11

What’is “emission” ?What’is “emission” ?

““The release or discharge of a substance into the The release or discharge of a substance into the environment. Generally refers to the release of gases or environment. Generally refers to the release of gases or particulates into the air.” particulates into the air.”

Simple Definition;Simple Definition;““Release of pollutants into the air from Release of pollutants into the air from a source.” a source.”

İmmission (don’t confuse!)The level of a particular pollutant in the environment. Widely used for air emissions and noise

22

Sources of air pollutionSources of air pollution Point sourcesPoint sources A point source is a stationary source that can best A point source is a stationary source that can best

be described as a manufacturing plant or a similar be described as a manufacturing plant or a similar entity having one or more emissions units entity having one or more emissions units discharging air emissions into the atmosphere, discharging air emissions into the atmosphere,

and located at one specific geographic area.and located at one specific geographic area.

Area sourcesArea sources An area source is also a stationary source that is An area source is also a stationary source that is

not included in the point source inventory. not included in the point source inventory.

Line sourcesLine sources A mobile source is a moving source that emits air A mobile source is a moving source that emits air

pollutants. pollutants.

Source: http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/aqmp/eiu/eiu.html

33

Emissions of primary air pollutantsEmissions of primary air pollutantsNitrogen oxides emissions in the UK in 1998.

1753 thousand tonnes (NO2 and NO)

Sulphur dioxide emissions in the UK in 1998.1615 thousand tonnes

Source; http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/english.html

44

What’is an emission inventory?What’is an emission inventory? Simple definition;Simple definition;

““An emisison inventory is an estimation of air pollution”An emisison inventory is an estimation of air pollution”

““An emissions inventory is a detailed listing of pollutant An emissions inventory is a detailed listing of pollutant emissions, and their calculated emission rate estimates, as emissions, and their calculated emission rate estimates, as identified from specific sources identified from specific sources in a given geographic area for afor a specified time periodspecified time period. (base year..etc.)” . (base year..etc.)”

Source: http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/aqmp/eiu/eiu.html

http://www.baaqmd.gov/pln/emission_inventory.htm

Emission InventoryEmission Inventory

Information from source identifications is compiled Information from source identifications is compiled into a comprehensive report inventorying sources, into a comprehensive report inventorying sources, activities and pollutants. activities and pollutants.

Present and future year inventories are critical Present and future year inventories are critical components of air quality components of air quality planning planning and and modelingmodeling. .

The source may be a utility, refinery, automobile, The source may be a utility, refinery, automobile, train, etc.train, etc.

Each type of source can be placed into a point, Each type of source can be placed into a point, area area

or mobile source category.or mobile source category.

55

66

Emission inventories are used for a wide variety of Emission inventories are used for a wide variety of purposes, but are most often developed in response to purposes, but are most often developed in response to regulation. regulation.

Emission inventories are used Emission inventories are used

for various policy-making purposes, for various policy-making purposes,

characterization of temporal emission trends, characterization of temporal emission trends,

tracking trends in emissions over time. tracking trends in emissions over time.

to assess the effectiveness of air pollution policy,to assess the effectiveness of air pollution policy,

development of urban strategies, development of urban strategies,

emissions budgeting for regulatory and compliance purposes, emissions budgeting for regulatory and compliance purposes,

prediction of ambient pollutant concentration using air dispersion prediction of ambient pollutant concentration using air dispersion models (as input to air quality models)models (as input to air quality models)

as input to exposure and risk assessmentsas input to exposure and risk assessments

77

An emission inventory contains An emission inventory contains the following information.the following information.

Tabular summary of emission estimates by source categoryTabular summary of emission estimates by source category Background information, including the reasons for compiling the Background information, including the reasons for compiling the

inventoryinventory Geographic area covered by the inventoryGeographic area covered by the inventory Time interval represented by the emission inventory (for example, Time interval represented by the emission inventory (for example,

annual, seasonal, hourly)annual, seasonal, hourly) Population, employment, and economic data used to estimate and Population, employment, and economic data used to estimate and

allocate emissionsallocate emissions procedures used to collect the data, sources of data (where data procedures used to collect the data, sources of data (where data

are acquired), copies of questionnaires and results, and citations are acquired), copies of questionnaires and results, and citations for all emission factorsfor all emission factors

Identification of methods used to calculate emissions, including Identification of methods used to calculate emissions, including example calculationsexample calculations

Complete documentation of all assumptions madeComplete documentation of all assumptions made Identification of emissions sources not included in the inventoryIdentification of emissions sources not included in the inventory List of referencesList of references

88

How do I develop an air toxics emission How do I develop an air toxics emission inventory for my local area?inventory for my local area?

What is the purpose?What is the purpose? To assess public health risk, To assess public health risk, To focus on subsequent inventory To focus on subsequent inventory

improvement work, improvement work, To develop control strategies and new To develop control strategies and new

regulations. regulations.

99

A good local screening is vitalA good local screening is vital

(1) what pollutants, source categories, and (1) what pollutants, source categories, and geographic areas should be included;geographic areas should be included;

(2) the relative importance of major, area, and (2) the relative importance of major, area, and mobile sources; and mobile sources; and

(3) whether you can base the inventory on (3) whether you can base the inventory on existing inventories, permit files, and other existing inventories, permit files, and other sources of information, such as upset or sources of information, such as upset or malfunction reports, Risk Management Plans, malfunction reports, Risk Management Plans, and the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI).and the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI).

1010

Emission InventoryEmission Inventory Inventory should be as accurate as possible and that its Inventory should be as accurate as possible and that its

uncertainties be well understood,uncertainties be well understood, so that decisions can be so that decisions can be made on a sound basis.made on a sound basis.

If the existing inventory is not adequate, substantial If the existing inventory is not adequate, substantial improvements may be possible by using local-scale data. improvements may be possible by using local-scale data.

An improved inventory will provide more accurate An improved inventory will provide more accurate information as well as an understanding of the level of information as well as an understanding of the level of uncertainty of emissions estimates for each category. uncertainty of emissions estimates for each category.

An emission inventory incorporating detailed local An emission inventory incorporating detailed local information is likely to reflect local conditions more information is likely to reflect local conditions more accurately than one developed on the basis of general accurately than one developed on the basis of general national information. national information.

Another benefit of a more accurate emission inventory Another benefit of a more accurate emission inventory pertains to the assessment of health risk. pertains to the assessment of health risk.

1111

Emission Inventory TechniquesEmission Inventory Techniques

To develop an emission inventory for an area, one mustTo develop an emission inventory for an area, one must

1.1. List the types of sources for the area, such as List the types of sources for the area, such as

automobiles…automobiles…

2.2. Determine the type of air pollutant emission from from Determine the type of air pollutant emission from from

each of the listed sources, such as PM, SO2, NO2…each of the listed sources, such as PM, SO2, NO2…

3.3. Find valid emission factors for each of the pollutantsFind valid emission factors for each of the pollutants

4.4. Through an actual count, or by means of some estimating Through an actual count, or by means of some estimating

technique, determine the number and size of specific technique, determine the number and size of specific

source in the areasource in the area

5.5. Multiply the appropriate numbers from and to obtain the Multiply the appropriate numbers from and to obtain the

total emissions and then sum the similar emissions to total emissions and then sum the similar emissions to

obtain the total for the area.obtain the total for the area.

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A typical example will illustrate the A typical example will illustrate the procedure. Suppose we wish to determine the procedure. Suppose we wish to determine the amount of CO from coal furnace emitted per amount of CO from coal furnace emitted per day, during the heating season, in a small city day, during the heating season, in a small city of 500.000 population:of 500.000 population:

1.1. The source is coal furnaces within the The source is coal furnaces within the boundary area of the city.boundary area of the city.

2.2. The pollutant of concern is COThe pollutant of concern is CO

3.3. Emission factors for CO are listed in various Emission factors for CO are listed in various waysways

(240 gram per tone of coal)(240 gram per tone of coal)

1.1. coal sales figures, obtained from the local coal sales figures, obtained from the local dealers association (400 ton per day).dealers association (400 ton per day).

2.2. 240 gram CO/ton*400 tones/day=96 kg CO/day240 gram CO/ton*400 tones/day=96 kg CO/day

1313

Calculation of emissionCalculation of emission

Source: http://cd4cdm.org/countries%20and%20regions/Asia/Philippines/Training%20Workshop/erc/overcarbon.ppt

EQUATIONEQUATION

EE = A x EF = A x EF

where,E = emissions (amount of SO2 etc)A = activity data (liters of fuel, kg of

cement)EF = emission factor (kg CO2/liter of fuel,

kgCO2/kg cement)

1414Source: http://cd4cdm.org/countries%20and%20regions/Asia/Philippines/Training%20Workshop/erc/overcarbon.ppt

EE = A x EF = A x EF

A (activity data) - data on the magnitude of human activity resulting in emissions or removals taking place during a given period of time (liters of fuel consumed, etc)

EF (emission factor) - a coefficient that relates the activity data to the amount of chemical compound which is the source of later emissions.

- Emission factors are often based on a sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a representative rate of emission for a given activity level under a given set of operating conditions. (amount of Carbon/unit activity)

1515

Sample Emissions CalculationSample Emissions Calculation

(for coal consumption)(for coal consumption)For Eskibağlar Mahallesi

Emission rate= (amount of coal burned in stovesx Emission factor) + (amount of coal burned in boilersx Emission factor)

Imported coalPM =[(0,98 x 5977 ton/yıl x 2 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 5977 ton/yıl x 5 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 12 ton/yılSO2 =[(0,98 x 5977 ton/yıl x 4 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 5977 ton/yıl x 25,93 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 26 ton/yılCO =[(0,98 x 5977 ton/yıl x 38 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 5977 ton/yıl x 0,3 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 223 ton/yılVOC=[(0,98 x 5977 ton/yıl x 0,2 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 5977 ton/yıl x 4 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 2 ton/yılNOx=[(0,98 x 5977 ton/yıl x 2,3 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 5977 ton/yıl x 1,5 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 14 ton/yıl

Soma Lignite PM =[(0,98 x 2878 ton/yıl x 3 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 2878 ton/yıl x 40 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 11 ton/yılSO2 =[(0,98 x 2878 ton/yıl x 12 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 2878 ton/yıl x 24,37 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 35

ton/yılCO =[(0,98 x 2878 ton/yıl x 25 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 2878 ton/yıl x 137,5 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 78 ton/yılVOC=[(0,98 x 2878 ton/yıl x 0,5 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 2878 ton/yıl x 0,015 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 1 ton/yıl

NOx=[(0,98 x 2878 ton/yıl x 2,1 kg/ton) + (0,02 x 2878 ton/yıl x 2,9 kg/ton)] x (1 ton/103 kg)= 6 ton/yıl

Sample Emissions CalculationSample Emissions Calculation for for traffictraffic

Calculation of emissions from gasoline powered vehicles (government vehicles)Emission rate (annual base)= kilometers traveled per year x number of vehicles x emission

factor (EF)

PM = (20 km/day x 250 days/year) x 571 vehicles x 0,029 g/km x 1ton/106 g = 0,082 ton/yearSO2 = (20 km/gün x 250 gün/yıl) x 571 araç x 0,111 g/km x 1ton/106 g = 0,317 ton/yearCO = (20 km/gün x 250 gün/yıl) x 571 araç x 1,688 g/km x 1ton/106 g = 4,819 ton/yearVOC = (20 km/gün x 250 gün/yıl) x 571 araç x 0,135 g/km x 1ton/106 g = 0,385 ton/yearNOx = (20 km/gün x 250 gün/yıl) x 571 araç x 0,314 g/km x 1ton/106 g = 0,896 ton/year( *) Government cars are not traveling at weekends.

PREPERATION OF EMISSION PREPERATION OF EMISSION INVENTORIES AND INVENTORIES AND

GIS SUPPORTED MAPPING OF GIS SUPPORTED MAPPING OF AIR POLLUTION IN ESKISEHIR AIR POLLUTION IN ESKISEHIR

Hicran Çınar*, Ozan Devrim Yay, Tuncay DöğeroğluHicran Çınar*, Ozan Devrim Yay, Tuncay Döğeroğlu

**Res. Asst., Anadolu University - Environmental Engineering - hcinar@anadolu.edu.trRes. Asst., Anadolu University - Environmental Engineering - hcinar@anadolu.edu.tr

Anadolu University, EskişehirAnadolu University, Eskişehir

1818

Objective of the studyObjective of the study To calculate the emissions due to To calculate the emissions due to

combustion,combustion, To investigate the contribution of To investigate the contribution of residential residential

heating, traffic and industrial fuel heating, traffic and industrial fuel consumption consumption to the air pollution in urban to the air pollution in urban Eskişehir andEskişehir and

To make a visual evaluation of the To make a visual evaluation of the spatial spatial distributiondistribution of emissions on the study area of emissions on the study area by generating pollution maps using GIS. by generating pollution maps using GIS.

1919

Study areaStudy area

Population (2002): 504.724 kişi ; Area: 123,1 km2 (EOIR: 22 km2); Population density: 4.998 capita.km-2; Number of districts: 65; Number of homes: 175.280 ; Number of industrial facilities in EOIR: 198

Industrial region

2020

Pollutants Pollutants includedincluded

PM PM SOSO22

COCO VOC’s VOC’s NONOXX

2121

Selected pollutant sourcesSelected pollutant sources Homes Homes (residential heating) (residential heating) area sourcearea source Motor vehicles Motor vehicles (exhaust emissions) (exhaust emissions) line and line and

area sourcearea source Industrial facilities, Industrial facilities, EOIR (combustion of EOIR (combustion of

fossil fuels) fossil fuels) point and area sourcespoint and area sources Industrial and non-industrial facilities in Industrial and non-industrial facilities in

town center which use great amount of fueltown center which use great amount of fuel (combustion of fossil fuels) (combustion of fossil fuels) point sourcespoint sources

2222

MethodologyMethodology

1. Planning

2. Progress

Determination of convenient emission factors(Corinair,

EPA)

Calculation of emissions

Prepare tables and graphics to understand inventory results

more easily

Mapping with GIS(Geomedia Professional 4.0, Surfer,

Image Analyst, MFworks )

Assessment of the inventory results, compare the results with that of other cities

Collection of required data for calculations

Classification of pollutant sources

Literature review

3. Assessment

2323

Residental heating characteristicsResidental heating characteristics

Natural gasCoal

CoalNatural gas

Natural gas

Soma lignite

ımported coal

Fuel Consumption for 2002

Natural gas : 105,667,582 m3 (ESGAZ)Imported coal : 144,000 tons (calculated)Soma lignite : 69,000 tons (calculated)

2424

Residential heating;Residential heating; * Stoves: * Stoves: Durmaz et. alDurmaz et. al 1994 1994 * Boiler system: * Boiler system: EPAEPA (Imported coal:1996, (Imported coal:1996,

Lignite: 1998 and natural gas: 1998)Lignite: 1998 and natural gas: 1998)

Traffic;Traffic; * * CORINAIRCORINAIR, 2002, 2002

Industrial fuel consumption; Industrial fuel consumption; * * EPAEPA,1998,1998

Emission factorsEmission factors

2525

FindingsFindingsEmission estimates for 2002 (tons.yearEmission estimates for 2002 (tons.year-1-1))

Pollutant

Pollutant source

PM SO2 CO VOC NOx

Residential heating Natural gas

Imported coal Soma lignite

741

14322406

1,721

1820900

7.601

1985,0672,337

139

367132

636

162323150

Traffic 110 744 1,214 235 1,901

Organised Industrial Region

22.3 1.8 245.9 22.9 400,8

Point sources (large industrial/non-industrial facilities in town center)

7.8 0.6 85.6 8.0 193.6

TOTAL 881.1 2,467.4 9,146.5 404.9 3,131.4

2626

Contribution of different source groups to the total annualContribution of different source groups to the total annual emissions 2002 of Eskisehir emissions 2002 of Eskisehir

Residential – Soma Lignite

Residential – Imported coal

Traffic

Residential – Natural gas

Point sources

Organised Industrial Region

881.1 tons.year -1 2467.4 tons.year -1

9146.5 tons.year -1 404.9 tons.year -1

3064.6 tons.year -1

Consumption of imported coal and Soma lignite for residential heating is important for the formation of PM, SO2 and CO emissions. Also, traffic is playing an important role in the formation of VOC and NOx emissions. Share of expected annual ambient air emissions caused by natural gas consumption for industrial use and residential heating is less than other sources. Here, advantages of using natural gas is observed.

2727

Line sources* (Bottom-up approach) Area sources (Top-down apporach)

Pollutant

Pollutant

source PM SO2 CO VOCs NOX PM SO2 CO VOC NOX

Automobile 3 9 160 14 32 8 24 396 36 82

Minibus 2 27 11 4 32 0.2 3 1 0.4 3

Bus 6 46 45 4 156 41 310 300 28 1045

Van- small truck 1 16 7 2 19 13 177 72 24 208

Truck 8 29 48 26 70 28 104 175 96 254

TOTAL 20 127 270 51 308 90 617 944 185 1592

Estimated emissions for traffic related sources, 2002 (tons.yearEstimated emissions for traffic related sources, 2002 (tons.year -1-1))

18% 17% 22% 22% 16% Line sources are resposible for approximately 20% of total traffic

emissions

Equations

* For line sources, substantial countings of vehicles on site had been conducted to determine traffic flow and vehicle type mixture. Data about vehicle countings of morning and evening peak hours on 22 major arterias and 8 counting stations in the weekdays at were gathered from the Eskişehir Major Transportation Plan.

2828

Distribution of traffic related emissions Distribution of traffic related emissions

PM = 110 tons.year -1 SO2 = 744 tons.year-1

CO = 1214 tons.year -1 VOCs = 235 tons.year -1 NOx = 1901 tons.year -1

Bus 1% !! Great amount of emissions!

Automobile 75%

Truck 9%

Minibus 2%

Total number of vehiclesin 2002; : 84025

Van- small truck 13%

Emissions from diesel traffic vehicles (buses,trucks ..) contribute most to air pollution.

Buses are responsible for 39,4 % of total NOx emissions. (including all sources)

Trucks are responsible for 32,6 % of total VOC emissions in Eskişehir.

2929

Distribution of residential heating and traffic related SO2 emission estimates for 2002 (tons.km-2.year-1)

Interpolation+

Overlay

3030

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

• Arranging pollutants according to their annual

emissions;

CO > NOX > SO2 > PM > VOCs

• Arranging pollutant sources according to their annual

emissions;

Residential heating > Traffic > Industry

3131

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion• Assessment according to pollutant- source relationship

Consumption of imported coal and Soma lignite for residential heating is important for the formation PM, SO2 and CO emissions. Also, traffic is playing an important role in the formation of VOC and NOx emissions. Share of expected annual ambient air emissions caused by natural gas consumption for industrial use and residential heating is less than other sources. Here, advantages of burning natural gas can be observed obviously.

Pollutant Most polluting source Effective parameter

PMSO2

COVOCs

NOx

Residential heatingResidential heatingResidential heatingTrafficTraffic

Population density, coal consumptionPopulation density, coal consumptionPopulation density, coal consumptionPopulation density, number of travelsPopulation density, number of travels

3232

Çalışma alanı içinde yıllık kirletici emisyonlarının lokal bazda ekstrem değerleri

3333

RecommendationsRecommendationsThis study can be used for/in order to

• Preperation of different scenarios,

• Making future projections,

• Investigte the relationship between pollution distribution and

land use data,

• Investigate the seosonal variation,

• Uncertainty analysis of the emission inventory,

• Determination of some air quality parameters by using convenient

models with inventory results,

for example, determination of the ambient air concentration of a pollutant

• Compare inventory results and measurement data.