Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids. “Organic”. Referring to living organisms Contain carbon and at least one hydrogen. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds. Carbon forms branched, linear and ringed molecules. Macromolecules are formed by…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

Page 1: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

Page 2: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
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Referring to living organismsContain carbon and at least one hydrogen

“Organic”

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Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

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Carbon forms branched, linear and ringed molecules.

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Polymerization – combining monomers to form long chains (polymers)

Macromolecules are formed by…

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CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteins

4 Organic Compounds (Macromolecules)

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Energy sourcesForm structural compounds

Contain C, H, O (usually have 1:2:1 ratio) – (CH2O)nExample: C6H12O6

Carbohydrates

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Monomers = “Monosaccharides”Ex:

Glucose (quick energy source)Fructose (in fruits)Galactose (in milk)

Carbohydrates

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Glucose and Galactose

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Glucose and Fructose

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Molecules with the same formula but different 3D structures

Isomers

C2

CH23

C1O

OH

OH

H

H

C

CH2

CO

OH

OH

H

H C

CH2

CH2OH

OH

O

D-glyceraldehyde L-glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone

Aldoses Ketose

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SucroseLactoseMaltose

Disaccharides – “Two sugars”

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Dehydration SynthesisWhen two molecules are bonded togetherby removing awater molecule

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HydrolysisWhen two moleculesare separated by adding a watermolecule

http://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/reaction_types.html

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Digestion EnzymesMaltase digests maltoseLactase digests lactoseSucrase digests sucrose

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Polysaccharides – “Many Sugars”

Extra sugar is stored as polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides are made from monosaccharides.

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Polysaccharide that stores sugar in plants

Starch

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Polysaccharide that stores extra sugar in animals\Supplies energy for muscle contractionsReleased by liver when blood sugar is low

Glycogen

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Polysaccharide that composes cell wall in plants

Cellulose

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Uses:Long-term energy storageInsulationWaterproof coveringFormation of membranesChemical messengers (steroids)

Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)

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Contain mostly H and CNot soluble in water (nonpolar)

Lipids

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TriglyceridesSaturatedUnsaturated

PhospholipidsWaxesSteroids

Types of Lipids:

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Triglyceride formationA glycerol molecule combines with three fatty

acids.

http://users.uma.maine.edu/SusanBaker/triglyceride.html

.

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated

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Monounsaturated

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Polyunsaturated

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Cis versus transCis – both of the groups of atoms are oriented on

the same side or the double bond

Trans – the groups of atoms are oriented so that one is up and the other down relative to the double bond.

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Cis and trans fats (note the bends)

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Trans fat does not bendActs like saturated

Trans fats

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Trans fats – source?Plants and animals do not produce trans fatsBeef and milk do have some trans fat from

bacteria that help them digestMost trans fats come from processed

vegetable fatsPartial hydrogenation or extended heating

causes cis bonds to become trans bonds

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And the problem is?Trans fats (or hydrogenated fats) raise

cholesterol, Possible link with type 2 diabetesPossible link with breast and colon cancerBrain cell membranes (trans replaces cis in

myelin sheath); affects neuron communication

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Steroids – special lipidsCholesterolSex hormonesBirth control pillsCortisoneAnabolic steroids

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Nucleic AcidsStore and transmit hereditary informationContain H, C, N, O, P

Monomers = nucleotidesExamples:

DNARNAATP

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ATP ComponentsAdenineRibose3 Phosphates