ch 1-3 vocabulary

Protestant Reformation

indulgences

Martin Luther

Theocracy

John Calvin

Predestination

Henry VIII

annulled

Elizabeth I

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3Ch 1-3 vocabulary

Protestant Reformation: a religious movement in the 1500s that

split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the

establishment of a number of new Churches.

Indulgences: pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic

Church that could reduce a soul’s time in purgatory.

Martin Luther: (1483-1546) German monk whose protests

against the Catholic Church in 1517 led to calls for reform and

to the movement known as the Reformation.

Theocracy: a government ruled by religious leaders who claim

God’s authority.

John Calvin: (1509-1564) French Protestant theologian of the

Reformation; founded Calvinism, which was associated with the

doctrine of predestination.

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3Ch 1-3 vocabulary

Predestination: the belief that at the beginning of time God

decided who would gain salvation.

Henry VIII: (1491-1547) King of England from 1509-1547; his

desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope,

England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its

embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of

England in 1532.

annulled: declared invalid based on church laws.

Elizabeth I: (1533-1603) Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a

skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant

supremacy in England.

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

• Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots $$$$$

• Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation

• Financial corruption,

abuse of power,

immorality

• People’s respect for

priests, monks, popes

weakened

• Heavy taxation also

caused discontent.

Taxes used to finance

Renaissance art

projects

Dissatisfaction

• Pope Leo X

approved sale of

indulgences

• Needed money for

St. Peter’s Basilica

built early 1500’s.

• Indulgences,

pardons reduced a

soul’s time in

purgatory

Financing Basilica

• Catholics believed dead

went to purgatory, worked

off sins committed

• Sale of indulgences widely

criticized

• Government separate

from the church: people

start to consider

themselves citizens of a

state or country first rather

than a member of the

church.

Working Off Sins

1) Catholicism in the 1400s/Dissatisfaction with the Church

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3St. Peter’s Basilica

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

• From Bohemia, Jan Hus

preached against immorality

and worldliness of Catholic

Church

• Excommunicated by Pope

Gregory XII in 1412.

• Later arrested, tried for heresy

and burned at stake

• These influential theologians

openly criticized church

Jan Hus

• Believed church should give

up earthly possessions

• His views unpopular with

church officials

• Was removed from teaching

position

Mid to late 1300’s.

John Wycliffe

2) Early Reformers

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the

symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

• Martin Luther believed selling

indulgences sinful

• In theses, said indulgences had no

power to remit sin

• Criticized power of pope, wealth of

church

• Theses written in Latin, intended for

church leaders, not common people

The Ninety-Five Theses

• Nailing theses to church door

common practice; doors used like

community bulletin boards

• Theses stimulated discussion among

university intellectuals

• *printing press

• Published, distributed across Europe,

widely read by intellectuals, clergy,

laypeople

• Desire for reform grew

Stimulated Discussion

3) Martin Luther/The Ninety-Five Thesis

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

Empowered the People

• Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of

scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible

• To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German

• Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of

clergy

4) Luther’s Message

• Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs insisted God’s grace

cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed

• 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not

pope

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

Church’s Response

• 1520, Pope Leo X expelled

Luther from the Church

• 1521, Luther summoned to

appear before Holy Roman

emperor Charles V

Edict of Worms 1521

• Emperor handed down Edict

of Worms

• Declared Luther to be outlaw,

condemned his writings

• Luther’s ideas spread

German Diet

• Luther appeared before

emperor, German Diet, or

assembly, at city of Worms

• Refused to change opinions

Protestant

• 1529, Charles V tried to

suppress Lutherans in

Germany

• German princes issued

protestatio, protest, against

this suppression. Term

Protestant came from this

5) Reactions to Luther

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics

erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.

• Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others

• Differing ideas on religious matters put forth.

• New religious movements began in Switzerland and in Europe.

• Many ideas viewed as radical

• His church based on

theocracy, government in

which church, state joined

• officials divinely inspired

6)Ulrich Zwingli

6) The Spread of Protestantism

• Luther accused Zwingli of

tampering with word of God

• Without Lutherans’ support,

Swiss Protestants vulnerable

to attack by Catholics

Opposed by Luther

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

Background

• John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin

Luther

• Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance

humanists

• Supported reforms of Luther in Germany

People Sinful by Nature

• Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline

• Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation

Influenced by Augustine

• Preached predestination- God knows who will be saved,

guides lives of those destined for salvation

• Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change

predestined end

7) John Calvin

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

John Knox

– Knox’s Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic

Church

– Laid groundwork for later Presbyterian denomination

Anabaptists

• Different beliefs about baptism; insisted on rebaptizing

adults

– Crime punishable by death at that time

Other Reformers

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

• Protestant Reformation began with criticism of Catholic Church

by priests and other religious thinkers.

• Reformation began with the king in England

• 1509, Henry VIII

became king, age 17

• Devout Catholic

• Wrote angry protests

against Luther’s

ideas

• Actions won him title

“Defender of the

Faith”

• By 1525, Henry had

only one child, Mary

A King’s Protest

Henry wanted male

heir, thought

female monarch

would weaken

England

• Decided to have

marriage to

Catherine

annulled

• Pope would not

agree to

annulment

Annulment

• Catherine and her,

nephew Holy Roman

Emperor Charles V,

also opposed

annulment

• Dilemma became “the

king’s great matter”

• Arguing with Pope,

Henry fell in love with

Anne Boleyn

Opposition

8) Protestantism Spreads to England/A King’s Protest

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

Henry Takes Over

• Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer

considered itself under authority of pope

• Henry became head of Church of England

Act of Supremacy

• Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled

• Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth

• Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of

England”

Church of England

• Henry changed rituals of church very little

• Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land

to nobles

• This built more public support for split from Catholic Church

9) The Reformation Parliament

Renaissance and Reformation Section 3

• Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI

• 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9

• Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his

guardians

• Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

• Mary returned England to

authority of pope

• Hundreds burned at stake for

Protestant beliefs, earning

queen title “Bloody Mary”

• Her death caused little grief

• Half-sister Elizabeth became

queen

Bloody Mary

• Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart

• 1559, drafted new Supremacy

Act, splitting England again from

Rome

• Catholics plotted to place Mary,

Queen of Scots, on throne

• Elizabeth persecuted Catholics,

secured Church of England

Elizabeth’s Reign

10) Henry’s Heirs