US HISTORY & GOV’T IMPERIAL DIPLOMACY JOHN JAY HS
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US HISTORY & GOV’T IMPERIAL DIPLOMACY
JOHN JAY HS
BIG IDEAS
WHAT IDEAS DOMINATED 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY?
HOW DO THE HAMILTONIAN & JEFFERSONIAN TRADITIONS DIFFER?
IS AMERICAN DEMOCRACY COMPATIBLE WITH AMERICIAN EMPIRE?
AMERICAN DIPLOMACY . . . THE FIRST 100 YEARS
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS (1796)• “NO PERMANENT ALLIANCES”
JEFFERSON’S FIRST INAUGURAL (1800)• “AVOID ENTANGLING ALLIANCES”
MONROE DOCTRINE (1823)• NEW WORLD = US SPHERE OF INFLUENCE; • NEUTRAL TOWARD EUROPEAN “GREAT POWERS”
KEY THEMES: ISOLATION & NEUTRALITY
KEY FACTS: GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION, POLITICAL & ECONOMIC WEAKNESS
EUROPE: BUSY TAKING OVER AFRICA & ASIA
TWO TRADITIONS: HAMILTON & JEFFERSON
REALIST
MILITARYPROFESSIONAL MILITARY
BIG NAVY
EMPIRE > DEMOCRACY
MILITARY FORCE WAR
PROTECTIONIST
“MIGHT IS RIGHT”
IDEALIST
ECONOMIC VOLUNTEER MILITIA
SMALL NAVY
EMPIRE < DEMOCRACY
MORAL SUASIONARBITRATION
FREE TRADE
“MIGHT FOR RIGHT”
REALISM, IDEALISM & LIBERALISM REALISM: INT’L RELATIONS = POWER BALANCE OF POWER; SOCIAL DARWINISM “THE STRONG DO WHAT THEY CAN, THE WEAK ACCEPT WHAT THEY MUST” GREAT WHITE FLEET; SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR; PANAMA CANAL
IDEALISM: INT’L RELATIONS = VALUES & ETHICS INTERNATIONAL LAW “DO JUSTICE, THOUGH THE HEAVENS FALL” WILSON’S 14 POINTS; ANTI-IMPERIALISM LEAGUE
LIBERALISM: INT’L RELATIONS = MONEY INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (EX. LEAGUE OF NATIONS, UN, IMF) “FOLLOW THE MONEY” OPEN DOOR POLICY; DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY USA = WORLD’S POLICEMAN
MONROE DOCTRINE EUROPEANSSTAY OUT OF AMERICAS COROLLARY = UPDATE USA = “ENFORCE THE LAW” IF LATIN AMERICA FALLS IN DEBT TO EUROPE “WALK SOFTLY AND CARRY ABIG STICK” = MILITARY FORCE BACKS UP DIPLOMACY
DOLLAR DIPLOMACYUSA = WORLD’S BANKER (PRESIDENT TAFT)
USE ECONOMIC LEVERAGE MAKE LA GOVT’S “REFORM”
OVERSEAS BUSINESSES = AGENTS OF US GOVERNMENT SUPPORT POLICIES FAVORABLE TO US BUSINESS
INTERESTSCOLOSSAL FAILURE = UNPOPULAR IN THE US & LATIN AMERICA
ECONOMIC LEVERAGE = NOT EFFECTIVEMODERN EXAMPLES: IMF & STRUCTURAL REFORM; 1982, 1994 “TEQUILA” CRISES
WILSONIAN IDEALISM FOREIGN POLICY = BASED ON PRINCIPLE, NOT POWER OR PULCHRE
USA = EXCEPTIONAL (UNIQUELY GOOD) PURITANCIAL: BLACK & WHITE, NO GRAY NO COMPROMISE (CAN’T DEAL W/ DEVIL)
BASIS FOR AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN WWI
CRITICISMS: NAÏVE: PEOPLE = NOT GOOD; NATIONS = SELF-INTERESTED SELF-RIGHTEOUS: WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE? HYPOCRITICAL: MEXICO? PHILIPPINES? RACISM?
INDIANS?
LATIN AMERICA USA & LATIN AMERICA = LOVE-HATE RELATIONSHIP
DIAZ: “POOR MEXICO: SO FAR FROM GOD, SO CLOSE TO THE USA” LATIN AMERICA ≠ BACKWARD:
IN 1909, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY & CHILE ≥ GERMANY ; MOST OF LATIN
AMERICA = DEMOCRATIC LATIN AMERICA = UNDERBANKED
PANAMA INDEPENDENT OF COLOMBIA 1903 HAYS-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY
ASIA PATERNALISTIC & ROMANTICIZING TO CHINA
PATRONIZING & PARANOID TO JAPAN1905: TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH = ENDS RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR; ROOSEVELT ARBITRATES WINS NOBEL PRIZEJAPAN = RAW DEAL1907: GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT:JAPAN “VOLUNTARILY” RESTRICTSIMMIGRATION SEGREGATED SCHOOLS IN SAN FRANLONG FUSE WWII