Chapter 8: Joints & Their Function. Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial...
of 32
/32
-
Author
addison-vary -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Embed Size (px)
Transcript of Chapter 8: Joints & Their Function. Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial...
Chapter 8:Joints & Their Function
Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial
joints in the early 1960s.
Fibrous Joints – joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no movement.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
Densefibrousconnectivetissue
Sutureline
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
Root oftooth
Socket ofalveolarprocess
Periodontalligament
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.
Cartilaginous Joints – joints that are created via cartilage these joints allow a small amount of movement.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)
Sternum(manubrium)
Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)
(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane
Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)cartilage
Articularcapsule
Figure 8.3
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromionof scapula
Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid
Synovialmembrane
Fibrouscapsule
Humerus
Hyalinecartilage
Coracoacromialligament
Subacromialbursa
Fibrousarticular capsule
Tendonsheath
Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle
(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
Coracoacromialligament
Subacromialbursa
Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid
Bursa rollsand lessensfriction.
Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.
(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone
Humerus resting
Humerus moving
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Gliding
(a) Gliding movements at the wrist
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.
(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.
Abduction
Adduction
(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, andcircumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.6b Special body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Figure 8.7a–c
Figure 8.7d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.
d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
bc
d
e
f
NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Femur
Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris
SuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus
Posteriorcruciateligament
Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament
Articularcapsule
Lateralmeniscus
Anteriorcruciateligament
Tibia
Figure 8.8a The knee joint.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral MedialPatella(outline)
Tibial collateralligament(torn)
Medialmeniscus (torn)
Anteriorcruciateligament (torn)
Hockey puck
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.13a The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossaArticular tubercle
Infratemporal fossa
Externalacousticmeatus
ArticularcapsuleRamus ofmandible
Lateralligament
(a) Location of the joint in the skull
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.13b The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
Articularcapsule
Mandibularfossa
Articular discArticulartubercle
Superiorjointcavity
Inferior jointcavity
Mandibularcondyle
Ramus ofmandible
Synovialmembranes
(b) Enlargement of a sagittal section through the joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.
(c) Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the mandible
Outline ofthe mandibularfossa
Superior view
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
