Water and the Earth. The hydrosphere 326 million mi 3 Closed System.

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Water and the Earth

Transcript of Water and the Earth. The hydrosphere 326 million mi 3 Closed System.

Page 1: Water and the Earth. The hydrosphere 326 million mi 3 Closed System.

Water and the Earth

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The hydrosphere 326 million mi3

Closed System

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Small Comets?

6 millimeters of rainfall/10,000 years

20 to 40 tons

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Radius: 3986.5 mi (4000 Mi)Diameter: 7973 mi (8000 Mi)Circumference: 25,048 mi (25,000 mi)

Surface area: 200 million mi2

Oceans: 140 million mi2

Land: 60 million mi2

Dimensions of the Earth

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World Population: 6.5 billion

6 ac/person

How much do you get?

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What’s your share of the water?

326 million mi3

6.5 billion people

0.05 mi3

55 billion gallons

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Total Earth WaterTotal Earth Water

OceansOceans

Ice and Glaciers Ice and Glaciers

AtmosphereAtmosphere

Aquifer/Groundwater Aquifer/Groundwater

LakesLakes

RiversRivers

Soil Soil

}99.2%

}0.8%

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Oceans – 97% of the Earth’s Water

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Approximate volume: 316 million mi3

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6000 feet deep

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Earth’s OceansEarth’s Oceans

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about 4% of the Earth’s surface

surrounds Antarctica extending to the latitude 60° South

-2°C to 10°C

Southern Ocean

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Designated in 2000

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Sizes and Depths

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Largest: Pacific

AtlanticIndianSouthern

Smallest: Arctic

Sizes

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Average Ocean DepthsAverage Ocean Depths

Pacific 14,100 ft

Atlantic 12,900 ft

Indian 12,700 ft

Southern 12,000 ft

Arctic 4,300f ft

Overall Average Depth: 2.33 miles

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Land and Sea

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SOUTHERN OCEAN

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The World Ocean

Caspian SeaBlack SeaMediterranean

Strait of Gibraltar

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Water and Civilization

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The First Necessary ConditionFor the Establishment of a Civilization

A dependable supply of water

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Development

Paleolithic (old stone age)was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age.

2 million years

~12,000 years

Stone Tools

Homo habilis

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Neolithic (new stone age)was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age (not necessarily chronological)

Domestication Pottery Weaving Hafted Axes

-12,000 -3500 years

Development

Cause?

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Agriculture

20,000 years ago

8,000 years ago

DevelopmentOf Agriculture(systematic/irrigated)

Development was slow and variable

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Neolithic Revolution

food gatherers to food producers

Fewer Farmers Surplus Food

Specialized skillsDiverse abilities

CraftsmenTradersTechnicians

Why?

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tool users

agriculture

iron age

industrial revolution

Steam Power

space flight

2,000,000 yrs

8,500 yrs

3,000 yrs

150 yrs

Time Perspective

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Climate and Water

Forced Adaptation

Homo sapiens

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Retreat of the Ice

fresher

saltier

Gibraltar

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•Overpopulation of lands around the Mediterranean

•Overload of available resources

•Concentration of people into smaller areas

Consequences

depletion of plantsAnimal populations died back

•new survival strategiestill the earthPooled resourcesProtect/domesticate animals

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Civilization

Neolithic Founder CropsWheatBarleyFlaxChick PeaLentil

Domesticated animals:cows, goats, sheep, and pigs

NileJordanTigrisEuphrates

Flood Stories

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Water, Climate, and Contemporary Civilization

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1o F

80o F

35o F

110o F

30o F

1o F

Surface Temperatures

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Thermal Properties of Waterin Relation to Climate

Latent Heat

Heat Capacity

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Latent Heat:

The amount of heat energy absorbedor released by water when it undergoesa phase change.

Solid Liquid Gas

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Heat Capacity

Water can absorb a lot of heat before the temperature increases

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Heat Capacity

Water 1.00 cal/g·oCAlcohol 0.06Mercury 0.03Oil 0.50

The amount of heat (calories) required raise the temperature of one gram

of a substance by 1o Celsius.

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temperatures of large standing bodies of water remain relatively constant.

Prevents wide temperature fluctuations

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