Year 10 Geography

Revision Notes

Physical Landscapes - Coastal Landforms

Swanage Bay, Dorset

Introduction

Swanage lies on the south coast of England

The landforms are created due to the difference in geology between Limestone (hard), Chalk (hard) and Clay & Sands (soft)

The landforms found here are;

Studland and Swanage Bays

Old Harry Stack / Ballard Point (Headland)

Ballard point (discordant coastline) is a headland (Old Harry’s Rocks) formed due to it being made out of chalk so is more resistant to erosion.

Swanage Bay is a Bay due it being made out of clay and sand which is soft which will cause it to erode at a faster rate.

Studland Bay has a number of features which are a result of deposition taking place e.g. lagoons, saltmarshes, sand dunes and beaches

Physical Landscapes - Coastal Management

Lyme Regis, Dorset

Introduction

Lyme Regis is small coastal town in Dorset on England’s south coast. £43million scheme

Issues

Unstable cliffs that are rapidly eroding

Erosion caused by powerful waves from the

New beaches have increased visitor numbers + seafront businesses improved

New defences have withstood stormy winters

Harbour is better protected

Increased visitor numbers has caused conflict due to traffic + litter

Some think the new defences spoil the landscape

The sea wall might interfere with natural processes and cause problems

Positive Outcomes Negative Outcomes

Phase 1 and 2—New sea walls and promenades, cliffs stabilised, wide sand and shingle beach to absorb energy, extension of rock armour to absorb energy and retain beach

Physical Landscapes - River Landforms Introduction

Found in N.E. England

Source is in the Pennine Hills (750m above sea level)

It flows easterly for 85 miles before reaching the North sea with its source at Middlesbrough

Upper Course

Plunge Pool is created by hydraulic action and abrasion eroding the bottom of the river channel.

Soft rock (Limestone) is below the harder rock and erodes at a fast-er rate.

Hard rock (Whinstone) erodes at a slower rate.

High Force Waterfall

The soft rock erodes at a

faster rate causing undercutting of the hard rock which will eventually collapse. This process

Sockburn Meander

Erosion takes place on the outside of the bend as the energy is highest making the channel deepest.

Deposition takes place on the inside of the bend as the energy is lowest making the channel shallow.

Sockburn meander is located in the middle course of the river

Erosion takes place on the outside of the bend to the high energy.

The 2 outside bends get closer due to hydraulic action and abrasion until they will meet

In time the 2 water will break through the outside bends straightening the river

Deposition will block the old path leaving behind an Ox Bow Lake.

Physical Landscapes - River Management

Banbury, Oxfordshire

Introduction

Banbury is about 50km north of Oxford with a population of 45,000.

Much of the town is on the floodplain of the River Cherwell—tributary of the River Thames

Issues

Social The raised A361 stays open during a flood avoiding disruption

Quality of live improved with new footpaths and green areas

Less anxiety about flooding

Economic The scheme coast £18.5 million, paid for partly by the Environmental Agency and Cherwell Council

Over 400 houses and 70 businesses protected at a value of over £100 million

What has been done?

Environmental

Earth needed to build embankment was extracted locally, creating a small reservoir

A new habitat has been created with ponds, trees and

Changing Economic World - Case Study

Rapid Economic Development - Nigeria (NEE) - Part 1

Location Nigeria is in West Africa bordering the countries of; Niger Benin Chad Cameroon It extends from the Gulf of Guinea in the south to the Sahel in the north.

Global importance

In 2014, Nigeria was the 21st largest economy in the world and it is still growing It supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil which accounts for most of the economic growth Diverse economy - financial services, telecommunications and media Nigeria is the 5th largest contributor to UN global peacekeeping missions

Year Population Annual change %

Fertility Rate

Urban population %

Urban Population

% of world population

2015 182,2 million 2.71 5.74 48.1 87.7 million 2.63

1990 95.6 million 2.65 6.6 29.7 28.4 million 1.97

Regional importance

It has the largest population of any African country Nigeria has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa In 2014 it had Africa’s highest GDP and the 3rd largest manufacturing sector It has the highest farm output in Africa. A large proportion of people are employed in

agriculture (mostly subsistence farmers - growing food for themselves) Has huge potential despite problems with internal corruption + poor infrastructure

Political context

- During colonial times, Europeans exploited Africa’s resources + people - Nigeria was ruled by UK as a colony gaining its independence in 1960 - Political instability (corruption) affected its development before 1999 - Countries including China and USA are now investing in Nigeria

Social context

- Nigeria is a multi-ethnic and multi-faith country which has strengths but led to civil war between 1967 and 1970 - Inequality between the Islamic north and the Christian south. This has created an unstable situation with a negative impact on the economy

Changing Economic World - Case Study

Rapid Economic Development - Nigeria (NEE) - Part 2

Cultural context Nigerian music and cinema (Nollywood - 2nd largest behind India) Nigerian football team has won the African Cup of Nations 3 times

Environmental context

How have Nigeria’s political links changed?

Until 1960, it was part of the British Empire. It then became part of the Commonwealth. It is a leading member of African political + economic groups + international organisations. OPEC - Aim is to stabilise the price of oil and to ensure a regular supply African Union - Economic planning and peace keeping United Nations - Nigeria has a significant role in peace keeping

High temperatures and high annual rainfall. Mainly forest but also crops such as cocoa. Hard to keep cattle because of the tsetse fly.

Semi-desert Jos plateau - an upland region which is wetter and cooler than the surrounding savannah. Densely populated with farmland and some woodland.

Tropical grassland (savanna) used for grazing cattle. Crops such as cotton are grown.

Who are Nigeria’s global trading relationships?

Imports - Refined petroleum from the E.U. and the USA; cars from Brazil and the USA. Telephones from China is rapidly growing (Biggest imports from China, EU and USA). Exports - Crude and refined petroleum, (95% of Nigeria’s earnings natural gas, rubber, cocoa and cotton. (Biggest exporting to E.U. (nearly 50%), India and USA Crude Oil Crude oil dominates Nigeria’s exports Until recently, the greatest demand for oil was from the USA, but shale oil has led to

a decrease in supply - India is the biggest customer now Agriculture Australia (30%) and Indonesia (15%) are the biggest customers of cotton Only Ghana and Ivory Coast are major trading partners in West Africa

Changing Economic World - Case Study

The Changing Industrial Structure - Nigeria (NEE) - Part 3

Does Nigeria have a balanced economy?

How is manufacturing affecting economic development?

Manufacturing accounts for 10% of Nigeria’s GDP Regular paid work gives people more secure income which they can spend e.g. cars Manufacturing industries stimulate growth for other companies e.g. car part suppliers More people employed so revenue from taxes increases A thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment Oil processing has led to growth of chemical industries (soap and plastics This growth is an example of the multiplier effect

Transnational corporation (TNC) is a large company that operates in several countries. It has its headquarters in one country with production plants in several others.

Advantages Disadvantages

- Companies provide employment and - Local workers are sometimes poorly paid the development of new skills - Investment by companies in local - Working conditions are sometimes v. poor infrastructure and education - Other local companies benefit from - Management jobs often go to foreign increased orders employees - Valuable export revenues are earned - Much of the profit goes abroad

Shell Oil in the Niger Delta

Shell is one of the world’s largest oil companies. It has extracted oil from the Niger Delta since 1958, with some controversy.

The growth of communications, retail and finance in 13 years - BALANCED

Employment in agriculture has fallen due to increasing use of farm machinery and pay and conditions elsewhere

Industrialisation and economic growth has increased employment in oil produc-tion, manufacturing and other industries.

Advantages

- It has made major contributions in taxes - It has provided direct employment for 65,000 Nigerian workers - It has provided 250,000 jobs in related industries - 91% of all Shell contracts have ben places with Nigerian companies

Disadvantages

- Oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degradation, damaging agriculture and fishing industries - Frequent oil flares send toxic fumes in the air - Oil theft and sabotage cost TNCs and the government US$ billion every year.

Changing Economic World - Case Study

The Changing Industrial Structure - Nigeria (NEE) - Part 4

The effect of economic growth on the environment Industrial Growth

In Lagos, industrial pollutants go directly in to water channels which are harmful to people and ecosystems Industry emit poisonous gases that can cause breathing and heart problems 70-80% of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed by urban expansion / industrial develop.

Urban Growth Waste disposal is a major issue Traffic congestion leads to high levels of emissions Development of Abuja has resulted in areas of rich vegetation being replaced by concrete Commercial farming and deforestation There is water pollution due to chemicals, soil and silting of river channels Many species (including cheetahs and giraffes) have disappeared due to deforestation Mining and oil extraction Tin mining led to soil erosion. Local water supplies were polluted by toxic chemicals Oil spills can causes fired sending CO2 into the atmosphere creating acid rain

Quality of life - The HDI has been increasing steadily since 2005 and is expected to rise Good news? Many people in Nigeria are still poor with the gap between rich and poor increasing Corruption is still a major factors with oil wealth not being used to diversify the

economy The over-dependence on oil could become a problem in the future with prices dropping Will people’s quality of life continue to improve? 60% of the people live in poverty. If the Q of L is to be improved; A) Political - There is a need for a continuing stable government to encourage inward investment B) Environmental There are threats of disease spread by the tsetse fly, desertification and pollution by oil spills C) Social - Historical distrust remains between tribal groups. Kidnappings by the militant group Boko Haram spread fear among Nigerians and potential investors.

How the growth of tourism can help to reduce the development gap

Example - Tourism in Jamaica

Background

Over the last few decades, tourism has helped raise the level of development in Jamaica and reduce the development gap. In 2014, tourism contributed 24% of

GDP Income from tourism is US$2 billion

each year and taxes contribute to the development of the country.

Infrastructure + Tourism has led to a high level of investment on the north coast + Improvement in roads and airports have been slower than other facilities - Some parts of the island remain isolated Quality of life + In the northern tourist areas of Montego Bay and Ocho Rios, wealthy Jamaicans have a high standard of living. - However, large numbers of people live nearby in poor housing with inadequate access to fresh water, health care and education The Environment + Conservation and landscaping projects provide job opportunities + Community tourism and sustainable ecotourism is expanding in more isolated regions - Mass tourism can create environmental problems such as footpath erosion, excessive waste and harmful emissions Employment + Tourism provides 200 000 jobs either directly or indirectly + Employment in tourism provides income which helps boost the local economy + Those in employment learn new skills

Modern industry being more environmentally sustainability

Torr Quarry, Somerset

How can industrial development by more sustainable? Care in design to reduce visual impact Technology to reduce harmful emissions Desulphurisation to remove harmful gas Heavy fines for pollution incidents

Impacts of industry on the physical environment Manufacturing plants can look dull and

effect the visual effects Industrial processes and waste

products can cause air, water and soil pollution

Transport of raw materials and manufacturing products increases air pollution

Impacts of quarrying in the UK Destroy natural habitats Pollute water courses Scar landscapes

Making quarrying more sustainable (UK) Strict controls on blasting and removing

dust from roads Recycling is encouraged Companies are expected to restore or

improve a quarry after it has been used

Causes

Torr Quarry is a limestone in the Mendip Hills It employs 100 people and contributes £15million to the local economy annually It is an example of how industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable; The quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes 200 acres of the site have already been landscaped Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust and water quality Rail transport of quarried rock minimises the impact on local roads and villages