The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project

The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project

Zissis SamarasLab of Applied Thermodynamics

Aristotle University Greece

Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles

A European research programmesponsored by the Directorate General

on Transport and Energy

Partners: Associate partners:

Aristotle University (GR) Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm University (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK)IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) MTC (S)Graz University (AUT) ConsultantsAachen University (D) D. Kittelson JRC (NL) G. Reischl

11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation

Timetable

WP200 - Instrumentation and properties: CompletedWP300 - Sampling conditions : Completed with round-robin evaluation (March 2002)WP400 - Definition of detailed measurement matrix: Completed WP500 - Measurements : Started in March 2002WP600 - Evaluation and reporting: Runs in parallel to WP300 and WP500Project deadline: April 2003


‘Particulates’: Project Products Outline

A detailed framework for future vehicle particulate sampling and measurement methodology

Input to emissions modelling tools, in relation to existing knowledge, in terms of usable emission factors for current vehicles

Assessment of the effectiveness of the technical measures for reducing particulate emissions

Useful input to medical studies

Tests over transient operation !


Particle characteristics to be measured (recommendations from health effects studies)

Mass emissions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1 …)

Number emissions in relation to size including both accumulation and nucleation mode (0,01 µm to 10 µm) Nature and morphology solid, liquid part surface area

Chemical composition Elemental & total organic carbon Metals PAHs (in particular benzo(a)pyrene) Sulphates and Nitrates


How to sample and dilute -1Which types of particles?

Accumulation mode particlesMainly soot particlesRelatively repeatable

Nucleation mode particlesMainly sulphate, hydrocarbons and waterVery strongly influenced by the sampling and

dilution techniques - therefore not repeatable, difficult to produce representative factors

Suggestion: create sampling conditions likely to favour nucleation under repeatable laboratory conditions (worst case approach?)


How to sample and dilute -2General Guidelines for ‘Particulates’

Sampling:As close to isokinetic as possibleMinimum sampling lines lengthMinimum heat gradients in sampling lineSampling line of conducting material

Dilution:Filtered dilution air, of controlled temperature

and of controlled humidityControlled residence time (long)Minimum residence time after final dilutionDefinition of “windows” (Dilution Temp, Dilution

Ratio)


‘Particulates’: Sampling Set upSampling Set up


Porous sampling probe

Sample from Exhaust

Dilution Air

Diluted sample

Sample extracted and diluted simultaneously

Dilution ratio can be controlled

High mixing rate - minimum thermophoresis


‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -Sampling Set up Under Testing -11

Photo from EMPAPhoto from EMPA


‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing –Sampling Set up Under Testing –22

Photo from LATPhoto from LAT


‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -Sampling Set up Under Testing -33

Photo from LATPhoto from LAT


Investigationson Sampling Conditions


Effect of dilution temperatureDecreasing dilution air temperature increases nucleation.

0.E+00

2.E+08

4.E+08

6.E+08

8.E+08

1.E+09

1.E+09

1.E+09

1 10 100 1000

electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]

dN

/dlo

g d

p [

cm-3

] 40 °C

30 °C

19 °C

17 °C


Effect of dilution ratio Increasing dilution ratio increases nucleation.

0.0E+00

5.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.5E+09

2.0E+09

2.5E+09

3.0E+09

1 10 100 1000


dN

/dlo

g d

p [

cm-3

]

41

24

15

Dilution ratio


Effect of relative humidity in dilution air Increasing humidity increases nucleation.

0.0E+00

5.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.5E+09

2.0E+09

2.5E+09

1 10 100 1000


dN

/dlo

g d

p [

cm-3

]

50

38.8

26

14.4

10

2.4

relative humidity [%]of dilution air


Effect of residence time (250 ppm S)

1,0E+06

1,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03Mobility Diameter (nm)

dN

/dlo

gD

p (

cm

-3)

50 km/h, Load C, LRT,Fuel: GR, Fan: ON,Texh: 152-164°C, PDR:18,8-21,5, #:11

50 km/h, Load C, SRT,Fuel: GR, Fan: ON,Texh: 155-160°C, PDR:20-22, #:7

LRT-1,9s

SRT-0,7s


Effect of residence time (10 ppm S)

1,0E+06

1,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03Mobility Diameter (nm)

dN

/dlo

gD

p (

cm

-3)

50 km/h, Load C, LRT,Fuel: EC1, Fan: ON,Texh: 150-154,6°C,PDR: 20,3-21,4, #:5

50 km/h, Load C, SRT,Fuel: EC1, Fan: ON,Texh: 154-156°C, PDR:19,4-22,5, #:5

LRT-1,9s

SRT-0,7s


Window 1: DR 25±2, DT 20±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Cold - high dilution (at 50 old - high dilution (at 50 km/h)km/h)

Window 2: DR 12.5±2, DT32±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Warm - low dilution (at 50 Warm - low dilution (at 50 km/h)km/h)

Sampling ‘Windows’

This is the window that This is the window that will be mainly usedwill be mainly used


Dilution ratio fluctuation

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600RPM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

kW

19.0+18.0 to 19.017.0 to 18.016.0 to 17.015.0 to 16.014.0 to 15.013.0 to 14.012.0 to 13.011.0 to 12.010.0 to 11.09.0 to 10.08.0 to 9.0

DR map in NEDC

Setting

Golf TDI


Round-Robin Aims

To evaluate the measuring robustness of the sampling system.

To make sure that a similar, if not identical, measurement protocol is followed by each laboratory.

To compare laboratory instrumentation with reference instruments (‘reference’ stands for the same instruments carried by the round robin team to all laboratories).

To obtain information on the variability of results among participating laboratories.

To possibly identify which components of laboratory instrumentation and measurement practices may be responsible for differing results.

It proved to be a learning exercise – very important !!


Round Robin Timetable

Laboratory Test week Latest Arrival time Earliest Pick up time

Aristotle University 3.9.2001

VTT Energy 38 11.9. 2001 24.9.2001

MTC 40 28.9.2001 5.10.2001

IFP 42 12.10.2001 22.10.2001

EMPA 44 26.10.2001 5.11.2001

TU Graz 46 9.11.2001 20.11.2001

Concawe, AEAT 49 29.11.2001 10.12.2001

Aristotle University 51 20.12.2001


Round-Robin Measurements Schedule

1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 5th dayTest cell / Dyno /Test benchsettings

NEDC cold(Window2)

NEDC cold(Window2)

NEDC cold(Window2)

NEDC cold(Window2)

Setup of owninstrumentation

Hot NEDC(Window2 – owninstruments)

Hot NEDC(Window2 – owninstruments)

Hot NEDC(Window2 –referenceinstruments)

Hot NEDC(Window2 –referenceinstruments)

Set Window2 Artemis road(Window 2 – owninstruments)

Artemis road(Window 2 – owninstruments)

Artemis road(Window 2 –referenceinstruments)

Artemis road(Window 2 –referenceinstruments)

Preconditioning (3EUDCs)

Steady statespeeds (Window 2– owninstruments)

Steady statespeeds (Window 2– owninstruments)

Steady statespeeds (Window 2– referenceinstruments)

Steady statespeeds (Window 2– referenceinstruments)

Cold soak Check Window2 Setup ofreferenceinstrumentation

Check Window 2 Check Window 2

Set Window2


Sampling: Cycles

NEDCCADCSteady Speeds(50, 90, 120 km/h)

ECE R49ESCETC

LDV HDV

Some will also conduct:

Aftertreatment testsMore transient cyclesMore steady state tests


The CADC cycles: road


Test sequence (LDVs)

Set the window (Window 2)Preconditioning (3 EUDCs)Cold soakCold start NEDC (1200s)Hot start NEDC (1200s)Artemis Urban (1000s)Artemis Road (1000s)Artemis Motorway (1000s)Steady state speeds: 50,90,120 km/h (~10 min each)

Some will also sample at different windows


Fuels

Conventional fuels were selected to cover current and potential future qualitiesDiesel fuels with constant physical properties but varying sulphur content 1500 --- 300 --- 40 --- 8 ppm SSwedish Class 1 diesel

Gasolines at year 2000 and 2005+ qualities125 --- 40 --- 8 ppm S

Common fuel batches blended for the consortiumAlternative fuels also being evaluated by some partners


Vehicle technologies being tested

Lab Task Euro 0 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro 0 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro 0 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V

AEAT 550 2 2

CONCAWE 510 2 1 1

EMPA 550IFP 510 1 1 1 2

INRETS 510 2 2 2 3 3 3

LAT 510 3 2 1 1

MTC 510 1 1 1 2 1

AVL 520 1 E 1 E 1 E

MTC 520+530 1 CNG V

TUG 520+530 1 RME V

VOLVO 520 1 E 1 E 1 E

VTT 520+530 1 E 1 V +

1 E1 V + 2 E

1 CNG V + 1 LPG V

V: Vehicle E: Engine

Emission Standards Coverage (update 23/4/2002)

Gasoline LDV

4 vehicles (cold start)

2 V

Diesel LDV HD Vehicles - Engines


From Measurement to Emission Factors

VEHICLE SAMPLINGINSTRUMENT

S

DATA FORMAT/ STORAGE

DATA PROCESSING

PRIMARY EMISSION VALUES

DATA REDUCTION EVALUATIO

N

EMISSION FACTORS

EFFECTS

LEGEND

RED WP 300

BLUE WP 600


Instruments: Information provided

Size segregated solid particle number- dry branch [RT]Total particle number - wet branch [RT]Total active surface equivalent - wet branch [RT]Gaseous pollutantsParticle mass (VOF/NVOF) - CVS [CYCLE]Mass weighted size distribution - wet branch [CYCLE]Number weighted size distribution - wet branch [SS]

[RT]: Real Time[CYCLE]: Average over cycle[SS]: Steady State


Roadside particulates measurements (Task 450)

PM2.5 + SMPSmeasurements

Measurements in road tunnels allow a differentiation between direct emissions under real world dilution ratios (roadside measurements) and “aged” PM at different locations from roadside


Non-exhaust particulates measurements (Task 460)

Four main strands to the experimental work:Gravimetric determination of tyre and brake wear ratesCompositional analysis of brake and tyre materials, and

brake and tyre dustSampling and analysis of airborne particlesSampling and analysis of road dust


Web Site of the Project

http://vergina.eng.auth.gr/mech/lat/particulates

With three areas:Public (free access)Consortium (password protected)ETERG (password protected)




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Tu

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D ilu t ion a ir f low s thr ou gh a po r oustu be. T he flow ra t io 100-105 s lp m iscon t ro lled by a m a s s flo w met er.

D ilu t ion p robe is coo led with coo ledp res s uri sed a ir o r w ate r. T he d ilu t ionair te mpe r atu re i s cont ro lled by th ed ilu t ion air te m pe ratu re .

D ILU T IO N A IR IN

C O O LIN G A G EN T IN

C O O LIN G A G EN T OU T

S A M PL E IN

D IL U TE D S A M P L E OU T

Porous tube diluterPorous tube diluter


Primary Dilution Unit - 2Primary Dilution Unit - 2

Ta ilpipeExha ust gasD1

A G

P1T1

T 7 P7

12.10.2 000Primary unit hardware

Sa mple 10 lp m

90 lp m

D 32 mmL 2 000 mm

20 lpm

D 10 mm

T 2M FC100-1 05 lp m

M ag net ic v alv e

fo r c oo ling con tro lVX

D1 Pr ima ry d i lut io n uni t

AG Ag eing cha m ber

MF C M ass f low con tro ller

fo r pre ssu rised a irVX Vo rt ex t ube fo r a ir c oo li ng

P# Pr es sure m e as ur em e nt

T # T em p era tur e m ea s urem e nt

Tu be i d 12 mm/od 14 mm

Tub e id 1 0 mm

/od 12 mm

S wag elok 3 /8”

T u be od 3 /4”

T ub e i d 10 mm/od 12 mm

T ub e id 10 mm

/od 12 mm

Fla n ge d 4 ”

T11


Primary Dilution Unit - 3Primary Dilution Unit - 3

End of tailpipe Primary dilution unit

Flange to exhaust system

The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project

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