Intro to aplg dr. nadia anjum

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Transcript of Intro to aplg dr. nadia anjum

INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Compiled by Ayesha Malik – KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

Lecture 1

Scientific study of languages and vast scope of understanding the development of humans in

domains of vocalization of comm., history, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and

other allied fields of study as subjects including neutral cognitive sciences.

Micro linguistics Macro linguisticsPragmatics Sociolinguistics

Semantics Psycholinguistics

Syntax stylistics

Phonetics computational linguistics

Phonology Anthropological Linguistics

MICRO LINGUISTICS

1. PHONETICS Study of speech sounds’ production, transmission and reception. VowelsThese require no such efforts. There are :•12 cardinal vowels•8 diphthongs

ConsonantsSimple sounds that can be produced with lips and tongue. i. PLOSIVES – Sounds produced with

an explosion e.g. |p|, |t|, |k|, |b|, |g|, |d|

ii. LABIAL –involves lips e.g. |f|, |v|, |p|, |m|

iii. ALVEOLAR – involves teeth and tongue e.g. |t|

iv. FRICATIVES – Words that use friction e.g f,z, theeta, daa, s, small z, sh, h, v

v. AFFRICATES – Sounds borrowed from 2 different groups and combine together e.g ch, ja

vi. LATERAL – are articulated by means of partial closure of mouth because of an obstacle placed in the middle so that air escapes at, on or both sides. E.g. l, r , j, w

2. PHONOLOGY

Studies manner & usage of sounds Is the arrangement of sounds Is the mental aspects of sounds Is the pattern of sound and sound

types Is made up of phonemes – smallest

unit Includes syllables – onset and rhyme

nucleus coda

3. SYNTAX

Study of grammar and structure of language

Is the bread and butter of L Nourishes the L like a backbone

MORPHOLOGY – Study of morphemes – made up of smallest unit – phonemes

=> MORPHOLOGIST

BOND MORPHEME•Cant exist ion their own•Cant live independently•Need to be associated with each other

e.g. s, es, ed, ing, etc

PREFIX – ImpossibleSUFFIX – ColorfulAFFIX – Words that get attached to other words to give a meaningful word

FREE MORPHEMEThese don’t need helpGive meaning aloneHave their own class

e.g. sunny,. Went, book etc

Text/ discourseSentence

ClausePhraseWord

Morphemephoneme

4. SEMANTICS

Scientific study of meaning1. LITERAL MEANING – dictionary/

lexicon2. GRAMMATICAL MEANING – whether

it’s an adjective or a verb? 3. PRAGMATIC & SOCIAL MEANING – to

say and mean something else

=> Semanticist

5. PRAGMATICS

Study of meaning of words, phrases and full sentences.

Study of use of languagee.g. kind of L used in a situation, speaker, listener, tones, stress, intonation, status of both etc.

MACRO LINGUISTICS

1. STYLISTICS

Scientific study of style in spoken and written text e.g. how we dress up for a particular occasion say funeral, wedding , college etc.

It’s a recurrent and consistent pattern based on special items. Acc to HALLIDAY, stylistics will study the sound, form, structure, language and meaning of a text.

It looks at:

1. TIME PERIOD within a certain text is written e.g. A poem written in Shakespeare’s time or modern century time frame.

2. GENRE – form and type of a text e.g. novel, prose, poetry etc.

=> Literary(literature oriented) and non literary (others) texts.

3APPROACHES USED IN STYLISTICS: DESCRIPTIVE approach – when text is

described ANALYTICAL app – where text is

analyzed in detail INTERPRETATIVE app – trying to

describe ides/ philosophy behind something.

Acc to JACOBSON, parallelism is imp when analyzing a certain text. E.g. the cat sat on the mat. (rhyming)

FOREGROUNDING means ways of looking at a view, also means highlighting area of a certain pattern, also means writing a statement / title or something eye catching.

HEMINGTON always talks about weather known as Weather foregrounding e.g. a newscaster reads title first foregrounding the details.

2. PSCHYOLINGUISTICS

Scientific study of language learning and human mind. It looks at the role of human memory, the outer environ and past experiences in learning a new L or a skill.

There are 3 schools of psycholinguistics:

1. BEHAVIORISM: verbal behaviorconditioned responsetrial and errordrilling & imitationreward & punishment

PSYCHOLINGUISTS1. PABLOV Russian psychologist Studies how to condition responses e.g. you take your

hand off from fire Derived theory of classical conditioning

2. DR WATSONCoined the word behaviorism

3. SKINNER American Considered L learning as conditioned response Gave formula SRRR – Stimulus Response Reward

Reinforcement

2. COGNITIVISM: Innate learning abilityGifted by natureLAD – Language Acquisition Device –

programmed, and equipped.

1. David Austen: Believes in problem solving and learning by association

2. Noam Chomsky: believes in mental abilities and mentalist. Humans say they have PLD – Primary Linguistic data –fitted, received & stored

3. Mc Laughlin: Acc to him, interesting experiences help in deep reconstructing and reorganization of learning items

COGNITIVISTS

3. HUMANISM: Given by Carl Rogers.Covers: a. Personality typesb. LTM & STMc. Schema – background knowledged. Emotional temperatures mattere. Group and pair work prove effectivef. Margin for errors

SCHEMA: Plural of schemata Comes from learner’s previous knowledge It is the store house of images, events, languages, past

experiences, stores in human mind. It helps in the following ways:

1. Remembering & retaining things

2. Comprehending and understanding

3. Making guesses

4. Filling in the missed info

5. Coping with new situations

6. Understanding new vocabulary items/ situations

7. If schema gets shattered, the human memory is shattered, and memory is affected and the learner needs to relearn everything right from the beginning

E.g. emotional disaster, sad exp, discouraging attitude, slack of demotivating attitude will shock the learner, slowing down the schema.

LTM & STM – Personality types

•Retains for longer period•Deep rooted•Far reaching•Becomes mechanical – MAL Mechanical Automatic Learning, Given by Mc Laughlin

LTM

•Laid back, lazy, slow•Quick, energetic, speedy•IQ and motivational level matterThere are 14 types, some say 16: 1. Business minded

sharpness2. Idealistic and artistic3. Mathematical and logical4. Philosophical and

conceptual5. Realist and factual6. Innovative thinkers etc

Humanism encourages creativity, free expression, free talent, catharsis, friendly attitude and a sense of +ve competition

Encouragement and motivation is high Fluency and communication is more imp than

grammar and accuracy Independent learning is imp Level of confidence and comfort facilitates the

learner Group dynamics promote tension free learning

3. SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Scientific study of relationship between society and language. It:

1. studies growth and evolution with time.

2. Studies regional differences that affect L

3. Studies individual diff that affect L

4. Studies personal and individual diff

5. Studies dialect and varieties of L

IDIOLECT – personal variety of L DIALECT – regional variety of L REGISTER – Professional variety STANDARD Language – Official

variety NATIONAL Language – common L for

a nation, country, state LINGUA FRANCA – global variety of a

L

4. ANTHROPOLOGICAL LStudies the cultural dimensions, norms,

values and the language use.

Culture has 3 layers to itself: i. The OUTER layer comprises of food,

movies, music, architecture etcii. The MIDDLE layer includes philosophy,

honesty, norms, values, ethicsiii. The INNER layer is the mixture of

above both

Acc to South Asian countries believe more in:

high power distance HPD collectivism C short term planning STM.

Progressive countries believe in: Low power distance LPD Individualism I Long term planning LTP.

5. PHILOSOPHICAL L

GRAMSHY CARTER worked on it.

This branch deals with the study of ideas, philosophies (social, political, economic), concepts, basic recipe of a certain thing.

Strategies of testing the syllogism, debating, arguing, analyzing, looking at the SW of an idea/philosophy that’ll in the wrong run direct:

i. Policy makers

ii. Social reformers

iii. Education planners

iv. Political administrators etc

e.g. study of God, where , how, how and when he came from and further study.

6. ELT

It studies English language teaching, classroom situations and designing new methodologies. Focuses on the role of teacher, principal, subject coordinator, libraries, HRM, hiring and firing of teachers, edu management, making policies and edu plans.

7. COMPUTATIONAL L

This branch gathers spoken and written computational data that:

Lists the main features Sifts the main similarities Prepares a resource pool of linguistic items Looks at grammatical and cultural differences in

the production and grammatical use

METHODS USED FOR TEACHING GMT – Grammar translation method that

involves grammar rules, written exercises, workbooks.

Audio-visual lingual Method – teacher uses recordings, drilling, repetition, practice.

Suggestopaedia, a classroom environ is created through sounds, lights, physical arrangement.

Total Physical Response – it focuses on the physical production eg teacher says ‘open the door’ and the student opens it.

Communicative Methodology – It borrows from humanism, cognitivism and follows an elective approach to teaching and learning of a certain language

DEFINITIONS

Morpheme Compound Analysis Tree diagram Function words Compound sentences Declarative/ Exclamatory/

Interrogative Sentences

PHRASES

Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective phrase Adverbial phrase Etc

Other concepts

Semantics – Generative semantics + Formal

Pragmatics Association Semiotics Opposites Synonyms Homophones

Lakoff’s idea

logical

shallow

surface

Conceptual/ context

lexicon

Meanings of a

sentence in a

situation

Semantics

1. Generative: No principles distinction/ syntactic processes- 1970s

2. Formal: Meaning of sentences are linked to their true conditions – 1920s – 1930s

E.g. snow is white Snow is green

Prototypes

Classification: Furniture

Table chair

Soft drinks Coke

Drinks: TeaBeverages

Coffee

Grading

Some words can take / be gradedE.g. very hot, hottestDead / alive = some can’t be graded

SENSE RELATIONS

Infer meanings Logical meanings Opposing sense Same sense Metaphorical meaning Symbolic meaning Vague meaning

Pragmatics – Socio use of a language in a situation

Maxims: 1. Quantity 2. Quality3. Relevance4. Mannerism

Basic code of a language

Phonetics & Phonology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Stylistics Morphology

Figures of speech

Onomatopoeia Alliteration Allusion Pun Simile Metaphor

THE END