CE 7014 Week1 Intro

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Earthquake is a term used to describe both suddenslip on a fault, and the resulting groundshaking and radiated seismic energy caused bythe slip.

But people did not know this hundreds of yearsago...

To most ancient or medieval people an earthquake isan act of God or some other supernatural power as

punishment of misbehavior of mankind.

Mythological causes like movement of a giantcatsh beneath !apan" named #ama$u or a tortoise%merican &ndians" were popular...

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In 580 BC Thales said ' Earth (oats on a universalocean whose storms shock the land)

Later in 340 BC ristotle claimed'winds in thesubterranean underground" caves are the cause of

earthquakes).

*eople believed that the underground winds ande+plosions are the cause until the beginning of ,-thcentury. ntil...

!"55 Lis#on $%ortugal& 'arth(uakealso knownas the Great /isbon Earthquake"0 The earthquakewas followed by a tsunami and res1 which causednear2total destruction of /isbon and ad3oining areas.

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The ,455 earthquake strongly in(uenced the intelligentsia ofthe European %ge of Enlightenment. %fter this event1earthquakes were studied more as natural phenomena.

)irst *e+olution in eismology

-isco+ery of rock fracture and faults after !"55 Lis#onearth(uake

Lyell one of the founders of seismology" proposedthat 'sudden fracture of ground might producevibration) in !835.

.hitney another infamous seismologist" said'tension or compression accumulates 1 until thecohesion of materials is no longer capable of resistingthe pressure and the rocks give way1 a ssure isformed and a powerful pulse communicated to the

rocks) in !8"/

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ntilthe end of ,-thcentury the

earthquake studies were limitedto visual observation. 6owever1scientist managed to observesurface faulting after bigearthquakes such as ,-,7&ndian1 ,-54 and ,-48 9aliforniaand ,-7, !apan.

,-7, Mino2:vari !apan"earthquake studied in details by

!apanese seismologist 1oto$!823& who discovered ,,; kmlong fault. 6e also recognisedthat earthquakes occur

repetedaly along the samefaults.

t the #eginning of !2thcentury faults had acceptedas a cause of earth(uakes

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ohn ilne said '&t is not unlikely that every largeearthquake might with proper instrumental appliances1be recorded at any point on the land) in !823

econd *e+olution in eismology-e+elopment of ensiti+e eismographs

eismographsareinstruments that measureand record motions of the

ground1 including those ofseismic waves generatedby earthquakes1 nuclear

e+plosions1 and otherseismic sources.

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%lthough earthquakerecording instrumentsare now moresophisticated1 the rstearthquake recorderwas an artistic device

invented by a 9hinesescholar about ,

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>udden rupture of >an%ndreas ?ault generatedthe great ,7;@earthquake. Ahile othercities or towns sueredsubstantial damage 1 thetitle '>an ?rancisco

Earthquake) was earnedby the ruin much of itthe result of re" of thatcity.

This is the rst properlystudied earthquake in

history. >eismograms1fault displacement valuesand geodeticmeasuremets were allavaliable and showed theconstant displacementbetween ,-5,2,-77 on

>an %ndreas ?ault.

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That was the rst proof that contininous slow displacements can occuron a fault.

%lso1 *eid $!2!0& proposed that whole crust of the earth bentelastically under the stress until the breaking strength of the rocks wasreached at which point they fractured along the old weak line of the>an %ndreas ?ault1 rebounding to a new position. This concept is called

'lastic *e#ound Theory.

/ater it will be proved that energy released in an earthquake can beestimated from the dimensions of the disturbed area and stressrequired to break the rock.

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Third *e+olution in eismology

Theory of %late Tectonics

%round ,7@; three developments combined tochange seismology again0

Cevelopment of high speed digital computer /arge sums of money made avaliable for

seismological research to distinguish betweennatural earthquakes and nuclear undergrounde+plosion

Theory of plate tectonics

sing these funds1 more than one hundredseismographs were placed all around the world. Thecombination of easily obtained good data1 funds forresearch and a (ood of young scientists resulted inrapid advances in seismic knowledge.

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The observations of similarity between the coastlines and geology ofeastern >outh %merica and western %frica and the southern part of &ndia

and northern part of %ustralia had fascinated scientist since ,4th century.But the theory known as continental driftwas not proposed until early8;th century.

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.egener $!2!5& proposed

that the earth had only onelarge continent called%angea 8;; millions yearsago. 6e believed that the*angea broke into pieces andslowly drifted into the

present conguration of thecontinents.

The original theory ofcontinental drift suggestedimages of massive

continents pushing throughthe seas and across theocean (oor. 6owever1 theocean (oor is too strong topermit such motion so thetheory was originallydiscredited by most earth

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?rom this background the modern theory of plate tectonicsbegan toevolve...

The basic hypothesis of plate tectonics is that the earthDs surfaceconsists of a number of large intact blocks called platesand theseplates move with respect to each other.

continentalsi6ed plates7%frican%merican%ntartic%ustralia2&ndianEurasian*acic

!4su#continentalplates

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The relativedeformationbetween platesoccurs only innarrow $ones neartheir boundaries.

This deformation ofplates can occurslowly andcontiniouslyaseismic

deformation" orcan occurperiodically in formof earthquakesseismicdeformation".

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>ince thedeformationoccurspredominantly atthe boundariesbetween theplates1 it wouldbe e+pected thatthe locations ofearthquakeswould beconcentratednear the plate

boundaries. Mapof earthquakeepicenterssupport thistheory.

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AhatDs wrong inTurkey

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,777 Earthquakes

*ictures 9ourtesy of 6. >ucuoFlu and

.H. Ietin

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*icture0 9ourtesy of 6. >ucuoFl

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*ictures0 9ourtesy of 6. >ucuoFl

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/ateral >preadingobserved in

Topaktas Jillagealong arasuKiver

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*icture0 9ourtesy of 6. >ucuoFlu

/ateral >preading...

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/ateral >preading...

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Geotechnical factors causing structural failures...

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;@LucuoFlu 8@

/iquefaction

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E+cessive settlements...

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*icture0 9ourtesy of >. Bakr

E+cessive foundation displacements...

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*icture0 9ourtesy of 6.

/andslide on Bolu Jiaduct

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Jan2Ercis 6ighway East /ane >lope ?ailure

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Kocaeli Earthquake, 17 August 1999 (Mw=7.4)

*icture0 9ourtesy of %. Nakut

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VanErci! Earthquake, "# $cto%er "&1" (Mw=7.")

*icture0 9ourtesy of %. Erber

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?or regularbuildings1 useand enforce

TurkishEarthquake 9ode8;;4"

eep in mind thatthat thecurrent

code can beimprovedO

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Therefore requires background on0Geology>eismologyGeotechnical Engineering>tructural Engineering>tatistics

9E 5@;

CE 7014 Week1 Intro

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