LipidsLipidsLong Term Energy StorageLong Term Energy Storage

Lipids

• Excess Carbohydrates are converted to Lipids by the body

• Store house for Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

• Building Blocks of Cell Membranes

• Essential for forming Hormones

• Energy Storage Units (Fats)

Forms of Lipids

• Fats and Oils ( often referred to as the Neutral Fats)

• Store Energy

• Phospholipids• Make Up Cell Membranes

• Steroids• Regulate Body Processes

Simple Fats / Oils are Triglycerides

• 2 Basic Molecules in any FAT/OIL

• GLYCEROL + FATTY ACIDS

Triglyceride

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid

Gl

cy

erol

What is Glycerol?

CC

CC

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

HH

OHOH

OHOH

OHOH

Fatty Acid

CC CC CC CC CC CC HHHH HH HH HH HH

HH HH HH HH HHOO

HOHO

Fatty Acid

a hydrocarbon chain with COOH attached (COOH is called the carboxyl group)

Formation of a Triglyceride

Simple lipids are fats or triglycerides – contain an alcohol called glycerol and at least one fatty acid.

CC CC CC CC CC CC HHHH HH HH HH HH

HH HH HH HH HHOO

CC CC CC CC CC CC HHHH HH HH HH HH

HH HH HH HH HHOOHH

HH

HH

HH

HH

CC

CC

CC

OO

OO

OO

Dehydration Synthesis

1 Glycerol + 3 FA’s = 1 Triglyceride + 3 H2O

FATTY ACID COMES IN 2 FLAVOURS SATURATED AND UNSATURATED

• contain only C, H and O• Fatty Acids are generally 16 – 18 carbons long• Saturated fats have saturated fatty acids

• Ex. The animal fats• Ex. Bacon fat, butter• Solid at room temperature

• have single bonded hydrogens at every position along the carbon chain

• no double bonds – not good

FATTY ACIDS …

• unsaturated fats have unsaturated fatty acids

• plant oils liquid at room temperature• Canola oil• Safflower oil• Olive oil

• have one or more double bonds

Fat cells -- note nucleus and rim of cytoplasm pushed to one side by the accumulation of fat.

Fat is formed when a molecule of glycerol combines with Fatty Acid Molecules

Phospholipid = Complex Lipids

Fatty Acid

Gl

cy

erol

Fatty Acid

Phosphate

PHOSPHOLIPIDS • polar heads

– negatively charged because of phosphate / nitrogen groups

– These are water friendly or “hydrophilic” and are soluble in water

• nonpolar tails – “hydrophobic” and tend to turn away from water whenever possible

• similar to triglycerides except that a phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acids

• thus elements present are = C, H, O, P

Phospholipids & Membranes

• PL’s make the backbone of cell membranes

• Polar head faces out

• Non-polar tails face in

• This creates a membrane

Helps to create the lipid bi-layer we see in cells

Emulsification has occurred – soaps, detergents, bile salts from the gall bladder do this

Polar End Toward Water / Nonpolar End on InsidePolar End Toward Water / Nonpolar End on Inside

Phospholipids are great in SOAPS

• emulsifiers– emulsification = to break up into smaller

globules

• not lipids but help to emulsify lipids

• bile emulsifies fats in the digestive tract

Emulsification has occurred – soaps, detergents, bile salts from the gall bladder do this

SteroidsSteroids

Backbone of 4 fused carbon rings

SteroidsSteroids1. Usually 4 carbon rings fused

together.

2. Lipids that have no fatty acids.

3. Different functional groups attached

• CHOLESTEROL is the basic building block for several steroids like TESTOSTERONE and ESTROGEN

Important Steroids

• Cholesterol

• Vitamin D

• Estrogen

• Testosterone

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are man-made substances related to male sex hormones.

Can be taken orally or injected, typically in cycles of weeks or months.

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

• Atherosclerosis (ath"er-o-skleh-RO'sis) comes from the Greek words athero (meaning gruel or paste) and sclerosis (hardness). It's the name of the process in which deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and other substances build up in the inner lining of an artery. This buildup is called plaque. It usually affects large and medium-sized arteries.

Atherosclerosis

1 is the Lumen Opening

2 is Plaque (Fat)

3 is Artery Wall

Nearly 5 million Americans are living with heart failure, and 550,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.

Picture A shows atherosclerotic deposits in coronary arteries, which reduce blood flow and impair oxygen and nutrient supply to millions of heart muscle cells. The coronary arteries of patients with angina pectoris typically look like this.

Picture B shows the coronary arteries of a patient who died from a heart attack. On top of the atherosclerotic deposits, a blood clot formed which completely interrupted the blood flow through this artery. This is called a heart attack. Millions of heart muscle cells die off, leaving the heart muscle permanently impaired or leading to the death of the patient.

Brown Fat

Fat cells that appear darker because of more mitochondria.

Brown Fat in a Human Baby

Brown fat deposits are found in newborn and hibernating mammals,

and can produce heat to warm the body.

Leading Cause of Leading Cause of Atherosclerosis?Atherosclerosis?