Case Study: Collaborative Crop Research in Action · 2018. 1. 2. · CoP Community of Practice...
Transcript of Case Study: Collaborative Crop Research in Action · 2018. 1. 2. · CoP Community of Practice...
Case Study: Collaborative Crop Research in Action The McKnight Foundation Support for Andean Grains Research and Development in Bolivia and Ecuador By Douglas Horton
Commissioned by The McKnight Foundation July 2014
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Foreword
The McKnight Foundation’s Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) funds collaborative crop research between smallholder farmers, leading local researchers, and development practitioners to explore solutions for sustainable local food systems. Currently the CCRP funds 120 grantee organizations in 70 research projects in 12 countries.
In 2012, the program decided to undertake a series of case studies to better understand the impact and lessons of their interventions and those of selected grantees over the years. The case study method was chosen to combine qualitative and quantitative data in a format focused on utilization. The program, grantee, and larger community can subsequently learn and improve research for development outcomes going forward. This Andean Grains case study is the first in the series and is an excellent example of how this approach can provide insightful evidence and analysis that informs various hypotheses about how best to undertake more relevant and rigorous research. Ultimately, the goal is to embolden small-scale farmers in the Andes to improve their livelihoods. The report affirms the benefits of the flexibility, support, and capacity strengthening the CCRP provides, as well as the power of its collaborative and participatory approaches. It points to the need to more fully engage outside actors in the quinoa sector in Bolivia and the Andean grains sectors in Ecuador to better understand how these two research programs fit into the larger market and consumption trends. Finally, it reveals the need for more systematic project level data on the impact and reach of seed and other technologies to better inform future case studies.
Jane Maland Cady, International Program Director The McKnight Foundation
Rebecca Nelson, CCRP Scientific Director
Cornell University
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Contents
Acronyms & Abbreviations .........................................................................................4
Summary ....................................................................................................................5
1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................7
2. The Andean Grains Programs .............................................................................. 11 Andeangrains:theirnatureanddynamicsinthecontextofagriculturaldevelopment................................11 DevelopmentofthenationalAndeangrainsprograms................................................................................................17
3. Results of the Andean Grains Programs .............................................................. 23 Productsproducedandservicesrendered........................................................................................................................23 Contributionstonetworking,innovation,andpolicies................................................................................................27 Lessonslearned.............................................................................................................................................................................31
4. The CCRP Approach to Supporting Andean Grains R&D ...................................... 32 TheMcKnightFoundation’sCollaborativeCropResearchProgram.......................................................................32 EvolutionofCCRPsupport.......................................................................................................................................................33 CCRPcontributionstoprogram‐levelcapacityandperformance............................................................................36 LessonsfortheCCRP...................................................................................................................................................................40
References ................................................................................................................ 41
About the Author ..................................................................................................... 43
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Acronyms & Abbreviations
AEI AgroecologicalintensificationAPROSANAMY AsociacióndeProductoresdeSemillasyAlimentosNutricionalesAndinos,
MushukYuyay(AssociationofProducersofSeedandNutritiousAndeanFoods,“NewThinking”),Cañar,Ecuador
BYU BrighamYoungUniversityCABOLQUI CámaraBolivianadeExportadoresdeQuinuayProductosOrgánicos(Bolivian
ChamberofExportersofQuinoaandOrganicProducts)CADEQUIR CámaraDepartamentaldelaQuinuaRealdelDepartamentodePotosí
(DepartmentalChamberforQuinoaReal,DepartmentofPotosi),BoliviaCCRP CollaborativeCropResearchProgramCGIAR ConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchCIAL LocalAgriculturalResearchCommittee(ComitédeInvestigaciónAgrícola
Local)CoP CommunityofPracticeCORPOPURWA CorporacióndeProductoresdeLeguminosasyGranosAndinosdelPueblo
Puruwa(AssociationofProducersofLegumesandAndeanGrainsoftheVillageofPuruwa),Chimborazo,Ecuador
DANIDA Danish InternationalDevelopmentAgencyFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsFAOSTAT OnlinestatisticaldatabaseoftheFAOFFS FarmerFieldSchoolIBTA InstitutoBolivianodeTecnologíaAgropecuaria(BolivianInstitutefor
AgriculturalTechnology)IFAD InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopmentIMEP Integratedmonitoring,evaluation,andplanning:systemdevelopedbythe
CCRPtofosterlearningandprogramimprovementINIAF InstitutoNacionaldeInnovaciónAgropecuariayForestal(NationalInstitute
forAgricultural,Livestock,andForestryInnovation),BoliviaINIAP InstitutoNacionalAutónomodeInvestigacionesAgropecuarias(National
AutonomousInstituteforAgriculturalandLivestockResearch),EcuadorIPM IntegratedpestmanagementNGO Non‐governmentalorganizationPROINPA FundaciónparalaPromocióneInvestigacióndeProductosAndinos
(FoundationforInvestigationandPromotionofAndeanProducts),BoliviaR&D ResearchanddevelopmentSDC SwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation
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Summary
TheMcKnightFoundationcommissionedacasestudyofitssupporttoAndeangrainsresearchanddevelopment(R&D)inBoliviaandEcuadorthroughtheCollaborativeCropResearchProgram(CCRP).Takingasystemsperspective,thestudywasdesignedtoassessthedevelopmentandresultsofthenationalAndeangrainsprograms,learnaboutCCRPcontributionstotheseprograms,andformulatelessonsforimprovingthenationalprogramsandfutureCCRPsupport.Thestudyconcludedthat,althoughmostofthefactorsinfluencingAndeangrainsproductionandusearebeyondthecontrolofnationalR&Dprograms,theyhavemadeimportantcontributionstoinnovationwithAndeangrainsinBoliviaandEcuador.Theprogramshave:
• Releasednewvarieties,workedwithfarmerstoimproveseedquality,andidentifiednewwaystomanagepestswithminimaluseofchemicalpesticides;
• Generatedanddisseminatedinformationonwaystoimproveproductionanddiversifyusesofquinoa,lupine,andamaranth;
• Influencedpublicpoliciesand,throughimprovedrelationshipsandnetworksinvolvingeconomicactorsandagriculturalserviceproviders,facilitatedinnovationprocessesandstrengthenedthecapacityforinnovationwithAndeangrainsinthetwocountries.
SincetheproductionandmarketingconditionsforAndeangrainsareconstantlychanging,nationalprogramsneedtodevelopsustainableR&Dcapacitiestorespondtochangingneedsandopportunities.Criticalisdevelopingeffectivecapacitiesfornetworkingandbrokeringinnovationprocesses.Byemphasizingsystemschangethroughcollaborativeresearch,knowledgesharing,andcapacitybuilding,theCCRPhasmadeimportantcontributionstodevelopingsuchcapacitiesinthetwocountries.Agrowingconcernforthenationalprogramsisdevelopingsustainablefinancialstrategiestoreducetheirdependenceonexternaldonorsaswellasonthenationaltreasury.
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1. Introduction TheMcKnightFoundationbeganfundingcropresearchwiththePlantBiologyProgram,whichranfrom1983to1992.ThefollowingyearitlaunchedtheCollaborativeCropResearchProgram(CCRP)toprovidesupportforagriculturalresearchindevelopingcountries.McKnighthascommissionedaseriesofcasestudiestobetterunderstandtheCCRPapproachanditsresultsinAfricaandtheAndeanregionofSouthAmericaandtoimprovefuturegrantmaking.TheAndeancasestudy,thefindingsofwhichfollow,focusedonMcKnight’sR&DsupportofAndeangrainsinBoliviaandEcuador.Theterm“Andeangrains”referstograinsandgrainlegumesthathavebeendomesticatedintheAndesandhavelongbeenconsideredneglectedandunderutilized.McKnighthassupportedquinoaresearchinBoliviaattheFoundationforInvestigationandPromotionofAndeanProducts(PROINPA),andquinoa,lupine,andamaranthresearchinEcuadorattheNationalInstituteforAgriculturalandLivestockResearch(INIAP)throughtheirlegumeandAndeangrainsprograms.Begunin2001theBolivianprojectisthelongest‐runningCCRP‐supportedprojectintheAndes.TheEcuadorianproject,whichbeganin2005,ispartofthesecondcohortofCCRPprojectsintheAndes.Bothhaveengagedinawiderangeofactivitiesovertheyears,including:
• Germplasmcollection,characterization,conservation,anduseinthedevelopmentofnewvarieties;
• Developmentandpromotionofimprovedpracticesforcultivation,pestmanagement,andharvestandpost‐harvestoperations;
• DiversificationofusesofAndeangrains,publicawareness,andpolicyinfluence.ThesearetheonlytwoprojectsintheCCRPAndesportfoliothatincludegeneticimprovementandthereleaseofnewcropvarieties.AlthoughtheinitialmotivationforanalyzingMcKnight’ssupportforAndeangrainsR&DcamefromwithintheFoundation,thestudywasalsotobeofusetomembersoftheAndeangrainsprogramsandtoPROINPAandINIAPseniormanagementforimprovingtheirR&Defforts.Inthissense,itisa“utilizationfocusedevaluation”doneforandwithspecificintendedprimaryusersforspecific,intendeduses(Patton,2012).ItwasexpectedthatthestudywouldalsobeofusetoindividualsandorganizationsconcernedwiththeuseandconservationofAndeangrains,alongwithotherneglectedandunderutilizedspecies,toimprovefoodsecurityandpromotesustainabledevelopment.Theseprioritieswereexpressedinthestudy’sthreeobjectives:
1. ToassessthedevelopmentandresultsoftheAndeangrainsR&Dprogramsinthetwocountries
2. ToassessthecontributionsoftheCCRPtoAndeangrainsR&Dinthetwocountries3. ToformulatelessonsforimprovingtheAndeangrainsprogramsaswellasfutureCCRP
support
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FollowingHargreaves(2010)andPatton(2011),thestudytookanapproachthatreflectedsystemsthinking.TheCCRP’sworkintheAndeswasviewedasa“systemschangeintervention”thataimstobringaboutchangesinnationalAndeangrainsR&Dprograms.Thesechanges,inturn,areexpectedtocontributetochangesintheproductionandconsumptionofAndeangrainsand,ultimately,topovertyreduction,foodsecurity,andconservationofagrobiodiversityandothernaturalresources.AchievingtheAndeangrainsprograms’goalswouldrequiretargetingmanydifferentsystems:farming,marketing,policy‐making,publicopinion,andhouseholdconsumption.Hence,thestudywasconcernedwithnumerousinteractingand“entangled”systems,whichincludedtheCCRP,thenationalAndeangrainsprograms,theirhostorganizations,andthebroaderinnovationandfoodsystemsofwhichtheyformpartsandseektoinfluence.Thiscasestudywasnotintendedtobean“impactevaluation”inthetraditionalsense.ItdidnotseektoassesstheimpactsoftheCCRPortheAndeangrainsprogramsondistantsocioeconomicvariablessuchasruralwelfare,foodsecurity,ornaturalresourceconservation.Rather,inthespiritofcontributionanalysis(Mayne,2013),thestudysoughttounderstandthecontributionsoftheCCRPtothecapacityandperformanceofAndeangrainsR&DinBoliviaandEcuadorandtheinfluencesoftheseprogramstochangesinpublicperceptions,policies,andtheproductionanduseofAndeangrains.Thestudywasbasedoncasestudyresearchmethods(Yin,2009)anddrewonfourmainsourcesofinformation: 1. PrintedanddigitalpublicationsandinformationonAndeangrains 2. UnpublishedreportsontheCCRPandtheAndeangrainsprograms 3. Visitstofieldsitesandkeyinformantinterviewswithprogramstakeholders
4. Participatoryreviewworkshopsconductedatthebeginningandendofeachcountryvisit
InthisstudywedistinguishedR&Dfrominnovation.WhereasR&Dinvolvesthegenerationanddisseminationofscientificknowledge,innovationisabroaderconceptconcernedwith“theuseofnewideas,newtechnologies,ornewwaysofdoingthingsbypeopleandinplaceswheretheyhavenotbeenusedbefore”(Barnett,2004:1,emphasisadded).Aninnovationsystemextendsbeyondthecreationofknowledgetoencompassthefactorsaffectingdemandforanduseofnewandexistingknowledgeinnovelways(WorldBank,2007:6‐7;2012).Manypeoplehavecontributedtotheplanningandexecutionofthisstudy.Ithankthefarmfamilies,businesspeople,researchers,anddevelopmentprofessionalswhometwithmeinEcuadorandBoliviaandwhogavegenerouslyoftheirtimeandknowledge.EduardoPeraltaandthemembersofINIAP’slegumesandAndeangrainsprogramandAlejandroBonifacioandthemembersofPROINPAinBoliviamadeexcellentarrangementsforthecountryvisits;preparedusefulpresentationsonanddocumentationoftheirwork;organizedmyvisitstoresearchfacilities,farmingcommunities,andmarkets;wereexcellenthostsduringmyvisitstoEcuadorandBolivia;respondedtonumerousrequestsforadditionalinformationand
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clarificationsafterthefieldwork;andprovideddetailedcommentsandsuggestionsforimprovingthisreport.TheseniormanagementteamsofINIAPandPROINPAactivelysupportedthestudyandtookthetimetomeetwithmeanddiscusstheirorganizations’workandviewsonAndeangrainsR&D.ClaireNicklinandCarlosPerez,CCRP’sregionalrepresentativeandliaisonscientistintheAndes,respectively,providedabundantinformationandusefulinsightsontheCCRPanditsworkinEcuadorandBolivia.Clairealsocoordinatedtheoverallstudy,greatlyfacilitatingmywork.Theprogram’sleadershipteamparticipatedactivelyinplanningthestudyandprovidedusefulcommentsonapreliminaryversionofthefinalreport.
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2. The Andean Grains Programs
Andean grains: their nature and dynamics in the context of agricultural development
TheAndeanregionofSouthAmericaisoneoftheworld’smajorcentersofplantdomestication.IndigenouspeoplesdomesticatedanumberofcropsknownasAndeangrains,includingquinoa(Chenopodiumquinoa),amaranth(Amaranthuscaudatus,A.quitoensis),lupin(Lupinusmutabilis),andkañiwa(alsoknownascañihuaorcañahua)(Chenopodiumpallidicaule).PriortotheSpanishconquest,thesecropswerehighlyprizedfortheirrusticity,adaptationtohighlandgrowingconditions,andnutritionalquality.However,duringtheColonialandRepublicaneras,thesecropswerefrequentlydisparagedas“foodforIndians.”Asothercropswereintroduced,thecultivationandconsumptionofAndeangrainsdeclined,practicallydisappearingfromcitiesandmanyfarmingcommunities(NationalResearchCouncil,1989).AndeangrainsarestillminorcropsinmostoftheAndes.Nevertheless,growinginterestinquinoaandamaranthashealthfulfoodsandinlupines1asatastysnackfoodandingredientinmoderndishesisdrivingincreasesintheirproductionandconsumptionthroughouttheAndes.Thereisstrongexternaldemandforquinoa,particularlyorganicquinoa,butlimitedproductionandR&Dtosupportsuchproduction.Stronginternationaldemandalsoexistsfororganicamaranth,butproductionandmarketdevelopmentinEcuadorandelsewhereintheregionareextremelylimited.Domesticdemandisrelativelystrongforlupines,asignificantsumofwhichissatisfiedbyPeruviansuppliers.InEcuador,quinoaandamaranthwereimportantinthefarmingsystemsanddietsofindigenouspeopleinthehighlands.However,theirimportancedeclinedsignificantlyinColonialandRepublicanerasand,inmanyareas,theyhavepracticallydisappeared.Manyfarmershavelostboththeiramaranthnativevarietiesandthepracticalknowledgeassociatedwiththeircultivation.Recentinternationalinterestinthesecropshasstimulatedlocalinterestintheircultivation.Anumberofnon‐governmentalorganizations(NGOs)havebeguntoworkwithsmallfarmerstoexpandcultivationandexportationofquinoa.Whilelocalquinoaconsumptionremainslow,theintroductionofprocessedquinoaproductshasstimulatedlocalconsumptionsomewhat.Marketagentshavereceivedexpressionsofinterestinamaranth,buthavebeenunabletoidentifylocalsourcesofsupplytosatisfythepotentialinternationalmarketdemand.InBolivia,quinoahasbeenanimportantcropandfoodsourcesinceitsdomestication.Itisoneofthefewcropsthatflourishesinthecold,semi‐aridconditionsofthisuniqueecologicalregion.Quinoacultivationhasalwaysbeenmostimportantinthesouthernaltiplano,inthedepartmentsofOruroandPotosi,aroundtheUyunisaltflat2,aregionrangingfromabout3,500tomorethan4,000metersabovesealevel.Here,anumberoflandraces(ecotypes)ofQuinuaRealflourishandproducelargegrainsthatarepreferredbybothBolivianandforeignconsumersandthatfetchhighpricesoninternationalmarkets.StrongdemandfororganicquinoainEuropeandother
1LupinisknowninEcuadoras“chocho,”inPeruandBoliviaas“tarwi”or“tarui,”andlupinorlupinebeanincommonEnglish.2TheSalardeUyuniistheworld’slargestsaltflat.
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foreignmarketsoverthepastdecadehasunchaineda“quinoaboom”inBolivia’ssouthernaltiplanobutalsoarapidexpansionofquinoacultivationinnewareas,bothinthecentralandnorthernaltiplanoandinvalleysatlowerelevations.Inthetraditionalfarmingsystemsofthesouthernaltiplano,beforethequinoaboom,fewpestsaffectedthequinoacropandfarmersdidnotapplychemicalpesticides.Quinoawaspartofanagropastoralsystemthatincludedllamas.Theboomhasledtoreducedcroprotation,fallowing,andllamaherding,whileintensifiedproductionhasresultedinincreasedpestproblems.Thesechangesinfarmingpracticesalsoappeartobeleadingtoreducedsoilfertilityandincreasedwinderosion,andsomeobserversfearthatthequinoaboomisconvertingthesouthernaltiplanointoanunproductive“dustbowl”andjeopardizingthelivelihoodsoflocalpeople(Jacobsen,2011).Suchfearshavebeenwidelyreportedinnewsoutlets,includingTheGuardianandMotherJones.However,asWinkelandcolleagues(2012)note,theenvironmentalanddietaryimpactsofthequinoaboomarefarlessclear‐cutandnegativethaninitialreportshaveindicated.Theavailablequinoastatistics(Figures1–3)indicatethatPeruwasthelargestproducerinthe1960s,withBoliviadominatingsince.Recently,estimatedquinoaproductionhasincreasedmorerapidlyinPeruthanBoliviaand,ifthecurrenttrendscontinue,PeruwillsurpassBoliviaasthelargestquinoaproducerinthenearfuture.3Ecuador’sannualquinoaproductionhasremainedsmall:around1,000tonsthroughouttheperiod.Inbothcountries,themainforcedrivingquinoaproductionhasbeenchangeintheareaharvested.Quinoayieldshavegenerallyfluctuatedbetween400kgand1,000kg/hawithnodiscernibletrend,exceptinPeru,whereyieldshavebeenincreasingsincethe1990s.
3Itisimportanttonote,however,thatanunrecordedandunknownbutpresumablysignificantamountofquinoaenterssouthernPerueachyearfromtheBolivianaltiplano.
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Figure1.Quinoa:Productionbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)4
Figure2.Quinoa:Harvestedareabycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)
Figure3.Quinoa:Yieldsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)
4ThesourceisFAOSTAT,theonlinedatabaseoftheFAO,whichincludestimeseriesandcrosssectionaldatarelatingtofoodandagriculturefor245countriesandterritoriesfrom1961tothemostrecentyear(accessedJune13,2013).ForFigures1–9,FAOSTAT’sannualestimateswereusedtocalculateandplotthree‐yearmovingaverages.Theyearsindicatedonthehorizontalaxisofeachfigurecorrespondtothemidpointofeachthree‐yearmovingaverage.
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AvailablequinoatradestatisticsshowthecleardominanceofBolivianexportsandthedramaticrun‐upinthevolumeandespeciallythevalueofquinoaexportsoverthelastdecade.Since2000,thevolumeofBolivianquinoaexportshasincreasednearlytentimesand,since2005,thepricehastripled(Figures4–6).
Figure4.Quinoa:Volumeofexportsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)averages)
Figure5.Valueofexportsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)
Figure6.Quinoa:Exportpricebycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)
AvailablelupinestatisticsindicatethatEcuadorwastheleadinglupineproducerinthe1960sbutitsproductionhassincebeenoutstrippedbyPeru’s.Peruvianlupineproductionfellduringthe
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1980swhenterrorismdisruptedagriculturalproductionbuthasincreaseddramaticallysincetheearly1990s.InPeru,lupineyieldsfellduringthe1960s,1970s,and1980s,recoveringsomewhatoverthelasttwodecadestojustover1t/ha.Ecuador’syieldsfelluntilthemid‐1970s,thenincreaseddramaticallyuntilthemid‐1980s,andthenfellagaintoaround500kg/ha.InBolivia,lupinesareproducedinthenorthernaltiplanoandinhighlandvalleys.AnunknownbutpresumablysignificantamountofBolivia’slupinesisexportedtoPeru,withsomeshippedtoEcuador.RecentlupinepriceshaveincreasedinBolivia,stimulatinginterestincultivatingthecrop(Figures7–9).
Figure7:Lupin:Productionbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)
Figure8:Lupin:Harvestedareabycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)
Figure9:Lupin:Yieldsbycountry(three‐yearmovingaverages)
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“OurgrandparentsplantedquinoaandothercropsinAugust.Butnowtherainsdon’tcomeuntilNovember.Climatechangeisveryrealforushere.”
—ElíasVargas,smallfarmer,enCachilaya,northernaltiplano,Bolivia
“Wewanttorelivetheagriculturethatwasfromour‘taitas’[Quechuawordforparents]andtoprotectthepachamama[QuechuawordforMotherEarth].”—Member,APROSANAMYfarmerorganization,Ecuador
“Weareworkingwithaproduct[quinoa]thathaschangedthelivesofmanypeople…
Butunfortunatelymanyproducershaveashort‐termmentalityandthink,‘I’dbettergetrichnoworIneverwill.’”
—PaolaMejía,generalmanager,CABOLQUI,Bolivia
“Farmlandisn’tboughtorsoldhere;itbelongstoeveryoneinthecommunity,butsomepeoplewholeftthecommunityarenowreturningwithmoneyandtheywanttograballthelandtheycanto
growquinoa.Thisupsetsourwayoflife…Thosewholiveherehavetheirquinoaandtheirllamas.Butthosewhoreturndon’thavellamasanddon’twantthemeither.
Theyjustwanttomakemoneyfastgrowingquinoa.”—SandroLópez,CADEQUIR,Uyuni,Bolivia
“Inmyvillagethereareonlyoldpeoplenow.Oncekidsgotoschoolintowntheyarenotgoingto
comebacktothevillagetoherdllamas.Theywanttoapplywhattheyhavelearnedinsomeway…Youcanmakemoneyfastwithquinoa,butnotwithllamas.Youhavetotakecareofallamaforfour
orfiveyears,andifyoudon’ttakegoodcare,awolforamountainlionwilleatit...[Concerningyields]thekeyfactorisrainfall.Whenitrains,yougetgoodyieldsevenonbadfields.Butifit
doesn’train,itdoesn’tmatterhowgoodyourseedisorhowmuchfertilizeryouputon;theyieldwillbebad.”
—Receptionist,HotelGirasoles,Uyuni,Bolivia
“Withoutrealizingit,wehavedonealotofdamage…Wehaveexterminatedthellamasandalpacas…Wearealsoeatingfewerpotatoesandlessquinoaandmorenoodlesandrice…Asfieldsarecultivated,theyieldsdefinitelyfallovertime.Fieldsthathavebeencultivatedtwentyormore
yearshavesmallerplantsandloweryields.”—WilderYucra,Chacala,Uyuni,Bolivia
“Thequinoacropisabitmysterious.Howcanitbegrowninsucharidareas?…Butitisn’ttruethat
quinoaconsumptionhasdroppedbecausemorequinoaisexported.Thetruthisthatquinoaproductionandsaleshavegrownalotandthatproducersstillkeeppartoftheirquinoatoeat…It’s
importanttorealizethatquinoahasneverbeenconsumedinthecity,exceptonholidayslikeChristmas.Wecitypeoplearenevergoingtoeatquinoaeveryday.Andit’salsoaliethatyieldsarefallingdramatically…Theagriculturalfrontierisbeingextended,butwhereisthedesertification?”
—DavidSoraide,director,FundaciónAUTAPO,Oruro,Bolivia
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“Quinoaisnowaluxury.It’snolongeraccessibletopeoplewithlowincomes.”—VíctorPacosillo,ownerandmanagerofaquinoaexportfirm,ElAlto,Bolivia
Development of the national Andean grains programs
Institutional setting of Andean grains’ research and development
InBolivia,quinoageneticbreedingbeganinthePatacamayaExperimentStationin1965basedonanagreementbetweenOXFAM/FAOandthegovernmentofBolivia(Gandarillas1986).Bythe1990s,asolidprogramhadbeendevelopedwithinthenewlyestablishedBolivianInstituteforAgriculturalTechnology(IBTA)thatincludedgermplasmcollection,breeding,pestmanagement,andagronomy.Overtheyears,IBTAreleasedanumberofnewvarietiesofquinoa.In1998,whenBoliviadecentralizedadministrativeresponsibilityformanyofitspublicservicesanddisbandedIBTA,thequinoaprogramwasleftwithoutaninstitutionalhome.In1999,theprogramwasassimilatedintothePROINPAFoundation.PROINPA5tookupthemandateforquinoaR&Dand,overtime,reconstitutedandfurtherdevelopedtheprogramimplementedearlierbyIBTA.Sinceitsinception,AndeangrainsR&DinPROINPAhasfocusedonquinoa,withcropssuchaskañiwaandamaranthreceivingminorattention.PROINPAisanindependentfoundationdedicatedtoagriculturalR&DinhighlandBolivia.ThefactthatquinoaresearchisundertakenbyanindependentfoundationishighlyinnovativeintheLatinAmericancontext(Gandarillasetal.2007).Establishedin1989,PROINPAhasitsinstitutionalrootsinprojectsfundedbytheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC),whichsoughttoestablishasustainablecapacityforpotatoR&Dinthecountry.TheMcKnightFoundation’ssupportofPROINPA’squinoaresearchstartedin2001withfundingforthesustainableproductionofquinoaproject,acollaborationbetweenresearchersfromPROINPAandBrighamYoungUniversity.ItssupportforquinoaresearchcontinuesandhasbeendecisiveforreconstitutingandconsolidatingBolivia’squinoagermplasmcollectionandlaterforexpandingthecollection,characterizingandevaluatingit,anddevelopingprotocolsforthecollection’sconservationandmanagement.ItprovidedPROINPA’sandBolivia’scorequinoaresearchfundinguntil2010,whentheBoliviangovernmentestablishedtheNationalInstituteforAgriculturalandForestryInnovation(INIAF).Atthattime,responsibilityformaintainingthenationalquinoagermplasmcollectionpassedfromPROINPAtoINIAF,whichalsobeganthedevelopmentofacomprehensivequinoaresearchprogram.However,developmentoftheINIAFresearchprogramhasbeenslow,andPROINPAcontinuestobethecountry’srecognizedleaderinquinoaresearch.Recently,PROINPAandINIAFsignedacooperativeagreementforconductingR&Donquinoa,potato,andwheat.In1962,EcuadorestablishedtheNationalAgriculturalResearchInstitute(INIAP)asasemi‐autonomousentityattachedtoEcuador’sMinistryofAgricultureandwithacorebudgetfromthe
5PROINPAstartedin1989asthecontinuationofthedefunctIBTAsPotatoResearchProgram(ProgramadeInvestigacióndePapa)withtechnicalandmanagerialsupportfromtheInternationalPotatoCenter(CIP)andfundingfromtheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC).In1998itbecametheprivateFoundationforthePromotionandResearchofAndeanProducts(FundaciónPromocióneInvestigacióndeProductosAndinos)andexpandeditsrangeofresearchedcropsbeyondpotatoes(Gandarillasetal.2007).
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nationaltreasury.INIAPhasbenefittedfromanumberofinstitutionalstrengtheningloansfromtheInter‐AmericanDevelopmentBankandothermultilateralandbilateralfundingagencies.Inrecentyears,agriculturaldevelopmenthasnotbeenanationalpriority,andresourcesforINIAPfieldoperationsneedtobegeneratedbyprogramsthroughexternallyfundedprojectsorthesaleofproductsandservices.INIAP’sAndeancropresearchactivitiesthereforerelysignificantlyonexternalsourcesoffunding.INIAPdidnotcarryoutresearchonAndeangrainsuntilthelate1980s,whenworkonlupinbeganintheAndeancropsprogram,whichwasdismantledinthelate1990s,transferringworkonlupintoINIAP’slegumesprogram.Later,quinoawasaddedand,mostrecently,amaranth.FewuniversitiesororganizationsconductresearchonAndeangrains,andINIAPcontinuestobetheleadorganizationinthisfield.McKnight’sinitialsupportforINIAP’slupin/quinoaprojectdatesfrom2005andcontinuestoday.
How have the programs evolved over time?
Bothcountryprogramsarerelativelysmall.Annually,PROINPA’squinoaprogramemploysabout7.5person‐yearsofscientificstaff,whileINIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramemploysabout3.3person‐years.TheBolivianprogramhasmorehighlytrainedresearchersandattractsseveralstudentsforthesisresearcheachyear,augmentingitsresearchcapacity.Overthepastdecade,toexpanditsimpactsandenhanceitsrelevance,theBolivianprogramhasbroadeneditsscopefromgermplasmcollectionandbreedingtoincludeintegratedcropandpestmanagement,diversificationofquinoauses,and,mostrecently,soilconservationandnaturalresourcesmanagement.Meanwhile,tobringitsscopeofactivitiesinlinewithavailableresources,theEcuadorianprogramhasovertimenarroweditsfocus.Inrecentyears,toimprovethelinkageofresearchwithdevelopmentefforts,disseminateresearchresults,andachievemorewidespreadimpacts,bothprogramshaveintensifiedtheirpartneringandaddressedissuesbeyondthefarmlevelandalongthemarketchain.Bolivia’squinoaprogramhasrespondedtostrongcommercialdemandfororganicallycultivatedQuinoaRealandthethreatofenvironmentaldegradationbymovingaggressivelyintoR&Daimedatimprovingfoodsecurity,expandingthedevelopmentanduseofbio‐inputstomanagequinoapestsandimprovesoilfertility,andreintroducingnativeshrubstoprotectsoilsonthealtiplanofromwinderosionandserveashostsforbeneficialinsectpopulations.IncontrasttothePROINPAprogram,INIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramhasnotyetbegunR&Dworkonorganiccultivationmethods.ThisreflectstheinstitutionalpositionofINIAP,whichisskepticalofthefeasibilityoforganiccultivationinEcuadorianfarmingsystems.Consequently,thereislittlecommunicationbetweenINIAPandorganicproducersandtheNGOsthatsupportthem.Throughouttheirhistories,bothPROINPAandINIAPprogramshavesoughtnotonlytoimprovecultivationbutalsotoexpandconsumptionofAndeangrains.Oneverysignificantchangeisthat,overtime,bothprogramshavebecomemuchmoreexplicitlyparticipatoryandclient‐andsystems‐oriented.When,beginningin2000,thequinoaprogramwasincorporatedintoPROINPA,itwasguidedby
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atraditional“GreenRevolution”modelofinnovationthatcenteredonbreedingandgenetics(VanloquerenandBaret,2009).Theinitialprioritywastoreconstitutethegermplasmcollection,whichwouldformthebedrockofthequinoa‐breedingprogram.CollaborationwithBrighamYoungUniversity(BYU),financedinpartbyMcKnight,playedacrucialroleincharacterizingtheBoliviangermplasmcollectionandestablishingacorequinoacollectionbasedonagro‐morphologicalcharacters,geographicorigin,andmolecularmarkers.Initially,PROINPA’squinoageneticimprovementprogramusedBolivianresearchfacilitiesbelongingtotheBensonInstituteofBYUforresearchondroughttoleranceandsaltstress.TheleaderofBolivia’squinoaprogram,AlejandroBonifacio,obtainedaPhDfromBYU,andAmaliaVargasandcompletedaMScdegreeatBYUwithathesisonquinoa.BYUplantpathologiststraveledtoBoliviatoscoresegregatingpopulationsformildewresistanceandcollectfungalisolatesfromthesepopulations.WorkatBYUalsoaidedbreedingeffortsinBoliviabyevaluatingstarchcontentinquinoagermplasmanddevelopingmethodsforusinggeneticmarkerstoassistinselectionofgeneticlineswithspecifictraits.ThroughworkatBYU,amethodwasdevelopedforreducingthemoisturecontentofquinoaseedsforlong‐termstorage.Asthegermplasmcollectionbecameestablishedandcharacterized,programprioritiesshiftedtovarietalimprovement,seedproduction,anddistribution,aswellastointegratedcropandpestmanagementandfarmertraining.Whentheproductionoforganicquinoaforexportbecameanationalpriority,PROINPArespondedbyintensifyingitsworkonintegratedpestmanagementandbio‐inputs.Duetoemergingenvironmentalproblemsassociatedwiththequinoaboom,theprogram’sperspectivehasbroadenedfromafocusonthequinoacropinisolation,tounderstandingandimprovingquinoacultivationinthecontextoflocalfarmingsystemsandecologies.Currently,theprogramisgrapplingwithissuesofagroecologicalintensification,withparticularattentiontosoilconservation.Itssystems‐orientedR&Dworkseekstoensurethatfutureexpansionofquinoaproductioninthecentralandnorthernaltiplanodoesnotleadtoenvironmentaldestruction.
“Inthecentralaltiplano,wewanttoavoidwhathappenedinthesouth…Whenyouworkwithlivingsystems—withcropsandtheirpestsanddiseases—youmustcontinuouslybeonguardfor
newproblemsandlookfornewsolutions.Thejobisneverdone…Toimprovesoilshere,it’snecessarytocombinescientificinformationwithlocalknowledge.Localpeopleclassifysoilsverydifferentlyfromthewayscientistsusuallydo.Farmersonthealtiplanogenerallyclassifysoilsby
theircapacitytoretainwater.”—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA
FormanyyearsthePROINPAprogramcarriedoutparticipatoryresearchgroundedinworkwithsmallgroupsofreferencefarmers.Thisapproachwasimportantfortechnologydevelopmentbutinappropriatefortechnologydiffusion.Today,PROINPAisgoingbeyonditstraditionalworkwithfarmers.ItsemphasishasshiftedtoworkingwithNGOsandotherdevelopment‐orientedorganizationstoexpandtheuseofresearchresultsandpromotefarmerinnovationthroughaninitiativeknownas“scalingup”(“escalamiento”).Ithasalsobeguntoaddresstechnicalissuesthatemergethroughoutthemarketchainsprocesses(e.g.,pestproblemsinstorage,industrialqualityofdistinctquinoaecotypesandvarieties,andtracingthesourcesofpesticideresiduesinexportshipments).WhereasinitiallyPROINPAvieweditselfasaresearchorganization,increasinglyitisfunctioningasaserviceorganizationthatservesnotonlyagriculturalproducers
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butalsoabroadrangeofstakeholdersconcernedwithproduction,marketing,andutilizationofquinoaandpotatoes.InEcuador,INIAP’sAndeangrainsprograminitiallyaddressedawiderangeoftopics,includingvarietalimprovement,seedsystems,agro‐industry,strengtheningfarmers’researchcapacity,andpromotionofmicro‐enterprises.Since2005,theprogramhasreduceditsworkonagro‐industryandmicro‐enterprises,focusingmoreonvarietalimprovement,integratedpestmanagement(IPM),non‐conventionalseedsystems,andpromotionofconsumption.Initially,atraditionalresearch‐and‐technology‐transferinnovationmodelguidedtheprogram.Nonetheless,overtimeithasexpandedtheinvolvementoffarmersandmarket‐chainactorsinitsreviews,planning,andresearchoperations.ThisisreflectedintheuseofLocalAgriculturalResearchCommittees(CIALs)inselectionofvarietiesandintheinvolvementofstakeholdersinannualprogramreviews.Initsworkinthreepartsofthehighlands(communitiesintheprovincesofCotopaxi,Chimborazo,andCañar),theprogramhasappliedanintegratedapproachforpromotingbothcultivationandconsumptionofAndeangrains.BuildingoninnovativeworkinEcuadorandelsewhere,theprogramhasworkedwithcommunity‐basedorganizationstodevelopnon‐conventionalseedsystemsthatcanprovidegood‐qualityseedwithoutresortingtothecomplexandcostlyproceduresofformalseedcertificationsystems,whichhavenotprovedfeasibleforminorcropssuchastheAndeangrains(Mazón,Peralta,andRivera,2012).Sincethebeginning,theAndeangrainsprogramhasaggressivelyandsuccessfullypromotedtheconsumptionofAndeangrainsatboththecommunitylevelandonthebroadernationalstage.TheAndeangrainsprogramsofBoliviaandEcuadordependheavilyonprojectfundingfromnationaland(mainly)internationalfunders.PROINPAfinancesaportionofitscorecostsfromanendowment,butvirtuallyalloftheoperationalexpensesofitsresearchprograms,includingsalaries,arefinancedthroughprojectsbasedonexternalsourcesoffunding.Asmallamountisalsogeneratedthroughsaleofproductsandservices.InINIAP,researchers’salariesandexpensesassociatedwithbasicinfrastructurearepaidfromthepublictreasury,butvirtuallyallexpensesdirectlyassociatedwithresearchoperations(e.g.,transportation,inputs,labor,anduseofequipment)mustbepaidfromfundsacquiredthroughprojectsor(secondarily)thesaleofproductsorservices.SinceMcKnightbegansupportingtheAndeangrainsprograms(in2001inBoliviaand2005inEcuador),ithasprovidedthemostcontinuouslong‐termsupportofanyfundingagency,providingtheseprogramswithmorethanhalf(59percentoftotalprojectfundinginBoliviaand54percentinEcuador)oftheirprojectfundingoverthesameperiod.
Program personnel and facilities
PROINPA’squinoaprogramhasatotaloftwelvetechnicalstaffmembers,includingoneindividualwithaPhDingenetics,sixwithMScdegrees,fouragriculturalengineers,andonetechnician.Sixoftheseindividualsworkfull‐timefortheprogramwhilefiveworkpart‐time.Theprogram’stotalscientificstaffingequals7.45person‐years.INIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramhasatotalofsixtechnicalstaffmembers,fourofwhomhaveMScdegrees,andtwoagriculturalengineers.Allworkpart‐timeonAndeangrains.Theprogram’s
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totalscientificstaffingamountsto3.3personyears.Eachyear,PROINPAstaffmemberssuperviseanumberofstudentsworkingonMSctheses,augmentingtheprogram’sresearchcapacityconsiderably.AllcurrentmembersoftheEcuador’sprogramarerelativelysenior.INIAPhasdifficultyattractingandretaininghighlytrainedyoungprofessionals,includingthesisstudents.Incontrast,thePROINPAprogramhasamoreage‐diversestaff,withyoungprofessionalsassumingimportantrolesintheprogramandprovidingbetterprospectsforrenewalofprogramstaffovertime.PROINPAhasaresearchcenterwithabouttwentyhectaresoflandinQuipaquipaninearLaPaz,wheretheyconductquinoaresearch.Mostoftheprogram’sresearchisundertakenwithfarmercollaborators.InadditiontoitsheadquartersatQuipaquipani,theprogramhasofficesinOruroandUyuniinthecentralandsouthernaltiplano.InEcuador,becausetheSantaCatalinaexperimentalstationisnotideallysuitedforAndeangrainsresearch,theprogramconductsmostofitsfieldresearchonfarmers’fieldsandonlandattheSimonRodriguezTechnicalInstitute.Conductingmostoftheirresearchonfarmshastheadvantageofbringingresearchersintofrequentcontactwithfarmersandtheconditionsunderwhichtheyoperate,helpingresearchersdevelopadeepknowledgeofthediversefarmingsystemsandmarketenvironmentsinwhichAndeangrainsarecultivatedandutilized.Ontheotherhand,thelackofdedicatedresearchfacilitieslimitstheprograms’abilitytoconductsometypesofadvancedresearchundercarefullycontrolledconditions.ItisworthmentioningthatPROINPA’spartnerBrighamYoungUniversitydoeshavecontrolledgreenhouseconditionswhereresearchersdodrought‐stressandsalt‐tolerancebreedingwork.
Partnerships
Multi‐organizationalcollaborationisrareinEcuadorandBolivia,andtherearefewexamplesofsuccessfuljointeffortstolinkagriculturalR&Dactivities.Itisnosurprisethenthat,initially,bothprogramstendedtoworkinisolation.Overtime,astheprogramspursuedmoreclient‐orientedapproachesanddemandsescalatedtoscaleupresultsanddemonstratelargerimpacts,theprogramsfounditusefultostrengthentheirworkingrelationswithotherserviceprovidersaswellaswithfarmerorganizationsandmarketagents.InBolivia,threerecentinitiativeshavehelpedlinkPROINPAwithotherserviceproviders:
Aconcertedeffortbythequinoaprogramtoscaleupimpacts AnefforttoidentifythesourceofpesticideresiduesinaquinoashipmenttoEurope CollaborationinplanningandexecutionofavisittoBoliviaofmajorquinoabuyersfrom
aroundtheworldInitseffortstoscaleuptheuseofitsvarietiesandotherresearchresults,PROINPAnegotiatedcollaborativeagreementswithseveralbusinessesandNGOs.Inthesecondinitiative,PROINPAworkedwiththefourorganizationsthatcertifyorganiccultivationpracticesandwiththecountry’smainquinoaexporters.Theirgoalwastoidentifypossiblesourcesofpesticideresiduesandmeasurethatcouldlimitthepossibilitythatpesticide‐contaminatedshipmentsofquinoawerecertifiedasorganic.Inthethirdinitiative,ledbytheBolivianChamberofQuinoa
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Exporters(Cabolqui),PROINPAstaffmembersprovidedtechnicalinputsandcontactsforfieldvisits,organizedavisittoPROINPA’slaboratoriesandplantforproducingbio‐inputsinCochabamba,andaccompaniedthegroupduringtheirvisittothecountry.Thesuccessfuldevelopmentofeachoftheseactivitiesrequiredcloseworkwitharangeofstakeholders,whichledtoexpandedandstrengthenedworkingrelations.From2005to2009,INIAP’sAndeangrainsprogramworkedwithaNGOtointegratelocalAndeangrainsR&DeffortsintotheNGO’sbroaderprogramfornutritionalimprovementandeducation.Theresultsweredisappointing.TheNGOdidnotprovetobecommittedandeventuallywithdrewfromthearea.Sincethen,theprogramhasworkeddirectlywithcommunity‐levelorganizationsinthreepartsofthecountrytoimprovethecultivationandprocessingofAndeangrainsandexpandconsumption.
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3. Results of the Andean Grains Programs
Traditionally,programplanningandmonitoringfunctionshavebeenweakinagriculturalresearchorganizationsingeneral,withevaluationbeingespeciallyweak(HortonandBorges‐Andrade,1999).Overtime,attributedinparttotheurgingandsupportofMcKnight,theAndeangrainsprogramshaveimprovedthesefunctionsconsiderably.PROINPA’stechnicalmanagerhasplayedakeyroleinstrengtheningplanning,monitoring,andevaluationprocessesinthatorganization.InEcuador,twosignificantimprovementshaveincludedtheformulationofmorerealisticprogramobjectivesandtheinitiationofannualreviewmeetingsatwhichprogramstaffandstakeholdersreviewtheyear’saccomplishmentsandidentifyareasforimprovement.Inbothprograms,theelaborationofa“theoryofchange”(Vogel,2012)hashelpedprogramstaffunderstandmoreclearlythevariouschangesthatwouldneedtobebroughtabout—bytheprogramonitsownorincollaborationwithothers—toidentifyactionprioritiesandforthedesiredoutcomestobeachieved.Bothprogramshaveproducedanumberofvaluableproducts.Theyhavealsocontributedtopublicawarenessandpolicies,innovationcapacity,and,tosomeextent,changesinproductionanduseofAndeangrains.
Products produced and services rendered
BothprogramshavecollectedlandracesandwildspeciesofAndeangrainsandhavedevelopedexsitugermplasmcollections.Boliviahasafull‐fledgedquinoa‐breedingprogram—oneoffewandperhapsthemostproductiveintheworld.TheBoliviancollectionhasnearly3,200quinoaaccessions,800accessionsofcañahua(Chenopodiumpallidicaule),andbetweentwelveand224accessionsofsixotherAndeangrainsandlegumes.PROINPAhasafull‐fledgedquinoa‐breedingprogramthathasreleasedsevennewvarietiessince2003duringtheperiodofMcKnightsupport.ThePROINPAprogramisnowthemostcomprehensiveandproductivequinoa‐breedingprogramintheworld.Theprogramalsoevaluatestraditionalquinoavarietiesandhasselectedseveralpromisingonesfordistributiontofarmers.Mostvarietiesareintendedforuseinthecentralandnorthernaltiplano,buttwonewvarietieshavebeenselectedforthesouthernaltiplano.TheBolivianprogramisnowworkingonvarietiesthatareadaptedtogrowingconditionsatlowerelevationininter‐Andeanvalleys.Furthermore,theprogramnowhassevenadditionaladvancedlinesthathaveresistancetomildewandareadaptedtocultivationatlowerelevations.Between2001and2010,PROINPAworkedtocharacterizethegermplasm(usingagro‐morphologicalandmolecularvariables),distributepromisinggermplasmtofarmers,anddevelopa“nucleargermplasmcollection”foruseingeneticimprovement.ThesupportandcollaborationofBrighamYoungUniversityhasbeencritical,especiallyinmappingthequinoagenomeandindevelopingmethodsforgenetic‐marker‐assistedselectionforspecifictraitssuchassaponincontent.In2010,PROINPAturnedthegermplasmcollectionovertoINIAF,whichhasthenationalmandateforgermplasmcollection.PROINPAmaintainsanuclearcollectionforuseinquinoabreeding.
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Ecuador’sprogramhasabout600quinoaaccessions,480lupinaccessions,and434amaranthaccessions.TheEcuadorianprogramhasnotreleasednewlybredvarietiesbuthasidentifiedandrecommendedtofarmersvarietiesthathavebeenselectedfromexistinggeneticmaterials.Varietalselectionhasbeenledbygeneticistswithactiveinvolvementfromfarmercollaborators.Todate,theEcuadorianprogramhasnamedandrecommendedfivequinoavarieties,oneduringtheperiodofMcKnightsupportandfourpreviously.Similarly,ithasrecommendedtwolupinevarieties—onewithMcKnightsupport—andonevarietyofamaranth.Aquinoa‐breedingprogramisbeingestablishedandexpectstobeginreleasingnewvarietiesinthenearfuture.Overthelastfewyears,withthesupportfromPROINPA,INIA‐Chilebreeders,andMcKnight,INIAPhasstartedaquinoaandlupinebreedingprogram,anditexpectstobeginreleasingnewvarietiesinthenearfuture.Bothprogramshaveworkedtoproduceseed,improvethequalityoffarmers’plantingmaterial,anddisseminateimprovedcropvarieties.Ecuador’sworkwithnon‐conventionalseedsystemsisparticularlyinterestingandmayhaveapplicationsinothercountries.PROINPAwasamongthefirstsuppliersofcertifiedorganicquinoaseedandcontinuestoproducehigh‐qualityseed,includingcertified,incollaborationwithsmall‐scaleproducers.AccordingtoPROINPAreports,since2002,Bolivia’squinoaprogramandfarmercollaboratorshaveproducedaboutthirtytonsofimprovedquinoaseedthatwasdistributedtofarmersinseveralregionalmarketsand,morerecently,throughcollaboratingNGOsineffortstoscaleuptheuseofnewvarietiesandbetter‐qualityseeds.AccordingtoINIAPrecords,since2005,Ecuador’slegumesandAndeangrainsprogramanditsfarmercollaboratorshaveproduced5.9tonsofquinoaseeds,21.3tonsoflupinseed,and285kgofamaranthseed.PROINPAhasaspecializedteamworkingonintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)thathasgatheredandsystematizedbasicinformationonquinoapests,beginningwiththetaxonomicidentificationofthemainpestsstudyoftheinsects’lifecycleduringthecroppingseasonandfallowperiods.InEcuador,McKnightfundinghasallowedtheUniversityofGreenwich’sNaturalResourcesInstitute(NRI)tosupportstudyatINIAPonlupinpests.Tables1and2presentasummaryofthemostimportantproductsgeneratedandservicesrenderedbythetwoprograms.
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Table1.PROINPA’smainAndeangrainsproductsgeneratedandservicesrendered
Germplasmcollection,conservation,andutilization
RescueofIBTA’squinoagermplasmcollection(1999–2000),whichwasindangerofbeinglost Consolidation,exsituconservation,evaluation,andutilizationoftheNationalGermplasmBankfor
AndeanGrains(2001–2010)o Developmentofprotocolsforcollectinggermplasmo Agro‐morphological,molecular,nutritional,andagro‐industrialcharacterizationo Developmentofaprotocolforlong‐termstorageofaccessionso PromotionoftheNationalGermplasmBankforAndeanGrainso Distributionofpromisingaccessionstofarmerso Developmentofanucleargermplasmcollectionanditsuseforbreeding
DeliveryoftheNationalGermplasmBankforAndeanGrainstoINIAF(2010)aftertenyearsofbuildingupandconservingthegermplasmcollection
Continueduseofthenuclearcollectionforbreeding(2010+) Insituconservationofquinoageneticdiversity(2010+) PublicationofcataloguesoftheecotypesofQuinoaReal(2003and2012)
Breedingprogram
Developmentofoneofthemostadvancedquinoabreedingprogramsintheworld(late1960s–present)
FourteennewvarietiesreleasedbyIBTA(1970–1988) SevennewvarietiesreleasedbyPROINPA(2003–2011)(mainlyadaptedtogrowingconditionsin
Bolivia’snorthandcentralaltiplano,someadaptedtocultivationinlowervalleys) Sevenadvancedlineswithmildewresistanceandadaptedtocultivationinlower‐elevationareas
Seedproducedanddistributed
Thirtytonsofseedproducedanddistributedinthenorthernandcentralaltiplanosince2002.Improvedseedisnowestimatedtocoverbetween60and75percentofthequinoaintheseregions.
Integratedpestmanagement
Basicinformationonmaininsectpests,includingscientificidentification,lifecycles,andnaturalenemies
Managementoptions(includingpheromonesandeco‐insecticides)identifiedordeveloped,tested,andcombinedinastrategyfor“ecologicalpestmanagement”
DevelopmentwithU.S.andDutchpartnersofpheromonesforthequinoaarmyworm,andassociatedtrapsandguidelinesfortheiruse,nowappliedon8,000hainthesouthernaltiplano
Inputs
DevelopmentwithcolleaguesinPROINPAofbio‐inputsforquinoacultivationnowusedon10,000hainthesouthernaltiplano
Small‐scaleequipmentforthreshingandcleaninggrain,widelyusedbyfarmersInformationdisseminated
Topicscovered:Improvedvarieties,qualityseed,EPM,harvestandpost‐harvesttechnology,utilization,recipes
Formofdistribution:FFS;trainingcourses;fielddays;participationinscientific,developmentandpublicconferencesandfairs;partnershipsforscalingupwithdevelopmentorganizations;salesofseed;pheromones,andbio‐inputs
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Table2.INIAP’smainAndeangrainsproductsgeneratedandservicesrendered
Germplasmcollection,conservation,andevaluation
608quinoaaccessions 481lupineaccessions 434amaranthaccessions
Breedingandvarietalselection
Fivequinoavarietiesselected(onewithMcKnightsupport) Twolupinevarietiesselected(onewithMcKnightsupport) Oneamaranthvarietyselected
Integratedpestmanagement
Studyofthelifecycleofamajorlupinpest(Deliaplatura)andestimationofdamagecausedSeedproduction,2005–2012
Quinoa:5,934kg Lupine:21,280kg Amaranth:285kg
Informationdissemination
Topicscovered:Varietiesandcultivars,non‐conventionalseedsystems,agronomicpractices,harvestandpost‐harvesttechnology,nutritionalcompositionandquality,dietaryuses
Formofdistribution:recommendations,guidelines,extensionbulletins,recipebooks,printandelectronicpublicationsonINIAPwebsite,radiospots,shortcourses,workshops,conferences,responsestoindividualrequests
Tosupportfarmerstoproducequinoawithoutresortingtochemicalfertilizersorpesticides,PROINPAhasestablishedaprivatefirm,Biotop,whichmarketsbio‐inputsfortheorganiccultivationofquinoaandothercrops.Thebio‐inputsencompassuseoffungi,bacteria,plantsubstances,pheromones(producedinpartnershipwithaDutchcommercialfirm),andothernaturalingredientstostrengthenplants,improvesoilfertility,andmanageinsectpests.In2011and2012,Biotopmarketedpheromonesandotherbio‐inputsthatwereusedon8,000hectaresofquinoa,i.e.approximately15percentoftheareaplantedtoquinoainthesouthernaltiplano.Biotopiscurrentlytheprincipalcommercialsourceofbio‐inputsinBolivia.Thesuccessfuldevelopmentandwidespreadapplicationofbio‐inputsinBoliviareflectspositivelyonPROINPA’sforesightandproactiveapproachinrespondingtoemergingdemands.TwotopicsthatstandoutinPROINPApublicationsaregermplasmandeco‐managementofpests.AcatalogueofthequinoacollectionintheNationalBankofAndeanGrainswaspublishedin2001.Ethno‐botanicalcataloguesforBolivianQuinuaRealwerepublishedin2003and2012.Inrecentyears,anumberoffliersandextension‐typebulletinshavebeenpublishedontheuseofpheromonesandtrapsformonitoringquinoamoth(ticona)populations,disruptingmating,andreducingpopulations.
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Contributions to networking, innovation, and policies
Traditionally,membersoftheAndeangrainsprograms,likeotherprofessionalsinPROINPAandINIAP,playedtheroleofresearcher/expert.Recently,theyarealso“networker”and“innovationbroker”(Table3).PROINPAhasworkedwithtraders,processors,andfirmsthatcertifyorganiccropstofindwaystoavoidpesticidecontaminationinquinoaexports.PROINPAhasalsoworkedwiththeChamberofBolivianQuinoaExporterstofacilitatecommunicationamongmarketchainactorsandagriculturalserviceproviders,articulatedemandsforinnovation,andfosterinnovationprocesses.Additionally,PROINPAhasusedapromisingnewvehiclefordisseminationoftechnicalinformationinBolivia,workingwitheightdevelopmentorganizations.Whereaspreviouslytheprogramusuallyworkeddirectlywithfarmersandtheirorganizations,inthisinitiative,staffmemberstrainedNGOpersonnelwholaterwereresponsibleforthefrontlineworkwithfarmers.Lastbutnotleast,PROINPAissupportingthegovernment’seffortstodefinestandardsfororganicproductionofquinoaandothercrops.Additionally,governmentofficialsfrequentlyconsulttheprogram’smembersontechnicalissues,andPROINPApreparedthescientificpaperthatsupportedthegovernment’sproposaltotheUnitedNationstodeclare2013astheInternationalYearofQuinoa.
“PROINPAhasdonealotofresearchandhasdevelopedmanynewtechnologies.Buttheseareuselessunlessthepeoplewhoneedthemusethem.Unfortunately,therehasbeenalotof‘research’butlittle‘innovation’onfarms…Timeisshort.Quinoahasmanyproblemsthatneedsolutionsnow.”
—PaolaMejia,generalmanager,CABOLQUI,Bolivia
“PROINPA’sresearchandbio‐inputshavebeenveryimportantforus...butwewantPROINPAtoproduceresultsquicker.Weneedtoshortenthetimeneededforresearch
toyieldpracticalresults.”—SandroLopez,CADEQUIR,Uyuni,Bolivia
“Wenowseemoreclearlyhowimportantitisforresearchtoproducetangibleproducts.Wealsoseetheimportanceofworkingonalargescale.Before,wethoughtweshouldcontinuetoworkonasmallscaleuntilwehaddeterminedthesuperiorityofanewtechnology.Nowweseetheimportanceofbeginningtoworkearlieratalargescale[todeterminethefeasibilityand
performanceofresearchresultsunderreal‐lifeconditions].”—Member,quinoaprogram,PROINPA
“Bythe1970s,quinoahadpracticallydisappearedandwasforgotten.Now,withthenewvarieties
andseedfromINIAP,wearebeginningtocultivateandconsumeitagain.”—Member,APROSANAMY,Ecuador
“Whateveryoudo,don’tlettheAndeanGrainsProgramdie.”
—NellyMoreno,owner,Granmolino,afirmthatprocessesandpackagesamaranthus,Ecuador
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“ThesuccessofourorganizationisdueentirelytotheAndeanGrainsProject…OfalltheprogramsatINIAP,theLegumesandAndeanGrainsProgramistheonethatworksmostwithsmallfarmers.Inotherprojectsmostresearchersarefromthecityandtheydon’tknoworunderstandourlives
here.Theygiveusresourcesbutthereisnofollow‐up”.—Member,CORPOPURUWA,Ecuador
INIAPhasworkedwithanascentassociationofEcuadorianquinoaexporterstohelpconsolidatetheorganization.INIAP’spromotionalcampaignsonthevirtuesofcultivatingandconsumingquinoa,amaranth,andlupine—includingradiospots,recipebooks,workshopsdemonstratingdiversefoodpreparations,andparticipationinconferenceandfairs—appeartohavestimulatedpublicinterestinAndeangrainsashealthfulfoods.Inthepolicysphere,programmembershavecontributedtodevelopmentofanewlawandaccompanyingregulationsthatrecognizeandpromotedevelopmentofnon‐conventionalseedsystemsthat,inmanycases,aremoreappropriateforsmallfarmersgrowingAndeangrains.Theyhavealsoprovidedtechnicalinputsforthedevelopmentofthegovernment’squalitynormsandstandardsforproductsbasedonAndeangrains.Table4reviewsINIAP’ssupportofnetworkingandpolicydevelopment.
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Table3.PROINPA’scontributionstonetworking,innovation,andpolicies
NetworkingandinnovationbrokerageProgrammembershave:
Ledaparticipatorystudytoimprove“traceability”throughoutthequinoamarketchaininordertoensurehighproductquality,foodsafety,andapplicationofnormsforcertifiedorganicquinoacultivationandhandling
Activelyparticipatedinorganizingthe2013visitofmainimportersofBolivianquinoafromaroundtheworld
ContributedtotherecentdevelopmentofamutualfundforfinancingquinoaproductioninBoliviaPublicawareness
Participatedinfairsandexhibitionsanddisseminatedinformationonthenutritionalvalueofquinoaandinnovativeusesforandpreparationsofit,generatingrenewedinterestinquinoa
Publicpolicies
PreparedthetechnicaldocumentfortheInternationalYearofQuinoa
Contributedtodevelopmentofqualitynormsandstandardsfororganicproducts,includingquinoa
Contributionstoinnovationcapacity
Throughthetraceabilitystudy,PROINPAhashelpedstrengthenrelationsamongproducers,traders,processors,andothersinvolvedinthequinoamarketchain,andalsowithexternalserviceproviders(e.g.,organizationsinvolvedincertification,research,anddevelopmentactivities)
Establishedanumberofpartnershipswithdevelopmentandcommercialorganizationstoscaleupuseofnewtechnologies
Providedleadershipindevelopmentofpheromones,eco‐insecticides,andotherbio‐inputsandsupportforproductionofbio‐inputsinPROINPA’sCochabambaplant
Supervisedprogramstaffmembers’MSctheses,strengtheningstudents’appreciationoftheimportanceoflinkingresearchtopracticalproblemsandillustratingpracticalwaystodoso
ThroughparticipationinsuchprojectsasNUSIFAD,programmembershavehelpedconnectresearchers,developmentorganizations,farmingcommunities,andentrepreneursinthequinoamarketchain
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Table4.INIAP’scontributionstonetworking,innovation,andpolicies
NetworkingandinnovationbrokerageProgrammembershave:
Workedwithcommunityleaderstolinkwithserviceproviders,donors,andmarkets CommunicatedviaInternetwiththe“FriendsofAndeangrains”network HelpedlinktradersandprocessorstopossiblesupplysourcesofAndeangrains Assistedinstrengtheningnascentassociationofquinoaexportersaswellasfacilitatingtechnical
andinstitutioninnovationprocessesNovelR&Dapproaches
Modelfornon‐conventionalseedsystems Modelforintegratedproduction‐and‐consumptionintervention
Publicawareness
StagedpromotionalcampaignsonthevirtuesofcultivatingandconsumingAndeangrains LedorfacilitatedtheFourthWorldCongressonQuinoa,theInternationalSymposiumonAndean
Grains,andotheractivitiesassociatedwiththeInternationalYearofQuinoa,raisingthepublicprofileofAndeangrains
PublicpoliciesProgrammembershaveparticipatedinthedevelopmentof:
Anewlawandregulationsonseeds,agroecology,andagrobiodiversity QualitynormsandstandardsforproductsbasedonAndeangrains
INIAPhasmadeespeciallyeffectiveuseofradiospotsonlocalandnationalradiostationsthatpromotethecultivationandconsumptionofAndeangrains.Theprogramhasalsocontributedtoaseriesofwidelydisseminatedrecipebooks,co‐publishedbyNestleandINIAP,whichincluderecipesemployingAndeangrains(Nestle,2012).Anotherinnovativeformofinformationdisseminationhasbeentheco‐publicationwithafarmerorganizationofexperiencesandapproachesfornon‐traditionalseedsystemsforAndeangrains(CORPOPURUWA,2011).
TheAndeangrainsprogramshavedevelopedandappliednovelR&Dapproachesthatareatdifferentstagesofsystematizationandcouldbeofpotentialuseinothersettings.Mostnotablearethefollowing:
Anintegratedapproach,developedbyINIAP,forpromotionofAndeangrainscultivationandconsumption
Amodelfornon‐conventionalseedsystemsdevelopedbyINIAP Amodel,developedbyPROINPA,forworkingwithdevelopmentorganizationstoscaleup
theuseofresearchresults Afarming/landscapesystemapproach,developedbyPROINPA,centeredonquinoa,
whichemploysnativevegetation(legumes,shrubs,andpastures)inestablishingmulti‐purposestripsaswellasmulti‐cropping
Public awareness and policy influence
InEcuador,INIAP’spromotionalcampaignsonthevirtuesofcultivatingandconsumingAndeangrainsappeartohavehelpedshiftpublicopinioninfavorofAndeangrains.Inthepolicysphere,
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programmembershaveparticipatedinthedevelopmentofanewlawandregulationspromotingtheuseofnon‐conventionalseedsystems.TheyhavealsoprovidedtechnicalinputsforthedevelopmentofqualitynormsandstandardsforproductsbasedonAndeangrains.InBolivia,participationbyprogrammembersinfairsandexhibitions,plusdisseminationofinformationonquinoa’snutritionalvalueanditsinnovativeuseandpreparation,appearstohavecontributedtorenewedinterestindomesticquinoaconsumption.Asanindependentfoundation,PROINPAhasnotoftenbeeninvitedtoworkwithgovernmentalagenciesonpolicyissues.However,programmembersarefrequentlyconsultedbygovernmentofficialsontechnicalissues.Notably,PROINPAwasinvitedtopreparethescientificpaperthatsupportedtheproposaloftheBolivianGovernmenttotheUnitedNationstodeclare2013astheInternationalYearofQuinoa.6INIAFalsoinvitedPROINPAtoformanallianceforconductingR&Dprogramsforquinoa,potatoes,andwheat.
Lessons learned
1. R&DprogramshavelittlecontrolovermostfactorsthatinfluenceAndeangrainsproductionanduse.Programsneedtocontinuouslyassesstheiroperatingenvironmentsandconcentrateonareaswheretheycanmakethegreatestcontribution.
2. Themulti‐pronged,multilevel“opportunistic”R&DapproachesusedbytheBolivianandEcuadorianprogramsareappropriateforinterveningincomplexsystemssuchasthoseofAndeangrainsproductionanduse.
3. Insomebutbynomeansallcases,theAndeangrainsprogramshaveplayedimportantrolesinfacilitatinginnovationprocesses.SuccessfulcasesshouldbedocumentedandassessedinordertolearnlessonsthatcanimprovefutureR&Dwork.
4. ProductionandmarketingconditionsforAndeangrainsareconstantlychanging.R&Dprogramsneedthecapacitytorespondeffectivelytochangingneedsandopportunities.
5. Thereareno“universalsolutions”totheproblemsofproducers,marketagents,orconsumers.Researchshouldlookfor"complementaryalternatives"andoptionsthatcanbeadoptedandadaptedbyuserstofitlocalconditionsandchangingcircumstances.
6. Collaborativeapproaches,goodworkingrelationships,frequentinteractions,andallianceshavebeenessentialforcapturingresearchdemandsandpromotingtheuseofresearchproducts.
7. Adaptivemanagementthatcombinesdiagnosticwork,frequentreview,andsubsequentadjustmentofimplementationplansisanappropriatemanagementapproachfortheAndeangrainsprograms.
6TheofficialwebsiteoftheInternationalYearofQuinoaishttp://www.fao.org/quinoa‐2013.
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4. The CCRP Approach to Supporting Andean Grains R&D
The McKnight Foundation’s Collaborative Crop Research Program
TheMcKnightFoundationassistsnonprofitorganizationsandpublicagenciestoimprovethequalityoflifeforallpeople,particularlythoseinneed.Throughgrantmaking,collaboration,andsupportforstrategicpolicyreform,theFoundationseekstobuildandmaintainvibrantcommunities,enrichpeople’slives,protectthenaturalenvironment,andpromoteresearchinselectedfields.Withassetsofaround$2billion,theFoundationgivesabout$91millioningrantsannually.AboutonequarteroftheamountoftheFoundation’sgrantssupportsimprovementsinrurallivelihoodsandfoodsecurityindevelopingcountries.McKnightbeganfundinginternationalcropresearchin1983withaPlantBiologyProgram.TheCollaborativeCropResearchProgram(CCRP)begantenyearslaterwithabudgetof$12millionforsixyears.In2000,McKnightcommittedanother$41.5millionovernineyearsand,in2008,$47millionovertenyears.TheCCRPalsoreceived$26.7millionfromtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationtobeusedoverfiveyears.ThisfundingallowedexpansionofgrantmakinginAfricaandprovisionofregionalsupportandnon‐grantassistance.ThemissionoftheCCRPistosupportsmallholderfarmersworkingunderriskyandresource‐limitedconditionstoimprovetheirefficiencyandresiliencethroughtheflexibleapplicationofecologicalprinciplestoimprovetheirproduction,diets,andlivelihoods.CCRPgrantmakingreflectsfiveguidingvaluesrelatedtoinnovation,continuouslearning,balanceofR&D,respectforcultureandtheenvironment,andmutualrespect.TheCCRPsupportsclustersofprojectsinEasternandSouthernAfrica,WestAfrica,andtheAndes.Ineachregion,itbringsgranteestogethertooperateasaCommunityofPractice(CoP)thatcollectivelysupportsagroecologicalintensification(AEI).TheCCRPapproachpromotesAEIinlocalfarmingsystemsbybuildinglocalcapacityandpromotingintegratedinterventionsthataddressproduction,nutritional,andenvironmentalgoalsinlocallyappropriateways.Ineachregion,theCoPtargetsconstraintstofoodandnutritionalsecuritythroughappliednaturalandsocialscienceresearchrelatedtospecificcropsandvaluechains.TheresearchagendaisrefinedovertimetocontributetoAEIinwaysthatpromotebetterlivelihoods,sustainability,andnutrition.CoPsaimtostrengthenthecapacityofR&Dorganizationstogenerateknowledgeandfacilitateinnovationprocessesthatcontributetoagriculturalinnovation,farmers’foodsecurity,andfamilywellbeing.Theyseektofostertheuseofcollaborativeapproachesthatreinforcelocalinnovationcapacityandcollectiveaction,andtheyemphasizetheimportanceofunderstandinglocalcontext,harnessingAEIprinciplestoinformlocalchangeandtheneffectingchangeatscalethroughmultiplepathways.Regionalteamstranslatetheprogram’svaluesandprinciplesintopracticeinseveralways,including:
Strategicgrantmakinginsupportofaregionalstrategy Projectinceptionperiodsthatprovidetimeforrefiningprojectplans
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Regularinteractionwithgranteesthroughrevisionofannualreports,sitevisits,andannualmeetings
Annualregionalmeetingsthatbringgranteestogethertointeractwithoneanother,theregionalteam,andexternalresourcepeople
Trainingandtechnicalassistanceinitiatedeitherbygranteesortheregionalteam Support(providedbystatisticiansfromReadingUniversity)forimprovingtheresearch
methodsusedbygrantees Useofintegratedmonitoring,evaluationandplanning(IMEP)approachesthatfoster
learningandprogramimprovement
Evolution of CCRP support
TheCCRPapproachhasevolvedconsiderablyintheAndeanregion.Whenthefirstprojects(includingsupportofBolivia’squinoaprogram)wereformulatedandapprovedin2001,theyreflectedatraditionalresearch‐centeredmodelofinnovation.ThefirstphaseofMcKnightsupportforquinoaR&DinBoliviafocusedonreconstitutingthequinoagermplasmcollectionanditsuseinbreeding.TheprojectwasacollaborativeinitiativeinvolvingthePROINPAFoundationandBrighamYoungUniversity(BYU).TheroleofBYUinsupportingPROINPA’sworkwascentraltotheprojectdesign.TheprincipalscientistsinPROINPAandBYUsignedtheprojectcontractandhad,togetherwiththeMcKnightrepresentative,considerableindependenceindecision‐making.TherewaslittledialoguebetweentheprojectteamandtheFoundationexceptduringprojectpreparationandinfrequentsitevisits.Duringthisphase,accordingtomembersofthequinoaprogram,theFoundationactedlikea“traditionaldonor.”DuringthesecondphaseofsupportfortheBolivianprogramandwhensupportforEcuador’sAndeangrainsR&Dbegan,McKnightpostedarepresentativewithadevelopmentbackgroundintheregion(inQuito)andascientificdirectorbasedatCornellUniversity.Theemphasiswasonappliedresearchandcross‐sectorcollaboration.AnAndeancommunityofpracticewasestablishedforgranteesintheregion.In2007,theCCRPregionalteams(threeinAfricaandoneintheAndes)werereorganizedaroundaliaisonscientistandaregionalrepresentative,supportedbyastatisticsspecialist.AnanthropologistintheU.S.joinedtheregionalteamasliaisonscientist,andastatisticianbasedattheUniversityofReadingintheU.K.providedgranteeswithsupportinresearchmethodsandstatistics.TheCCRPregionalteambegantoemphasizecapacitybuildingandsocialandinstitutionalinnovation.CommunicationbetweentheCCRPandtheprojectteamsbecamemorefrequentandsubstantive,asdidcommunicationamongprojectteams.Since2005,projectteamsintheregionhavemetannuallyasa“communityofpractice”(CoP)toreviewprogresswitheachproject,shareknowledgeandexperiences,anddiscussatopicofgeneralinterest,suchasindigenousknowledge,non‐conventionalseedsystems,andparticipatorymonitoringandevaluation.Inthepastsevenyears,theFoundationhasstressedexplicitlylinkingresearchwithdevelopmentprocessesandimprovingprogramsonthebasisoflessonslearnedfromexperience,inordertoensurethatprogramsproduceusefulresultsthatbenefitalargenumberofpoorpeople.Tothisend,theregionalteamhasworkedwithlocalprojectteamstoprepare“theoriesofchange”foreachprojectandtoimplementasystemforintegratedmonitoring,evaluationandplanning(IMEP)(CCRP‐Andes,2011).McKnighthasencouragedprojectteamstogobeyondanarrowfocusonspecificproductionconstraintsandseekwaystoimprovethe
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systemsinwhichAndeangrainsareproduced,marketed,andconsumed.TheFoundation’ssupporthashelpedlegitimizeresearchandevidenceanalysisasplatformsforsounddevelopmentpractice.Ithaslikewisesupportedinnovationandbiologicalandsocialexperimentationascomponentsinthedevelopmentofcollaborativestrategiesforlinkingresearchanddevelopmentinitiatives,achievinglarge‐scaleimpacts,andcontributingtoglobalknowledgeviatheproductionof“publicgoods.”TheMcKnightFoundationhascontributedsignificantlytothecapacityoftheAndeangrainsprogramsinBoliviaandEcuador.HaditnotbeenforMcKnight’ssupport,AndeangrainsR&Dwouldlikelybeashadowofitcurrentpresenceinthetwocountries.PROINPAleadersstateemphaticallythat,withouttheFoundation’ssupport,PROINPAwouldnothaveaquinoaprogram.Moreover,INIAPprobablywouldnotbedoinganyresearchonquinoaoramaranth.CCRPsupporthasalsohelpedlegitimizeR&DworkwithAndeangrainsinbothcountriesandbolsteredthehostinstitutionsinestablishingtheircurrentleadershippositioninAndeangrainsintheR&Dworld.TheCCRPhascontributedtoindividuals’capacitiesbyprovidingopportunitiesforshort‐termprofessionaltraining,advanced‐degreeeducation,networking,andknowledgesharingamongprofessionalsfromdifferentorganizationsandcountries.TheCCRPhasalsocontributedtothecapacityandperformanceoftheAndeangrainsprogramsbyencouragingandprovidingresourcesforthemto:
• Improveplanning,programformulation,andlearningfromperiodicreviews;• Workwithotherdevelopmentpartnersinscalingupactivities;• Serveasinformationhubsandinnovationbrokersthatstimulateandfacilitateinnovation
processeswithAndeangrains.ProgrammembersgreatlyappreciatetheflexibilityoftheCCRP’sprojectmanagementduringimplementation.Resourceshavebeenmadeavailable,onflexibletermsforoperations,consultancies,andtraining.InEcuador,flexibilityingrantdisbursementsisespeciallyappreciatedbecauseoffrequentdelaysingovernmentfunding,whichcandisruptfieldoperationsandcauseexperimentstofail.Recently,theCCRPadoptedanapproachthatrecognizesthatnoplanisperfect,allowingforprojectstoexperiment,correct,adapt,andrefineprojectplansduringinceptionperiodsthatrangefromafewmonthstooneyearafterprojectfundingisapproved.Thisapproachallowsforflexibility,innovation,andfreedomtotry,makemistakes,andlearnfromtheexperience,allofwhicharegreatlyappreciatedbyprojectteams.
“Aunique,andveryimportant,featureofTheMcKnightFoundation’ssupportisitsopennessandflexibility.Thisallowsprojectstoadaptovertimeandfocusbetteronrealneeds.TheFoundation’sflexibilityallowsprojectteamstoadjusttheirplansandactivitiesastheylearnfromthefield.Most
otherdonorsinsistthatprojectsimplementtheiroriginalplans,withoutchanges.Thismakesitimpossibletolearnandchange.
—VivianPolar,biologicalandsocialscientist,PROINPA“OneuniquefeatureofTheMcKnightFoundationisitsflexibility.Thisallowstheprojectstoevolve
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overtime.Withotherdonors,afterprojectsareplanned,theyareimplemented,thefinalreportissubmitted,andtheydie.”
—EdsonGandarillas,technicaldirector,PROINPA
“WithTheMcKnightFoundation,wehaveimprovedourprojectreviewandplanningverymuch…Ourplanninghasbecomemorerealistic;itreflectsnotonlyourownaspirationsbuttheviewsof
farmersandotherswhoweconsultinplanningandreviewmeetings.”—Member,legumesandAndeangrainsproject,Ecuador
“TheMcKnightFoundationhasanamplevision,butseesthingsupclose,too.
Whereasotherdonorsprovidefundingandthenonlywantafinalreport,TheMcKnightFoundationalsowantstoknowwhythingswentwell,orwhytheydidn’t,andhowtoimprovefuturework.
—AmaliaVargas,plantbreeder,PROINPA
“TheMcKnightFoundationunderstandsresearchprocesses.Theyarenotlikeotherdonorsthatmakegrantsforshort‐termprojectsandexpectquickresults…Additionally,nootherdonor
providesmoneyforgeneticimprovementforcropsoutsidetheCGIARcenters.”—Member,quinoaproject,PROINPA
“TheMcKnightFoundationisverydifferentfromotherdonors.Oneimportantdifferenceisthattheywantustodevelopourpersonalcapacitiesandalsohaveaccesstothetoolsandmethodsneededtodoourworkwell—thingslikestatistics,technicalwriting,GPS,andfacilitationofmeetings.Theyhaveprovideduswithtrainingandresourcesforallthesethingsoutsideoftheprojectbudget.”
—Member,Andeangrainsproject,INIAP
TheMcKnightFoundationhasencouragednationalAndeangrainsprogramstoworkmoreactivelywitheconomicactorsandserviceproviderstopromoteinnovationprocesses,andhasprovidedresourcestosupporttheseactivities.Consequently,trusthasbuiltupamongdiversestakeholderswhoarenowworkingtogethermoreeffectively.InEcuador,theAndeangrainsprogramhasbrokeredinnovationprocessesinthreecommunities.Resultshavevaried,dependingonthelocalsetting.InBolivia,PROINPA’srecentworkwiththeChamberofExportersofQuinoaandOrganicProducts(CABOLQUI)andtheDepartmentalChamberforQuinoaRealinPotosi(CADEQUIR),aswellaswithdevelopment‐orientedNGOs,hashelpedtobuildtrustandestablishworkingrelations.ExpandingcollaborationamongeconomicactorsandagriculturalserviceprovidersaugerswellforstrengthenedinnovationcapacitieswithAndeangrainsinthetwocountries.Itwouldbeusefultoreviewtheseexperienceswithnetworkingandinnovationbrokerage,documentingthestrategiesemployedandidentifyinginfluentialfactors.
“BeforeweworkedwithTheMcKnightFoundation,eachofusworkedalone.WiththeFoundation’ssupport,wehavedevelopedateamandconsolidatedaprogram.”
—Member,quinoaproject,PROINPA
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“ThankstothesupportofTheMcKnightFoundation,PROINPAnowhasaquinoaprogram—notaprojectbutaninstitutionalprogram.”
—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA
“Before,itwasthoughtthattheknowledgeofindigenousfarmerswasworthless.Butnowwevaluethisknowledge.Inourworkwithfarmers,welearnagreatdealandsodothey.There’sa
constantexchangeofknowledge.”—Geneticresourcesspecialist,quinoaproject,PROINPA
“Wenowplanmoreinresponsetoconsultationswithstakeholdersandevaluationresults.”
—Member,Andeangrainsproject,INIAP
CCRP contributions to program‐level capacity and performance
Inbothcountries,individualsidentifyfourgeneralwaysinwhichtheirworkwiththeCCRPhascontributedtotheirpersonalcapacityandperformance.Ithas:
1. Increasedtheirmotivationforachievingpracticalresultsandbenefitsforpoorfarmers;
2. Improvedtheirappliedskillsintechnicalaspectsoftheirwork(e.g.,breedingandagronomy)andalsoin“new”areassuchasresearchmethods(surveysdesign,experimentaldesignandstatisticalanalysis,andqualitativeresearchandanalysis);participatoryplanning,monitoring,andevaluation;meetingfacilitation;geographicalinformationsystems;andpartneringandinnovationbrokering.Doingsoallowedforbetteruseofresearchtopromoteinnovationandsocioeconomicdevelopment;
3. Expandedtheirknowledgeofusefulin‐countryandregionalexperienceswithR&Dandinnovationprocesses;
4. Broadenedtheirprofessionalnetworkswithintheirowncountries,acrosstheregion,andwithkeyindividualsoutsidetheregion.InBolivia,twoindividualshaveobtainedpartialsupportfromtheCCRPtoobtainPhDdegrees,andthreeothershaveobtainedMScdegreesabroad.ThePhDshavereceivedtheirdegreesatBrighamYoungUniversity,animportantstrategicpartnerofthePROINPAbreedingprogram.AlloftheseindividualshavereturnedtocontinuetheirworkwithPROINPA.
Inbothcountries,theCCRPsupportprovidedasenseofprogramlegitimacyandabasefromwhichtheycouldobtainadditionalprojectfunding.CCRPsupportinresearchmethodshelpedbothprogramsimprovetheirplanning,researchprotocols,dataanalysis,andreporting,contributingtothequalityofresearchdesignsandresults.Theemphasisonpartneringwithdevelopmentorganizations,theworkwithIMEP,developmentoftheoriesofchange,andemphasisonachievingconcreteresultsatthecommunitylevelhavecontributedtothe“impactorientation”oftheprograms,therelevanceoftheresearch,andtheoutcomesachieved.
“ThecontributionsofTheMcKnightFoundationtoPROINPAhavebeenfundamental.Withoutthe
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Foundation,theresimplywouldbenoquinoaprogram.NorwouldtherebearesearchcenteratQuipaquipani.ThecontinuityoftheFoundation’ssupporthasbeenessentialforthecontinuityofquinoaresearch.Moreover,withoutthesecuritythattheFoundation’ssupporthasgivenus,we
wouldnothavebeenabletodeveloptheotherprojectsthatmakeuptheprogramtoday.”—EdsonGandarillas,technicaldirector,PROINPA
TheFoundation’ssupporthasallowedthereconstitutionandfurtherdevelopmentofBolivia’sNationalGermplasmBankforAndeanCropsandthedevelopmentofaNuclearGermplasmCollectionforuseinplantbreeding,whileensuringthecontinuationofthequinoaprogramoverthepasttwelveyears.AnadditionalBoliviahighlightisencouragementandsupportforexperimentationinemergingfieldssuchastheuseofgeneticmarkersinbreeding,developmentanduseofpheromonesandbio‐inputsinorganiccultivation,andre‐establishmentofnativeplantsforsoilconservationinthesouthernaltiplano.Finally,inBoliviatheCCRPhasprovidedmotivationandsupportforPROINPAtodevelopanumberofinter‐organizationalcollaborationstoscaleupinnovationprocessesandresults.WithoutMcKnightsupport,PROINPAwouldnothavehadtheresourcestoestablishaquinoaprogramortoconsolidatethegermplasmcollection,whichcurrentlyisthemostimportantcollectionofquinoagermplasmintheworld.InBolivia,CCRPsupporthasallowedPROINPAtoestablishitselfastheleaderinquinoaresearchinBoliviaandasoneofthisfield’sleadingresearchprogramsinternationally.IthasalsoallowedPROINPAtoworkwithleadingR&Dprofessionalsandinstitutesaroundtheworldinsuchareasastheuseofgeneticmarkersinquinoabreedinganddevelopmentofpheromonesformonitoringandcontrolofquinoapestpopulations.InEcuador,CCRPsupporthasensuredthecontinuityofAndeangrainsR&DwithinINIAP,andhashelpedlegitimizetheuseofcollaborativeandsystems‐orientedR&Dapproaches.
Broader system‐level contributions
InBolivia,CCRPsupporthashelpedstrengthentheroleofPROINPAastheleaderinquinoaresearchandasafacilitatorofinteractionsandpartnershipsthatledtoreal‐worldchangesinquinoaproduction,marketing,andconsumption.Arecentinitiativetotracepotentialsourcesofpesticidecontaminationinshipmentsof“organic”quinoaandimprovequalityassuranceinthefuturehashelpedimproveinter‐organizationalrelations.Distrustandcompetitivenesscontinuetocharacterizetheinstitutionalsetting,butrelationsareimproving,thanksinparttoMcKnight’sencouragementandsupportforPROINPAtoengagewithabroaderrangeofpartnersinaddressingemergingissues.CCRPsupporthasalsohelpedstrengthenlinksbetweenBolivianresearchersandleadingresearchersaroundtheworld,connectionsthathavealreadyledtopracticalimprovementsinquinoacultivation.InEcuador,CCRPsupporthashelpedraisetheinstitutionalprofileandenhancethelegitimacyofINIAP’sAndeangrainsprogram.Innovationcapacityappearstohavebeenstrengthenedinthecommunitiesthathavepartneredwiththeprogram.ThepartnershipwiththeSimonRodriguezTechnicalInstitute,supportedbytheCCRP,iscontributingtothepracticalorientationofeducationintheinstitute.Theprogram’sdynamicnetworking,encouragedandsupportedbyMcKnight,isstrengtheningrelationsamongpublicandprivateactors,withtheAndeangrainsprogramservingasinnovationbroker.
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“WithTheMcKnightFoundation,wehavelearnedthatweareoneamongmanyactorsinalarger
innovationsystem,andwehavelearnedtovalueallianceswithotherimportantactors.”—MiltonPinto,researcher,geneticresources,PROINPA
“Weusedtothinkthattheonlyoptionwasforustoworkdirectlywithfarmers.Butnowwerealizethatwecanworkwithotherorganizationsthatmaybearebetterequippedtoreachlargenumbers
offarmers.Thisisbeenanimportantlessonforus.”—WilfredoRojas,altiplanocoordinator,PROINPA
Long‐term, dependable program support and a “different vision of development”
LeadersoftheAndeangrainsprogramsandseniorofficersatPROINPAandINIAPallnotethevalueofthecontinuous,dependablesupportprovidedbyMcKnight.TheCCRPhasprovidedmoreresourcesforAndeangrainsR&Dthananyotherdonor,anditssupporthasbeencontinuousoveralongerperiodthanthatofanyotherdonor.PeopleinbothorganizationsstressedthatthecontinuityoftheirAndeangrainsprogramshasdependeddirectlyonthecontinuityofsupportprovidedbyTheMcKnightFoundation.
“TheMcKnightFoundationiscommittedtosuccessoftheprojectsitsupports.TheFoundationmonitorswork,keepsintouchwithprojectteams,andallowschangesinplansiftheyarejustified.
Thereisajointcommitmenttoachieveresults.Theyexpectustomoveaheadtogether.”—Member,quinoaprogram,PROINPA
“TheMcKnightFoundationisadifferentkindofdonor.Theyknowhowtoguideinstitutionstoward
realisticgoalsandhowtodetectproblemsandrespondrapidly.”—WilfredoRojas,altiplanocoordinator,PROINPA
ProgrammembersfeelthattheFoundation’svisionofdevelopmentprocessesisuniqueinstressingtheimportanceofbothtechnicalandsocialinnovation,inemphasizingtheimportanceofbothproductionandconsumptionofAndeangrains,andinfosteringknowledgesharing,learning,anddevelopmentoflocalcapacityattheindividual,program,andinnovationsystemlevels.Individualsinbothcountries—intheAndeangrainsprogramandseniormanagersinPROINPAandINIAP—notethatmembersoftheCCRPregionalteammakeagreaterefforttounderstandthelocalsetting,needs,andopportunitiesthanisthenormwithdonororganizations,andtheyappreciatethisconcernforidentifyingandaddressinglocalproblems.Arelatedpoint:ItwasnotedthattheCCRP’sregionalteamhelpsprojectteamsformulateappropriategoals,supportstheminachievingthem,andthenholdsthemaccountablefortheresults.
“Therearenouniversallyvalidformulasorrecipes.Ineachlocationweneedtounderstandthe
contextofthecropsandthecustomsofthepeople.”
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—Member,INIAPAndeangrainsproject,Ecuador
“TheMcKnightFoundationisverycommittedtoresolvingrealproblemsintheAndes.Idon’tknowofanyotherdonorthatseesthingsinthesameway—thatlooksbeyondtheobjectivesandexpected
outputsofthespecificprojectstheyfund.”—WilfredoRojas,altiplanocoordinator,PROINPA
CCRPregionalteammembersareinfrequentcontactwithmembersoftheAndeangrainsprogramsthroughsitevisits,reviewsofannualreports,andannualregionalCoPmeetings.Programmembersconsiderthefrequentandsubstantive(incontrasttoadministrative)communicationwithmembersoftheCCRPasoneoftheCCRP’smostpositivefeatures.Thesepracticesdistinguishitfrommostofthefundingagencies(bothinternationalanddomestic)withwhichtheyhaveworked.“Normally,whenyoudeliveraprojectreport,that’stheendofit.ThedifferencewithTheMcKnight
Foundationisthattheyreadthereportsandsendcommentsandquestions.SometimestheFoundation’scommentsarestrongortheirquestionsaredifficult,buttheyarealwayspertinent
andmakeusthinkaboutourworkinnewways.”—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA
Withmostdonors,thereislittlecommunicationasidefromthenegotiationofprojectdocuments,thedeliveryofperiodicreports,andtheoccasionalsitevisitorexternalevaluation.Opendialoguewithdonorrepresentativesisveryrare.WiththeCCRP,thereisfrequentcommunicationandinteraction,andtheregionalteamisopentonewideasandapproachesforachievingprojectobjectives.Someofthese(e.g.,anapproachforconductingasurveyorengagingfarmersinresearch)havebeencommunicatedtootherprojectteamsforassessmentandpossibleapplication.
“ThecaliberofTheMcKnightFoundation’sstaffisveryimportant.Theyarenotlikeotherswhocomeheretoimposetheirviewsorobligeustoaccepttheirgoalsandconditions.TheFoundation’s
representativesareopenandsimpleandinspirehorizontal,collegialcommunicationsandrelations.”
—Member,quinoaproject,PROINPATheCCRPprovidesopportunitiesforface‐to‐faceinteractionandopendialoguewithawiderangeofindividuals,includingthosefromtheregionwhoholddifferentexperiencesandperspectives,andexpertsinkeyareasfromotherpartsoftheworld.
“IntheCoPeverythingisdiscussedwitheveryone.Thatisveryvaluable.”—Member,INIAP’sAndeangrainsproject,Ecuador
“Itisveryusefulandstimulatingtodiscussimportantgeneraltopicslikeclimatechange.Weneverhavetheopportunitytodothatinournormaldailyactivities.Ireallylovethediscussionsofthese
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‘new’topics.”—AlejandroBonifacio,plantbreederandleader,quinoaprogram,PROINPA
ProgramstaffandseniormanagersatINIAPandPROINPAfeelthattheirprojectteamsareworkingwith(notfor)theCCRP,andthattheCCRPitselfisco‐evolvingwiththeprojects.Asaresult,thereisafeelingthattheresultsobtainedhavebeenco‐generatedbytheCCRPandtheprogramsworkingintandemwithfarmersandothermarketchainactors.
“Inourrankingofdonors,TheMcKnightFoundationisnearthetop.Somethingwevalueverymuch
isthatwelearnanddevelopthingstogetherwiththem.Wehaveveryrichdiscussionsandtheylistentous.”
—AntonioGandarillas,director,PROINPA
“IreallylikethewaytheFoundationworks,whichismuchlessformalthanotherdonors.TheFoundationdoesnothavearigidbureaucracy.Ithasrulesandisstrictinapplyingthem,butitalsotrustsgrantees…TheFoundationdoesnotdictatewhatpeopleshoulddo.Ithelpstheprojectteamsformulatetheirownobjectivesandthenitdemandsresults.Otherdonorstendtoimposetheirown
objectives…IparticularlyliketheCoP,whichmotivatescreativethinkingandactionandstrengthenstiesamongparticipants.AtCoPmeetings,theregionalteammoderatesdiscussionson
topicsofimportancetoparticipants.Forthatreason,participantsrespondfavorablytotheFoundation’sideas.”
—IvánReinoso,director,SantaCatalina,INIAP
Lessons for the CCRP
1. MembersofthenationalAndeangrainsprogramsvaluetheCCRP’scommitmenttocapacitybuilding,itsflexibilityandopennesstonewideas,theintensiveinteractionsbetweenprojectteamsandtheCCRPregionalteam,thecontinuityofCCRPsupport,andtheco‐developmentofpriorities,programs,andresults.
2. TheCCRPapproachalignswellwiththeneedsandpossibilitiesoftheAndeangrainsprograms,andprogrammembershavefewsuggestionsforimprovement.
3. AmajorconcernoftheAndeangrainsprogramsisthedevelopmentofsustainablefinancingstrategies,whichwouldrelylessonfundingfromexternaldonors.SupportfordevelopingsuchstrategiesshouldbeaCCRPpriority.
4. AnotherCCRPpriorityshouldbesupportingthesystematicevaluationofthecollaborativeapproachesusedbytheAndeangrainsprogramstofacilitatelearningandprogramimprovementandtogaugethepotentialutilityofsimilarapproacheselsewhere.
5. GreaterCCRPencouragementandsupportforthepresentationandpublicationofresearchresultsandlessonswouldbeusefulforthenationalprograms.
6. Projectteammembersconsiderthe“regionalCoP”tobeveryvaluable;however,itdoesnotfunctionasatraditionalCoPwithfrequent,spontaneousinteractionsamongthemembers.ItmightbeusefulforthecountryprojectteammembersandtheregionalteamtoreflectjointlyonCoP’sapproachesandexperiencesandexperimentwithoptionsforfurtherstrengtheningknowledgesharing,learning,andcollectiveactionamongtheparticipants.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Douglas Horton is an independent applied researcher and evaluator who works mainly on topics related to agricultural research and development, innovation, and capacity development. Doug earned BS and MS degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Illinois and a PhD in economics from Cornell University. From 1975 to 1990 he led the Social Science Department of the International Potato Center based in Peru. He went on to be a senior officer at the International Service for National Agricultural Research in the Netherlands from 1990 to 2004. Doug has participated in more than fifty evaluations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe, and has written more than one hundred published articles, books, and research reports.
ABOUT THE McKNIGHT FOUNDATION The McKnight Foundation, a Minnesota-based family foundation, seeks to improve the quality of life for present and future generations. Through grantmaking, collaboration, and encouragement of strategic policy reform, we use our resources to attend, unite, and empower those we serve. Program interests include regional economic and community development, Minnesota’s arts and artists, early literacy, youth development, Midwest climate and energy, Mississippi River water quality, neuroscience, interntional crop research, and community-building in Southeast Asia. Our primary geographic focus is the state of Minnesota, with significant support also directed to strategies throughout the U.S. and in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Founded in 1953 and endowed by William and Maude McKnight, the Minnesota-based Foundation had assets of approximately $2 billion and granted about $86 million in 2013. In 2013, McKnight invested $6 million, or about 7% of total grantmaking, in efforts to explore solutions for sustainable, local food systems through the Collaborative Crop Research Program.