Social ScienceBASICS

5 PRIMARY

Social Science Basics 5 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence.

TEXT Ros Walford

ILLUSTRATIONS Jordi BaezaLluís CadafalchAlberto PieruzJosé Zazo

EDITOR Virginia R. Mitchell

DIGITAL EDITORS Marcos BlancoRocío Moreno

BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATION Margarita España

Do not write in this book. Do all your activities in your notebook.

Let's begin! .............................................................. 7

Unit 1. Discover the Universe ................................ 11

Unit 2. Representations of the Earth ..................... 19

Unit 3. The climates of Spain ................................. 29

Unit 4. Democracy in Spain ................................... 37

Unit 5. The population of Spain ............................ 45

Unit 6. The European Union ................................. 53

Unit 7. Spain during the Middle Ages ................... 63

Unit 8. Spain during the Modern Age .................. 73

My picture dictionary ............................................ 87

Contents

Contents

Units Topics

Let's begin! • Maps • Earth's layers

1. Discover the Universe • The Universe• The Solar System• The movements of the Earth• The Moon

2. Representations of the Earth • Maps and scales• Geographical coordinates• Physical world maps• Political world maps

3. The climates of Spain • The atmosphere and climate• Factors that influence the climate• Mediterranean climates• Oceanic, mountainous and subtropical climates

4. Democracy in Spain • Where is Spain?• The organisation of Spanish territory• We live in a democracy • The Spanish Constitution • Spanish institutions

5. The population of Spain • Population in Spain • Migration • Population density in Spain

6. The European Union • The continent of Europe• The population of Europe• The history of the European Union• European institutions

7. Spain during the Middle Ages • The start of the Middle Ages• Life in al-Ándalus• Legacy of al-Ándalus• The Christian kingdoms• Life in the Christian kingdoms• Architecture in the Christian kingdoms

8. Spain during the Modern Age • The start of the Modern Age• The Catholic Monarchs and the discovery of America• The Spanish Empire in the 16th century• The decline of the Spanish Empire• The 18th century: the Bourbon dynasty• Art and culture in the Modern Age

My picture dictionary

Key words Let's talk!

asteroidcometconstellationdwarf planet

eclipsemeteoritemoonplanet

revolutionrotationstartide

In the Universe there are... Meteorites are ... than...The tide is...

bordercontinentcountryglobe

latitude longitudemeridianparallel

physical mappolitical mapreliefscale

The Greenwich meridian is…What is the highest mountain in…?Which ocean is…?

altitudecoldcooldrought

highlowmildozone

precipitationstratospheretropospherewarm

The climate in Spain is…The temperature is…It rains a lot in a … climate.

autonomous cityautonomous community

constitutiondemocracy

dutyIberian Peninsulaministermunicipality

presidentprovincerightssenator

In my opinion, we need to…I believe that…

active populationageing populationbirth ratedeath rate

emigrantsimmigrantsinactive populationinhabitant

life expectancymigration ratenatural growthpopulation density

I think people prefer … because…

citizencommon marketcouncilcourt

currencyEuropean UnionEurozone finances

government judgeministerparliament

In Europe, there are…We live in a…I agree that…

architecturecaliphateChristianemirate

feudal systemGermanic tribeGothicJew

MuslimRomanesquetaifaVisigoth

In the Middle Ages, people lived in…There were many…

AztecBourbon dynastyempireexpedition

Golden Age Habsburg dynastyIncanMayan

reformreignwarworld trade

The Christian kings were … because…

1 Discover the Universe

Hubble Space Telescope

Key words

dwarf planet meteoriteeclipse

asteroid constellationcomet

moon revolutionplanet

rotation tidestar

11eleven

The Universe

The Universe consists of all the celestial bodies in intergalactic space outside the Earth's atmosphere.

In the Universe, there are galaxies with solar systems, stars, cons-tellations and other celestial bodies like planets, comets, meteorites and asteroids.

1 Write the name of a star, a constellation and a galaxy.

2 LET'S TALK! Talk to your partner about the components of the Universe. Compare stars, constellations and galaxies.

Stars

Stars are giant spheres of gas that produce energy.

• The amount of energy in a star is called luminosity.

• The light from a star that reaches the Earth is called brightness.

The brightness of a star depends on its luminosity and its distance from Earth. Stars can have different colours, size, luminosity and brightness.

The Sun is the brightest star in the sky.

Constellations

Constellations are groups of stars that form patterns in the sky.

Galaxies

Galaxies are groups of billions of stars, planets, gas clouds and rock fragments. They can be different shapes: spiral, elliptical or irregular.

The Earth and all the stars we see in the sky belong to a spiral galaxy known as the Milky Way. Earth is located in one of the galaxy's arms, Orion's arm.

The Sun generates

the light and heat

we need to live.

The constellations Ursa

Major (the Great Bear),

Ursa Minor (the Little

Bear) and Cassiopeia.

The Milky WayIn the Universe, there are...

A galaxy is...

ACTIVITIES

twelve12

1The Solar System

The Solar System

SunMercuryVenus

EarthMars

Jupiter

NeptuneSaturn

Uranus

Pluto

Kuiper belt

Asteroid belt

comet

The planets are large, spherical celestial bodies that orbit the Sun. At the same time, each planet spins on its axis.

Most planets are orbited by smaller celestial bodies called satellites or moons.

The Sun is the only star in the Solar System. It is located at the centre.

Dwarf planets are spherical celestial bodies, much smaller than planets, which orbit the Sun. Pluto is a dwarf planet.

Meteorites are usually small fragments of asteroids. When meteorites enter the Earth’s atmosphere and burn up they leave fiery trails called shooting stars.

Comets are giant balls of ice and dust. Comets orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path. Their paths take them very close to the Sun and then far away again. When they get close to the Sun, comets show bright tails.

Asteroids are small, rocky, irregular-shaped objects that orbit the Sun. They are mostly found in two regions: the Asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt.

The Solar System consists of the Sun and all the other celestial bodies that revolve around it.

1 Answer the questions in your notebook:

• How many planets are there?

• Which planet is furthest from the Sun?

2 LET'S TALK! Compare asteroids, meteorites and comets with your partner. What are the similarities and differences?

2

Meteorites are smaller than…

ACTIVITIES

thirteen 13

The movements of the Earth

• The shape of the Earth is almost spherical.Shape

• When seen from space the Earth is blue.Colour

Life on Earth is possible because it has...

• an atmosphere

• water

• moderate temperatures

Life on Earth

The Earth is the third planet from the Sun.

The Earth's rotationThe Earth continually rotates on its axis. This movement is called rotation.

It takes 24 hours, or one day, to make a complete rotation of its axis.

The rotation of the Earth causes day and night.

• It is day in the half that faces the Sun.

• It is night in the half that faces away from the Sun.

Earth's rotation

axis of rotationdirection of rotation

tilt

night day

North Pole

South Pole

14 fourteen

1 Complete the graphic organiser in your notebook.

ACTIVITY

Earth's revolution

Sun

spring

winterwinter

summer

summer

spring

autumn

autumn

The Earth's revolutionThe Earth orbits the Sun. This movement is called revolution. It takes 365 days, or one year, for the Earth to orbit the Sun.

The revolution of the Earth causes the seasons. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, so the Sun's rays reach the planet at different angles:

• In winter in the Northern Hemisphere the days are shorter and the nights longer. The Earth receives indirect sunlight so there is less heat from the Sun. In the Southern Hemisphere it is summer.

• In summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the days are longer and the nights shorter. The Earth receives direct sunlight so there is more heat from the Sun. In the Southern Hemisphere it is winter.

The movements of the Earth

…

It takes… It causes…

…

It takes… It causes…

15fifteen

SunMoon

Earth

Eclipses

Eclipses happen when a celestial body blocks the view of another celestial body. Eclipses can be solar or lunar.

Solar eclipse

The Moon blocks the view of the Sun from the Earth. The Sun gradually disappears.

Lunar eclipse

The Earth completely stops the Sun's rays from reaching the Moon. The Moon gradually disappears.

The Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.

It has two movements:

• Rotation: the Moon rotates on its axis. It takes 28 days to make a complete orbit.

• Revolution: the Moon orbits the Earth. It also takes 28 days to make a complete orbit.

The Moon is lit by the Sun. As the Moon orbits the Earth, the Moon looks different to us. The different shapes we see are called the phases of the Moon. We only see one side of the Moon.

Sun

Earth

Moon

Tides

The tide is the rise and fall of the level of the sea twice a day. It is caused by the Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth. There are 12 hours between each high tide.

The phases of the Moon

new Moon

waxing Moon

full Moon

waning Moon

1 LET'S TALK! When can you play at the beach? How often is the tide is low or high?

ACTIVITY

high tide

low tide

You can...The tide is...

16 sixteen

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 11 Copy and complete the text in your notebook, using these words.

planet – spiral – Kuiper belt – Earth – Moon – Sun

Milky Way – sphere – satellite

• The … is a giant … of gas that generates light and heat.

• The … … is a … galaxy.

• The … is a … between Venus and Mars.

• The … is a region beyond Neptune with many asteroids.

• The … is a natural … .

2 Draw a diagram of the Solar System in your notebook.

• Draw each planet on its correct orbit.

• Label the planets.

• Draw the Kuiper and asteroid belts.

3 Match and write sentences in your notebook.

• Planets... are also called moons.

• Shooting stars... are giant balls of ice and dust.

• Comets... are large celestial bodies that orbit the Sun.

• Satellites... are trails left in the sky by meteorites.

17seventeen

4 Copy and complete the table about the movements of the Earth and Moon in your notebook.

5 Match the phases of the Moon in your notebook.

1. The area of the Moon lit by the Sun is getting smaller.

2. The area of the Moon lit by the Sun is getting bigger.

3. The Moon is between the Earth and the Sun. It receives no light from the Sun so we can't see the Moon.

4. The Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. The whole Moon is visible.

6 Copy and complete in your notebook.

1. A … … happens when the Moon blocks the view of the Sun from the Earth. The Sun gradually disappears.

2. A … … happens when the Earth completely stops the Sun's rays from reaching the Moon. The Moon gradually disappears.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Movement Description Duration Period of time

The Earth's rotation … … …

The Earth's revolution … … …

The Moon's rotation … … …

The Moon's revolution … … …

CBA D

new

Moon

waxing

Moon

full

Moon

waning

Moon

lunar eclipse

solar eclipse

18 eighteen

My picture dictionary

fifteen

1UnitDiscover the Universe

asteroid belt

meteorite

rotation

constellation

new Moon

waxing Moon

full Moon

revolution

waning Moon

88 eighty-eight