WORLD WAR I

War to End All Wars

The Great War

Over 20 million killedTotal WarThe War to End All Wars

The Background Great Britain- Queen Victoria 1837-

1901—stability, nationalism Revolutions of 1848: France,

Germany, Italy, & central Europe- seeking more rights & removal of the “old order”

Crimean War 1853 Ottoman empire is declining in power Russians want Crimean territory on the Black

Sea for access to Med. Sea & TRADE & NAVAL Power!

Russia invades Crimean territory France & Britain help Ottomans Russia looses, hates Austria for not helping them

& worry they are falling behind the rest of Europe.

Crimean Territory

Instability & Unrest in Russia Humiliated by defeat Tsar Alexander I

makes reforms (changes) Emancipates (free) the Surfs Makes land reforms Begins to industrialize Nationalism grows!

More Background… 1861: Garibaldi unites Italy pushing

out Austrian rule Italians gain Rome after Franco-

Prussian war

Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italy

Otto Von Bismark & German Unification

1849- Germany = small states under various rulers

German states 1700s – 1800s

German Unficiation & Bismark King William I of Prussia expanding

military, needs taxes, legis. Says “no” , hires new Prime Minister…

Otto Von Bismark- ignored legislature & focused on increasing Prussian Power/territory & influencing German states

Franco-Prussian War: 1870 Disagree over candidate for Spain’s throne Bismark manipulates situation to create

tension w/ France Results: Napoleon III captured, France

pays 5 billion francs to Prussia + gives up Alsace & Lorraine territory = France

Leads to Unification!

Germany Unites!1871 William I of Prussia crowned 1st “Kaiser” or

Emperor of Germany Prussian tradition of military lives on! By 1890- Kaiser Wilhelm II in power,

Bismarck forced to resign

Austrian Empire mid 1800s – 1900s

Major problem: to many different ethnic groups under 1 rule/crown

Causes of WWI

Nationalism ImperialismMilitarismAlliance system

Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 Napoleon III Treaty of Versailles 1871 Alsace-Lorraine Second Reich Kaiser Wilhelm I Chancellor Bismarck

Alliances: Bismarck’s fears

War on Two FrontsDual Alliance: Germany & Austria1882 Triple AllianceRussian Accords Britain

1888

Kaiser Wilhelm I, Frederick Wilhelm I, Wilhelm II

Fires Bismarck in 1890

The Alliances

Two alliances- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-

Hungary, & Italy Triple Entente: G.B, Russia, France

Powder Keg

Crisis 1894 Dreyfus Affair Moroccan Crisis 1905 and 1911 Balkans War 1909-11

Crisis in the Balkans “Sick man of Europe” Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina Austria-Hungary- Franz Joseph Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and

Sophie June 28, 1914

The Black Hand What was it? Who is Gavrilo Princip?

The Worst Wrong Turn Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and

Sophie June 28, 1914

The Spark June 28, 1914 Sarajevo Emperor Franz Joseph Austrian Ultimatum July28, 1914 Austria declares war

Tensions rising Willy/Nicky letters Mobilisation Schleff

Britain Enters

August 4, 1914 Belgium BEF

The US?

The First Battle of the Marne

What stops the Germans? Taxicab ArmySept 1914

1914 -1915 1914: Sept. stalemate on Western front begins @ battle of the

Marne August: Tannenberg, Germ. East front,: Russian defeat BUT

helped BEF & Fr @ the Marne by German need to move troops to East

1915: Zeppelin raids on London German blockade of Britian (U-boats) April: Battle of Ypres, Belgium- chlorine gas used April – Dec. Gallipoli landing in Turkey costs Allies big time!

1915: U.S. remains neutral May 7: Germans sink Lusitania Italians switch sides! Western front stalemate = trench warfare

Western Front

New Weapons-StalemateWar of attrition Trench Warfare- “No Man’s Land”

Trench warfare

500 miles Switzerland to the North Sea

Conditions in the TrenchesRats…millions of themOver the top

The Commanders France- Joffre, Petain, Foch Britain-Haig Germany- Hindenberg and

Ludendorff

The Middle East

Lawrence of Arabia Gallipoli- 1915- Winston Churchill

The Atlantic U-boats Unrestricted Submarine warfare Lusitania

US Enters the War 1917

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Policy

The LusitaniaMarch Zimmerman Note

April 1917: U.S. Declares War

Total War: boosts econ. (see questions 11 – 13)

Bonds: Propaganda:

Russia drops Out Nov 1917 Communist Revolution Lenin Brest-Litovsk Treaty

Turning points: July– Nov. 1917: 3rd Ypres (Passchendaele) Allowed Allies an adv. to attack Germ.

Occupied Belgian ports— deaths: disputed but massive!! July – Aug. 1918: 2nd Marne- last maj.

German offensive; Allied Vic. Head for Germany

Nov. 1918

9th: Defeated- Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates throne

11th @ 11:00: Germany surrenders

Peace settlements: Treaty of Versailles

Wilson’s 14 points include: reduce arms, ensure “self-determination”, & a “general association of nations” = League of Nations

G.B.’s David Lloyd George wanted to make Germany pay

France’s Clemenceau: security & revenge The Guilt Clause: art. 231 war reparations

Peace continued: De-militarized Rhineland Alsace & Loraine to France New Nations Western nations in Mid-East

Fr. Over Lebanon & Syria G.B. over Iraq & Palestine

New Maps Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,

Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon

Results

Set up for the rise of HitlerSet up World War II20 million killed