1. MC.2.B.1Construct a hierarchy of life from cells to
ecosystems.
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HIERARCHY OF LIFE
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Cell: smallest functional unit of life Ex. Heart cell (cardiac
muscle cell) Tissue: made of similar cells that have the same
function Ex. Cardiac muscle tissue
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HIERARCHY OF LIFE Organ: made of tissues that work together Ex.
Heart Organ system: made of organs that work together Ex.
Cardiovascular System
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HIERARCHY OF LIFE Organism: individual living thing Ex.
Human
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2. NS.12.B.4Relate the development of the cell theory to
current trends in cellular biology.
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CELL THEORY 3 parts to the cell theory: 1. The cell is the
basic unit of life 2. All living things are made of cells 3. Cells
come from pre-existing cells
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CELL THEORY Robert Hooke (1635- 1703) Observed sections or cork
through a microscope. Called them cells
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CELL THEORY Anton van Leeuwenheok (1632-1723) Observed tiny
living things in drops of pond water. One of the first to observe
cells through a microscope.
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CELL THEORY Theodor Schwann stated that all animals are made of
cells. (1839)
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CELL THEORY Matthais Schleiden stated that all plants are made
of cells. (1839)
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CELL THEORY Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902) German scientist who
discovered that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
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CELL THEORY Central piece of equipment: MICROSCOPE
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3. MC.2.B.2Relate Compare and contrast prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
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PROKARYOTES single-celled organisms; unicellular No nucleus DNA
floats in cytoplasm Small, simple Only contain DNA, ribosomes, and
cytoplasm Example: bacteria
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EUKARYOTES Usually multi-celled; can be single-celled Has a
nucleus DNA contained in nucleus Larger, more complex Has lots of
different organelles Example: animals, plants, fungi, &
protists
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Eukaryote or Prokaryote?
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4. MC.2.B.3Describe the role of sub- cellular structures in the
life of a cell: organelles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton
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Nucleus: Controls the cell Contains the DNA (instructions) Has
nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.
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Smooth ER: Makes lipids Looks like noodles No ribosomes
attached
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Rough ER: Transports and edits proteins Has ribosomes attached
to it
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Golgi Bodies: Packages and transports proteins to their final
destination. Like a post office
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Mitochondria: Makes energy (ATP) for the cell Cellular
respiration Do not say it is the powerhouse of the cell unless you
can explain why.
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Lysosome: Has digestive enzymes and cleans the cell Gets rid of
toxins and wastes.
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Vacuole: Stores liquid, food, and wastes.
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*Chloroplast: Makes glucose for plant cells photosynthesis
*This structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.
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*Central vacuole: (large vacuole) Large vacuole in plant cells
Holds mostly water Provides more support for the cell *This
structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.
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Centrioles: Help with cell division Located in the centrosome
when the cell is not dividing. Only in animal cells
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*Cell Wall: Found in plant cells Gives the cell more structure
Made of cellulose *This structure is in plant cells, but not animal
cells.
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Cell (plasma) membrane: Surrounds the cell Selectively
permeable Allows some, not all, substances in/out of the cell.
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Cytoplasm: Jelly-like oozy substance inside the cell Includes
everything except the nucleus.
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Cytoskeleton: Protein filaments inside the cell that provide
internal structure and hold organelles in place.
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Ribosomes: Small structures that make proteins Could float in
cytoplasm or be attached to rough ER.
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6. MC.2.B.5Compare and contrast the structures of an animal
cell to a plant cell.
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Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant OnlyAnimal Only Chloroplasts Cell
wall Central vacuole Centrioles Both Plant & Animal All other
organelles Both are eukaryotic
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5. MC.2.B.4Relate the function of the plasma (cell) membrane to
its structure.
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Cell Membrane:
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Phospholipid bilayer: Structure Makes the majority of the cell
membrane Made of phospholipids Each has a polar head & 2
nonpolar tails Arranged in 2 rows w/ tails in. Flexible
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Phospholipid bilayer: Function Encloses the cell (boundary)
Protects and supports cell Regulates what enters/leaves Selectively
permeable
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Proteins: Structure Can be embedded in the membrane or along
the side
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Proteins: Function Helps molecules and materials that are too
big or have a charge to cross the membrane.
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Carbohydrates: Structure Attach to the outside of the cell
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Carbohydrates: Function ID tag Identifies what kind of cell it
is
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Cholesterol: Structure Lipids that are embedded within the
phospholipid bilayer
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Cholesterol: Function Provides added structure and support to
the membrane
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7. MC.2.B.7Compare and contrast active transport and passive
transport mechanisms: diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis,
phagocytosis, pinocytosis.