World War IWorld War I

““The Great War”The Great War”

““The War to end all Wars”The War to end all Wars”

Causes of WWICauses of WWI

1. Rise of Nationalism- intense love 1. Rise of Nationalism- intense love of one’s nation led to competition of one’s nation led to competition among European nations agnst. Each among European nations agnst. Each other. other.

2. Imperialism & Militarism- 2. Imperialism & Militarism- competition for overseas colonies & competition for overseas colonies & Arms race: to be truly great you had Arms race: to be truly great you had to have a great powerful militaryto have a great powerful military

MilitarismMilitarism Who: EuropeansWho: Europeans What: the policy of glorifying ones’ military What: the policy of glorifying ones’ military

power & keeping an army prepared for warpower & keeping an army prepared for war Where: EuropeWhere: Europe When: 1900-1914When: 1900-1914 Why: countries were in an Arms race: to be Why: countries were in an Arms race: to be

truly great you had to have a great truly great you had to have a great powerful military- the country w. the powerful military- the country w. the greatest military & arms = most powerful greatest military & arms = most powerful = this race = WWI= this race = WWI

Causes (cont’d)Causes (cont’d)

3. Tangled Alliance system- 3. Tangled Alliance system- – Growing rivalries among nations = Growing rivalries among nations =

alliancesalliances– Alliances break up = new ones are madeAlliances break up = new ones are made– alliance system had been designed to alliance system had been designed to

keep Europe from going to war.. Instead keep Europe from going to war.. Instead pushes them into it! pushes them into it!

– (there’s 2 imp. Alliances that we end up (there’s 2 imp. Alliances that we end up with…)with…)

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance Who: Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyWho: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy What: a pact between the 3 to aid one What: a pact between the 3 to aid one

another & keep France from taking another & keep France from taking any of them overany of them over

Where: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Where: Germany, Austria- Hungary, ItalyItaly

When: 1879-1881When: 1879-1881 Why: the goal was to keep France Why: the goal was to keep France

isolated- this will become the Central isolated- this will become the Central Powers in WWIPowers in WWI

Triple EntenteTriple Entente Who: Great Britain, France, RussiaWho: Great Britain, France, Russia What: a pact between the 3 to What: a pact between the 3 to

guarantee they would not fight agnst guarantee they would not fight agnst one another in case a war broke outone another in case a war broke out

Where: GB, France, RussiaWhere: GB, France, Russia When: 1907When: 1907 Why: it didn’t promise they would fight Why: it didn’t promise they would fight

w. each other but promised they w. each other but promised they wouldn’t fight agsnt each other; this wouldn’t fight agsnt each other; this became the Allied powers in WWIbecame the Allied powers in WWI

AlliancesAlliances

Allied Powers (Triple Entente) – Great Allied Powers (Triple Entente) – Great Britain, France, RussiaBritain, France, Russia

Central Powers (Triple Alliance) – Central Powers (Triple Alliance) – Germany, Austria – Hungary, ItalyGermany, Austria – Hungary, Italy

Brinkmanship – threaten war to get Brinkmanship – threaten war to get what you wantwhat you want

ANY conflict in Europe could then ANY conflict in Europe could then make these 2 sides break out into make these 2 sides break out into war bc of the “alliances”… war bc of the “alliances”…

Issues start arising, such as… Issues start arising, such as…

4. Crisis in the Balkans (NC from last 4. Crisis in the Balkans (NC from last time..)time..)– Nationalism: they were trying to break Nationalism: they were trying to break

away from Otto. Empire, some formed away from Otto. Empire, some formed ind. Nationsind. Nations

– Arguing over who should control where.. Arguing over who should control where.. – Austria-Hungary tookover Bosnia- Austria-Hungary tookover Bosnia-

Herzegovina = Serbia MAD!! Herzegovina = Serbia MAD!!

““THE shot that rang throughout THE shot that rang throughout the world”the world”

5. Assassination of 5. Assassination of

Archduke Francis Archduke Francis

FerdinandFerdinand– Heir to the Austrian throneHeir to the Austrian throne– Went to Bosnia on a visitWent to Bosnia on a visit– Gavrilo Princip, member of Black hand Gavrilo Princip, member of Black hand

(Serbian Nationalist grp) killed him(Serbian Nationalist grp) killed him– = Austria is mad!! = declares war on = Austria is mad!! = declares war on

SerbiaSerbia– = Russia backs up Serbia & declares war = Russia backs up Serbia & declares war

on Austria = WAR!!on Austria = WAR!!

Central PowersCentral Powers

Who: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Who: Germany, Austria- Hungary, What: one side of WWI that were What: one side of WWI that were

member of the Triple Alliance; called member of the Triple Alliance; called this because of their central location in this because of their central location in EuropeEurope

Where: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Where: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Empire, BulgariaOttoman Empire, Bulgaria

When: 1914-1917When: 1914-1917 Why: Why:

AlliesAllies Who: GB, France, Russia, Japan, ItalyWho: GB, France, Russia, Japan, Italy What: one side of WWI that were What: one side of WWI that were

members of the Triple Ententemembers of the Triple Entente Where: Where: GB, France, Russia, Japan, GB, France, Russia, Japan,

ItalyItaly When: 1914-1917When: 1914-1917 Why: Why:

EUROPE: 1914EUROPE: 1914

Germany’s War PlanGermany’s War Plan

Could not sustain a 2-front war, had Could not sustain a 2-front war, had the the Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

knock out France, then go get Russiaknock out France, then go get Russia plan called for G to go thru Belgium, plan called for G to go thru Belgium,

violating their neutrality (remember violating their neutrality (remember way back in 1830)way back in 1830)

= which gave GB 2 reasons to go to = which gave GB 2 reasons to go to war (attacking their ally & Belgium)war (attacking their ally & Belgium)

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan Who: GermansWho: Germans What: Germany’s strategic war plan & battle What: Germany’s strategic war plan & battle

strategy that called for attacking & defeating strategy that called for attacking & defeating France in the West then rushing East to get France in the West then rushing East to get RussiaRussia

Where: GermanyWhere: Germany When: 1914-1917When: 1914-1917 Why: felt they could wait to get Russia b.c. they Why: felt they could wait to get Russia b.c. they

lagged behind the rest of Europe & would take lagged behind the rest of Europe & would take longer to get to the front lines = mistakelonger to get to the front lines = mistake

1914 –1915 – Stalemate1914 –1915 – Stalemate

Euros. Thought it would be a short Euros. Thought it would be a short war & thought the boys would be war & thought the boys would be home by Christmashome by Christmas

War = stalemate, trench warfareWar = stalemate, trench warfare

Western front – French and EnglishWestern front – French and English

Eastern front – RussiansEastern front – Russians

Western FrontWestern Front

Who: Central Pwrs vs. AlliesWho: Central Pwrs vs. Allies What: a deadlocked region in Northern What: a deadlocked region in Northern

France where most of the fighting was France where most of the fighting was in WWIin WWI

Where: Northern FranceWhere: Northern France When: 1914-1917When: 1914-1917 Why: this is where most the fighting Why: this is where most the fighting

took place in WWI; used Trench took place in WWI; used Trench warfarewarfare

Trench Warfare (NC)Trench Warfare (NC) New type warfare New type warfare

Western FrontWestern Front

Static lines of Static lines of defense, defense, Revolution in Revolution in firepower (Rifles)firepower (Rifles)

““No man’s Land”No man’s Land”

Eastern FrontEastern Front Who: Germans vs. RussiansWho: Germans vs. Russians What: the region in the East on the What: the region in the East on the

German/Russian border where the fighting German/Russian border where the fighting occurredoccurred

Where: German/Russian borderWhere: German/Russian border When: 1914-1917When: 1914-1917 Why: more mobile fighting, slaughter, & Why: more mobile fighting, slaughter, &

stalemate than on the W. Front; The stalemate than on the W. Front; The Russian army tied up thousands of German Russian army tied up thousands of German troops here keeping them from succeeding troops here keeping them from succeeding in the Westin the West

Effects of WWIEffects of WWI

1. New weapons such as…. 1. New weapons such as….

(b.c. of the Industrial Revolution)(b.c. of the Industrial Revolution)

New Weaponry

UnrestrictedUnrestricted Submarine Submarine WarfareWarfare

Who: Germans Who: Germans What: a policy that would sink without What: a policy that would sink without

any warning any ship in the waters any warning any ship in the waters around Britainaround Britain

Where: North Atlantic OceanWhere: North Atlantic Ocean When: 1915When: 1915 Why: this led to sinking the “Lusitania” Why: this led to sinking the “Lusitania”

that had 128 US citizens = US entered that had 128 US citizens = US entered the war!!the war!!

Effects..Effects..

6. Total war!! (NC)6. Total war!! (NC)– Devoted all their resourcesDevoted all their resources– Wartime gov’ts took over EconomyWartime gov’ts took over Economy

Rationing (NC)Rationing (NC)

– conscription, or draftconscription, or draft– Propoganda (NC)Propoganda (NC)– women help with manufacturing war goods women help with manufacturing war goods

as the men were away fighting= women as the men were away fighting= women get to vote post-warget to vote post-war

RationingRationing Who: Allies & Central powersWho: Allies & Central powers What: a system on the homefront where What: a system on the homefront where

people could only buy small amounts of people could only buy small amounts of goods that were needed for the war effortgoods that were needed for the war effort

Where: throughout the worldWhere: throughout the world When:1914-1917When:1914-1917 Why: covered a lot of goods from butter Why: covered a lot of goods from butter

to shoe leather; people at home to shoe leather; people at home sacrificed luxuries for war effortsacrificed luxuries for war effort

PropagandaPropaganda Who: Allies & Central PowersWho: Allies & Central Powers What: one-sided information used to What: one-sided information used to

persuade & keep up morale for the warpersuade & keep up morale for the war Where: all over the worldWhere: all over the world When: 1914-1917When: 1914-1917 Why: gov’ts suppressed anti-war activity, Why: gov’ts suppressed anti-war activity,

censored news, and used this to keep censored news, and used this to keep people from turning against the warpeople from turning against the war

Total WarTotal War

Who: Allies, Central PowersWho: Allies, Central Powers What: a war in which a country What: a war in which a country

devotes all its’ resources to the war devotes all its’ resources to the war efforteffort

Where: all over the worldWhere: all over the world When: 1914-1917When: 1914-1917 Why: WWI was the 1Why: WWI was the 1stst “total war”; “total war”;

Rationing, Propaganda, Women Rationing, Propaganda, Women worked, Draftworked, Draft

More effects… More effects…

7. Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome – 7. Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome – “shell shock”“shell shock”

8. Death & Destruction never seen 8. Death & Destruction never seen before: 8.5 million soldiers died, 21 before: 8.5 million soldiers died, 21 million wounded, many civilians died million wounded, many civilians died (15% of youth= birthrates down)(15% of youth= birthrates down)

9. Devastating economic impact: 9. Devastating economic impact: total cost $338 Million!! = Europe total cost $338 Million!! = Europe economically dependent on USAeconomically dependent on USA

10. Destroyed farmland, villages, 10. Destroyed farmland, villages, towns, & homes (15,000 sq. miles F towns, & homes (15,000 sq. miles F countryside ruined)countryside ruined)

And yet… MORE effects… And yet… MORE effects…

11. Disillusionment of survivors = 11. Disillusionment of survivors = insecurity & despair\insecurity & despair\

12. Treaties to end the war = anger 12. Treaties to end the war = anger & resentment!!& resentment!!

THE END… (of the war..)THE END… (of the war..)

WORLD WAR ONE broke from the old WORLD WAR ONE broke from the old world order that had been est. after world order that had been est. after Napoleonic wars and the Cong. Of Napoleonic wars and the Cong. Of ViennaVienna

Brings us into the Modern Age… Brings us into the Modern Age… AND… AND… IT IS VITAL TO UNDERSTAND WWI, IT IS VITAL TO UNDERSTAND WWI,

the causes, and the results-- IN the causes, and the results-- IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHY WWII ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHY WWII HAPPENS.. HAPPENS..

Peace making 1918 - 1919 Peace making 1918 - 1919

Germany surrendered on November Germany surrendered on November 11, 191811, 1918

peacemaking takes place in Paris, peacemaking takes place in Paris, the Paris Peace Conferencethe Paris Peace Conference

5 treaties are the result, all named 5 treaties are the result, all named after Parisian suburbsafter Parisian suburbs

most important – treaty of Versailles most important – treaty of Versailles – Germany’s treaty– Germany’s treaty

The Big FourThe Big Four

delegates at the conference 1918 - 19delegates at the conference 1918 - 19– Woodrow Wilson, USWoodrow Wilson, US– Georges Clemenceau, FranceGeorges Clemenceau, France– Vittorio Orlando, ItalyVittorio Orlando, Italy– David Lloyd George, Great BritainDavid Lloyd George, Great Britain

– France’s goal: weaken Germany so that it France’s goal: weaken Germany so that it could not become strong againcould not become strong again

Versailles TreatyVersailles Treaty Who: US, GB, France vs. GermanyWho: US, GB, France vs. Germany What: a compromise to end the warWhat: a compromise to end the war Where: Palace of Versailles, FranceWhere: Palace of Versailles, France When: June 28, 1919When: June 28, 1919 Why: Why:

– Created League of Nations (NC)Created League of Nations (NC)– Article 231/War-guilt clause: GermanyArticle 231/War-guilt clause: Germany– In the end, did little to build lasting peace; In the end, did little to build lasting peace;

instead, built bitterness & betrayal = WWII!!instead, built bitterness & betrayal = WWII!!

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Who: President of the US, member of the Who: President of the US, member of the

Big FourBig Four What: wanted “Peace without Victors” – 14 What: wanted “Peace without Victors” – 14

points for achieving a just & lasting peacepoints for achieving a just & lasting peace Where: USAWhere: USA When: 1918When: 1918 Why: wanted to bring peace with 14 pts – Why: wanted to bring peace with 14 pts –

BUT only 14BUT only 14thth pt was adopted & he wasn’t pt was adopted & he wasn’t allowed- US Congress wouldn’t let himallowed- US Congress wouldn’t let him

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points Who: Woodrow WilsonWho: Woodrow Wilson What: 14 points of peace proposals, a plan to bring What: 14 points of peace proposals, a plan to bring

peace peace Where: Palace of Versailles, FranceWhere: Palace of Versailles, France When: 1918When: 1918 Why: sought peace through- Why: sought peace through-

– no secret treaties, no secret treaties, – freedom of the seas, freedom of the seas, – free trade, fix colonies, free trade, fix colonies, – reduce militaries, reduce militaries, – change borders &create new nations based on Self-Determination, change borders &create new nations based on Self-Determination, – General association of the nationsGeneral association of the nations

Self-DeterminationSelf-Determination Who: Woodrow WilsonWho: Woodrow Wilson What: the guiding idea behind Wilson’s 14 What: the guiding idea behind Wilson’s 14

pts; means- allowing people to decide for pts; means- allowing people to decide for themselves under what gov’t they wished themselves under what gov’t they wished to liveto live

Where: EuropeWhere: Europe When: 1918When: 1918 Why: This was the guiding principle behind Why: This was the guiding principle behind

Wilson’s 14 points; wasn’t accepted by Wilson’s 14 points; wasn’t accepted by European powersEuropean powers

France & GB didn’t want to accept 14 France & GB didn’t want to accept 14 pts.. Too concerned @ securitypts.. Too concerned @ security

They accepted the 14They accepted the 14thth pt: General pt: General association of the nations…. association of the nations….

Aka… Aka…

The League of NationsThe League of Nations Who: GB, France & othersWho: GB, France & others What: based off Wilson’s 14What: based off Wilson’s 14thth pt- an pt- an

international association whose goal is international association whose goal is to keep peace among the nationsto keep peace among the nations

Where: Versailles Palace, FranceWhere: Versailles Palace, France When: 1919-When: 1919- Why: 1Why: 1stst international peace keeping international peace keeping

org; this was created in the Treaty of org; this was created in the Treaty of Versailles- BUT:Versailles- BUT:– US wasn’t a part of itUS wasn’t a part of it– didn’t include Germany or Russia= G mad!!didn’t include Germany or Russia= G mad!!– No military to enforceNo military to enforce

Treaty of Versailles – article 231Treaty of Versailles – article 231

War Guilt: Germany forced to accept war guilt, War Guilt: Germany forced to accept war guilt, said they were completely responsible for the said they were completely responsible for the war and damageswar and damages

Owed $33Billion to Allies = YOWZA! That’s a Owed $33Billion to Allies = YOWZA! That’s a LOT!! = Debt = unhappiness = rise of “National LOT!! = Debt = unhappiness = rise of “National Socialism” (aka Nazis..)Socialism” (aka Nazis..)

This led to:This led to:– Loss of TerritoryLoss of Territory– Military RestrictionsMilitary Restrictions– War Guilt feelings..War Guilt feelings..

Loss of TerritoryLoss of Territory Germany: Germany:

– Gave Alsace-Lorraine to FranceGave Alsace-Lorraine to France– French border extended to Rhineland (industry)French border extended to Rhineland (industry)– Gives up ALL overseas territoriesGives up ALL overseas territories

Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire:Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire:– Lost land = Empires fell apart = new small Lost land = Empires fell apart = new small

independent nations formindependent nations form Russia:Russia:

– Had to leave b.c. Russian Revolution = lost Had to leave b.c. Russian Revolution = lost land to surrounding countriesland to surrounding countries

Military RestrictionsMilitary Restrictions

Germany:Germany:– Must reduce size of military Must reduce size of military

DRASTICALLYDRASTICALLY– Couldn’t import or make weapons/war Couldn’t import or make weapons/war

materialsmaterials– Couldn’t build/buy submarinesCouldn’t build/buy submarines– Couldn’t have air forceCouldn’t have air force