HYDROSPHEREVideo

HYDROSPHERE

Is a discontinuous layer of water at or near the Earth’s atmosphere. It includes

all liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and rock, and atmosphere water vapor. Oceans and

seas make up more than 70% of earths surface.

OCEAN Is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF OCEANS

SALINITYIs the concentration of dissolved salts

TEMPERATUREIs the distribution of heat in the ocean including surface waters, thermocline

(region of rapid change in temperature) mode waters, and deep waters.

DENSITY-mass per unit volume

Affected by three factors:Water temperatureSalinity andAmount of suspended materials

OCEAN CURRENTS

These can be attributed partly to differences in atmospheric pressure,

gravity and waves.

Currents are divided into two forms of circulation:

a)Wind driven Circulationb)Thermohaline Circulation

OCEANS OF THE WORLD

PACIFIC OCEAN Is the largest and deepest of

world’s oceans, covering more than a third of earth’s

surface.

The name Pacific, which means peaceful, was given to it by the Portuguese navigator

Ferdinand Magellan in 1520.

                                                                                               

         Big Sur, CaliforniaHighway 1 runs along the California coastline through the Big Sur area, south of Monterey. Big Sur covers a large area along the Pacific coast and is admired for its beautiful forests, craggy peaks, and breathtaking coastline.

ATLANTIC OCEAN Is the second largest ocean and the most heavily traveled.

Name was derived from Atlas, one of the Titans of Greek mythology

                                                                                                              Canada’s Ocean PlaygroundNova Scotia is one of Canada’s Maritime provinces. The province’s self-proclaimed nickname is “Canada’s Ocean Playground.” Here, a whale bursts through the surface of the waves in the waters off Nova Scotia’s Atlantic coast.

INDIAN OCEAN Is the third largest ocean. It contains island

with Sri Lanka and Madagascar as the largest.

Seychelles in the Indian Ocean The Seychelles are a group of about 115 islands scattered over the west Indian Ocean. Their beautiful beaches attract many visitors, making the tourist trade an

important part of the economy

SOUTHERN OCEAN Has extremely bitter cold water, with drifting icebergs and is

hit with a lot of storm making it dangerous for ships.

ARCTIC OCEAN Is the smallest of the five oceans. Climate here is cold with winters

characterized by continuous darkness

Arctic meltdown

Polar Bear, common name for a white bear found on the sea ice of the Arctic Circle throughout the North Polar basin

Polar Bear video clip from Encarta

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE OCEAN FLOOR

OCEAN FLOOR

OCEANIC RIDGE part of the massive chain of mountain circling the earth on the ocean floor

broad fractured swell generally more than 1400km wide

OCEAN RIDGE- an underwater mountain that rises from the ocean basin RIFT VALLEY- huge cracklike valley that runs along the axis of the ridge

Ridge

relatively smooth deep ocean basins

extends from the flanks of the oceanic ridge to the continental margins and generally lies at depths of about 4000m

TWO SECTION:

A. ABYSSAL HILLS

small hills, rising as much as 900m above the ocean floor

ABYSSAL FLOOR

B. ABBYSAL PLAINS

flat and almost level area of the ocean basin deepest part of ocean w/ exception in deep sea trenches smooth land derived sediment that completely covers the abyssal hills near the continental margins

ISLAND & SEAMOUNTS

isolated peaks of submarine volcanoes

some rise from sea level and form island

SEAMOUNT- a volcano that does not rise above sea level GUYOT- flat-topped seamount

Seamounts

long narrow, valley on the seafloor

lowest area on Earth’s surface

MARIANA TRENCH

--- lowest point in Earth, located in Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean is 11 km below sea level

OCEANIC TRENCH

covered by the ocean but not geologically part of oceanic crust

are composed of continental crust and sediments derived from erosion of the land

CONTINENTAL MARGINS

A. CONTINENTAL SHELF

a shallow area of the ocean near a land mass most of the ocean plants and animals are found because it receives sunlight and nutrients

THREE MAJOR SECTION

Continental Shelf

area after the continental shelf where the ocean becomes deeper steeply dipping surface between the outer edge of the continental shelf and the ocean basin proper

B. CONTINENTAL SLOPE

C. CONTINENTAL RISE gently sloping pile of sediments that

accumulates in the seafloor at the bottom

of the continental slope

SUBMARINE CANYON

have v-shaped profile and a system of tributaries and thus closely resemble the great canyon cut by the rivers on the continents

Submarine Canyons

where the ocean meets the land

I. IntertidalZone

Is also known as the bottom of the ocean.

II. Benthic Zone

III. Pelagic Zone

The water itself

part of the pelagic zone that extends from the

high tide line to an ocean bottom less than 600 feet

deep.

A. Neritic Zone

Parts of Pelagic Zone

B. Oceanic Zone

Water deeper than 600 feet

IV. Abyssal Zone

The deep Ocean

A. sunlit zone: enough light penetrates to support photosynthesis

B. twilight zone: where very small amounts of light penetrate

C. midnight zone: which is entirely devoid of light

B. Division Based on Amount of Sunlight

A. Division Based on Water Depth

a.epipelagic: from the surface down to around 200 metres

b. mesopelagic: from 200 metres down to around 1000 metres

c. bathypelagic: from 1000 metres down to around 4000 metres

d. Abyssopelagic: (from 4000 metres down to above the ocean floor)

e. Hadalpelagic: (the deep water in ocean trenches)

Layers & Structures of the Ocean (Muro Ami video clip)

Instruments to Explore the Depths

Water Sampling Bottles

Deep Sea Thermometers

                    

  

                                                                                                                                                                

     

Bottom Samplers

Sonic (sound) Depth Thermometers

Deep Sea Cameras

COMPOSITIONOF SEAWATER

Seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%

Composition of Seawater

Seawater is a complex solution of salts

  Seawater consists of

about 3.5% of dissolved minerals

SALINITY is the proportion of dissolved salts to pure water

The average salinity of the ocean is about 3.5%

6 elements account of the oceans 99% salinity Chlorine Sodium Sulfur Magnesium Calcium potassium

6 elements account for 99% of the ocean’s salinity

CHLORINE

SODIUM

MAGNESIUM

CALCIUM

POTASSIUM

Sulfur

Bodies of Water

Brooks - the smallest water channel

RAPIDSStreams in a very steep

slope with the water moving so fast

Cagayan de Oro River Rapids

Creeks - often larger than brooks. Creeks are also sometimes known as streams but the word stream is quite a generic term

for any body of flowing water

River - a large stream that flows over land and is often a perennial water body and

usually flows in a specific channel

PASIG RIVER

PASIG RIVERThe Pasig River is a river in Luzon,

Philippines. It originates from Laguna de Bay (Laguna Lake) and drains its waters

into the Manila Bay, after passing through five cities and four municipalities.

Loboc River, Bohol Island

Sabang Underground River, Puerto Princesa Palawan

Pond - small lake, most often in a natural depression

Lake - a generic term, it refers to any accumulation of water surrounded by land

although it is often of a considerable size

Lake Bulusan, Luzon Island

Sea - a very large lake that contains salt water (except the Sea of Galilee, which is actually a freshwater lake). A sea can also be attached to, or even part of, an

ocean

Ocean - the ultimate bodies of water.

Cove - the smallest indentations of land by a lake, sea, or ocean.

BAY

McWay Cove, California USA

Bay - larger than a cove and can refer to any wide indentation of the

land

Manila Bay

Batangas Bay, Batangas City

Manila Bay is one of the finest natural harbor in the world which serves the port of Manila, in the Philippines. The entrance is 19 kilometer km wide and expands to a width of 48 km.

Gulf - larger than a bay, which is usually a deep, cut of the land, such as the Persian Gulf or the Gulf of California. Bays

and gulfs can also be known as inlets

                                             

  A satellite image showing the Persian Gulf

Lagoon - any lake or pond directly connected to a larger body of water

Turquiose Lagoon, Coron Island Palawan

Channel - a narrow sea between two land masses, such as the English Channel.

                                                                            

     

The English Channel (satellite view)

Whirlpool - a body of water spinning in a generally circular

motion

Falls and Rapids - waters that move relatively fast due to the steepness and constriction or narrowing of the channel forms

of the rapids

Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna

Water cycle video

Hydrologic CycleProcess where pathways of water as it moves into the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere

are shown

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

evaporationProcess wherein

liquid water turns into the gaseous

state

CondensationOpposite of evaporation wherein a

vapor liquefies or turns to liquid state accompanied by cooling

precipitationDeposition of water whether in

solid or liquid form that falls to the ground

TranspirationPassive process that occurs when

plants lose water through the pores of the stomata

SublimationProcess where solids change directly to the gaseous state

without passing through the liquid state

depositionProcess of transforming a gas to

the solid state just like the formation of ice from water vapor

infiltrationEntry of water to the ground

TIDES

Tides are periodic rise and fall of all ocean waters caused by the gravitational attraction of the

moon and sun upon the water and upon the earth itself.

TYPES OF TIDESPRING TIDE – occurs when the sun ,

moon and the Earth align.

NEAP TIDE – occurs when the moon is in the first or third quarter and it is at right angles to then sun relative to the

earth.

SOLAR TIDES – occur between the lunar tides producing high and low tides

less pronounced than usual.

TIDES

WATER POLLUTIONthe contamination

of water bodiesGuimaras oil spil video clipl

CLASSIFICATIONS OF WATER POLLUTION

MUNICIPAL WATER POLLUTION – is composed of wastewater from homes or commercial establishments.

INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION – which comes from industries

AGRICULTURAL WATER POLLUTION – which comes from commercial livestock and poultry farming.

MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTANTS

1) PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

2) PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES

3) HEAVY METALS (ex. lead, copper and mercury)

4) HAZARDOUS WASTE

5) EXCESS ORGANIC MATTER

6) SEDIMENTS

7) INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

8) THERMAL POLLUTION

How to prevent water pollution Video clip 1 Video clip 2 Masdan mo ang kapaligiran

PURIFICATION PROCESSES

What is WATER PURIFICATION? process of removing undesirable

chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from raw water

the methods used include physical process such as filtration and sedimentation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical process such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.

Water Purification 131

Purpose of Water Purification

produce water fit for a specific purpose (human consumption; requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications)

reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may have made contact with after falling as rain

Water Purification 132

Do you know that… 1.1 billion people lack access to an

improved drinking water supply, 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, and 1.8 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year (World Health Organization, 2007) video clip

Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and storing it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year.

Water Purification 133

BOILING - is the most certain way of killing harmful bacteria in water.

BOILING is the rapid vaporization

of a liquid, which typically occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure. Water Purification 135

Mechanical filtration- it uses two tools strainers and sediment filters.

Chemical purification is of two types: iodine treatment and chlorine treatment

CHEMICAL PURIFICATION

Iodine Treatment: Iodine is light sensitive and must always be stored in a dark bottle. It works best if the water is over 68° F (21° C).

Chlorine Treatment: Chlorine can be used for persons with iodine allergies or restrictions. Water temperature, sediment level, and contact time are all elements in killing microorganisms in the water

CARBON FILTRATION -– IS THE MOST WIDELY USED FROM OF HOME WATER TREATMENT.

CARBON FILTRATION a method of filtering

that uses a piece of activated carbon to remove contaminants and impurities, utilizing chemical adsorption

have been used for several hundred years and are considered one of the oldest means of water purification

Water Purification 140

REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) – UTILIZES NORMAL HOUSEHOLD WATER PRESSURE

REVERSE OSMOSIS

involves a diffusive mechanism so that separation efficiency is dependent on influent solute concentration, pressure and water flux rate

works by using pressure to force a solution through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side and allowing the pure solvent to pass to the other sideWater Purification 142

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

is also used during certain stages of processing which

provides disinfections by killing or neutralizing bacteria, viruses

or other living organisms through exposure to strong UV

light.

Hydrosphere summary