A PROJECT ON A PROJECT ON SMOKINGSMOKING

WHAT IS WHAT IS SMOKING?SMOKING?

Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled.

This is primarily practiced as a route of administration for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs.

It can also be done as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment.

The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes, primarily industrially manufactured but also hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking tools includes pipes, cigars, hookahs and bongs.

CIGARETTCIGARETTEE

A cigarette (French "small cigar", from cigar + -ette) is a small roll of finely-cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder of thin paper for smoking.

The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which is held in the mouth.

The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as cannabis(also known as marijuana).

A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally white, though other colors are available. Cigars are typically composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.

A BRIEF A BRIEF HISTORY OF HISTORY OF

SMOKINGSMOKING

It is thought that tobacco growing started in the region of Central America around 6000 BC.

It wasn't until 5000 years later, around 1000 BC that the Mayan civilization began to chew and smoke the leaves of the tobacco plant, as well as mix the leaves together with herbs and plants and administer the mixture to the wounds of the sick.

As the Mayans dispersed and populated different areas, such as North and South America, they took with them their precious tobacco leaves and plants.

Hundreds of years later during the time of some of the world's greatest European explorers, tobacco was discovered and later brought back to the new world.

Aztec women are handed flowers and smoking tubes before eating at a banquet, 1500s….

A Persian girl smoking by , 1600s…..

Columbus was probably the first European to see tobacco leaves although he did not smoke them himself.

A fellow explorer, Rodrigo de Jerez, shortly after, landed in Cuba and observed some of the inhabitants smoking the tobacco leaves. He then proceeded to partake in the smoking act himself.

On his return to Spain, laden with heaps of tobacco, Jerez startled his fellow countrymen by smoking in front of them. Never in their lives had they seen a man with smoke coming out of his mouth and nose. People thought that he was possessed by the devil and members of the Spanish Inquisition imprisoned him for several years. During his imprisonment, smoking actually became quite popular in Spain.

In the 1530's a number of Europeans saw the potential money making in tobacco and they decided to cash in and make their wealth from the cultivation of this popular plant. They began to colonize areas of the Caribbean and established large tobacco growing areas, from which they exported all the tobacco back to Europe.

It is said that Sir Francis Drake was the first man to bring back a consignment of tobacco into the UK in 1573, although Sir Walter Raleigh later went on to make tobacco smoking popular in the court of Queen Elizabeth I.

During the year 1586 Sir Walter Raleigh embarked on a trip to the Americas where he met Ralph Lane, who at the time was Governor of Virginia. Lane introduced Raleigh to the pleasures of smoking a clay pipe, which was popular there in that era.

A year later a number of colonists who had previously left England to settle in Virginia, returned to their homeland and introduced the fashion of smoking clay pipes into English society. Over the years many English families travelled to Virginia to settle in order to try and make a wealthy living from growing tobacco in the plantations there.

At the beginning of the 17th Century, tobacco was just starting to be regularly imported into the UK, with amounts of 25,000 pounds being shipped from the Americas. By the turn of the century this amount had increased to a figure nearing 38 million pounds and the competitive marketing and tobacco production on a large scale began to get underway.

With the introduction of cigarette making machines, which at the time produced about 200 cigarettes a minute, the tobacco industry began to grow and grow. As cigarettes were now being mass-produced, they became more easily available and affordable to a wider range of people.

At first it was mainly the soldiers who were fighting in the wars who became hooked on smoking. Sometimes with long periods of inactivity, the soldiers became low in morale, so they were given cigarettes to smoke in order to keep up their spirits.

At the start of the Second World War, American president Roosevelt made tobacco a protected crop. There were shortages of tobacco in America and England, as packets and packets of cigarettes were sent to the troops fighting in the war.

Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine, as shown on U.S. patent 238,640.

OBJECTIVE OF OUR PROJECTOBJECTIVE OF OUR PROJECT

To see whether the two samples taken at random from two areas from professional area (Salt Lake) and educational area (College Street) are significant or insignificant in nature with respect to “having smoking habit” is concerned.

Frequency table & Frequency table & corresponding graph for corresponding graph for different parameters different parameters considered for the survey of considered for the survey of two samples:two samples:

Parameter (1):- expenditureFor male:

Expenditure Male

Below 10 13

10 - 20 23

20 - 30 8

30 - 40 5

Above 50 6

For female:

Expenditure Female

Below 10 14

10 - 20 8

20 - 30 6

30 - 40 4

Above 50 2

Parameter (1):- AgeFor male:

Age Male

Below 20 2

20 - 30 43

30 - 45 9

45 - 60 1

Above 60 0

For female

Age Female

Below 20 1

20 - 30 26

30 - 45 2

45 - 60 4

Above 60 0

WHY SMOKING ?WHY SMOKING ?

WHY?

Reasons of smoking Frequency

Stress relief 23

Enjoyment/personal autonomy 30

Habit 19

Fashion & status 12

Others 5

The smoking begins…….The smoking begins…….

AGE FRQUENCY

10 - 15 10

15-20 62

20-25 15

25-30 2

Expenditure Male (X) Rank(R1) Female (Y) Rank (R2) D = ( R1 - R2 ) D2

Below 10 13 2 14 1 1 1

10 - 20 23 1 8 2 1 1

20 - 30 8 3 6 3 0 0

30 - 40 5 5 4 4 1 1

Above 50 6 4 2 5 1 1

∑D2 = 4

R= 1- R= 1-

R= 1- R= 1-

R= 0.8 R= 0.8

6 ∑D2

N (N2 -1)

6 x 4

5(5-1)

RANK CORRELATION WITH RESPECT TO THE PARAMETER EXPENDITURE

Age Male (X) Rank(R1) Female (Y) Rank (R2) D = ( R1 - R2 ) D2

Below 20 2 3 1 4 1 120 - 30 43 1 26 1 0 030 - 45 9 2 2 3 1 145 - 60 1 4 4 2 2 4

Above 60 0 5 0 5 0 0∑D2 = 6

6 ∑D2

N (N2 -1) R= 1- R= 1-

R= 1- R= 1-

R= 0.7 R= 0.7

6 x 6

5(5-1)

RANK CORRELATION WITH RESPECT TO THE PARAMETER AGE

ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY

Hypothesis Testing: Hypothesis Testing: “Is there any significant difference between two places at professional area (Salt Lake) “Is there any significant difference between two places at professional area (Salt Lake)

& educational area (College Street) regarding smoking habit at 5% level of & educational area (College Street) regarding smoking habit at 5% level of significance is concerned. “significance is concerned. “

Let, PLet, P11 & P & P2 2 are two proportion of smoker at Salt Lake & College Street respectively.are two proportion of smoker at Salt Lake & College Street respectively.

Let, HLet, H00: P: P11 = P = P22 (i.e. there is no significant difference between two places as per smoking (i.e. there is no significant difference between two places as per smoking

habits.)habits.) H H1:1: P P1 1 ≠ P≠ P2 2 (i.e. there is significant difference between two places as per smoking (i.e. there is significant difference between two places as per smoking

habits.)habits.)The value of test statistics is:The value of test statistics is:

Z = PZ = P11 - P - P2 2 / {pq (1/n/ {pq (1/n1 1 + 1/n+ 1/n2)2)}} 1/2 1/2

(1)(1)Where p = (nWhere p = (n1 1 pp1 1 + n+ n2 2 pp22) / (n) / (n1 + 1 + nn22))

q = (1-p) q = (1-p)Here, Here, P P11 => proportion of smoker in professional area (Salt Lake) 44/50=> proportion of smoker in professional area (Salt Lake) 44/50

P P22 => proportion of smoker in educational area (College Street) 45/50=> proportion of smoker in educational area (College Street) 45/50

Therefore; p = (44 + 45) / (50 + 50) = 89/100 = 0.89Therefore; p = (44 + 45) / (50 + 50) = 89/100 = 0.89 q = 1- 0.89 = 0.11 q = 1- 0.89 = 0.11

n n11 = 50, n = 50, n22 = 50 = 50

(1)(1) = Z = 44/50 – 45/50 X {0.89 X 0.11 X (1/50 + 1/50)} = Z = 44/50 – 45/50 X {0.89 X 0.11 X (1/50 + 1/50)}1/21/2 = 0.88 – 0.9 X {0.0979 X 0.04} = 0.88 – 0.9 X {0.0979 X 0.04}1/2 1/2

= -0.02 X 0.06257 = -0.02 X 0.06257 = -0.00125 = -0.00125 |Z| = 0.00125 |Z| = 0.00125

Results:-Results:-Computed value of Z = Computed value of Z = ||ZZ| =| = 0.00125 0.00125Level of significance = 5%Level of significance = 5%Critical value of Z at 5% level of significance = ± 1.96Critical value of Z at 5% level of significance = ± 1.96  Decision:-Decision:-As computed value of Z is less than critical value of Z at 5% level of As computed value of Z is less than critical value of Z at 5% level of significance . Hence ,we accept null hypothesis.significance . Hence ,we accept null hypothesis.  Conclusion:-Conclusion:-Hence we can conclude that there is no significant difference between two Hence we can conclude that there is no significant difference between two places as per smoking habit is concerned.places as per smoking habit is concerned.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to……….

All our team membersMs. Gitanjali HajraMr. Sudipto De