Effectiveness of Air Quality Mitigation measures in Paris...

Effectiveness of Air Quality

Mitigation measures

in Paris Region

Sophie Moukhtar|Airuse – Life Conference - 19-04-2016

Airuse – Life Conference| 19-04-2016 2

Summary

1. State of the air quality in Paris region

2. Local Permanent mitigation measures

3. Emergency measures

4. Perspectives


State of the air quality

in Paris Region 1


Paris region specificities

► A densely populated and urbanised area

Region:

12 million inhabitants, 12 000 km2

Paris agglomeration:

9.6 million inhabitants, 2 600 km2

4.5 million of cars and 600 000 LDV

128 million of km driven / day

800 km of highways

Municipality of Paris

2.2 million inhabitants, 105 km2

► Quite similar to London

► Main sources of pollution: 1st traffic, 2nd heating

NO2 hourly concentration 01/07/15/ Airparif

map: Google Earth & Landsat


Emissions density: importance of the Parisian agglomeration

► High density of emissions on a rather small area

► Quantity of pollutant / inhabitant lower than in other Frech

region

- A lot of emissions in a small area

- Amount of emissions per inhabitants globally weaker than in the rest of France

Per km2 Per inhabitants


Air Pollution: long term important improvements

SO2, black smog, NOx, CO, benzene

Mainly due to:

Decrease in industrial emissions: SO2

(Emission ceilings, decreased number of industries in the region,

Exhaust fumes treatment)

SO2 trend since 1956

-> Levels divided by 20 in 50 years

Vehicles technical improvements : NOx, CO, PM

(euro Norms, Particles filters…)

Fuel regulations: lead, benzene, SO2

► But still a problem for 5 pollutants

► Numerous inhabitants exposed

to air pollution levels > regulation

mainly in Paris agglomeration and along the busy streets (except for O3)

NO2: 1.6 million inhabitants

> 40µg/m3

PM10: 300 000 inhabitants > 35 days above 50µg/m3

PM2,5: 11,5 million inhabitants

= 95% of the region > 10µg/m3 from WHO

O3: health protection threshold

exceeded in the whole region, every year > 120 µg/m3, 8h average

Despite large improvements, air pollution is still an issue

Paris

NO2


► Ongoing legal action from the EU commission

► Above the French and European standards (Limit values) for PM10 and NO2

Despite large improvements, air pollution is still an issue

Paris

Particules PM10 2015 2014 Record : 2007

Franciliens potentiellement exposés 300 000 400 000 5,6 millions

Superficie de la zone de dépassement 40 km2 60 km2 750 km2

Dioxyde d'azote (NO2) 2015 2014 Record : 2007

Franciliens potentiellement exposés 1,6 millions 2,3 millions 3,8 millions

Superficie de la zone de dépassement 90 km2 140 km2 330 km2

Limit value

Target value

Quality objectives

Trend 2005-2015



Local permanent mitigation

Measures: eg in Paris 2

Montmartre - 17 juin 2004 Montmartre - 9 juin 2004

► Mayor of Paris: limited jurisdiction on traffic

Key streets (eg ring road) depends on the Prefect

(representative of the State)

Pollution episodes: handled by the Prefect

Interlinked competencies: State, regional council,

metropolitan area, “departments”, municipalities

Public transport not handled by the municipality , …

► Principle of action: less space for cars

and more space dedicated to other transportation modes:

Shared Electric cars and bicycles (velib’ & autolib)

with more parking places for them

Restricted buses and bicycles lines

Street cars

Along the Seine river: streets closed for cars but open for pedestrians*

Areas of restricted speed limits (30 km/h) and reduced speed limit on the ring road*

Event: “Paris without car”* (Champs Elysée's open to pedestrians and bicycles only)

Urban redevelopment of the major town squares

Permanent mitigation measure in Paris: general principle

Airuse – Life Conference| 19-04-2016 12 * Negociated with the Prefect

Evolution d'après

modèlisation sur

l'ensemble du réseau

Evolution d'après

mesures sur le réseau

instrumenté

Entre 7h-21h 2002-2011 2002-2011

Paris Intramuros -15% -21%

Bd Périphérique -6% -6%


Consequences: Evolution of traffic from 2002 to 2012

source : municipality of Paris

► General traffic reduction: between -15 and 21% (2002-12)

less personal cars (-25% between 2002-2012) and HDV

more public transports (buses)

but Increased number of 2 wheels veh (+25%)

mainly on the major Parisian road axes

but a slight increase on secondary roads


Evolution of the vehicles fleet from 2002 to 2012

Most recent standards

- « Euro 3 » Norm in 2002

- « Euro 5 » Norm in 2012

- For the 2 wheels: « Euro 1 » in 2002

and « Euro 3 » in 2012

Cars

LDV


Gasoline vs Diesel

Evolution of the Diesel / Gasoline fleet in Paris: Main changes for the

passenger cars (VP)

More diesel passenger cars in 2012 than in 2002 63% of the km

driven in a diesel car in 2012 for 41 % in 2002.

Fleet renewal faster for the diesel cars Diesel fleet more recent

than the gasoline fleet

59%

37%41%

63%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2002 - Paris intramuros 2012 - Paris intramuros

Par

t d

u c

arb

ura

nt

uti

lisé

par

les

VP

e

n m

ilie

u u

rbai

n (e

n %

)

ESSENCE

DIESEL

Emissions from 2002 to 2012 Nitrogen

Oxydes NOx

Particles

PM10

Traffic and velocity reduction due to the

development of the road system

- 11 % - 9 %

Fleet renewal: Evolution of the Euro standards - 24 % - 45 %

Increase in the percentage of diesel vehicles + 11 % + 13 %

Evolution of the vehicles fleet composition + 3 % + 6 %

Total evolution of the emissions from traffic

combustion for all factors combined

-30 % - 35 %

Air Quality evolution from 2002 to 2012

Atmospheric pollutants emissions


But, an increasing relative contribution of abrasion: almost 50 % of the traffic emissions for PM10

But, NOx reduction do not mean NO2 reduction


NOx reduction is compensated by the increase of the NO2/NOx ratio

Evolution of the NO2/NOx ratio from 1996 to 2015

Evolution of the average NO2 concentrations measured on 5 traffic stations from 1996 to 2015

Paris Air Quality evolution from 2002 to 2012

Annual average concentrations – Particles

In 2002 and 2012, the meteorological conditions were close to an average year.

Thus, the comparison is relevant.


Paris Air Quality evolution from 2002 to 2012

Annual average concentrations – NO2

Improvement of Air Quality for NO2 is very weak. The annual standard limit of 40 µg.m-3

is still exceeded for a large number of parisians. Anyway, there is a decrease of the

higher levels of NO2 which are globally lower in 2012 than in 2002.


NO2 level in 2002 NO2 level in 2012


Emergency measures 3

BC compounds =

local sources

secondary

Inorganic

= imported


March 2014 PM pollution episode: Different stages Different sources

Traffic restriction


Impact of traffic restriction: March 17th, 2014

Alternate traffic circulation according to licence plate

► Road traffic: -9 à -18% in average depending on the area

Area Morning rush hour

Evening rush hour

In average on the whole day

Paris -9% -21% -18%

Sub urban area -6% -15% -13%

Rural area -4% -10% -9%

Source : Airparif, HEAVEN model (based on traffic counting from Paris City Hall and DRIEA/DIRIF)


Impact of traffic restriction: March 17th, 2014

Average evolution of PM10 and NOx emissions during the restriction day,

compared with a « normal » situation.

Zone PM10 emissions NOx emissions

Urban area covered by the traffic restriction - 15 % - 20 %

Suburban area (not covered by the traffic restriction)

- 8 % - 13 %

Rural area - 4 % - 9 %

Situation

Average decrease in

PM 10

Average decrease in

NO2

Background - 2 % - 7%

Traffic (ring road) - 6 % - 10%

19H


Impact on PM10 concentrations

PM10: Some more important decreases at certain periods of time, during the evening traffic peak -> - 10 % on the ring road (and even - 20 % for certain part of it)

Situation

Average decrease in

PM 10

Average decrease in

NO2

Background - 2 % - 7%

Traffic (ring road) - 6 % - 10%

20H


Impact on NO2 concentrations

NO2: Some more important decreases at certain periods of time: during the evening traffic peak -> - 20 % on the ring road (and even - 30 % for certain part of it)

Production of PM10 in Ile-de-France and impact on the concentrations in the

surrounding area

28

Importation of pollution, but also production and exportation!


Perspectives 3

Need for integrated measures for air and climate

30

Common locations

• in some parts of the

world (eg Asia)

• Urban areas = key

emitters > 50% of the population (2/3 by 2050) 70% of CO2 emissions

Same sources

With different

contributions :

Traffic, heating,

industries, agriculture

key role of large

cities : efficient

bottom up initiatives

•Local action =

local + global benefits

•Short term benefits :

health + economy

Room for cooperation

Beware of

antagonisms:

Change in energies (diesel, wood burning…)

Look for Synergies

• Energy saving

• Change in behavior

► Pollutants ► Sources (emissions)

► Action plans

Impact of Climate

change on air

pollution

Increase in ozone levels

Common pollutants

for Climate and air :

Short lived compounds

(SLCs)

Airuse – Life Conference| 19-04-2016

Practical example in Paris: impact on air and climate (Emissions)

of measures taken to reduce air pollution between 2002 and 2012

► CO2: global pollutant

but major impact of local measures

► PM & NOx: local pollutants

but major impact of national and EU policies

Air Climate

Source : étude Airparif- 2013

Need for integrated measures for air and climate


Region

Metropolitan area

► New law on Energy effiency (2015): enables local authorities to implement an area of

restricted circulation (ZCR) for the most polluting vehicles

• on a voluntary basis

• scale of the restriction: up to the local authorities

requires additional regulation

(stickers to discriminate the vehicles depending on their Euro norms)

► Creation of the Paris Metropolitan Area as an administrative unit -> competent

authority for air (01/01/16): most efficient area for setting up mitigation measures on the

traffic*

- Paris alone: « too small » -> pollution transfert

- to improve consistency and continuity between municapalities

* Airparif feasibility assessment for a low emission zone in Paris, 2011

New mitigation plans and actions foreseen


► Update of the regional Air Protection Plan

• under the State authority (Prefect )

• binding plan for all the sources of pollutants (traffic,heating, agriculture, industries)

► Original regional Air Protection Plan was amibitous :

Creation of a low emission zone in Paris and the surrounding cities

Ban of the wood burning in Paris and replacement of the old installation in the close

suburb. BUT, it has been emptied from these two main measures, because of:

Difficulties of application (for wood burning ban)

Governance zone and cost for the LEZ

Political reasons

► Assessment by Airparif of the impact of the 2015-2020 APP:



► Additional local requests to the State:

Regional council: request for taxing HDV in transit

Paris mayor is asking for:

- a diesel vehicles ban by 2020

- early implementation of traffic restriction in case of pollution episode (even at the 1st pollution level)

and to be part of the decision making

- implementetion of an area of restricted traffic

if possible at the scale

of the metropolitan area




Paris: Implementation of a traffic restricted area

► Progressive ban of the most polluting vehicles already started:

1- Bus and heavy duty vehicles, started in September 2015

Aimed at professionals in order to encourage cleaner mobility

2- Passenger cars, starting in July 2016

To promote non-polluting mobility and alternative options instead of passenger cars:

► Impact assessment: study started by Airparif

Air pollution : a communication issue too! Many organisations are now doing their own calculations, measures, comparisons

Questions and consequences

• reliability (data and interpretations)

• methodology used for comparison across the world ?

• sometimes completely wrong…

• Confusion ? • Where is the “best” available

information ?

Very large diffusion :

international media coverage

Difficulties for the local reference monitoring network

Speakers multiplication

• Local/national monitoring agencies

• Foreign countries • Private companies

(microsensors, apps & API, big data …)

• NGOs, • Media , • Citizens, …

Different/competing objectives

• Public information • Compliance checking (regulation) • Awareness raising • Environmental complaints • Breaking news • Commercial • Expatriates information

Based on different data

thanks to new

communication tools

• Stations (traffic, industry, background…)

• Air quality indices • Microsensors (performance?) • Satellites • Algorithm (big data)

• IOT • Social network, internet Mobile phones


airparif.fr

Contact : [email protected]| 01 44 59 40 09

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