4 Management Business And Corp. Goverment

Kuliah-4-Manajemen Bisnis & Corporate Government-Senator Nur Bahagi@

MANAGEMENT BUSINESS AND CORPORATE

GOVERNANCE


Management Processes

Planning

Organizing

Actuating

Controlling


Planning

Objective

Activity A Activity B Activity N• Resources

• Time


Organization Design

The Mechanisms Which Define the Features of the Organization and Which Serve to Link the Different Parts of the

Organization

• Structure

• Job Description

• SOP


Dimension of Organization Design

• CentralizationThe locus of decision making authority along the vertical dimension

• FormalizationExplicitness of expectation regarding work means and production

• ComplexityNumber of different components or sub system in an organization

• ConfigurationThe shape of organization: Number of level and span of control


1

2C 2D 2C

3A 3B 3C

2A 2B

ConfigurationSpan of Control

(Horizontal Integration)

Horizontal Complexity(Differentiation)

Vertical Complexity(Differentiation)

Mechanisms of Vertical Integration- Centralization- Formalization

Configuration(Number of Level)

1

3

2


Form of Organizational Design

• Simple Design

• Functional Design

• Divisional Design

• Conglomerate Design

• Hybrid Design


Basic Component

• Top Management

• Middle Management

• Technical Core

• Technical Support Staff

• Administrative Support Staff


Hybrid Structure

Top

Operational Services

Te

ch

nI

ca

l

Ad

mi

nMiddle


Controlling

Planning Actuating Evaluation

Yes

No

Feedback


Management Control System

Concerned with processes and procedures related to planning, measuring, and controlling all activities within the

organization


Generalized Structure of Management Control System

Objectives

Performance Criteria

Performance Evaluation

ModifiedPerformance Criteria

Corrective Action

System Operation

Non PerformanceJustified ?

PerformanceCriteria Need

Change?

No

NoNo

YesYes

Yes

PerformanceCriteria Met

?


Level of Management System

Corporate/Business

Business/Functional

Operational

Middle

Top

Operational


Attention of Organizational Level

Org. Level Mgt Level Performance Org. Focus Mgt. Attn

Corporate Top Return Gov.Structue Fiscal

Business Middle Market Share Process Market Cust.Satisfactn

Operation Operational Efficiency Work Process Productivity


Time Frame

Operational Functional Business Corporate


Strategic Linkages

Corporate Strategy

Business Strategy

Functional Strategy

Operation/Production Management


Strategic Planning

Strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organization’s major goal,

policies, and action sequences into cohesive whole


Dimension of Strategy

1. Effective formal strategies contain 3 essential elements: Goal/objective, Policy and Program

2. Effective strategies develop around a few key concepts and thrust, which give cohesion, balance and focus

3. Strategy deals not just with the unpredictable but also the unknowable

4. Each strategy must be more or less complete in itself, congruent with level of decentralization intended


Criteria for Effective Strategy

• Clear• Maintaining the initiative

• Concentration• Flexibility

• Coordinated and committed leadership• Surprise• Security


Corporate Strategy

• Scope : Corporate/ Enterprise• Objectives : Growth• Performance : ROI/RONA/ROE…..• Formulation :

– Penetration

– Market Development

– Product Development

– Diversification


Ansoff Strategy

Product EXISTING NEW

NEW

EXISTING

PENETRATION PROD. DEV

MARKT. DEV DIVERSIVICATION

Ma

r

ke

t


Business Strategy

• Scope : SBU

• Objective : Competitiveness

• Performance : Market Share

• Formulation:– Cost Leadership

– Differentiation

– Focus


Functional Strategy

• Scope : Business Function• Objective : Competitive Priority

• Performance : – Target

– Cost


Operation Strategy

• Scope : Production/operation• Objective : Competitive Priority

• Performance :– Quality– Cost– Delivery– Flexibility– Safety


Example of Operation Objective

QUALITY

TAHUN INI 5 TAHUN YAD KOMPETITOR

Kepuasan konsumen 75 % 85 % 75 %

Persentase scrapdan reject 15 % 5 % 10 %

Biaya garansi ( % penjualan) 1 % 0.5 % 1%

COST

COGM ( % COGS ) 55 % 45 % 50%

ITO 41 x 52 x 50 x


Example of Operation Objective

DELIVERY

TAHUN INI 5 TAHUN YAD KOMPETITOR

Fill Rate 90% 95% 95%

Lead Time (minggu ) 3 1 1

FLEXIBILITYWaktu untuk 10 bulan 6 bulan 8 bulan

mengenalkan produk baru

Waktu perubahan kapasitas 3 bulan 3 bulan 3 bulan


Operation Management

• Scope : Production/operation

• Objective : Efficiency

• Performance:» Quality

» Cost

» Delivery

» Flexibility

» Safety


Strategic Implementation

Strategic Decision

• Policy

• Program

• Organization

• SOP


Strategic Decision

Determine the overall direction of an enterprise and its ultimate viability in light of predictable,

the unpredictable, and unknowable changes that may occur in its most important

surrounding environment


Implementation Hierarchy

Philosophy

Corporate

Business

Operation

Program & Budget

Policy Guidelines

Procedures and Rules

Ends

Means


Goal

• Goal state what is to be achieved and when results are to be accomplished but they do not

state how the results are to be achieved• Strategic goals is major goals that affect the

entity’s overall direction and viability


Policy

• Policy is rules or guidelines that express the limits within which action should occur

• Strategic policies is major policies that guide the entity’s overall direction and posture or

determine its viability


Policy DevelopmentBusiness & OperationStrategies

ResourcesEvaluation of Environment

Cost QualityDelivery

Flexibility

Feedback andContn.Improv

Capacity OthersPPCIntegrationFacilities Technology

VolumeScale/Scope

Loading

SizeLocation

Focus

AutomationLead/Lag

Prod. Design

SupplierCustomer

MaterialWorkforce

R & DQuality

Performance Measure


Policy Implementation Processes

Definition ofProgram Goal

ResourcingProgram &Action Plan

Implementation & Management of

Program

ProcessReview

ManagementReview

Program Goal

SalesRevenues &

Budgets

DistributionBudgets

Operating Budgets

SalesPrice &Volume

LaborMaterial &Overhead

Rules &Directives

OperatingProcedures

VarianceAdjustment

PerformanceMonitoring

Budget Review &Dec. Processes


Program

• Programs specify the step-by-step sequence of actions necessary to achieve major objective• Program express how objectives will be

achieved within the limits set by policy• Strategic programs is a major programs that

determine the entity’s overall thrust and viability


Hierarchy of Program

• Main Program

• Program

• Project


PPBS • Strategic Implementation Plan based on

Strategic Plan

• PPBS has 4 principle components:– Policy Guide Lines– Structure of Program – Cycle of Program and Project – Information System


(PPBS) Planning Programming and Budgeting System


PPBS ?

Cara (ways) perencanaan dan penganggaran untuk mencapai tujuan

(end) dengan memanfaatkan sarana dan sumberdaya ( means) yang tersedia atau yang dapat disediakan, secara sistematis

dan berkesinambungan


Characteristics

1. Systemic Approach

2. Output Oriented

3. Based on Program Structure

4. Balance Between Autonomy and Direction ( Top Down & Bottom Up)

5. Based on Rolling Plan


Requirement for Implementation

• Commitment

• Participation

• Discipline

• Infrastructure


Components of PPBS

1. Cycle

2. Structure of Program

3. Information System


Cycle of PPBS

Urutan kegiatan yang mengatur seluruh urutan dan jadwal kegiatan

perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pengendalian program


Cycle of PPBS

RUP

BOD

Unit

Pengusul

J MAMF J A DNOSJ OSAJJMAMFJ N

MPK

UP

ER

RA

EP

D

EP

Pelaksanan Program

TS TS + 1

Monitoring & Control


Structure of ProgramMenggambarkan hirarkhi program yang

disusun dengan bertitik tolak dari rencana strategis dan dijabarkan

kedalam kegiatan operasional ( proyek)

Rencana Strategis

Program Utama

Program

Proyek


Structure of ProgramR. Stratrgis Program Utama Program

1. Meningkatkan Effisiensi

2. Meningkatkan Mutu

3. Meningkatkan Citra

1. Menata PPBS2. TQM3. Kelembagaan dan organisasi4. Sistem Reward

1. Penataan produk dan proses2. Penerapan CBL3. Penerapan TQA

1. Program Produk Unggulan2. Aliansi Strategik


Information System

Merupakan urat nadi PPBS dimana prinsip perencanaan Bottom up dan Top

Down diimplementasikan

• PCM

• UP

• RA


Program Coordinate Memo

Dokumen yang berisi arahan, program dan prioritas serta pagu anggaran yang

tersedia


Usulan Proyek

Dokumen yang berisikan proyek-proyek yang diusulkan untuk dilaksanakan

pada tahun mendatang (TS +1)

• Permasalahan yang dihadapi

• Hasil yang diharapkan

• Spesifikasi proyek

• Anggaran


Budgeting

• Rencana tahunan yang berisi program dan anggaran yang diperlukannya

• Rencana Anggaran diajukan oleh BOD untuk mendapat persetujuan dari RUPS


Corporate Governance


Stockholder

Board of Director

OfficersManagerEmployee

Board of Commissioner


Major Stakeholder Involved in Corporate Government

CorporateGovernance

Employees

Stockholder


ManagementBoard ofDirector


Stockholder

Board of Director

OfficersManagerEmployee




• Controller Body and Guide the Board of Director

• Appointed by Stockholder and responsible to Stockholder

• Directing, guiding and controlling the BOD


Board of Director

• Top executive body in the corporation and nominated by stockholder

• Responsible for establishing corporate objectives, developing policy, and selecting top level personnel to carry out these objectives and policies

• Review management’s performance to be sure that the company is well run and stakeholder’s interest are promoted


Management• Carry out business and management processes

based on objectives and policies decided by board of director

• Responsible for economic survival of the company

• Balancing the interest of stakeholder in such a way in order the company can achieve its objectives.


Employee• Carry out the day to day operation of the

business• Responsible for productivity and efficiency of

business and management processes

4 Management Business And Corp. Goverment

Education

Transcript of 4 Management Business And Corp. Goverment