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2018.05.08J. DAVID BOWICK, P.ENG.

BLACKWELL

MINNESOTA STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION

PRESENATION

BEYOND TENTSFABRIC STRUCTURES FOR BUILDINGS

INTRODUCTION TO

Structural Engineering consultants

Founded in 1987 by Walter Blackwell

Now a partnership of 6 principals, with over 50 employees infour offices: Toronto, Waterloo, Victoria, and Halifax

Wide range of projects including: university facilities,offices, retail buildings, medical centres, recreational andvisitor centres, schools, libraries and religious institutions,custom homes, bridges, multi-residential and industrialbuildings, sculptures, and pavillions

LEED accredited engineers with many notable LEED projects

Firm Profile

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Committed to finding the most appropriate design solutionfor each project’s unique requirements, be they based oneconomical concerns, sustainability goals, or culturalcontext and mission.

Make our clients’ objectives our own. Our goal is to act withintegrity to deliver quality and add value. On every job, westrive to understand the precedents, refine as appropriateand innovate when necessary.

No matter the problem we’re solving, we give it ourundivided attention. We see every project as an opportunity.

Guiding principles:

Do Great WorkUse Good Judgment

Enable Others

Philosophy

PROJECTS

Goldring Varsity Centre

Patkau Architects & MacLennan Jaunkalns Miller Architects

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Thomas L. Wells Public School

Baird Sampson Neuert Architects

CIGI Campus

KPMB Architects

Scarborough Civic Central Library

LGA Architectural Partners

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Peace Bridge, Fort Erie

NORR Limited

Iroquioan Longhouse

BrookMcIlroy

Tannery Park, Oakville

Figureground Studio Inc.

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Wong Tai Sin Temple

Shim Sutcliffe Architects

Google Waterloo Offices

Robertson Simmons Architects inc. & B+H Architects

Moorelands Dining Hall

Shim Sutcliffe Architects

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Cerdarvale Ravine House

Drew Mandel Architect

William Hawrelak Park

Lightweight Manufacturing Inc.

Studio Phillips Barratt & Stantec Architects

BC Place Stadium

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PanAm Celebration Zone

Hariri Pontarini Architects

Haiti Schools

BlackwellHalsall Associates

Quinn Dressel AssociatesRead Jones Christoffersen

FABRIC TENSILE STRUCTURES

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BRIEF HISTORY

Valerium, Roman Coliseum70 A.D.

Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519) - Air Ship

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First known use 1770

Common use in Europe beginning 1830s

Common use in North America beginning 1867

Traditional Circus Tent

Godfrey Rhodes Field Hospital Tent, 1858

Shukhov Rotunda, 1896

Vladimir Shukhov

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F. W. LanchesterAir Tent 1919

Radome, 1946

Walter Bird & Cornell Aeronautical Lab

J.S. Dorton Arena, 1952

William Deitrick & Matthew Nowicki

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1957 Frei Otto establishes Center for Lightweight Construction

(later Institute for Lightweight Structures)

• 1872 Stromeyer and Company Established for the manufacture of circus tents

• 1950’s development of teflon coated fiberglass by John Cook at Chemfab (with guidance from Walter Bird)

• 1960’s introduction of non-linear finite element analysis• 1957 Frei Otto established Center for Lightweight

Construction (later Institute for Lightweight Structures)• 1960’s Donato Fraioli of Air Structures American

Technologies pioneers air supported structures for commercial/recreational use

• 1970’s and 1980’s world recession and some notable failures and deflations cools the market for fabric structures

Other Milestones

CONCEPTS

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Synclastic Anticlastic

Synclastic Anticlastic

Closed Contours Open Contours

Curvature

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Weave vs. Knit

Weaving in Antiquity

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Woven fabrics

PVCPTFEETFEePTFESiPEHDPE

Fabric Types

• Vinyl Coated Polyester

• Economical

• Translucent

• Fire resistant

• Flexible

• Colour

• 15 Years

PVC

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PTFE• Teflon Coated Glass Fiber

• Non-combustible

• High Light Transmission

• Long Life (25+ years)

• White

• Self Cleaning

ETFE• Foil

• Low Strength and Stiffness

• Very High Light Transmission

• Combustible, Fire Safe

ePTFE• Teflon Coated, Teflon Fiber

• Very Flexible

• Non-Combustible

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SiPE• Silicon Coated Fiberglass

• Flexible

• Recyclable

• Fire Resistant

HDPE• Shade Cloth

• Economical

• Colour

• Not Waterproof

Polyethylene

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Frei Otto – Soap Film Experiments

Study Models

Shaping

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Shaping

Analysis

Analysis

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Analysis

Simple Hypar

Petal Hypar

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Carousel Hypar

Manta Ray Hypar

Kite Hypar

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Cahow Hypar

Bermudiana Hypar

Umbrella Cone

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Inverted Umbrella Cone

Patterning

Patterning

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Patterning

Radio Frequency (RF) Welding for PVC

Fabrication

Heat Welding for PTFE and ETFE

Fabrication

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Fabrication

Sewing for HDPE (shade cloth)

Silicone Adhesive Tape for Silicone Coated Fiberglass

Fabrication

Lap

Details

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Ridge

Details

Valley

Details

Cable Pocket

Details

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Membrane Plate

Details

Corner Membrane Plate

Details

Clamped Edge

Details

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Gathering Plate

Details

Bale Ring

Details

Keder Extrusion

Details

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Keder Extrusion

Details

Keder Extrusion

Details

Cone Peak

Details

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Cone Peak

Details

Cone Peak

Details

Hopper

Details

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Details

Spout

Cable Fittings

Details

Spelter Socket

Details

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Rain Diverter

Details

Condition Available Light (Lux)

Transmission Coverage Interior Light (Lux)

Direct Sun 100,000 15% 80% 12,000

Clear Day 10,000 15% 80% 1,200

Overcast 1,000 15% 80% 120

Average Required Levels (Lux)Circulation 50-200Office 200-500Studio 1000

Max VonBarnholt Krag, VBK Lighting

Light

Water

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Fire

FireASTM E84 – Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

ASTM E108 – Tire Tests of Roof Coverings

NFPA 701 – Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles and Films

ASTM E136 - Behavior of Materials in Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees Celcius

CAN/ULC-S114 – Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials

CAN/ULC-S102 - Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies

BS 476-6:1989+A1:2009. Fire tests on building materials and structures. Method of test for fire propagation for products

BS 476-7:1997. Fire tests on building materials and structures. Method of test to determine the classification of the surface spread of flame of products

DIN 4102 1 fi t t t b ildi t i l

FLAME SPREAD

ASTM E84 – Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (Flame Spread)

CAN/ULC-S102 - Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies

PVC, Teflon (<25)

NON-COMBUSTIBILITY

NFPA 701 – Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles and Films (Combustibility)

CAN/ULC-S114 – Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials

PTFE

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Reflective

Absorptive

Acoustics

Thermal

Cod

es

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Applicable CodesNational Building Code of Canada

Provincial Building Codes (OBC, CCQ...)

Referenced StandardsCSA S367 ‐ Air, Cable, and Frame‐

Supported Membrane Structures 

Professional LiabilityStandard of Care

“...that level or quality of service ordinarily provided by other normally competent practitioners of good standing in that field, contemporaneously providing similar services in the same locality and under the same circumstances” 

(Paxton v. County of Alameda (1953)

Other Non-referenced Standards

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MINIMUM LOADING FOR TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

ANSI E1.21-2013

CLAUSE NOTES

3.5.2.3-5 Wind: 0.75 factor wind speed reduction up to 90 mph or 115 mph while using ASCE 7-10

3.5.3.4 Stability: 1.5 factor for overturning and sliding forces3.5.4.1Live: greater of 5 psf min or 300 lb total

3.5.4.3 Snow: min 10 psf where snow can be removed to prevent accumulation

A.3.5.2 Wind: trusses not clad shall use 50% project tributary area and clad elements to be 100%

A.3.5.2 Wind: pressures may be reduced to by a factor of 0.56 for structures in use < 6 weeks

A.3.5.2 Wind: two cases to be considered. Max gust speed greater than 40 mph and where mitigation techniques may be applied within 5 minutes to alter the structure to withstand the lesser of the reduced standard location wind speed or 90 mph (or 115 while using ASCE 7-10).

Con

trac

ts

Design-Build

Design-Bid-Build

Design Assist

BLACKWELL TENSILE PROJECTS

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Rosebud Veterans Commital Shelter

Wyss Associates & Fabricon & Blackwell

Kenora Waterfront Pavillion

Hilderman Thomas Frank Cram & Tensile Integrity & Blackwell

King Edward Memorial Hospital, Bermuda

Tensile Integrity & Blackwell

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RSP Architects

St. Louis Park Arena, City of St. Louis Park, MN

Bronte Park Pavillion

EDA Collaborative Inc. & Tensile Integrity & Blackwell

Pierson Park Band Shell

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St. Louis Zoo Sea Lion Sound Amphitheatre (Tensile Integrity, Blackwell)

Tata Steel Arch, Shefferville 2013(Blackwell)

HKS Architects

Mosaic Stadium, Regina, SK, 2017

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OTHER FABRIC STRUCTURES

German Pavillion, Expo 67 Montréal

Frei Otto

Frei Otto

Munich Olympic Park, 1972

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Tanzbrunnen Tent, Cologne, Germany, 2001

SL-RASCH

Eero Saarinen

Ingalls Hockey Rink, Yale Univerisity, 1972

Olympic Stadium, Monréal, 1976

Robert Taillibert

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Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome, 1992

Heery International & Rosser FABRAP International & Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback and Associates

Compression StrutsTension Cables

Atlanta Falcons Georgia Dome, 1992

Heery International & Rosser FABRAP International & Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback and Associates

Calgary Saddledome, 1983

Graham McCourt Architects

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BC Place Stadium, VancouverOriginal ‐ Studio Phillips Barratt, Ltd Geiger Berger Engineers

Renovation – Stantec, Geiger and Schlaich Bergermann Engineers

ASU SkySong Innovation Center, Scottsdale, AZ

FLT Design

Shatyr Khan Entertainment Centre, Astana, Kazakhstan

Foster + Partners

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On

Infl

atab

les

Prestress

Flying ButtressNotre Dame de ReimsVillard de Honnecourt

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L

A

L = r/2 (Longitudinal Stress)A = r (Annular Stress)1/r1+ 2/r2 = (General 2-way Stress)

Inflatable Stresses

Inflatable Stresses

Inflatable Stresses

boom

= 5 psi

pssssshhhhh

= 1.5 psi

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Inflation Pressure

100 psi

35 psi

1.5 psi

0.03 psi (5 psf)

800Ø Tube, 28 kPa Inflation Pressure, 180mm long slit

Where does strength come from?

Material

Section Form

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Section

Pro

port

ion

=L/10

Peel

Details

Welded joint reinforced

with stitching

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Seams

4 Layers Thick

Compound Curvature

Type

s of

Str

uctu

res

Air Beam (Inflatable)Air SupportedCellular (Frame Supported)

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Cel

lula

r

Eden Project (Grimshaw)

Shatyr Khan Entertainment CentreFoster and Partners

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Canada’s Diversity GardensAssiniboine Park, Winnipeg

KPMB, Architecture49, Blackwell

Air

Infl

ated

Air Inflated (Air Beam) Structure 

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Ontario Celebration Zone(HPA)

"Tensairity"

Kongsberg's Tubaloon Band Stand – Snohetta, Mauro Pedretti (engineer)

Air

Sup

port

ed

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The Farley Group

DUOL

BC Place Stadium (Original)

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CASE STUDY:CANADA’S DIVERSITY GARDENS

AT ASSINIBOINE PARK

KPMB & Architecture 49

KPMB & Architecture 49

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Site Plan

HTFC Planning and Design

Building Program

~6,000 SQ. FT.

Design Team• KPMB & Architecture49 (Architects)• HTFC Planning & Design (Landscape Architect)• Blackwell (Structural)• Transsolar (Energy & Climate)• Vector Foiltec (ETFE Systems)• Integral Group (Mechanical)• Lord Cultural Resources (Interpretation and Visitor

Experience)• Soberman Engineering (Vertical Transportation)• LRI Engineering (Code)• Altus (Quantity Surveyor)

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Structure

Roof Form• Long Spans

• Transparent

• Column-free

Early Model

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Final Model

ETFE

Cable Net

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Cable Net

Radial Cables

Cable Net

Negative Spiral Cables

Cable Net

Positive Spiral Cables

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Global Analysis Model

Cable Forces

Deflections (Wind + Snow)

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Details

Details

Details

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Diagrid Core

Details

Cast Connex

Construction Progress

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CASE STUDY:PROJET STE CATHERINE OUEST

Projet Sainte Catherine Ouest – Kanva, Blackwell

Modelling

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Prestress

= 800 mmi = 28 kPa (4 psi)a = (0.4 m)(28 kPa)

= 11.2 kPal = (0.4 m)(28 kPa)/2

= 5.6 kPa

5.6 kPa

Load Response - Snow

Load Response - Wind

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Fabric Strength

560 daN/5cm = 112 kN/m

FOS = 112 kN/m / 11.2 kN/m= 10 (annular prestress)

FOS = 112 kN/m / 16 kN/m

Detail Studies

Detail Studies

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Detail Studies

Detail Studies

Detail Studies

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Assembly

Assembly Details

Assembly Details

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Assembly Details

QUESTIONS?