Post on 22-Nov-2014
description
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
MANAGEMENT BUSINESS AND CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Management Processes
Planning
Organizing
Actuating
Controlling
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Planning
Objective
Activity A Activity B Activity N• Resources
• Time
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Organization Design
The Mechanisms Which Define the Features of the Organization and Which Serve to Link the Different Parts of the
Organization
• Structure
• Job Description
• SOP
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Dimension of Organization Design
• CentralizationThe locus of decision making authority along the vertical dimension
• FormalizationExplicitness of expectation regarding work means and production
• ComplexityNumber of different components or sub system in an organization
• ConfigurationThe shape of organization: Number of level and span of control
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
1
2C 2D 2C
3A 3B 3C
2A 2B
ConfigurationSpan of Control
(Horizontal Integration)
Horizontal Complexity(Differentiation)
Vertical Complexity(Differentiation)
Mechanisms of Vertical Integration- Centralization- Formalization
Configuration(Number of Level)
1
3
2
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Form of Organizational Design
• Simple Design
• Functional Design
• Divisional Design
• Conglomerate Design
• Hybrid Design
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Basic Component
• Top Management
• Middle Management
• Technical Core
• Technical Support Staff
• Administrative Support Staff
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Hybrid Structure
Top
Operational Services
Te
ch
nI
ca
l
Ad
mi
nMiddle
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Controlling
Planning Actuating Evaluation
Yes
No
Feedback
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Management Control System
Concerned with processes and procedures related to planning, measuring, and controlling all activities within the
organization
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Generalized Structure of Management Control System
Objectives
Performance Criteria
Performance Evaluation
ModifiedPerformance Criteria
Corrective Action
System Operation
Non PerformanceJustified ?
PerformanceCriteria Need
Change?
No
NoNo
YesYes
Yes
PerformanceCriteria Met
?
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Level of Management System
Corporate/Business
Business/Functional
Operational
Middle
Top
Operational
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Attention of Organizational Level
Org. Level Mgt Level Performance Org. Focus Mgt. Attn
Corporate Top Return Gov.Structue Fiscal
Business Middle Market Share Process Market Cust.Satisfactn
Operation Operational Efficiency Work Process Productivity
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Time Frame
Operational Functional Business Corporate
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Strategic Linkages
Corporate Strategy
Business Strategy
Functional Strategy
Operation/Production Management
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Strategic Planning
Strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organization’s major goal,
policies, and action sequences into cohesive whole
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Dimension of Strategy
1. Effective formal strategies contain 3 essential elements: Goal/objective, Policy and Program
2. Effective strategies develop around a few key concepts and thrust, which give cohesion, balance and focus
3. Strategy deals not just with the unpredictable but also the unknowable
4. Each strategy must be more or less complete in itself, congruent with level of decentralization intended
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Criteria for Effective Strategy
• Clear• Maintaining the initiative
• Concentration• Flexibility
• Coordinated and committed leadership• Surprise• Security
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Corporate Strategy
• Scope : Corporate/ Enterprise• Objectives : Growth• Performance : ROI/RONA/ROE…..• Formulation :
– Penetration
– Market Development
– Product Development
– Diversification
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Ansoff Strategy
Product EXISTING NEW
NEW
EXISTING
PENETRATION PROD. DEV
MARKT. DEV DIVERSIVICATION
Ma
r
ke
t
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Business Strategy
• Scope : SBU
• Objective : Competitiveness
• Performance : Market Share
• Formulation:– Cost Leadership
– Differentiation
– Focus
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Functional Strategy
• Scope : Business Function• Objective : Competitive Priority
• Performance : – Target
– Cost
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Operation Strategy
• Scope : Production/operation• Objective : Competitive Priority
• Performance :– Quality– Cost– Delivery– Flexibility– Safety
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Example of Operation Objective
QUALITY
TAHUN INI 5 TAHUN YAD KOMPETITOR
Kepuasan konsumen 75 % 85 % 75 %
Persentase scrapdan reject 15 % 5 % 10 %
Biaya garansi ( % penjualan) 1 % 0.5 % 1%
COST
COGM ( % COGS ) 55 % 45 % 50%
ITO 41 x 52 x 50 x
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Example of Operation Objective
DELIVERY
TAHUN INI 5 TAHUN YAD KOMPETITOR
Fill Rate 90% 95% 95%
Lead Time (minggu ) 3 1 1
FLEXIBILITYWaktu untuk 10 bulan 6 bulan 8 bulan
mengenalkan produk baru
Waktu perubahan kapasitas 3 bulan 3 bulan 3 bulan
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Operation Management
• Scope : Production/operation
• Objective : Efficiency
• Performance:» Quality
» Cost
» Delivery
» Flexibility
» Safety
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Strategic Implementation
Strategic Decision
• Policy
• Program
• Organization
• SOP
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Strategic Decision
Determine the overall direction of an enterprise and its ultimate viability in light of predictable,
the unpredictable, and unknowable changes that may occur in its most important
surrounding environment
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Implementation Hierarchy
Philosophy
Corporate
Business
Operation
Program & Budget
Policy Guidelines
Procedures and Rules
Ends
Means
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Goal
• Goal state what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished but they do not
state how the results are to be achieved• Strategic goals is major goals that affect the
entity’s overall direction and viability
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Policy
• Policy is rules or guidelines that express the limits within which action should occur
• Strategic policies is major policies that guide the entity’s overall direction and posture or
determine its viability
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Policy DevelopmentBusiness & OperationStrategies
ResourcesEvaluation of Environment
Cost QualityDelivery
Flexibility
Feedback andContn.Improv
Capacity OthersPPCIntegrationFacilities Technology
VolumeScale/Scope
Loading
SizeLocation
Focus
AutomationLead/Lag
Prod. Design
SupplierCustomer
MaterialWorkforce
R & DQuality
Performance Measure
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Policy Implementation Processes
Definition ofProgram Goal
ResourcingProgram &Action Plan
Implementation & Management of
Program
ProcessReview
ManagementReview
Program Goal
SalesRevenues &
Budgets
DistributionBudgets
Operating Budgets
SalesPrice &Volume
LaborMaterial &Overhead
Rules &Directives
OperatingProcedures
VarianceAdjustment
PerformanceMonitoring
Budget Review &Dec. Processes
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Program
• Programs specify the step-by-step sequence of actions necessary to achieve major objective• Program express how objectives will be
achieved within the limits set by policy• Strategic programs is a major programs that
determine the entity’s overall thrust and viability
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Hierarchy of Program
• Main Program
• Program
• Project
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
PPBS • Strategic Implementation Plan based on
Strategic Plan
• PPBS has 4 principle components:– Policy Guide Lines– Structure of Program – Cycle of Program and Project – Information System
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
(PPBS) Planning Programming and Budgeting System
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
PPBS ?
Cara (ways) perencanaan dan penganggaran untuk mencapai tujuan
(end) dengan memanfaatkan sarana dan sumberdaya ( means) yang tersedia atau yang dapat disediakan, secara sistematis
dan berkesinambungan
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Characteristics
1. Systemic Approach
2. Output Oriented
3. Based on Program Structure
4. Balance Between Autonomy and Direction ( Top Down & Bottom Up)
5. Based on Rolling Plan
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Requirement for Implementation
• Commitment
• Participation
• Discipline
• Infrastructure
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Components of PPBS
1. Cycle
2. Structure of Program
3. Information System
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Cycle of PPBS
Urutan kegiatan yang mengatur seluruh urutan dan jadwal kegiatan
perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pengendalian program
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Cycle of PPBS
RUP
BOD
Unit
Pengusul
J MAMF J A DNOSJ OSAJJMAMFJ N
MPK
UP
ER
RA
EP
D
EP
Pelaksanan Program
TS TS + 1
Monitoring & Control
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Structure of ProgramMenggambarkan hirarkhi program yang
disusun dengan bertitik tolak dari rencana strategis dan dijabarkan
kedalam kegiatan operasional ( proyek)
Rencana Strategis
Program Utama
Program
Proyek
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Structure of ProgramR. Stratrgis Program Utama Program
1. Meningkatkan Effisiensi
2. Meningkatkan Mutu
3. Meningkatkan Citra
1. Menata PPBS2. TQM3. Kelembagaan dan organisasi4. Sistem Reward
1. Penataan produk dan proses2. Penerapan CBL3. Penerapan TQA
1. Program Produk Unggulan2. Aliansi Strategik
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Information System
Merupakan urat nadi PPBS dimana prinsip perencanaan Bottom up dan Top
Down diimplementasikan
• PCM
• UP
• RA
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Program Coordinate Memo
Dokumen yang berisi arahan, program dan prioritas serta pagu anggaran yang
tersedia
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Usulan Proyek
Dokumen yang berisikan proyek-proyek yang diusulkan untuk dilaksanakan
pada tahun mendatang (TS +1)
• Permasalahan yang dihadapi
• Hasil yang diharapkan
• Spesifikasi proyek
• Anggaran
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Budgeting
• Rencana tahunan yang berisi program dan anggaran yang diperlukannya
• Rencana Anggaran diajukan oleh BOD untuk mendapat persetujuan dari RUPS
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Corporate Governance
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Stockholder
Board of Director
OfficersManagerEmployee
Board of Commissioner
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Major Stakeholder Involved in Corporate Government
CorporateGovernance
Employees
Stockholder
Board of Commissioner
ManagementBoard ofDirector
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Stockholder
Board of Director
OfficersManagerEmployee
Board of Commissioner
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Board of Commissioner
• Controller Body and Guide the Board of Director
• Appointed by Stockholder and responsible to Stockholder
• Directing, guiding and controlling the BOD
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Board of Director
• Top executive body in the corporation and nominated by stockholder
• Responsible for establishing corporate objectives, developing policy, and selecting top level personnel to carry out these objectives and policies
• Review management’s performance to be sure that the company is well run and stakeholder’s interest are promoted
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Management• Carry out business and management processes
based on objectives and policies decided by board of director
• Responsible for economic survival of the company
• Balancing the interest of stakeholder in such a way in order the company can achieve its objectives.
Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@
Employee• Carry out the day to day operation of the
business• Responsible for productivity and efficiency of
business and management processes