Chapter 8: Joints & Their Function. Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial...

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Chapter 8: Joints & Their Function

Transcript of Chapter 8: Joints & Their Function. Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial...

Chapter 8:Joints & Their Function

Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial

joints in the early 1960s.

Fibrous Joints – joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no movement.

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Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.

Densefibrousconnectivetissue

Sutureline

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.

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Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.

Fibula

Tibia

Ligament

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.

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Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.

Root oftooth

Socket ofalveolarprocess

Periodontalligament

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.

Cartilaginous Joints – joints that are created via cartilage these joints allow a small amount of movement.

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Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)

Sternum(manubrium)

Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)

(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage

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Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.

Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage

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Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

Periosteum

Ligament

FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane

Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)

Articular (hyaline)cartilage

Articularcapsule

Figure 8.3

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Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths.

Acromionof scapula

Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid

Synovialmembrane

Fibrouscapsule

Humerus

Hyalinecartilage

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Fibrousarticular capsule

Tendonsheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid

Bursa rollsand lessensfriction.

Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.

(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone

Humerus resting

Humerus moving

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Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Gliding

(a) Gliding movements at the wrist

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Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints.

(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck

Hyperextension Extension

Flexion

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Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints.

Abduction

Adduction

(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, andcircumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder

Circumduction

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Figure 8.6b Special body movements.

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Figure 8.7a–c

Figure 8.7d

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Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.

a

bc

d

e

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)

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Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.

b Hinge joint (elbow joint)

a

bc

d

e

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

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Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.

c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)

a

bc

d

e

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

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Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.

d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)

a

bc

d

e

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

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Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.

e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)

a

bc

d

e

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

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Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.

f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)

a

bc

d

e

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

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(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris

SuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament

Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament

Articularcapsule

Lateralmeniscus

Anteriorcruciateligament

Tibia

Figure 8.8a The knee joint.

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Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.

Lateral MedialPatella(outline)

Tibial collateralligament(torn)

Medialmeniscus (torn)

Anteriorcruciateligament (torn)

Hockey puck

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Figure 8.13a The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossaArticular tubercle

Infratemporal fossa

Externalacousticmeatus

ArticularcapsuleRamus ofmandible

Lateralligament

(a) Location of the joint in the skull

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Figure 8.13b The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.

Articularcapsule

Mandibularfossa

Articular discArticulartubercle

Superiorjointcavity

Inferior jointcavity

Mandibularcondyle

Ramus ofmandible

Synovialmembranes

(b) Enlargement of a sagittal section through the joint

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Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint.

(c) Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the mandible

Outline ofthe mandibularfossa

Superior view

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Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.

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A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans

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A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans