Overview of the AIRUSE LIFE+ project by Xavier Querol

Overview of the AIRUSE LIFE+ project

Barcelona, 05/06/2015

Xavier Querol, IDAEA-CSIC

• Characterizing similarities & differences in PM sources & contributions across S-EU (5 cities) • Once the main sources of PM10 and PM2.5 are identified, the strategic goal of the AIRUSE

project is to develop, test and propose specific and non specific measures to abate urban ambient air PM in S.-EU, to meet AQ standards & to approach WHO guidelines.

OBJECTIVES

Specific objectives • Obtaining harmonized source contributions to PM for AIRUSE cities & to identify those

responsible for exceedances of the PM limit values and WHO guidelines • Develop, test and propose cost-effective air mitigation measures for South European

countries • Support adaptation of control strategies for reducing PM exposure in South Europe

ACTION A. Preparatory actions

ACTION B. Implementation actions

A.1 Authorities and stakeholders consultation

B1. Documentation of the current status

B2. Harmonization and implementation of source apportionment using receptor modelling & determination of the impact of:

B7. Developing & testing cost-effective PM measures & strategies

B8. Applicability of selected measures from N to S Europe

B3. Natural sources B4. Biomass burning

B5. Industrial sources B6. Traffic related sources

AIRUSE STRUCTURE: ACTIONS & TASKS

Intensive additional work on inventories, emission chemical profiles, emission factors

Presented here

2003-2014 PM10 and PM1 source apportionment: Barcelona

34%

31%

20%

11%

4%

22%

16%

46%

11%

5%

61%20%

14%

4%

1%

31%

37%

23%

7%

2%

45%

37%

6%

10%

2%BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB

Primary: 35%Secondary: 65%




POR-TR ATH-TR



Secondary organics

Secondary inorganicsPrimary OM + EC

Primary: Mineral dust

Primary: Sea salt

PM2.5

37%

29%

27%

4%

3%





B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF

ng/

m3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF

ng/

m3

Levoglucosan

K

PM2.5

PM2.5

B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

PM10 (Annual mean)

1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM10: 31-38% (ATH 23%) 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3

- are the main causes: 21-29% (ATH 15%) 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 8-11% 2. Regional OC and/or SO4

2- dominated pollution: 20-26% (POR-TR 10%) 3. Local dust : 10-19% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in POR & FI (14-16%), less in ATH (7%) and negligible in BCN 5. Industry BCN 11%, 4-5%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3

- 6-8% (2% POR) 7. Shipping 4% in coastal sites 8. African dust ATH 14%, 1-4% 9. Sea salt POR 13%, 4-8% 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 19-25%

PM2.5 (Annual mean)

1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM2.5: 28-39% (ATH 22%) 1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3

- are the main causes: 25-34% (ATH 17%) 1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 5-9% (BCN&FI 1-2% ) 2. Regional OC and/or SO4

2- dominated pollution: 19-37% (POR 13%) 3. Local dust: POR 16%, 2-6% 4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, FI & POR (18-21%), less in ATH (10%) and negligible in BCN 5. Industry 5-12%, ATH <1% 6. Non traffic-NO3

- 3-6% (POR 1%) 7. Shipping 5-7% in coastal sites 8. African dust: ATH 6%, <1% 9. Sea salt POR 5%, <1-3%, 10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 10-21%, BCN 7%, FI 4%

36-45% (ATH 9%) 27-34% (ATH 6%) 6-14% (ATH 3%) BCN 19%, 2-6% POR 27%, 1-4% POR & FI (25-30%), ATH 1%, negligible in BCN BCN 17%, <1-3% BCN & FI 7-9% (1-2% POR & ATH) 3-4% in coastal sites ATH 52%, 1% ATH 7%, 1-3% 11-33%, ATH 4%

PM10 (exceedance days)

32-42% (ATH 11%) 31-40% (ATH 10%) 1-8% BCN & MLN 11-22%, 2-6% POR 22%, 1-2% POR, FI & MLN (26-33%), <2% BCN 18%, <1-3% BCN, FI & MLN 6-9% (1-3% POR & ATH) 6-10% in coastal sites ATH 45%, 1% <1%-1% POR 15, 3-9%

PM2.5 (PM10 exceedance days)

9

Biomass fuels

B4. BIOMASS BURNING CONTRIBUTIONS

(Fagus sylvatica)

European beech

(Quercus pyrenaica) Pyrenean oak

(Populus nigra)

Black poplar

Pine

(Pinus pinaster)

Eucalypt

(Eucalyptus globulus)

Cork oak

(Quercus suber )

Golden wattle

(Acacia longifolia)Portuguese oak

(Quercus faginea)

Olive

(Olea europea)

Holm oak(Quercus ilex rotundifolia)

Briquettes4 types of

pelletsOlive pit

Shell of pine nuts Almond shell

agro-fuels

Traditional brick fireplace

Traditional cast iron wood stove

Eco-labelledchimney-typewood stove

Pellet stove

Biomass burning appliances

10

PM emission factors

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Fireplace Traditional

woodstove

Eco-labelled

woodstove

Pellet stove

mg

MJ

-1(d

ry

ba

sis) x3 x12 x15

x5 x6

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Pellet - type

I

Pellet - type

II

Pellet - type

III

Pellet - type

IV

Olive Pit Shell of Pine

Nuts

Almond

Shell

mg M

J-1

(dry

b

asi

s)

ENplus quality seal

50 mg MJ-1 in Denmark & Switzerland 35 mg MJ-1 wood fuels & 25 mg MJ-1 for pellets in Austria 27 mg MJ-1 in Germany


PM2.5 & BaP emission factors

nd – not detected; --- not determined

FIREPLACE

Softwood Hardwood Briquettes

g PM2.5 kg-1 biofuel 7.02 16.9 13.8

µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 260 475 31.4

TRADITIONAL WOODSTOVE


g PM2.5 kg-1 biofuel 3.64 13.5 9.02

µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 46.7 322 85.3

ECO-LABELLED STOVE


g PM10 kg-1 biofuel 1.12 2.06 ---

µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 1543 146 ---

PELLET STOVE

Pellets I Pellets II Pellets III Pellets IV Olive pit Shell of pine nuts Almond shell

g PM10 kg-1 biofuel 0.49 1.51 1.77 1.35 3.12 2.19 2.07

µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 4.43 nd nd 4.61 nd 17.2 9.19

It is needed the certification not only for the BB appliance but for the pellet and tre transport ans storage


12

0.169

5.29

2.91

1.70

0.027 0.005 0.0110

1

2

3

4

5

6

Pellets

type I

Pellets

type II

Pellets

type III

Pellets

type IV

Olive pit Shell of

pine nuts

Almond

shell

Pb

0.81

5.98

3.56 3.26

0.05 0.134 0.0640

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Pellets

type I

Pellets

type II

Pellets

type III

Pellets

type IV

Olive pit Shell of

pine nuts

Almond

shell

Zn

0.128 0.054

1.70

5.10

0.0120.248

bdl0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Pellets

type I

Pellets

type II

Pellets

type III

Pellets

type IV

Olive pit Shell of

pine nuts

Almond

shell

Fe

0.001

0.079

0.030

0.022

0.001 bdl bdl0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Pellets

type I

Pellets

type II

Pellets

type III

Pellets

type IV

Olive pit Shell of

pine nuts

Almond

shell

As

Standards need to be established in the EU for elemental composition of commercial wood pellets and chips to avoid the inclusion of extraneous materials. Only Germany has standards containing extensive trace element limits.


B8. EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF MEASURES IMPLEMENTED IN N&C EUROPE

1. Street cleaning – draft completed

2. Dust suppressants – draft completed

3. Low Emission Zones - draft completed

4. Discourage diesel cars – draft completed

5. Encourage use of EVs, HEVs and gas vehicles – draft completed

6. Eco-efficient car labels – draft completed

7. Traffic NOx abatement measures– draft completed

8. Shipping

9. Biomass burning - agricultural and domestic sectors

10. Air quality/climate change synergies/interferences

10 reports on evaluation efficiency of specific measures

Diesel car PM Emissions

Remote Sensing of Vehicle Emissions (Leeds autumn/winter 2014) Source: James Tate, University of Leeds, 2015

• Average Euro 6 NOx seven times the type approval limit (ICCT, 2014)

• Some Euro VI buses continue to have high in-use NOx emissions, depending on exhaust T (Carslaw et al, 2014)

PMindex NOx g/km


Efficacy of LEZs

• Difficult to determine

• Confounding factors e.g. weather, other policy measures, recession

• Little evidence of impact on PM10 and NO2 concentrations outside Germany

• EC/BC reduced


German LEZs

•PM10 <7%↓

•Munich (LEZ + HDV ban) PM10 ca.13%↓ and NO2 <10%↓

•But not all robust studies

•Early phases studied

• LEZs apply to cars as well as HDVs

• Generally more stringent than elsewhere

Holman et al., 2015. Atmospheric Environment

Thanks for your attention!!! [email protected]

Acknowledgements

LIFE+ AIRUSE Spain MAGRAMA, GenCat, Barcelona and Madrid City Councils Italy ARPA-Lombardia, Regione Lombardia, Regional Government of Tuscany, ARPA Toscana Portugal Porto City Council, North Regional Coord. & DeveloP. Comm. (CCDR-N) Greece Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change

Overview of the AIRUSE LIFE+ project by Xavier Querol

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