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European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600

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Chapter 1 Section 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

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Preview: During the Middle Ages there were times of war and plague. People wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit. They began to question institutions of the Middle Ages that hadnt prevented war or relieved suffering. This included questioning the Catholic Church.

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I. Italys Advantages A. Renaissance (1300-1600) 1. Creativity in art, word and thought 2. Means rebirth 3. Revival of art and learning from classical Greece and Rome

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4. Led to innovations in art and literature and new values such as the importance of the individual 5. Spread from northern Italy to the rest of Europe

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B. Italys Advantages 1. City states and towns areas where ideas were exchanged a. Plague killed about 60% b. Those remaining could ask for higher wages c. Merchants pursued art

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2. Wealthy merchant class a. Merchants dominated politics b. Did not inherit social rank like nobles made it by wits c. Ex. Medici family in Florence

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3. Influence of Greece and Rome a. Scholars wanted to return to learning of Greeks and Romans b. Artists drew inspiration from Roman ruins c. Studied ancient Latin manuscripts d. Preserved Greek manuscripts in war times

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II. Classical and Worldly Values A. Classics lead to humanism 1.Humanism intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements 2. Scholars studied classical texts to review Greek values rather than how they applied to Christianity

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3. Influenced artists and architects 4. Led to creation of the study of the humanities ex. history. literature and philosophy

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B. Worldly Pleasures 1. Past demonstrate piety (faithfulness) by wearing rough clothes and eating plain foods 2. Renaissance okay to enjoy life without offending God 3. Secular (worldly) people concerned more with the present

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C. Patrons of the Arts 1. Patrons supporters of the arts and artists 2. Many were supported by leaders of the Catholic Church 3. Merchants and wealthy families were also patrons 4. Donating art to churches or cities established importance

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D. Renaissance Man 1. Idea that all educated people should create art 2. Idea that all should be well-rounded Renaissance Man 3. Ex. B. Castiglione The Courtier taught how to become this

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E. Renaissance Woman 1. Upper class women should know the classics and be charming 2. Should not seek fame but should inspire art 3. Some exceptions Isabella DEste, Catherine de Medici

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III. Renaissance Revolutionizes Art A. Painting and Sculpture 1. Styles changed began use of perspective (3D on flat canvas) 2. Portrayed religious and secular subjects as they saw them realistic style 3. Painted individuals and showed their feelings and showed the human body realistically 4. Ex. Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio, Michelangelo, Donatello, Sofonisba Anguissola, Artemisia Gentileschi

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B. Renaissance Literature 1. Changes in style a. Use of vernacular (native language) instead of Latin b. Ex. Dante wrote in Italian c. Wrote for self-expression d. Wrote about individuality of subjects

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2. Francesco Petrarch a. Father of Ren. Humanism b. Poet Italian and Latin c. Sonnets Laura 3. Giovanni Boccaccio a. The Decameron b. Tragic and comic view of life

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4. Niccolo Machiavelli a. The Prince b. Political guidebook c. Real world of power and politics do whatever is necessary while appearing as honest and trustworthy

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5. Vittoria Colonna a. Female writer/poet b. In touch with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish

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Chapter 1 Section 2 The Northern Renaissance Preview: By the late 1400s, the works of da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and others spread to areas of Northern Europe, including England, France, Germany, and Flanders (today part of France and the Netherlands.)

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I. The Northern Renaissance Begins A. After the plague and the end of the Hundred Years War populations in Europe grew B. As wealth grew, patronage of the arts grew, first with rich merchants in Flanders C. Rulers in England and France became patrons Ex. Francis I of France and da Vinci

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D. Northern Renaissance developed its own style especially realism E. Some northern humanists developed plans for changing society based on Judeo- Christian values

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II. Artistic Ideas Spread A. Warfare forced some artists northward and others who trained in Italy returned to Northern Europe B. Germany 1. Albrecht Durer woodcuts, engravings, helped spread style 2. Hans Holbein the Youner-portraits with realism

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C. Flemish (Flanders) 1. Jan van Eyck oil painting 2. Peter Bruegel the Elder - everyday life, crowds, colors and details

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III. Northern Writers A. Writers wanted to revive classic languages and texts B. Northern writers used these to examine the teachings of the Catholic Church which they felt didnt teach people to live a Christian life C. Known as Christian Humanists new movement to reform society

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D. Desiderius Erasmus best known Christian humanist believed that to improve society people should study the Bible E. Thomas Moore Utopia tried to show an ideal society without greed, corruption or war wrote in Latin

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F. Womens reforms 1. Those who could afford to educate their children educated their sons, not their daughters 2. Christine de Pizan highly educated, spoke out for education of all; one of first European writers to question different treatment of boys and girls

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IV. The Elizabethan Age A. Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500s B. 1558-1603 Elizabethan Age C. Named for Queen Elizabeth I reigned from 1558-1603 D. Supported development of English art and culture

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E. William Shakespeare most famous writer of the age 1. Revered the classics 2. Used them for inspiration 3. Revealed the souls through scenes of conflict

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V. Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas A. Chinese invented types of printing B. Johann Gutenberg, 1440 1. Developed printing press 2. German 3. 1455 Bible printed with moveable type 4. Could print hundreds of copies of a single work 5. Book prices dropped 6. Religious works then other types travel, medical, etc.

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VI. Legacy of the Renaissance A. Period of great social and artistic change B. Break from ideas centered around the Church C. Belief in the individual led to democratic ideas D. Movable type printing led to the spread of ideas E. Changes in the arts F. Changes in society

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Chapter 1 Section 3 Luther Leads the Reformation Preview: People began to criticize the Catholic Church saying its leaders were too interested in earthly pursuits such as gaining political power and wealth

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I. Causes of the Reformation A. Many forces weakened the power of the Catholic Church: 1. Emphasis on the importance of the individual challenged Church authority 2. The printing press helped spread the ideas 3. Rulers challenged the Churchs power ex. Germany 4. Northern merchants resented paying taxes to Rome 5. Created demand for change

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B. Criticisms of the Catholic Church 1. Critics claimed the leaders were corrupt 2. Popes spent money on arts, personal pleasures, and fought wars 3. Lower clergy many poorly educated or broke vows

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C. Calls for reform 1. Influenced by reformers, people felt that priests should meet a higher standard of conduct 2. John Wycliffe (England) and Jan Hus (Bohemia)called for reform said the pope did not have worldly power

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3. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More Christian humanists for reform 4. People were reading the texts and forming own opinions

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II. Luther Challenges the Church A.Martin Luther monk and teacher German B. 1517 Friar John Tetzel selling indulgences (pardons from sin) pay, sins forgiven

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C.***Luther wrote the 95 Theses attacking the Pardon merchants D. Posted these on the cathedral doors at Wittenberg E. Theses taken to printer and circulated

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F.Start of the Reformation movement for religious reform G. **Led to the founding of churches that did not accept the popes authority H. Luthers main ideas 1. Achieve salvation through faith alone, not faith and good works 2. All Church teachings should be based on words from the Bible 3. All people with faith were equal no need for priests to interpret the Bible for them

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III. The Response to Luther A. Many who had been unhappy saw Luthers protest as a way to challenge the Church B. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther C. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued Edict of Worms calling Luther a heretic and outlaw

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D. Prince Frederick of Saxony hid Luther ; Luther translated the New Testament into German E. **When Luther returned to Wittenberg he found that his ideas were in practice as the Lutherans or Lutheran Church

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F. Peasants revolt 1. 1524 German peasants revolted Luther supported the German princes 2. Revolt was crushed peasants rejected Luthers religious leadership

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G. Germany at war 1. Northern German princes supported Luthers beliefs 2. Some agrees with beliefs while others wanted to be able to seize church property and become independent from the HRE Charles V 3. **1529 Princes loyal to the pope vs. those who supported Luther

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4. Luthers supporters signed a protest against those loyal to the pope 5. *****became known as the Protestants Christians belonging to non-Catholic churches 6. War settled by Peace of Augsburg in 1555 said German rulers could determine which religion their areas would follow

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IV. England Becomes Protestant A. Henry VIII 1. Catholic pope named him Defender of the Faith 2. Needed a male heir 3. One daughter Mary, but no woman had been leader of England 4. Wanted marriage annulled so could remarry and have a son but Pope refused (Henrys wife was the aunt of the HRE, Charles V)

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5. 1529 called Parliament into session passed laws ending the popes power in England (Reformation Parliament) 6. 1533 Married Anne Boleyn and Parliament legalized his divorce from Catherine 7. Act of Supremacy 1535 said Henry was the official head of the English Church 8. Some opposition ex. Thomas More found guilty of treason and executed

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B. Consequences 1. Anne had a daughter (Elizabeth) was charged with treason and beheaded 2. Henry married Jane Seymour had one son then died 3. Henry was married 3 more times no more children

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4. All three children ruled a. Edward became king at 9 led by Protestant advisors only ruled for 6 years b. Mary Catholic had Protestants executed c. Elizabeth began rule in 1558

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C. Elizabeth and Protestantism 1. 1559 Parliament set up the Church of England or Anglican Church 2. Only legal church in England 3. Made changes a. Priests could marry b. Sermons in English not Latin c. Changes in services to be more pleasing to Catholics

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D. Elizabeths Other Challenges 1. Challenges from Protestants and Catholics 2. Money concerns 3. Fear of Philip II of Spain

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Chapter 1 Section 4 The Reformation Continues Preview: Protestantism spread to other areas of Europe. I.Calvin Continues the Reformation A. Huldrych Zwingli Switzerland 1. called for reform 2. wanted believers to have more control over the Church 3.war broke out, Zwingli was killed

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B. John Calvin 1536, published Institutes of the Christian Religion 1. Summary of Protestant theology (religious beliefs) 2. Cannot earn salvation 3. Said God chooses those to save the elect known to God from beginning of time

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4. **called predestination 5. Religion called Calvinism 6. 1541 Calvin controlled Geneva theocracy 7. Strict rules, religion classes, punishment for not following, model city?

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II. Spread of Calvinism A. Scotland John Knox Presbyterians B. France Protestants were called Huguenots clashed with Catholics St. Bartholomews Day massacre 1572

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III. Other Protestant Reformers A. Groups began to interpret the Bible and had differences in beliefs B. Anabaptists adult baptism, church and state should be separate, refused to fight in wars, shared possessions

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C. Other Protestants and Catholics both persecuted the Anabaptists D. Forerunners of the Mennonites and the Amish; influenced the Quakers and Baptists

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IV. Women in the Reformation A. Francis I, Marguerite of Navarre protected Calvin while he was in France B. Katherina von Bora Luthers wife; former nun, married and had children, managed finances and fed all C. Womens roles were limited to the home, not the church

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V. The Catholic Reformation A. Reform of the Church from Within 1. Ignatius of Loyola a. Society of Jesus Jesuits b. Founded schools c. Convert non-Catholics sent out missionaries d. Stop spread of Protestantism

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2. Pope Paul III 1534-1549 a. Council of cardinals to investigate sale of indulgences b. Approved the Jesuit order c. Inquisition to punish heretics d. Council of Trent agreed on specific doctrines of the Church 3. Pope Paul IV a. Carried out Councils decrees b. Index of Forbidden Books destroy these including Protestant Bibles

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V. The Legacy of the Reformation A. Set the stage for the modern world B. Ended the Christian unity of Europe C. Left Europe culturally divided D. Protestant churches grew and denominations developed E. Catholic Church more unified

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F. More emphasis on education parish schools, universities G. Monarchs and states gained power as the power of the Church declined H. Led to modern nation-states leaders sought power through warfare, exploration and expansion I. *Led to questioning beliefs and authority, leading to the Enlightenment