1. Organic Chemistry
Revision Notes

2. Formation of Oil
Oil, coal and gas are fossil fuels
Crude oil is formed by long term heat and pressure on dead marine plant and animal deposits
Formed in porous rock under non-porous cap
3. Fractional Distillation
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
Separated into useful fractions (refining)
Simple in lab
Top to bottom: increasing viscosity, boiling point
4. Combustion and Pollution
Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide, poisonous as it reduces RBCs capacity to carry oxygen
Cars produce nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain
Acid rain damages habitats, buildings, etc.
5. Energy from Fuel
Can use calorimeter to find out amount of energy produced in combustion
H(Q)= m x c x T (c=4.2 for water)
6. Homologous Series
Family of organic compounds with same:
General formula
Functional group
Chemical reactions
Physical properties (e.g. b.p.) show pattern
Consecutive members differ by a CH2
Main groups: alkanes, alkenes, alcohols
Naming: Carbon chain + functional group
7. Alkanes
No functional group
Single C-C bonds only saturated
Contain only C and H: hydrocarbons
General formula: CnH2n+2
Main reaction is combustion
Free radical reaction, cracking to make alkenes
8. Alkenes
Functional group: C=C
Simple ones contain one C=C bond unsaturated
Contain only C and H: hydrocarbons
General formula: CnH2n
Reactions: combustion, polymerization, bromination, addition, substitution, etc.
9. Alcohols
Functional group: COOH
Produced by fermentation or hydration of alkenes
Contain O: not a hydrocarbon
General formula:
CnH2n+1OH
Dehydration to form alkenes
10. Isomerism
Same molecular formula, different structural/displayed formula
11. Cracking
12. Addition Polymerization
Monomer contains double C=C bond
Add together to form chain
E.g. ethene polythene
13. Condensation Polymerization
Two different monomers, each with two (reactive) functional groups
Water (condensation) is formed as byproduct