Post on 14-Dec-2015
Fibrous Joints – joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no movement.
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Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
Densefibrousconnectivetissue
Sutureline
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
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Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
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Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
Root oftooth
Socket ofalveolarprocess
Periodontalligament
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.
Cartilaginous Joints – joints that are created via cartilage these joints allow a small amount of movement.
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Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)
Sternum(manubrium)
Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)
(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage
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Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage
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Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane
Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)cartilage
Articularcapsule
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Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromionof scapula
Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid
Synovialmembrane
Fibrouscapsule
Humerus
Hyalinecartilage
Coracoacromialligament
Subacromialbursa
Fibrousarticular capsule
Tendonsheath
Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle
(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
Coracoacromialligament
Subacromialbursa
Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid
Bursa rollsand lessensfriction.
Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.
(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone
Humerus resting
Humerus moving
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Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
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Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
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Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, andcircumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
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Figure 8.6b Special body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
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Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
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(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Femur
Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris
SuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus
Posteriorcruciateligament
Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament
Articularcapsule
Lateralmeniscus
Anteriorcruciateligament
Tibia
Figure 8.8a The knee joint.
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Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral MedialPatella(outline)
Tibial collateralligament(torn)
Medialmeniscus (torn)
Anteriorcruciateligament (torn)
Hockey puck
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Figure 8.13a The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossaArticular tubercle
Infratemporal fossa
Externalacousticmeatus
ArticularcapsuleRamus ofmandible
Lateralligament
(a) Location of the joint in the skull
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Figure 8.13b The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Articularcapsule
Mandibularfossa
Articular discArticulartubercle
Superiorjointcavity
Inferior jointcavity
Mandibularcondyle
Ramus ofmandible
Synovialmembranes
(b) Enlargement of a sagittal section through the joint
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Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
(c) Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the mandible
Outline ofthe mandibularfossa
Superior view
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Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
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A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans