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Unit 5 Cells

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1. MC.2.B.1Construct a hierarchy of life from cells to ecosystems.

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HIERARCHY OF LIFE

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Cell: smallest functional unit of life Ex. Heart cell (cardiac muscle cell) Tissue: made of similar cells that have the same function Ex. Cardiac muscle tissue

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HIERARCHY OF LIFE Organ: made of tissues that work together Ex. Heart Organ system: made of organs that work together Ex. Cardiovascular System

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HIERARCHY OF LIFE Organism: individual living thing Ex. Human

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2. NS.12.B.4Relate the development of the cell theory to current trends in cellular biology.

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CELL THEORY 3 parts to the cell theory: 1. The cell is the basic unit of life 2. All living things are made of cells 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells

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CELL THEORY Robert Hooke (1635- 1703) Observed sections or cork through a microscope. Called them cells

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CELL THEORY Anton van Leeuwenheok (1632-1723) Observed tiny living things in drops of pond water. One of the first to observe cells through a microscope.

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CELL THEORY Theodor Schwann stated that all animals are made of cells. (1839)

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CELL THEORY Matthais Schleiden stated that all plants are made of cells. (1839)

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CELL THEORY Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902) German scientist who discovered that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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CELL THEORY Central piece of equipment: MICROSCOPE

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3. MC.2.B.2Relate Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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PROKARYOTES single-celled organisms; unicellular No nucleus DNA floats in cytoplasm Small, simple Only contain DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm Example: bacteria

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EUKARYOTES Usually multi-celled; can be single-celled Has a nucleus DNA contained in nucleus Larger, more complex Has lots of different organelles Example: animals, plants, fungi, & protists

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Eukaryote or Prokaryote?

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4. MC.2.B.3Describe the role of sub- cellular structures in the life of a cell: organelles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

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Nucleus: Controls the cell Contains the DNA (instructions) Has nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.

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Smooth ER: Makes lipids Looks like noodles No ribosomes attached

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Rough ER: Transports and edits proteins Has ribosomes attached to it

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Golgi Bodies: Packages and transports proteins to their final destination. Like a post office

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Mitochondria: Makes energy (ATP) for the cell Cellular respiration Do not say it is the powerhouse of the cell unless you can explain why.

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Lysosome: Has digestive enzymes and cleans the cell Gets rid of toxins and wastes.

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Vacuole: Stores liquid, food, and wastes.

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*Chloroplast: Makes glucose for plant cells photosynthesis *This structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.

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*Central vacuole: (large vacuole) Large vacuole in plant cells Holds mostly water Provides more support for the cell *This structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.

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Centrioles: Help with cell division Located in the centrosome when the cell is not dividing. Only in animal cells

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*Cell Wall: Found in plant cells Gives the cell more structure Made of cellulose *This structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.

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Cell (plasma) membrane: Surrounds the cell Selectively permeable Allows some, not all, substances in/out of the cell.

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Cytoplasm: Jelly-like oozy substance inside the cell Includes everything except the nucleus.

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Cytoskeleton: Protein filaments inside the cell that provide internal structure and hold organelles in place.

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Ribosomes: Small structures that make proteins Could float in cytoplasm or be attached to rough ER.

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6. MC.2.B.5Compare and contrast the structures of an animal cell to a plant cell.

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Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant OnlyAnimal Only Chloroplasts Cell wall Central vacuole Centrioles Both Plant & Animal All other organelles Both are eukaryotic

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5. MC.2.B.4Relate the function of the plasma (cell) membrane to its structure.

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Cell Membrane:

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Phospholipid bilayer: Structure Makes the majority of the cell membrane Made of phospholipids Each has a polar head & 2 nonpolar tails Arranged in 2 rows w/ tails in. Flexible

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Phospholipid bilayer: Function Encloses the cell (boundary) Protects and supports cell Regulates what enters/leaves Selectively permeable

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Proteins: Structure Can be embedded in the membrane or along the side

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Proteins: Function Helps molecules and materials that are too big or have a charge to cross the membrane.

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Carbohydrates: Structure Attach to the outside of the cell

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Carbohydrates: Function ID tag Identifies what kind of cell it is

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Cholesterol: Structure Lipids that are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

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Cholesterol: Function Provides added structure and support to the membrane

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7. MC.2.B.7Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport mechanisms: diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis.