WWI “The Great War” or

“The War to End all Wars”

New Weapons

WWI- Major Players

Major Players• President Wilson• Kaiser Wilhelm• David Lloyd George• Georges Clemenceau

WWI- Causes

There were four causes of WWI1. Nationalism- devotion to interests and

cultures of one’s own nation–Competition–Ethnic groups

• Many wanted to be independent• Many wanted to be protected

–Ex. Russia and Serbia

WWI- Causes

2. Imperialism–Contest for colonies

• Ex Germany vs. France and Britain

WWI- Causes

3. Militarism- devotion of armed forces and use of them as diplomacy tool–Germany had the strongest army by

1890 then wanted the strongest navy• Britain didn’t like this

WWI- Causes

4. Alliance System– There were 2 major alliance systems

• Triple Entente- (Allies)–France, Britain, Russia

• Triple Alliance –Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy–Central Powers Ottoman Empire,

Germany and Austria- Hungary

WWI- Causes

These gave a feeling of security to the world because no one wanted to upset the balance

of power.

WWI- The BeginningThe Balkan Peninsula was the “Powder Keg” of

Europe• Everyone wanted it for different reasons

WWI- The Beginning

In June of 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian throne went to Bosnian capital of Sarajevo

• He and his wife were assassinated• This lead to an international disaster

The Moment That Sparked the War

• It was June 28 in 1914• Archduke Francis

Ferdinand drove in a motorcade through Sarajevo

• His wife, Sophie, sat beside him

• They were both assassinated by a nineteen-year-old Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princep

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife

Sarajevo to avenge the seizure of Bosnia by Austria

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1

WWI- War Begins

• On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

• On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war against Russia

• August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France

• Britain declared war against Germany after it invaded Belgium

WWI- War Begins

These were all due to the alliance system

ALLIANCES

The Triple Entente represented an alliance between France, Russiaand Great Britain.

The Triple Alliance was an agreement between Austria-Hungary,Germany, and Italy to help and to defend each other.

Austro-Hungarian Flag Italian Flag

                                                 

German Flag

                                                 

British Flag

                                                                                               

French Flag

                                                                                               

Russian Flag

LEADERS

King George V Great Britain

President Raymond Poincare France

Czar Nicholas II Russia

Franz Josef Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Kaiser Wilhelm II

Germany

Victor Emmanuel III Italy

TRIPLE Entente

TRIPLE ALLIANCE

Maps and Charts 1

M.A.N.I.A.• Militarism

• Alliance

• Nationalism

• Imperialism

• Assassination

..\WW1 history.flv

WWI- War Begins

The Schlieffen Plan- Germany’s war plan• They would hold action against Russia• They would go through Belgium to Paris• Then the two armies would meet and take

on Russia

WWI- War Begins

• The Allies had to retreat to the Marne River in France

• They stopped the German advance in September of 1914 and dug in

• By the Spring of 1915 there were trenches that crossed France from Belgium coast to Swiss Alps

WWI- Life in the Trenches

There were 3 types of trenches1. Front line2. Support3. Reserve

WWI- Life in the Trenches

There was something also known as “No Man’s Land”

• This was a barren expanse of land covered in mud, shell craters, and barbed wire

British Trenches

German Trenches

No Man’s Land

WWI- Life in the Trenches

Trench Warfare is the fighting for mere yards of ground-

It would last for over 3 years

WWI- Life in the TrenchesMen lived night and day in these areas

WWI- Life in the Trenches

• The trenches were filled with all manner of things– They were covered in filth with decaying

bodies around them– There was blood and human feces and urine – There were lice and rats everywhere– The water was polluted– There was poison gas all around

WWI- Life in the Trenches

–Dysentery was common –Trench foot- were the foot would begin to

rot and it had to be amputated

–Trench mouth

Mushy Trenches = Trench Foot

Trench Mouth

• ..\WORLD WAR ONE TRENCH WARFARE.flv

WWI- Life in the Trenches

• “Shell Shock” was common during this time–This is a complete emotional collapse

of the soldiers

WWI- Battles Begin• The First Battle of Somme started on July 1, 1916 • It was over 7 miles of land• It lasted through mid-November• 60,000 British were killed on the first day• 1.2 million men were killed total• ..\War Horse - Blue Bonnets.flv

WWI- Battles Begin

The British blockaded German waters• This included food and fertilizer• Also included neutral ports

WWI- Battles Begin

Results of blockade–The US didn’t challenge the blockade–Germany didn’t have enough food-

750,000 people starved –Germany puts in U-Boats

America Questions What to Do

There were two main opposition groups for the United States to enter the war

• The socialists – Believed that the war was a capitalist and

imperialist struggle to control the markets and colonies in China

• The Pacifists– Believed that war is evil and the US should set the

tone for the rest of the world with peace• William Jennings Bryon

• Others didn’t want their sons to fight or experience war

The U.S. however had major ties with the Allies• Trade• Ties to Britain

In 1917 however the US began to mobilize for war against Germany

Why?• To ensure Allied payment of debts• To stop the German threat to shipping

The British blockaded German waters• This included food and fertilizer• Also included neutral ports

Results of blockade–The US didn’t challenge the blockade–Germany didn’t have enough food-

750,000 people starved –Germany puts in U-Boats

German U-Boats

• Germany declares any ship found in water around Brittan would be sunk– Lusitania- British liner was sunk off the

coast of Ireland• 1,198 dead, 128 were US citizens• It changed public opinion on the war in

the US• US threatened Germany to not sink any

more ships

Lusitania

Lusitania

Lusitania

Lusitania

Lusitania- German Postcard

Lusitania

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2q4xcPR_pN4

German U-Boats

• Germany sank two more ships• Then agreed to not sink any more passenger

ships if the US persuaded Britain to lift the blockade on food and fertilizers

WWI- The US Declared War

• Jan 31, 1917 Kaiser Wilhelm said that U-boats would sink all boats on sight

• Wilson still waited to declare war for “overt acts”

WWI- The US Declared WarOvert Acts that led to the U.S. entering the war1. Zimmerman Notes

– Were a proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico• Mexico would get Texas, New Mexico, and

Arizona2. Sinking of 4 unarmed merchant ships3. Russian monarchy was replaced

• Now it was a war of democracies vs monarchies

WWI- U.S. Entered the War

War Declared• On April 2, 1917 Wilson made his War

Resolution–To pave the way for future order of

peace and freedom–To make democracy safe

WWI- U.S. Entered the War

US turned the tide of the war• Convoy system- guard of destroyers escort

merchant ships• Laid mine barrier in North Sea• The freshness and enthusiasm of US soldiers

bolstered Allied troops

Convoy System

• Convoy System

WWI- U.S. Entered the War

• The freshness and enthusiasm of US soldiers bolstered Allied troops

Fighting – AEF- American expeditionary Force

• Lead by General Pershing

Fighting –Alvin York- mountaineer and

blacksmith from Tennessee»On Oct. 8, 1918 with a rifle and

revolver he and 6 “doughboys” took 132 prisoners and killed 25 Germans

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boDRQxvXaKU

Alvin York

• Doughboy which has become so closely associated with the soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI. Our minds must be cast back to 1916 and the punitive expedition across the Mexican border to catch the infamous Pancho Villa. Coined as a term of derision toward infantrymen, as they became covered in the fine adobe dust thrown up by cavalry hooves and motor transport wheels, the term soon evolved into quite the opposite as it would mark the men as combat veterans.who had gone overseas to do their bit for Uncle Sam.

WWI- Russia Pulled Out

Russia pulled out of war in 1917• Germany moved toward France

– U.S. stopped Germany’s advance• September Americans made offensive moves

against Germans

WWI EndsCollapse of Germany• November 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary

surrendered• German sailors mutiny• Soldiers and workers in Germany make

revolutionary councils

WWI Ends• November 9, 1918- socialist leaders in Berlin

establish a German republic and the Kaiser abdicates

• There were no allied troops on German soil- but the soldiers were too tired to continue

WWI Ends

On the 11 day, the 11 hour, in the 11th month of 1918 Germany declared a cease-fire and signed

an armistice

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on November 11, at 5 A.M., Paris time in Paris

at 11:00 A.M. Paris timeThey rejoiced.

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 4

New “Toys”

New Ways of War

German U-Boats 1914

Machine Guns- Could fire as many as

1000 rounds a minute by end of war.

- Created extraordinary casualty rates for massed infantry attacks.

- Used primarily as defensive weapons during the war. (Too heavy for offensive use)

Snipers

Snipers

High Explosives Artillery Responsible for

most deaths and damage in war.

155 mm Howitzer

Zeppelin

"Hate is a dish served best fast and hot“

Dog Fights- ..\1917 World War One Dogfight..flv

..\Flyboys - Last Dogfight Scene (SPOILER!!!).flv

WWI- New Weapons

– Tanks – Airplane-

• Red Baron- Manfried von Richthofen• Eddie Rickenbacker- American Ace of

Aces– Observation Balloons– Women were allowed to join the army

corps of nurses

WWI- Effects

• Death Toll– 22 million dead- more than half were civilians– 20 million wounded– 10 million refugees

• US– 48,000 died in battle– 62,000 from disease– 200,000 were wounded

CountriesTotal

MobilizedKilled

& Died Wounded

Prisoners& Missing

TotalCasualties

Casualties % of

Mobilized

Allied Powers

           

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3

British Empire

8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

United States

4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2

Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2

Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9

Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7

Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3

Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0

Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3

Central Powers

           

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-Hungary

7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT

War on the Home front

• Government expanded• Wilson was given control over the economy

– Power to fix prices– Power to regulate and nationalize certain

industries

War on the Home front

• War Industries Board– Mass production technology to increase efforts– Standardize products ( less choices)– Production went up 20%– Retail prices doubled in 1 year– Corporate profits went up

War on the Home front

• Railroad Administration- control RR• Fuel Administration- ration gas and heating oil

– “gasless Sundays”– Lightless nights– Daylight savings

War on the Home front

• Food Administration– Produce and conserve food

• Clean plate• Victory gardens• Children plant tomatoes and cucumbers in the parks

• The government uses propaganda to push forward their policies

Volunteers

• http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/homefront/gallery.html

• The Selective Service Act of 1917 was implemented. – It required all men over the age of 18 to sign up to

be drafted.

War on the Home front

• Anti-Immigrant Problems– Conformity rule-

• Those of German descent had problems• No music , book, or language from Germany• Changed names of German things to liberty

• Espionage and Sedition Acts– Fined and sentenced for interfering in the war

effort or saying anything disloyal abou government and the war

War on the Home front

• Women took over men’s jobs– Helped them win suffrage

• There was a flu epidemic which killed affected ¼ of US population– Around the world 30 million died

• Women who worked factory jobs during this time were known as “canaries”.

WWI- Wilson’s PeaceWilson’s Peace• Wilson wanted a just and lasting peace• He came up with his 14 points

– The first 5 were to prevent another war from happening

– The next 8 were about boundary changes- letting boundaries be based on ethnic identities

– The 14th point was the creation of a League of Nations- where countries could discuss their problem instead of resorting to war

– ..\Fourteen Points (14 T-Shirt Challenge) - @MrBettsClass.mp4

WWI- Effects

Problems with Peace• France wanted to make sure there would be

no more invasions• Britain wanted to payback the Germans• Did not include the Central Powers or Russia

WWI- Effects

Treaty of Versailles• There would be 9 new nations including

Poland• France and Britain would get temporary

colonies• Germany could not keep an army• Germany had to pay reparations $33 billion

to the Allies• Alsace-Lorraine went to France

WWI- Effects

Weaknesses of Treaty• It humiliated Germany

– War-Guilt Clause- Germany had to admit to sole responsibility of the war

– Germany had no way to repay debt– Germany had no colonial possessions– Russia lost more territory than Germany- it will

begin to retake territory in 1922

What does this cartoon say about Germany’s feelings toward the Treaty of Versailles?

WWI- Effects

Legacy of World War I- The Great War• Destruction and life lost• Political systems are instable• Crops and fields are torn apart • Military fascist control will occur in Italy,

Spain, and Germany

• ..\New Aerial Footage Of WW1 Discovered.flv

Aftermath

WWI- Effects

The End