CILT meeting 6th March 09/03/2013

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‘HYDROGEN : THE CLEAN TRANSPORT FUEL’

Chartered Institute for Logistics & Transport Members Meeting

Aberdeen 6th March 2013

Dr Nigel Holmes

What’s this all about…

• Improving Transport

• Higher Efficiency

• Lower Carbon emissions

• Reduced Air Pollution

• Less Noise

• Is this just a dream, or can it be done?

Introductory Clip : All-Energy 2012

• A lot happening in Renewables

• Videoclip from the recent All-Energy exhibition

• First Minister Alex Salmond driving the fuel cell Hyundai

• ITM Power on-site hydrogen from renewables

• Link :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PDgvIVaEdk&list=UUdfaC

KV18fptNfik6HzdD0Q&index=1&feature=plcp

Recent News

• UKH2Mobility – 4th Feb 2013• 1.6 million hydrogen fuelled vehicles on UK roads by 2030

• possible market share of 30-50 per cent by 2050

• initial UK strategic network of 65 hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS)

• 2025 330 HRS provide close-to-home hydrogen refuelling for 50% of the UK population

• full UK-wide network of some 1,150 refuelling stations by 2030

• Automotive alliances - 28th January 2013

• Ford, Renault-Nissan and Daimler joint alliance

• Will develop a common hydrogen fuel cell system platform

• Plan to launch "the world's first affordable, mass-market fuel cell car" by 2017

SHFCA & Member Activities

Key SHFCA activity areas include

• Fuel Cell distributed CHP with natural gas

• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for Sustainable Transport

• Energy Storage with Hydrogen, Small to Large scale

SHFCA Membership includes :

• Energy companies & delivery partners

• Researchers & Developers

• Early Adopters & Project Partners

Now largest H&FC Association in Europe

Global

• Cost & security of oil supplies

• Threats from Climate Change

• Energy costs & CO2 emissions

Scotland

• Renewables : 100% by 2020

• 42% CO2 reduction by 2020

• But - Transport emissions still rising

Key Drivers for Change

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Scotland : Rich in Renewables

• Great wind & marine resources

Low Carbon Economy – Priority

• Inward investment

• Low carbon & Cleantech

• Energy independence

• Hydrogen part of mix

Supported by :

• Renewables Routemap

• 2020 Climate Group

• EAB : Energy Advisory Board

• RIAG : Renewable Industry Advisory Group

Routemap update 30-Oct-2012 : http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/UpdateRenewableRoutemap

Fuel Cells : What are They?

• Convert chemical energy to electrical energy

• Reaction using catalysts, not combustion

• Consider as a ‘Gas Battery’ using air oxidant

Methane

CO2

Why are Fuel Cells more Efficient?

http://www.afcenergy.com/#!prettyPhoto/0/

Hydrogen as Clean Fuel : Facts

Global

• Production > 55 million te/yr

• Value $135 billion (2005)

Use : 95% ‘captive’ markets

• 50% into Ammonia / Fertiliser

• 45% Refining (crackers & fuel desulphurisation)

Source : > 95% made on-site from fossil fuels

• Only 4% from electrolysis of water

• Majority is ‘brown’ hydrogen not ‘green’

Hydrogen from Electricity

• Use surplus renewables• ‘peak-lopping’ of surplus

• Uses cheap power

• Avoids switching off wind

• Hydrogen by Electrolysis• Already 100MW units in use

• Store Hydrogen Gas & use

• Power generation, Transport fuel

• Can also be used as ‘Hythane’ 15% in natural gas

• 100 times energy density than compressed air energy storage

100MW Electrolyser operating in Zimbabwe since 1975

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Large Scale Hydrogen Storage

• Storage of Hydrogen Gas is proven at scale :

• Storage of gaseous hydrogen in Texas salt caverns (85 million m3)

• Hydrogen storage with CCS designs at 1 billion m3 scale

• But – very Geology specific

• Could use North Sea assets –ETI study just started with Foster Wheeler and BGS

Air Liquide Hydrogen storage in salt cavern at Spindletop, Texas

Transport - Hydrogen Fuel Cells

• Established technology• Developed by 60’s space programme

• Ballard main supplier

• Both transport & stationary power (CHP)

• Range of power outputs• From under 1 Watt to over 1 MW

• With typically 50% efficiency

• Near-Zero emissions• Chemical reaction, about 80°C

• Effectively zero NOx and SOx

• Low noise signature

Little & Large hydrogen fuel cells

Aberdeen Hydrogen Bus Project

• Announced by First Minister 14th August 2012

• 10 HFC Buses using ‘Green’ Hydrogen from Renewables

Hydrogen Bus & Coach Drivetrains

• Ballard 150kW Fuel Cells, Siemens electric motors

What do FCEVs Look Like?

Hyundai ix-35 FCEV

Key Attributes

• Zero CO2 emissions at tailpipe

• Zero NOx, SOx, PM10 at tailpipe

• Safety

• Efficient (regen braking)

• Range & Quick refuelling

• Ease of use

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Comfort & ‘Range Anxiety’

• Vehicles need power

• …and heat

• …and cooling (sometimes)

• …and refuelling

• (aircon = energy used for car at 35mph http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/28960.pdf )

‘Well to Wheel’ Overall Efficiency

ITM Power ‘On-Site Refueller’

Was in Aberdeen 23rd and 24th May 2012 at All-Energy

Hydrogen from Renewables

• Happening in Scotland

• PURE, Unst

• SEED, Lewis

• Hydrogen Office

Load Balancing with Hydrogen

Wind blowing

• Turbine – electricity

• Zero-CO2 power charges Van

• Electrolyser – hydrogen

• Hydrogen stored in tank

No Wind

• Hydrogen into Fuel Cell

• Fuel Cell makes electricity

• Powers office

• Zero-CO2 power charges Van

Using locally produced fuel

Using the hydrogen refueller in Stornaway : Transit petrol/H2 flex-fuel conversion

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Hydrogen with Combustion Engines

• Hydrogen can be used in converted ICE

• Gives zero CO2 at tailpipe

• Also near-zero particulates

• But - efficiency not as good as fuel cell vehicle

• Transit gave about 20 miles per kg H2

• FC would be about twice this

• ICE conversions available now

Niche Applications

New Holland : Hydrogen fuel cell powered tractor. Can use hydrogen generated on-site from Renewables

Logistics : large distribution centres in USA using H-FC forklifts for 24/7 operations

Logistics Opportunities

• M&S Pilot Trial

• First trial of its type in the UK

• At M&S logistics warehouse

• ITM supplied 3 pallet trucks & 1 reach truck

• Used with ITM Power HFuelhydrogen refuelling unit

• Rapidly growing market in US : Walmart, Coca-Cola, FedEx

Fuel Cells or Batteries?

• FCs are identical size and weight

• Re-Charging takes <90sec Vs. 8 hrs

• Elimination of battery manual handling

• FC perform 100% for whole shift

• No battery sag effect seen

• Productivity gains of 6-12%

• Reduction of MHE fleet size

• Cost savings over life of plant

Putting Renewables into Transport Summary : Hydrogen for Transport

Fuel Cell Propulsion key Advantages• FC very efficient : good ‘well to wheel’

• Fast response, good power density, suits EV platforms

• City benefits : negligible particulate and NOx emissions

• Not just cars & buses, other transport also viable

Potential Disadvantages• Costs – but these are coming down rapidly

• Hydrogen availability, renewable energy solutions

• PEM FCs need high purity hydrogen

• Only few ‘Type Approved’ vehicles currently available

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Opportunity : Clean Fuels Synthesis

• Hydrogen as energy carrier

• Also as chemicals feedstock

• (Refineries are largest user of

hydrogen…)

• Eg : Air Fuels Synthesis

www.airfuelsynthesis.com

• Using CO2 with H2 for fuels

synthesis (‘petrol from air’)

Using Hydrogen as Feedstock

• Already extensive experience at large scale

• Just change from fossil feedstocks to Renewables!

Scottish Energy Flows (Sankey) TWhr

Figure 19: Overview of annual energy flows in Scotland

Denmark 2050 Energy Systems Vision

Figure 3.13 Sankey diagram of the CEESA 2050 100% renewable energy scenario

Recent News – Industry Momentum

• Announced on 28th January 2013

• Ford, Renault-Nissan and Daimler joint alliance

• Will develop a common hydrogen fuel cell system platform

• Plan to launch "the world's first affordable, mass-market fuel cell car" by 2017

Recent News : UKH2Mobility

• Strategy for roll-out of UK hydrogen infrastructure from UKH2Mobility Phase 1 – 4th Feb 2013

• Key findings (McKinsey & Element Energy)• 1.6 million hydrogen fuelled vehicles on UK roads by 2030

• possible market share of 30-50 per cent by 2050

• initial UK strategic network of 65 hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS)

• 2025 330 HRS provide close-to-home hydrogen refuelling for 50% of the UK population

• full UK-wide network of some 1,150 refuelling stations by 2030

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Closing Comment : CO2 now at 400ppm•

• EU is only region to have policies for

‘capping’ CO2

• Presumes that an increase in

atmospheric CO2 to 450ppm =

average temperature increase of 2oC.

• Climate scientist James Hansen

(NASA) now reckons 450ppm CO2 =

temp rise of 6oC.

• Summer 2012 saw 400ppm CO2

above Artic, well ahead of predicted

schedule…

The Arctic Ocean with breaking ice cover of north of Alaska. Photograph by Eric Kort/Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA

Summary : Hydrogen Transport Fuel

1. Efficiency : FCs are very efficient

2. Lower Carbon : zero CO2 at tailpipe

Zero Carbon with Hydrogen from Renewables

3. Reduced air pollution: particulates & NOx

4. Less noise : fuel cells are quiet!

Clear direction in UK for Hydrogen road fuel

Industry alliances – FCEVs are happening

Thanks for listeningnigel.holmes@shfca.org.uk