Ch. 3 The Four Most Important Organic Biological Compounds 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins...
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Transcript of Ch. 3 The Four Most Important Organic Biological Compounds 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins...
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Ch. 3 The Four Most Important Organic Biological Compounds
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
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• C:H:O ratio is 1:2:1 (CH20)n
• Simple sugars: glucose, fructose
Structural units, used to make larger, storage compounds:
1. Starch – energy storage in plants
2. Glycogen – energy storage in animals
3. Cellulose – plant cell walls (structure, protection)
1) Carbohydrates
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Fig 3.7
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Glucose
Fructose
Formation of a Disaccharide
C12H22O11
Glucose Fructose
H2O (water)
Sucrose
A portion of a polysaccharide
Monosaccharides
C6H12O6
(Simple sugars)
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2. Lipids• Non-polar, hydrophobic (don’t dissolve in water)
• (CH)nCOOH
• Functions:
– High-energy storage molecules
– Transmit signals/messages (steroid hormones)
• 4 main types:
a) Fats
b) Phospholipids
c) Steroids
d) Waxes
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A) Fats
• Triglycerides – most abundant lipids in body, abundant energy!
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Fig. 3.8B,C
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-no double bonds -has double bonds
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B) Phospholipids
-cell membranes
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C) Steroids• No fatty acid chains
• Cholesterol:
– component of cell membranes
– Precursor for hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Fig 3.9B
Cholesterol
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D) Waxes
• Repel water
• Protect & lubricate
• Plant cuticle
• honeycombs
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3) Proteins
• Made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
• enzymes
• cell parts like hair , nails, muscle fibers.
• Cell membrane transporters
Fig. 3.12A
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Fig 3.12C
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Proteins continued• DNA specifies the order of AA
• Order determines shape
• Shape determines function
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Primary structure
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Fig 3.14A-D
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One AA substitution alters the form of hemoglobin,resulting in sickle cells.
Anemia, circulatory problems, kidney failure, enlarged spleen…..
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4) Nucleic Acids
• DNA & RNA
– Sequence is the code for protein synthesis
• Monomers of Nucleotides
Fig 3.16A
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The nitrogenous bases of DNA
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RNA contains: ribose instead of deoxyribose, and uracil instead of thymine
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Fig 3.16B,C: The structure of DNA