Under the GA LIFE10 ENV/IT/391 An integrated view of...
Transcript of Under the GA LIFE10 ENV/IT/391 An integrated view of...
Under the GA LIFE10 ENV/IT/391
An integrated view of Saharan Dust advections: The DIAPASON LIFE+ project experience.
G.P. Gobbi1, F. Barnaba1, S. Basart2 A. Bolignano3, F. Costabile1, L. Di Liberto1, D. Dionisi1,
F. Drewnick4, F. Lucarelli5, M. Manigrasso6, C. Perrino7, S. Nava5, L. Sauvage8, U. Rizza1,
R. Sozzi3, C. Struckmeier4, H. Wille9,
1)Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 00133, Rome, Italy
2) Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Earth Sciences Division, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
3) Latium Agency for Environmental Protection, ARPA-Lazio, 02100, Rieti, Italy
4) Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
5)Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, and I.N.F.N., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
6) DIT, INAIL, 00187, Rome, Italy
7)Institute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, CNR, 00015 - Monterotondo Stazione – Rome, Italy
8) Leosphere SaS, 91400, Orsay, France
9) Jenoptik ESW, now at Lufft GmbH, 70736 Fellbach, Germany
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Goals and Methods
The “DIAPASON” Project (Desert dust Impact on Air quality through model
Predictions and Advanced Sensors ObservatioNs) has been funded by the
EC LIFE+2010 programme to improve current methodologies for assessing
the PM10 share due to Saharan dust advections in Europe (e.g., Directive
2008/50/EC and relevant Guidelines).
DIAPASON has been running from October 2011 through August 2015.
To reach its goals DIAPASON proposed to:
Prototype new Polarization Lidar-Ceilometers (PLCs) to demonstrate their capability at “certifying” the presence, of Saharan dust plumes;
Generate a comprehensive database of physical and chemical properties of Saharan dust advections to Italy;
Validate the dust load estimates (EC Guidelines and Diapason tests) against actual measurements of mineral dust content and propose improved methodologies;
Generate software tools implementing all recommendations for the
desert dust detection and quantification methodology.
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24-Aug-2012
Upgrade of the Jenoptik
Nimbus CHM15K Ceilometer
Tests in Jena
Tests in Paris
Modification of the Leosphere R-MAN510 Raman
Dual-Polarization Lidar Super Ceilometer
18-Aug-2012
Development and operational use of PLCs The DIAPASON PLCs have been co-located with standard ARPA Lazio Air Quality Stations.
Two 1-month ‘Intensive Observation Periods’ (October 2013 & May 2014) were carried out in collaboration with Networked groups to perform extensive dust observations.
These ‘IOPs’ provided a wealth of multi-disciplinary data during the Saharan advections.
On October 1st 2013 DIAPASON started a 1-year-observational period (h24 plots on web)
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Rome-Tor Vergata
Rome-Boncompagni Alt
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(0-6
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Time (0-24 h UTC )
Rome-Boncompagni OCT 22, 2013
Dust detection by PLC
Alt
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TAU model forecast 0-8 km
PLC signal 0-6 km PIXE-PMF Al & Ca rich
PLC Depo 0-6 km
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MAY 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
50 um
Further Results from the DIAPASON Observations
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Microscope and SEM images confirmed
the high content of dust particles in
raindrops and a preferential Ca content in
sizes > 3um
Together with detecting the presence of advections and rainout events, PLCs provide info about the mixing layer height (MLH) and presence of elevated layers
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Further Results from the DIAPASON Observations
Currently some 10 PLCs have been commissioned by
the German Weather Service, DWD to Lufft
In terms of methodology to assess the Saharan dust
contribution to PM, Diapason addressed the:
• Evaluation of the EU Guidelines performances and
definition of relevant recommendations;
• Definition of a validated and automated methodology
to estimate the Saharan contribution to PM Loads
Methodology
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DIAPASON explored applicability to the Italian context and possible improvements of the EC-Guidelines Methodology, (with or without the use of PLCs)
DIAPASON has been carried out in the Lazio Region chosen as PILOT SCALE
Lazio Region
Rome
Main points of the EC Method investigated within DIAPASON
1st: the required selection of a Regional Background site
Desert dust load in all the monitoring sites of a given region are set equal to that derived in the Regional Background site
How to select it? What if there is no site in a region with RB characteristics?
Is this choice really necessary?
2nd: the choice of a 15 days out-of-dust reference period
The dust load in the Regional Background is computed in an out-of-dust period of 15 days, is this the optimal choice?
3rd:‘Validation’ of the methods through comparison with chemical analysis of PM10 samples
4th: Redundancy of the information needed to flag the dust events
About the need for & selection of a Regional Background
Applying EC Guidelines over other Regional Background sites we get typical absolute differences of dust loads of the order of 1020 mg/m3 with respect to Fontechiari, with maximum differences reaching >50 mg/m3
Allumiere
Castel di Guido
Tenuta del Cavaliere
Fontechiari
Leonessa
Max distance between sites 200 km
PATOS SITES
RegBackg
PIXE-derived desert dust load in the Tuscany sites vs. the one
simultaneously derived in the Regional Background (Livorno)
Typical Differences of 5-10 mg/m3
Saharan Dust Load from direct Chemical Analysis of PM10 samples
PATOS PIXE data (Lucarelli & Nava, INFN , FI)
This indicates that the use of a Regional Background site can be limitative, particularly considering that estimates of the dust load are mostly important at urban sites…
THE DIAPASON RECOMMENDED APPROACH IS TO USE EACH SINGLE SITE AS A REFERENCE BACKGROUND FOR ITS OWN PM10 RECORD
Test of the ‘null hypothesis’
Asymmetrical time periods
Symmetrical time periods
Asymmetrical time periods
Asymmetrical time periods
Symmetrical time periods
Symmetrical time periods
About the choice of a 15 days out-of-dust averaging period in the EC Guidelines
Point 1, Point 2, Point 3
the underlying hypothesis of a zero-difference between PM10 at ‘day0’ with respect to the average (or percentile) of PM10 values over a ‘BACKGROUND’ period of length ‘L’
becomes weaker INCREASING the BACKGROUND PERIOD LENGTH (both symmetrically and asymmetrically around day0, i.e., L and –L)
-15 -10 -7-5 -3 3 5 7 10 15 -15 -10 -7-5 -3 3 5 7 10 15
This indicates that the closer the background period to the dust event the better this represent the ‘real’ background the dust event builds on…
THE DIAPASON RECOMMENDED APPROACH IS TO USE THE SHORTEST, SYMMETRICAL OUT-OF-
DUST BACKGROUND PERIOD WHICH ALSO ALLOWS TO REDUCE POSSIBLE WEEKLY CYCLES 3 days
24-MAY-2014
Fontechiari
22-MAY-2014
Fontechiari
Allumiere
Chimere Model simulations from http://cetemps.aquila.infn.it, (G. Curci)
Selection of the Background PM10 and Validation by IOP chemical composition data
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12/5 13/5 14/5 15/5 16/5 17/5 18/5 19/5 20/5 21/5 22/5 23/5 24/5 25/5 26/5 27/5 28/5 29/5
2014
Sah
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ust
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(m
g/m
3) Chemical Analysis (XRF&ICR+H20)
PMF on PIXE Analysis
DIAPASON Approach
EC GUI Approach (RB = Fontechiari)
IOP2
XRF, ICR, H20 data (Perrino & Canepari) PIXE data (Lucarelli & Nava)
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y = 1.21x - 2.13
R2 = 0.96
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Dust Load from Chemical Analysis (PMF on PIXE)
Du
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y = 1.03x - 0.02
R2 = 0.98
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Dust Load from Chemical Analysis (XRF+ICR+H20)
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EC Guidelines DIAPASON approach
y = 0.34x + 2.67
R2 = 0.15
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-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30Dust Load from Chemical Analysis (XRF+ICR+H20)
Du
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In terms of methodology to assess the Saharan dust
contribution to PM, Diapason addressed the
capabilities of dust models alone at assessing the
presence of Saharan advections. As an outcome:
• DIAPASON tests led to recommend the use multiple-
model dust forecast alone (&PLC if available) as
indicators of dust presence;
This choice also allows for an automated (operator-
independent) evaluation of the PM contribution by
Saharan advections
Methodology: Assessment of the presence of dust advections
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- The methodological recommendations of DIAPASON have been turned into an automatic user-independent software for the Project Stakeholder Community
currently used by the Latium and Umbria Regional Environmental Services.
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Application of the ‘DIAPASON-recommended’ approach to the national level: Saharan dust impact on the Italian PM10 metrics
Northern Italy has the lowest number of Saharan dust days and lowest yearly dust PM10, Still, the mean dust load per event is maximum in northern cities, along the major traffic paths
DIAPASON’s use of a “self-referenced” approach rather than the “regional
background one” and of model forecasts for
timing of advections allows for characterization of ALL
PM-monitoring stations
Based on BSC Dream8b data
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Advections timed by DEAM8b data, S. Basart, BSC)
This result points to a major role of traffic-driven resuspension during desert dust episodes
No. of PM10 Exceedances due to dust*
2012 2013 2014
EC-Method 0-6 0-2 0-11
DIAPASON 0-8 0-4 1-13
Results: Statistics OVER ALL the ARPA LAZIO sites in the 3 years 2012-2014
*values depend on monitoring site
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Impact on Yearly Average PM10 (mg/m3)*
2012 2013
2014
EC-Method 0-1 0-1 1-3
DIAPASON 1-2 0-1 1-4
All ARPA Lazio sites 2012-2014
As a follow-up to its activities DIAPASON contributed to launch:
• An advanced mobile laboratory (Aerolab) to measure standard and non-conventional aerosol metrics (BC, UFP, PAH) (with additional AMS and PIXE capability);
• A national-scale networking monitoring by Automated LIdar-CEilometers (www.ALICE-net.eu)
Post-DIAPASON
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